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    CSSA Trial HSC 2010 Marking

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    josephnachar
    bhjhjrfbhjrfehjj cjhjbcrbhjcrbhjcrbhjrchbjrcbhjrchbbhjcrjhrbcbhcrhbqcljhbcljhqbcjlhqbrcl

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    CATHOLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS ASSOCIATION OF NEW SOUTH WALES 2010 TRIAL HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION (CHEMISTRY - MARKING GUIDELINES ‘The sample answers include features that should be found: For the extended response questions, a set of guidelines Section 1 Part A~20 marks Questions 1-20 (1 mark each) response that receives full marks, Jncuesl witha sample answer, Question | Correct Response | Outcomes Assessed | party ee ae T 5 Ww, 23 z D 1, 170 ot 3 D HG 34 i x HT. rr] 5 c i, 0 546 ¢ D 1, 14 “5 7 D #5, 3 23 5 c 1 23 ° ® 1.10 56 10 a 11g 1 2 iL 2 HH 57 2 c HZ FI ra a a aa Section I Part B55 marks Question 21 (3 marks) @) (1 ma) Outcomes Assessed: H6 fargeted Performance Bands: 2-3 ‘Criteria Mark > Wdenifcs parle Nas a beta pace (electron) AND + Wenifies particle ¥as a neutson Sample answer: Xisa beta particle (or electron) fe Yisaneutron (7 (©) (2 marks) Ouicomes Assessed: HS, H6, HT Targeted Performance Bands: 2-4 ‘Criteria clements * Describes atleast TWO similarities o differences in the production ofthe = Describes ONE similarity or difference in the production ofthe elements ‘Sample answer: “Method 1 uses neutton bombardment and subsequent beta decay to produce the new element compared to Method 2, which ues alpha particle bombardment ‘Method 1 takes place in a nucleat reactor where neutrons ate produced and Method 2 requires 8 particle accelerator such asa eyclotion to bombard the nucle! with postively-charged nuclei Both methods produce transurane elements ‘Question 22(5 masks) (2) (mack) Outcomes Assessed: H4 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 + Caleuates the moles of glucose reacted Criteria ‘Mark ‘Identifies the process as Fermentation t Sample answer: Fermentation (©) G mans) Outcomes Assessed: H, FIO Targeted Performance Bands: 25 ‘Criteria aris ‘Correctly calculates the mass of glucose 3 ‘= Caleulates the mass of glucose using ineortect stoichiometric relationship oR 2 ‘* Caleuiates the number of moles of CO, produced at 25°C and 100KPa using the ‘Volume of gas produced from the graph Sample answer: V(CO;) released in & days 3 L (from graph) ‘Mol COs @)at 25°C and l00kPa = 231/24.79L mol? 09278 mol From the belaneed equation: CaH.05-9 2C3H,0H +200» no, of moles of Cai20, = %m(CO) = %4x0.09278 mol = 0.04639 mal M(CiHn0.) = 180.156 8 ‘mass of glucose = 0.04639 mol x 180.156 g mot ‘Question 23 (4 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H2, H9, HI4 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-6 ‘Criteria Marks 7" Enalates the ffectivensss ofthe TWO models explain THREE properties of | 4 HDPE and LDPE. = Relates the TWO models tothe THREE properties of HDPE and LDPE. a ‘Relates the TWO models to TWO properties of HDPE and LDPE. > oR Relates ONE model tothe THREE properties of HDPE and LDPE. ‘Relates the TWO models to ONE property of HDPE and LDPE oR ‘+ Relates ONE model to TWO properties 1 OR f_Ideatifes Models A and B as representing HDPE and LDPE respective Sample answer: ‘Themodels constructed by the student allow some of the properties of the two forms of polyethylene tobe explained simply. Model A represents chain of HDPE (high density polyethylene) and this model explains the higher density ofthis polymer (no branching onthe model explains its ability to pack tightly) in comparzon to Model B which represents LDPE (low density polyethylene). “The branching on Model B explains why close packing of polymer chains eannot oocur. I is this feature that desreass the density and increases the flexibility. pouring polymer chains would be grester for Model 38 the melting point, ‘The intermolecular forces between ne ‘A due to elose packing of chains. This partially expl “These models do not explain the insoluble nature of polyethylene in water, Solubility im ‘water is due tthe presence of polar bonds and the models give no indication of the types of ‘bonds, polarity or atoms present. ‘Evaluator ‘The students modes are effective in that they can be used fo explain the properties of melting ‘nnint and flexibility for polvelhvlene adequately but they fail to explain the lack of solubility. ‘Question 24 (6 marks) a) (1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: H6, HI3 rargeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria Marke ‘2 Gowri balanced net onic equation ‘Sample answer: 2AM (9) +320" (ag) > DAD" (ag) +320 (5) (6) (1 mark Outcomes Assessed: H7 ‘= Cones calculation with unit ‘Sample answer: EP =-0,76-+ 1.68% 0.92V (0)(1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: H7, Hd rargeted Performance Bans 34 Criteria Mark ‘+ Idenifios manganese asthe eathode and a soluble manganese salt solution Sample answer: Manganese cathode and manganese (11) nitrate solution (0G marks) Outcomes Assessed: H3, 14, H7 