PROJECT REPORT

Name of company/Organization:

TATA TELESERVICES Ltd

Address:

TTSL, C-125 (IND.Area)

Phase-8, Mohali (PUNJAB)

Period of Training from:

1st July, 08 to 31st Dec, 08

TRAINING MANAGER/GUIDE

SUBMITTED BY:

Name:

Name`.Rohit Bansal

Branch: ECE
Roll No:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this golden opportunity to express my sincere thanks to Mr. Jagdeep Dhillon / Mr.
Satyam. It gives me immense pleasure to express my gratitude towards all the esteemed
engineers of Tata Teleservices Limited (TTSL), Mohali for their cooperation,
constructive criticism, valuable guidance and constant encouragement.
I am greatly indebted to Mr. Mandeep, Mr. Neeraj and Mr. Nitin for their invaluable
suggestions and guidance. I am highly grateful to them for providing the required help
whenever required. I am grateful to them for providing me with the well furnished labs,
well working systems. Besides that there is also a complete collection of all latest RF
Tools Both for planning and optimization.
I am thankful to

(HOD) for their help and cooperation. I express my deep

sense of gratitude towards my loving parents for their inspiring encouragement, great
patience and unbound affection.
It was a really good experience working in the TTSL and learning from such good and
knowledgeable people. I hope it would be really helped to me in the near future.

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certify that the training undergone by Mr. Rohit Bansal in the RF Optimization
& performance monitoring department, in partial fulfillment of requirement for degree of
ECE (Electronics and Communication Engineering) is a record of bonafide work carried
out by him under my supervision and guidance.
He has helped us in each and every RF related activities .He has been monitoring
the Performance Management reports, which is being used by RF engineers for network
performance monitoring and analysis on regular basis.
--------------------

------------------------

Mr. Jagdeep Dhillon

Mr. Satyam

(DGM, Networks)

(Sr.Manager, Networks)

TTSL, Mohali

TTSL, Mohali

INDEX
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15.

CONTENTS
Cover Page
Acknowledgement
Certificate from the Project Guide
Index
Vision
Company Profile
Introduction To Cellular Growth
Network Overview
CDMA
HANDOFF
CDMA Advantage
Technical Department Hierarchy
My Department RF Planning &
Optimization
Optimization
PROJECT

VISION

PAGE NO.
1
2
3
4
5
6-13
14-19
20-23
24-37
38-40
40-43
43
43-49
49-51
51-

Tata Indicom envisions a digital revolution that will sweep the country
and bring about a New Way of Life. A digital way of life for a New India. With
mobile devices, net ways and broadband systems linked to powerful digital
networks, Tata Indicom will usher fundamental changes in the social and
economic landscape of India.
Tata Indicom will help men and women connect and communicate with
each other It will enable citizens to reach out to their work place, home and
interests, while on the move. It will enable people to work, shop, educate and
entertain themselves round the clock, both in the virtual world and in the
physical world
Above all, Tata Indicom will pave the way to make India a global leader in
the knowledge age.

COMPANY PROFILE

Our purpose in Tata is to improve the Quality of Life in India. We do this through
leadership in sectors of National Economic Significance to which we bring a unique set
of capabilities. This requires us to grow aggressively in focused areas of business.
Our heritage of returning to society what we earn evokes trust among consumers,
employees, shareholders and the community. This heritage will be continuously enriched
by formalizing the high standards of behavior expected from employees and companies.
The Tata name is a unique asset representing leadership with trust. Leveraging this asset
to enhance group synergy and become globally competitive is the route to sustained
growth and long term success
The Tata Group operates business in seven key industry sectors. The chart below
illustrates how, in percentage terms, Tata companies in each of these sectors contribute to
the overall makeup of the group

TATA LEADERSHIP IN DIVERSE

INDUSTRIES

The world's largest integrated tea operation-Tata Tea

Asias largest software exporter-TCS

The world sixth largest manufacturer of watches Titan

Indias largest private sector steel producer-Tata Steel

Largest 5-star chain of luxury hotels in India-Indian Hotels

Indias largest manufacturer of soda ash-Tata Chemical

The biggest deal ever done in the history of business is done by TATA that had bought
the COROUS company with 12.1 billion