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-5. Criteria Marks + Discuss the statement by Relating produetion of electrical energy to galvanic cells and oxidation seduction reactions 3 + Tncluig at least TWO significant reasons why the we of galvanie cells may ‘become increasingly important as sources of energy Discusses the statement by: ‘Relating production of electrical energy to galvanic eels and oxidation seduction reactions 2 + Including ONE significant reason why the use of galvanic cells may become increasingly importants soures of energy > Diseuses the statement by relating production of electrical energy to galvanic cle and oxidation reduction restion® ‘Sample answer: Galvanic cells are formed when oxidation and reduction reactions atthe anode and cathode bring about a transfer of electons through an external ereut. Thus electrical energy ean be ‘generated from oxidation-reduction reactions. Commercial tatteres, consisting of one or ‘more galvanic cells, are used as sources of elecrieal ener. ‘As world supplies of fossil fuels (petrol, diesel, ete) diminish, electrical enerzy may become increasingly important. Battery powered (electric) cars have been produced in recent years as, have liybrid vehicles which use both batery power and petrol. Electric ears are environmentally more acceptable, as they donot directly release carbon dioxide ‘The use of electrical energy may reduce society's dependence on renewable carbon-based nergy sources such as ethanol and cellulose, Fuels are derived from these energy sources by fermentation reactions, which ae inefficient. Furthermore, fuels derived from biomass sill release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Hence the use of electrical enerpy may become increasingly important as long asthe recharging of the batteries ean use sola, wind or ther clean energy sources. ‘Question 25 (3 marks) (@) Q marks) Outcomes Assessed: H8, H13 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-4 ‘Criteria Marks Wales TWO coneeily balanced equations 2 ‘= Writes ONE correctly balanced equation n Sample answer: Nua + O2(@) = 2NO (@) 2NO (@) + 0:(@) =" 2NO>(g) (©) mark) Ouicomes Assessed: HA Targeted Performance Bans: 2-3. Criteria Maric ‘Identifies an appropiate problem associated wit airogen in the atmosphere ihe presence of oxides of Sample answer: Several possible answers. ‘eg, Nitrogen dioxide is an acidic oxide. As a result its presence inthe atmosphere contributes to acd rain and to the change in pH of natural water supplies. (Nitrogen oxides also contribute oar pollution in thatthe reaction between nitrogen dioxide land oxygen, in the presence of UV light, ean inerease the eoncentration of ozone. This, in ‘tur, has negative health implications) ‘Question 26 (2 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H8, HI3 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 ‘Criteria Marks [denies NIV4Cr as forming an acidic solution AND ‘© Explains tht NH ion acts as an seid 2 AND ‘Writes a correct and appropriate equation oR ‘© Explain that NH4+-ion acts as an acid 1 oR ‘entfies NH4Cl as forming an acidic solution Writes a correct and appropriate equation Sample answer: [NH{Cl is an acidic salt asin water NH.’ donstes proton to wate, forming hydronium fons in solution ths decreasing the pH of the solution NH (ag) + 10) = NH (ag) + HO" ag) Question 27 (3 maris) (@) (1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: HB, H13 Targeted Performance Bands: 23 equation in (a) above ‘Criteria Mark = Wiles a cored, balanced equation 1 ‘Sample answer: Ca) #30 () —» Ca(OH (ag) + Ha (@) (©) @ marks) Outcomes Assessed: HID Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 ‘Giiteria Maris ‘> Caleulates the correct volume oF fydropen (3 sig figures) consistent with > = _Calelates correct no. of moles of calcium hydroxide ‘Sample answer: Iron] =3.16x 107 mol L" Then [Ca{OH):] =1.58 x 10 mol L" moles Co{OH); in 100.0 mL solution = 1.58 x 10% mol Moles hydrogen gas formed = 1.58 10° mol ‘Volume of hydrogen gas formed — = 1.58 x 10° x 24.79 L = 3.92 x 10° L (to 3 sig figures) Question 28 3 marks) @ @ marks) Outcomes Assessed: H8, H13 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 Griterie ‘Maris “= Covretly Wentifies the criteria fora mixture to be defined asa buffer solution AND ‘© Recognises that hydrochloric acid isa strong acid OR chloride ion is to weak as | a base to accept a proton > Comectly identifies the erteria fora minture to bs defined as a buffer solution | OR + Recognises that hydrochloric aid isa strong acid OR chloride ion s too weak as base to accep a proton ‘Sample answer ‘A buffer solution mast bea mixture of a moderately) weak acid and is conjugate base, The acid and base must be present in similar concentrations. Hydrochloric acid is avery stong acid whereas chloride ion is very weak base (too weak to accept a proton). ence & mixture of sodium chloride and hydrochloric acid, even if present in similar concentrations, cannot form a buler solution. (6) (1 mark) i Outcomes Assessed: HA, HB rargeted Performance Bands: 2-3 Gilera Mark {= Aecounis for te importance of buffer solutions i natural