TATA Motors is leading company of the world

COMPANY PROFILE- TTSL

Tata Teleservices is part of the INR 85,000/- Crore (US$11.2 billion) Tata Group, that has
over 90 companies, over 210,000 employees and more than 2.16 million shareholders.
With an investment of over INR 9,000 Crore (US$ 2 billion) in Telecom, the Group has a
formidable presence across the telecom value chain. The Tata Group plans an additional
investment of around INR 9000/- Crore (US$ 2 billion) in this sector in the next two
years.
Tata Teleservices spearheads the Groups presence in the telecom sector. Incorporated in
1996, Tata Teleservices was the first to launch CDMA mobile services in India with the
Andhra Pradesh circle Delhi, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Mumbai, Tamil Nadu and
Chennai comprising 70% of the telecom revenue potential of the country.
Starting with the major acquisition of Hughes Tele.com (India) Limited [now renamed
Tata Teleservices (Maharashtra) Limited] in December 2002, the company has swung
into expansion mode. The company has recently acquired a Universal Access Service
License (UASL) for 11 new circles. The new circles are Bihar, Haryana, Himachal
Pradesh, Kerala, Kolkata, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh (East), Uttar Pradesh
(West) and West Bengal. The company plans to launch its services in the new circles by
September 2004. The investment in the company as of March 2004 totals INR 5995
Crore (US$ 1200 million).
Having pioneered the CDMA 3G1x technology platform in India, Tata Teleservices has
established a robust and reliable telecom infrastructure that ensures quality in its services.
It has partnered with Motorola, Ericsson, Lucent and ECI Telecom for the deployment of
a reliable, technologically advanced network.
The company, which heralded convergence technologies in the Indian telecom sector, is
today the market leader in the fixed wireless telephony market with a customer base of
over 6.3 lakh.
Tata Teleservices bouquet of telephony services includes Mobile services, Fixed Wireless
Phones, Public Booth Telephony, and Wireline services. Other services include value

added services like voice portal, roaming, post-paid Internet services, 3-way
conferencing, CUG, Wi-Fi Internet
services and data services.
The company has exciting plans to launch prepaid FWP and public phone booths, new
handsets, Push-To-Talk services (first across the world to partner with Qualcomm for
BREW Chat), expand Wi-Fi across public hotspots, new voice & data services such as
Java & BREW games, picture messaging, polyphonic ring tones, interactive applications
like news, cricket, astrology, etc.
Tata Teleservices has a strong workforce of 5500. The company is in the process of
recruiting personnel for its 11 new circles and will create more than 20,000 jobs by
March 2005, which will include 10,000 indirect jobs through outsourcing of its
manpower needs
Today, the company serves 16 lakh customers in over 50 towns. With an ambitious
rollout plan both within existing circles and across new circles, Tata Teleservices will
offer world-class technology and user-friendly services to over 1000 cities in 19 circles
by March 2005
The company plans to offer a wide range of value added services on its CDMA network:
1. High-speed data connectivity
2. Content-based SMS services (astrology, news updates, etc)
3. Ring tones
4. Fundoo Dialing (voice portal)
5. Voice mail services
6. Call management services (call forward, call wait, call hold and call conferencing)
7. Web-based internet services
A range of enterprise solutions (sales force automation, road warrior / VPN, etc)

INTRODUCTION TO CELLULAR GROWTH

FATHER OF TELEPHONE: -FATHER of Telephone is Alexander Graham Bell
IN 1876, Alexander Graham Bell patented his telephone, a device for carrying actual voice
over wires The term cellular usually refers to wireless service that uses the 850 MHz block of
frequencies. The term mobile refers to any wireless telephone. The terms mobile user and
cellular user Are synonymous.

The term cellular usually refers to wireless service that uses the 850 MHz block of
frequencies. The term mobile refers to any wireless telephone. The terms mobile user and
cellular user are synonymous.
The cellular telephone industry has enjoyed phenomenal growth since its
inception in 1983. In just one more example of the impossibility of projecting the
adoption of new technologies, a widely accepted 1985 prediction held that the total
number of cellular subscribers might reach as many as 900,000 by the year 2000. In fact,
by the end of 1994 there were well over 20 million subscribers in the United States alone,
and approximately 50 million worldwide. Recent annual subscriber growth rates have
been as high as 40%, and it is believed that this growth rate could continue through the
rest of the 1990s. International wireless communications markets are expanding at an
even greater rate.
In order to meet increasing demand for service, new digital cellular telephone systems
have been introduced during the first half of the 1990s. As today's cellular operators
move to adopt these new technologies in their systems, they demand:

Increased capacity within their existing spectrum allocation and easy deployment of
any technology it takes to get them that capacity increase.

Higher capacities and lower system design costs (plus lower infrastructure costs)
which will lead to a lower cost per subscriber.

A lower cost per subscriber, combined with new subscriber features, which will
help the operators to increase their market penetration.

An increased market penetration, which will lead to an increase in number of

subscribers and a system which offers support for that increased capacity.

High quality calls must be maintained during the change to or migration to

any new digital technology.
Wireless service providers must squeeze more and more capacity from the

frequency spectrum that is allocated by national communications regulators. The basic

analog technology is Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA). The standard for the
first practical FDMA system in this country was the Advanced Mobile Phone Service
(AMPS).
With FDMA technology, additional capacity is gained by splitting cells and the
use of various techniques to manage frequency interference. In many cases, the analog
air-interface technology has reached its limit.
When the limit is reached, service providers cannot add more cells for system
capacity without sacrificing call quality.
Wireless service providers that use analog air-interface technologies are not alone
in the need to address capacity concerns. Additional spectrum capacity is made available
for new Personal Communications Services (PCS) in the 2 GHz radio spectrum. PCS
requires advanced digital technology to integrate Intelligent Network Services with
wireless systems. In both cellular and PCS markets, data applications are becoming
increasingly important, which further strain system capacity. New services must
implement the most efficient technology available so that they may gain the maximum
return on their investment and not be limited by capacity.

TDMA systems commonly start with a slice of spectrum, referred to as one

"carrier". Each carrier is then divided into time slots. Only one subscriber at a time is
assigned to each time slot, or channel. No other conversations can access this
channel until the subscriber's call is finished, or until that original call is handed off to
a different channel by the system.

The principle components of a CDMA network are:

The Mobile: This is the part of the network that the subscriber will see.
The radio access network: this is the part of the network which provides the
radio interconnection from the mobile to the land based switching equipment.
The network management center: this enables the network provider to
configure and maintain the network from a central location.
The switch: this consists of the mobile switching center (MSC).this is the part
which provides for interconnection between the CDMA network and public
switched telephone network (PSTN).
Packet data network: this supports evolution towards an IP-based , peer-topeer network, providing circuit and packet data components.

MOBILE STATION
The mobile is the hardware used by the subscriber to access the cellular network. The
subscriber is identified by a mobile identification number (MIN).The number is
unique for the particular device and permanently stored in it. It is comprised of a
country code a network code and a subscriber number.(404001725032451)

RADIO ACCESS NETWORK

The key elements of the radio access network (RAN) are:

CBSC: centralized base station controller

AN: Access node(network)

BTS: Base transceiver station.

NETWORK MANAGEMENT CENTER

The key elements of the network management center:

OMC-R: Operations and maintenance center of radio equipment

OMC-IP: Operations and maintenance center- internet protocol

UNO: Universal network operational manager

BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION(BSC)

A base station is the cellular relay station (or cell tower) that a cell phone
talks to when initiating or receiving a wireless call. A base station transmits calls to
devices over the Forward Control Channel (FOCC). Mobile devices transmit calls to the
base station over the Reverse Control Channel (RECC).
Radio transmissions use a bi-directional (full duplex) configuration, transmitting and
receiving on separate frequencies. A mobile device transmits on the radio frequency the
base station is tuned to, and the base station transmits on the frequency the mobile device
is tuned to.
All transmissions are managed by the base station, which acts as a kind of
clearinghouse for wireless communications. The base station's primary responsibility is to
transmit voice and data traffic between mobile devices and an MSC (Mobile Switching
Center), which is a computer-controlled switch for managing automated network
operations
CALL PROCESSING CONTROL: the MM controls all messaging to/from the
MSC, XC and BTS for:

Call set-up

Call release

Call hand-off

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: The MM manages resource allocation and de

allocation on a per call basis.

Transcoder resources

BTS resources

MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER(MSC)

A Mobile Switching Center is the electronic field office of a cellular
carrier, which automatically coordinates and switches calls between mobile phones in a
given service area. Each cell in a cellular network is controlled by an MSC, which
constantly monitors each caller's signal strength and arranges cellular handoffs. When a
signal begins to fade, the MSC locates another MSC, better positioned to manage the call,
and re-routes it to maintain the communications link.
MSCs are connected to base stations by T1 landlines or microwave channels, and by
landlines to the Public Service Telephone Network (PSTN).MSCs maintain individual
subscriber records, current status of subscribers, and information on call routing and
billing in two subscriber databases: the Home Location Register (HLR) and the Visitor
Location Register (VLR).

CDMA
INTRODUCTION
The core idea that makes CDMA possible was first explained by Claude Shannon, a
Bell Labs research mathematician Shannon's work relates amount of information carried,
channel bandwidth, signal- to- noise- ratio, and detection error probability. It shows the
theoretical upper limit attainable.
CDMA is a unique method of wireless communication.
There are unique aspects of this type of communication that impact repeaters.
Understanding the basics of CDMA will help with repeater planning, installation, and
optimization

Wireless communication systems use E&M waves to transmit signals through the air.
When subscribers share the same frequency they will create interference. The amount of
interference depends on what technique is used to reduce the interference

The resource: frequency

The problem: interference
The solutions: multiple access techniques

What is Multiple Access

Multiple access is the simultaneous use of a communication system by more then one user

Each user signal must be kept uniquely distinguishable from other users signals, to
allow private communications on demand
Users can be separated through many ways: Physically: on separate wires
By arbitrarily defined channels established in frequency, time, or any other
variable imaginable
CDMA(Code Division Multiplexing)

Fig 2.11
IS-95 uses a multiple access spectrum spreading technique called Direct
Sequence (DS) CDMA.
Each user is assigned a binary, Direct Sequence code during a call.
The DS code is a signal generated by linear modulation with wideband
Pseudorandom Noise (PN) sequences.

 As a result, DS CDMA uses much wider signals than those used in other
technologies. There is no time division, and all users use the entire carrier, all of
the time.
Multiple accesses mean that multiple, simultaneous users can be supported.
In other words, a large number of users share a common pool of radio channels
and any user can gain access to any channel.
A multiple access method is a definition of how the radio spectrum is divided into
channels and how channels are allocated to the many users of the system
CDMA is a Spread Spectrum technique.
Multiple users share the same frequency used in all the cells
Operates in the presence of interference.
Takes advantage of Multipath

HOW CDMA WORKS?

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a form of multiplexing and a method of multiple
access to a physical medium such as a radio channel, where different users use the medium
at the same time thanks to using different code sequences. By contrast, time division
multiple access divides access by time, while frequency-division multiple access divides it
by frequency. CDMA is a form of "spread-spectrum" signaling, since the modulated coded
signal has a much higher bandwidth than the data being communicated.

Generating a CDMA signal.There are five steps in generating a CDMA signal:

1) Analog to digital conversion
2) Vocoding
3) Encoding and interleaving
4) Channelizing the signals
5) Conversion of the digital signal to a Radio Frequency (RF) signal
1) Analog to digital conversion
The first step of CDMA signal generation is analog to digital conversion, sometimes
called A/D conversion. CDMA uses a technique called Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) to
accomplish A/D conversion.
2) Voice Compression
The second step of CDMA signal generation is voice compression. CDMA uses a
device called a vocoder to accomplish voice compression. The term "vocoder" is a
contraction of the words "voice" and "code." Vocoders are located at the BSC and in the
phone. How compression works :

People pause between syllables and words when they talk. CDMA takes advantage of
these pauses in speech activity by using a variable rate vocoder.
3) Encoding and interleaving
Encoders and interleavers are built into the BTS and the phones. The purpose of the
encoding and interleaving is to build redundancy into the signal so that information lost
in transmission can be recovered.
4) Channelizing
The encoded voice data is further encoded to separate it from other encoded voice data.
The encoded symbols are then spread over the entire bandwidth of the CDMA channel.
This process is called channelization.The receiver knows the code and uses it to recover
the voice data.
5) Digital to analog conversion:
After the CDMA signal is transmitted, the receiver must reverse the signal generation
process to recover the voice, as follows:
1. Conversion of RF signal to digital signal
2. Dispreading the signal
3. Deinterleaving and decoding
4. Voice decompression
5. Digital to analog conversion

Tech used in CDMA

CDMA is a Spread Spectrum tech., which means that it spreads the information
contained in a particular signal of interest over a much greater bandwidth than the
original signal. A CDMA call starts with a standard rate of 9600 bits per second (9.6 kilo
bits per second). This is then spread to a transmitted rate of about 1.23 Mega bits per
second.
Types of Spread Spectrum
SPREAD SPECTRUM systems generally fall into one of two categories:
Frequency Hopping (FH)
Direct Sequence (DS).

In both cases synchronization of transmitter and receiver is required. Both forms can be
regarded as using a pseudo-random carrier, but they create that carrier in different ways.
Direct sequence spread spectrum
CDMA uses a form of direct sequence. Direct sequence is, in essence, multiplication of a
more conventional communication waveform by a pseudo-noise (PN) 1 binary sequence
in the transmitter.A second multiplication by a replica of the same 1 sequence in the
receiver recovers the original signal.
Two kinds of codes
CDMA uses two important types of codes to channelize users.
Walsh codes channelize users on the forward link (BTS to mobile).
Pseudorandom Noise (PN) codes channelize users on the reverse link (mobile to
BTS).
1 Walsh codes
Walsh codes provide a means to uniquely identify each user on the forward link. Walsh
codes have a unique mathematical property--they are "orthogonal." In other words, Walsh
codes are unique enough that the voice data can only be recovered by a receiver applying
the same Walsh code. All other signals are discarded as background noise.
2 .PN codes Pseudorandom Noise (PN) codes uniquely identify users on the reverse link.
A PN code is one that appears to be random, but isn't. The PN codes used in CDMA yield
about 4.4

HANDOFF
Handoff basically describes the process of transferring a call. Handoffs are necessary to
continue the call as the phone travels. Handoff describes the process of transferring a call
from one cell to another. Handoffs are necessary to decrease the call drop rate. If there is
not handoff then calls will be dropped.
Types of CDMA Handoff
1.) Soft Handoffs

Soft handoffs occur when the mobile is involved in a call. CDMA uses the mobile to
assist the network in the handoff. The term soft handoff is used to describe the makebefore-break process which takes place during the handoff. Soft handoffs occur between
cells, sectors in a cell, or combination of cells and sectors.
Advantages of Soft Handoff

Reduces interference.

Increases capacity.

No dropped calls.

2.) Hard Handoffs

Hard handoffs occur when the mobile is involved in a call. During a hard handoff a
CDMA phone is not able to assist the network in the handoff. The term hard handoff is
used to describe the break-before-make process that occurs during the handoff. Hard
handoffs occur between CDMA to Analog systems.
Advantages of Hard Handoff

Continue the call beyond the current network.

Provide expanded service.

3.) Softer Handoff

It involves 2 sectors from the same BTS. The BTS will decode and combines the voice
signal received from each sector and forward the combined voice frame to the selector at
the BSC.
4.) Soft-Softer Handoff
A soft-softer handoff is a combination of multiple cells and multiple sectors in one cell

CDMA ADVANTAGE
Forward and reverse link power control helps a CDMA network dynamically expand the
coverage area. The coding and interleaving techniques used in CDMA provide the ability
to cover a larger area for the same amount of available power used in other systems.
Under line of sight conditions CDMA has a 1.7 to 3 times more coverage than TDMA.
1.) Coverage

2.) Capacity
Providing adequate coverage is a basic requirement of a wireless system.Coverage of a
BTS or network is impacted by the capacity requirements of the system, terrain of the
area, and power of the base station and mobiles.
3.) Power Control
Dynamic power control reduces errors by keeping the power at an optimal level.

4.) Clarity

Soft Hand-off
The soft hand off in CDMA reduces the interference and power requirements for
maintaining the link. Multiple received signals can be combined to reduce the possibility
of errors resulting from interference and fading
5.) Wideband Signal
CDMAs wideband signals do not suffer from the same effects in an FDMA or TDMA.

MY DEPARTMENT RF OPTIMIZATION & MONITORING

RF planning department is the brain part of the network. This department has to deal with
various aspects starting from the very originating of the network. Here we plan the sites
for the all the towns and cities by doing clutter survey along with the Marketing feedback
and using RF Planning Tool like Net plan & Planet EV to predict the coverage and tuning
the propagation model by carrying out CW Tests (Continuous Wave).Finally the
Installation dept works on installing the sites . After the installation of the sites we carry
many Drive Tests and Call Tests. Then we analyse these reports with the help of post
processing RF tool named ACTIX to work on the Speech Quality and Coverage related
issues.
The first main purpose is to establish system design assumptions (such as vehicle loss,
building loss, ambient noise margin, maximum subscriber transmit power, etc.) and to
specify all other gains and losses in the RF path, which are then used as inputs to the
Design Tool in the design process.
The second main purpose of a link budget is to establish an estimate for maximum
allowable path loss. This maximum allowable path loss number is used in conjunction
with the propagation model of design tool to estimate cell site coverage.

INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
The overall Objective of the planning process is to design a cost-effective design of a
good cellular network .A good plan should address the following issues
Provision of required Capacity
Optimum usage of the available carriers
Minimum number of sites
Provision for easy and smooth expansion of the network in future
Provision of adequate coverage of the given area, for a minimum specified level of
interference

In general the planning process starts with the inputs from the customer. The customer
inputs include customer requirements, business plans, system characteristics and any
other constraints
After the planned system is implemented, the assumptions made during the planning
process need to be validated and corrected whenever necessary through an
OPTIMIZATION process
PLANNING PROCESS
We can summarize the whole planning process under four broad headings

Capacity Planning

Parameter Planning

Coverage Planning

Optimization

CDMA System Design

A CDMA system design should focus on capacity, coverage and quality to determine a
proper balance of each of these parameters in order to achieve the desired system
requirements and system performance standards. The common factor between each of
these parameters is the required Eb/No.
Capacity
Reverse link capacity is inversely proportional to Eb/No (i.e. as the Eb/No requirement
is lowered, the capacity is increased).
Additionally, as the number of users increases in the system, the amount of noise
generated by these users increases. The additional noise will increase the noise floor.
Coverage
Path loss is a function of receiver sensitivity which, in turn, is a function of Eb/No. As
the Eb/No requirement is reduced, the receiver sensitivity value is also lowered and thus,
the allowable path loss of the site is improved.

 Quality
The CDMA design accounts for quality by using FER (Frame Erasure Rate). Standard
recommended design procedures require the FER target criteria to be 1% and the FER
outage criteria to be 3%. If these criteria are relaxed, then a lower Eb/No is required.

Coverage Trade-offs
1.) Site Configuration (omni, three-sector, six-sector):
Typically, the antenna gains available for directional antennas are greater than omni
directional antennas.
2.) Antenna Trade-offs
The horizontal/vertical patterns of the selected antenna will impact capacity and
coverage. The impact to the capacity and coverage is a function of the amount of RF
energy overlap from the antenna patterns of two different antennas (for instance, sector 1
and sector 2). Too much overlap may increase the amount of noise and thereby decrease
capacity. Too little overlap may open up coverage holes
Downtilting the antennas to concentrate energy closer to the site can be used to limit the
extent of coverage of the antenna. The downtilting will also limit the extent of the RF
energy that may be seen at other sites and thus aid in improving capacity. Higher gain
antennas may be used to increase sector coverage (increase of the maximum allowable
path loss). The larger the gain of the antenna, the greater the chance of increasing the
noise seen at other sites.
A larger front-to-back ratio and faster roll-off (attributes of the horizontal antenna
pattern) will both aid in reducing the area where the RF energy is directed. In this case,
capacity will be improved; however the tradeoff will be reduced coverage.
3.) Vocoder Rate:
The 13 kb vocoder provides for a high quality call but at the expense of capacity and
coverage. The standard 8 kb vocoder will provide for better capacity and coverage over

the 13 kb vocoder but at the sacrifice of sound quality. The 8 kb EVRC vocoder has
capacity and coverage equivalent to the standard 8 kb but has better sound quality.
4.) Loading of the CDMA Carrier:
Lightly loaded (few users) sites will produce less interference/noise to the system than a
system with sites that are heavily loaded. The highly loaded sites will produce more noise
to the system, which increases the noise floor required for a call, thus reducing the path
loss of the site.
5.) Site Configuration (omni, three-sector, and six-sector):
The more sectors available at a site, the more capacity that can be supported at the site.
OPTIMIZATION
Introduction
The network optimization process focuses on getting the network ready for commercial
launch. Typically, this testing is done under an unloaded condition. Primary objectives of
network optimization are to identify and eliminate any hardware and database
implementation errors and arrive at a set of optimal operating parameters and
equipment settings (e.g. antenna tilts, azimuths) to provide an acceptable level of
performance. That acceptable level of performance can be specified and measured in
terms of a combination of any of the following:
-

Coverage area: measured in terms of Mobile Receive Power, adequate Ec/Io,

and/or Mobile Transmit Power

Voice quality criteria: measured in terms of Frame Erasure Rate (FER) on the
forward and/or reverse links, and/or

Target call completion and call drop rates

The following criteria must be met prior to the system optimization.

1. All BTSs must have an ATP signed off, integrated in the system and are functional.
2. Adequate spectrum has been cleared throughout the entire testing area so that external
interference is below the noise level
3. All databases have been verified
4. Simulation results are available

5. An acceptable level of performance is defined

6. A controlled subscriber environment should be maintained (i.e. there can be no
unknown CDMA users during the testing).
RF Network Optimization
1.) Description
The purpose of RF network optimization is to ensure each cluster is integrated into the
overall network and prepare the CDMA system for commercial service. When this
activity is completed, the network should pass the final coverage test and designed
performance criteria. These are the performance targets that should be achieved by the
network optimization team. Problems can generally be classified into four main
categories as follows:
System Design RF coverage, multiple pilot problems, parameter settings
Infrastructure database errors, hardware and software problems
Subscriber Unit phone problems
Equipment or Processing problems with data collection or post-processing
tools
This document will focus on optimizing the system design. Infrastructure, subscriber unit
and equipment processing problems are out of the scope of this document.
2.) Entrance Criteria
1. An updated Problem Resolution Matrix contains a prioritized list of all the problem
areas identified in the initial (or most recent) coverage drive and latest simulation
activities.
2. Plots RF performance such as Ec/Io, FER and mobile transmit power

PROJECT ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN

1.

Performance Monitoring

2.

Drive Test using Agilent E6474A

3.

Post Processing of Drive logs using Actix

4.

RF Survey

Introduction about the Activity

NAME OF PROJECT

Network Performance
Analysis Tool

USER

RF Engineers

DATABASE

Microsoft Excel

FRONT END

VISUAL BASICS 6.0

DESCRIPTION: This software namely Network Performance Analysis Tool is

regarding the call transactions in various states like Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal.
There is a code given to each area in different states according to the sites. The code is
recognized by the term BTS, or SITE. Each BTS has S-C (Sector Carrier).There are three
types of reports to manage the call transactions , namely RPT,TRF,XCAT.These reports
are updated daily according to the calls and are stored according to the date from internet
to notepad. First part of my project was to convert these reports from notepad to Excel
using MACROS. And the macro is made flexible so that it runs for every report and for
any date. After the report is converted into Excel it should be saved also according to the
date. Here finishes the first and the difficult part of the project.

Now the second part starts, these excel sheets acts as database for my project. I have
taken Visual basic as the front end because it is user friendly.
In Visual Basic
1) First input taken from the user is DATE, for which date the user wants to view the
parameters?
2) Second input by the user is the PARAMETERS for which he wants to view the
values.
3) The third input is to enter the BTS and S-C value.

Abstract About The Activity

This software namely Network Performance Analysis Tool is to manage the day today
reports taken from internet. These reports are of different types and are named as
TRF,RPT,XCAT. All the reports under TRF have the extension as .trf and reports under
RPT have extension as .rpt and reports under XCAT have extension as .xcat. Reports are
taken from internet and saved in a notepad.
XCAT It tells about the reason of call drops.
It gives the information about how many sms have been
done.
It tells about the handoffs
TRF This report gives the information about RFLoad, Erlang.
It tells about the WC Minutes, and block rate.
RPT This includes total RFLoss,call attempts origination and
termination attempts.
All the work in my department is done in Excel Sheets,so my first task was to convert
these reports from notepad to Excel using Macros. And the coding of Macros is is
written in Visual Basic.
Now these excel sheets converted by Macros worked as a backend for my project.The
front end used is Visual Basic.Different Parameters are fetch from different Reports like
Rfloss, Rfload, Erlang, block rate.According to their BTS and S-C value .
This Project fulfills the needs of department,and all the work which was done manually is
now automated which has increased the working efficiency of engineers.

Objective of the Activity

The overall competence and success of an organisation depends on how efficiently it
makes use of its available resources.these resources include capital,material,and
manpower.It has been well established by various management experts that it is
impossible to use capital and material efficiently without proper and optimal utilisation of
its manpower resources.
The main objective of any organisation for going towards automation are as follows:
1. Boost up processing speed of work so that reports will be generated well in time.

2. To remove the corruption at various levels.

3. To get maximum accuracy.
4. To input all data efficiently and accurately.
5. Facility to update data from time to time.
6. To prepare detailed informative records.

System Information
Application Area: Application area of the project is an organisation named TATA
Teleservices Ltd.In the beginning they used manual system for keeping all the records of
reports,and the reports were not converted into excel in the proper format.After analysing
the slow process of manual system,it was decided to update this system with the
computerised system.
System/subsystem : This project deals with the three types of reports namely
RPT,TRF,XCAT.The Reports are taken from internet daily and saves according to the
dates in notepad. Engineers of RF department in Tata have to fetch various parameters
from these reports.This system generates the output on daily,weekly and monthly basis.It
generates reports about number of inquiries in particular time period.First the reports are
converted from notepad to excel using macros.System generates the output both in excel
sheet in the report format and also in the form of graph.
End users: End users for the project are engineers who are dealing with different queries
in RPT,XCAT,TRF reports.They are going to use the developes software.
The capability of a network depends upon how it is performing. By
monitoring it means to keep an eye on the network elements. The various
network elements are like total attempts, total established calls, CDR, CSSR,
the erlang used, loading and many more.
To monitor the performance of the network six reports are made. These reports are:
1.) MM Utilization Report
2.) MM Processor Occupancy
3.) MM Loading
4.) Daily Report

5.) Summary Report

6.) Worst Cells

DRIVE TEST
It is one of the basic test to know all the above parameters as discussed above on large
scale. In this we collect the data. While doing the drive we can see the parameters. There
are various parameters that we can see during the drive but some of the important are
shown here

Power
Supply
Inverter

HUB

Receiver

GPS

DRIVE KIT USED FOR PROJECT

Pictorial View of AGILENT DRIVE Tool

POST PROCESSING USING

ACTIX SOFTWARE.
After the logs have been collected then they were processed in the Post processing tool
called ACTIX to view the data collected .In this tool we can see what we see during the
drive but with more details . In this can see various parameters with whole the drive
plot.There are thousands of parameters in the captured log file. This is not possible for

any engineer to analyze each & every parameter. Mainly some of the parameters which
one undergoes are
1. FER
2. Mobile receive Power
3. Mobile Transmit Power
4. Ec/Io
5. Indoor Coverage
6. Outdoor Coverage
7. Primary PN
8. Best EcIo for Primary PN
9. NBR list warning
10. Call Stats
11. Serving cell parameters
12. Queries
Etc.
All these parameters are enough for analyzing the performance.
For example for finding the Voice Quality Factor (VQF) we needs only Forward FER
(Frame Erasure Rate).

INFERENCES FROM TRAINING

I have concluded following things out of the training:

The communication hardware studied theoretically prior to the training was

practically very small part of the transmission system.

The CDMA system is a very vast field and six months are not sufficient to
understand all of its elements.

One learns a new concept with each passing day of the training.

Some introduction to the CDMA prior to the training in this field is very essential
to make the understandings easy at initial phase.
GAINS FROM TRAINING

With the completion of this training I am now aware of the technical setup of the CDMA
Network. This work included the setup as well as the maintenance of the working
hardware. I have worked almost as an employee engineer to the extent of my technical
capabilities. Doing all these I have acquired a lot of knowledge about the working of my
department (RF Optimization & Performance Monitoring)

I got an overview of the actual working of CDMA network

I learned inter department coordination and the qualities such as team work.

Training helped me increasing my working skills & stamina and also showed me
the atmosphere which we have to join after completion of the degree program.

Finally the main advantage of this training was that I have now opened doors for my easy
entry to the giant mobile telecom industry.

APPENDIX
ABBREVIATIONS
BTS

Base Transceiver Station

CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access

GBT

Ground Based Tower

GSM

Global System for Mobile Communication

GPS

Global Positioning System

LOS

Line of Site

FDMA

Frequency Division Multiple Access

FWP

Fixed Wireless Phone

FWT

Fixed Wireless Terminal

MCN

Media Convergence Node

MS

Mobile Station

NOC

National Network Operation Center

OFC

Optical Fiber Cable

OSS

Operation Support System

PMP

Point to Multi Point

SDCA

Short Distance Coverage Area

TDMA

Time Division Multiple Access