systems 1 ‘Sample answer: Buffer solstions, when present in natural systems, help to maintain the pH ofthe sok within that system. ‘Tie in tar enables chemical reactions such as enzyme reactions in living tissue, which requitea specific pH, to occur, even ismall increases inthe concentrations of ‘acids or bases within the living organism occur. Question 29 (5 marks) (@) (1 math) Outcomes Assessed: H, H11, H13 Targeted Performance Bands: 34 ‘Criteria Mark ‘= Nasses the chemicals used w produce methyl propancute 1 ‘Sample answer: ‘Methanol, propanoic acid and concentated sulfuric acid (©) @ mars) Outcomes Assessed: H9, H14 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 Cri Marke + Idenfies that ALL of methanol, propenoie acid, sulune acid, waterand metiyl | propanoate are present ‘Identifies that both reactants and products are present in the sk afer efloxing ‘Sample answer: ester, methyl propanoate, would be preset (©) @ marks) Outcomes Assessed: H8, HO rargeted Performance Bands: 3-5. ‘Some ofthe reactants (methanol and propanoie acid), the catalyst sulfuric acid, water andthe Criteria Marks ‘+ Juslfies the answer to () above by explaining thal esterification i ‘equilibrium ceacton AND ‘+ _1denies thatthe catalyst is not consumed by the resetion ‘+ Justis the answer to (bj above by explaining that equilibrium isa sfow, ‘equilibrium reseion oR 4+_Identfes thatthe catalyst isnot consumed bythe reaction Question 30 (4 marks) (@)G marks) Outcomes Assessed: HI, H3, H8 rargeted Performance Bands: 3-6 ‘Criteria Marks ‘Analyses the changes in scenic understanding ofthe properties of acids Refers to the ideas put forward by at leat THREE individuel chemists over two | 3 centuries > Discusses the changes in sienifo understanding of the properties of acids AND ‘Refers to te ideas put forward by ot leat THREE individual chemists over two conturies 2 on ‘Analyses the changes in ssiemiic understanding ofthe properties of acids by referring tothe ideas put forward by at least TWO individual chemists over to centuries ‘Refers tothe ideas pul Forward by at east TWO iidual chemists over two 7 Sample answer: ‘The understanding of acids has developed a properties of acids has changed. tfc knowledge relating to the structure and Inthe 18 century (1780), Lavoisier's theory proposed that acids were substances containing lxygen and had a sour teste. It was soon disproved as many oxygen containing substances had basic or neutral properties. By the early 19" century, an acid was defined a a substance containing replaceable hydrogen avy, wha had been experimenting with electrolysis, found tha acids in solution produced hydrogen gas tthe cathode and acids could yact with metals to form hydrogen. ‘Armbenius, in 1884, redefined the concept by defining sigs as substances which fomised in ‘aqueous solution to produce hydrogen ions, Hence acids, by definition, were always in ‘aqueous solution und the extent of ionisation was used to classify stong and weak acids, ‘By 1923, Bronsted and Lowry, working individually, defined an aid as a substance capable ‘of donating a proton (hydrogen fa) in he presence ofa base. The base could be water or any (6) (0 mark) Outcomes Assessed: 1, H3 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 ‘Criteria Mark Uses ai appropriate example wo hdenity a benefit of collaboration between i ssiontits inthe 21" century Sample answer: ‘The breadth of seientific knowledge means that scientists now specialise ina particular area and they need collaboration with other in different or related specialities o piece together pars ofthe information which may lead to new discoveries or techniques. This collaboration allows new discoveries o be made faster than ia single seiemist were working in isolation. For example, sient collaborating to monitor the environmental impact on waterways ‘would exch specials in different areas, They could be working as analytieal chemists in forensic science, as laboratory technicians, a biochemist and use @ wide range of specialist, ‘ools for their analyses (AAS, gas chromatography, measurement of bacterial levels). Question 31 (6 meris) (@) @ mars) Outcomes Assessed: HY, HS Targeted Performance Bands: 2-4 ‘Criteria Maris = Describes AAS 2 “Identifies AAS. i Sample answer: ‘Atomic absorption spectroscopy would be an appropriate technique for measuring the concentration of metallic elements in parts per mllion. An atomised sample containing the traceelement is illuminated by light fom a lamp which emis light ofthe same frequency as absorbed by the element being analysed. The amount of ight absorbed by the sample is th esults from standard solutions ‘measured. Comparison ofthe absorbance of the sample can be used to determine the concentetion ofthe traceelement. (©) (4 mais) Outcomes Assessed: Hd rargeted Performance Bands: 2-6 ‘Criteria Marks ‘Identifies a ace lemon! AND fe Assesses by + ‘outlining some effets ofthe named trace element * outlining the dificult of detection prior to AAS. ‘explaining how AAS enabled us to understand these effects + sessing the impact on this understanding = Indentities a race element AND + Explains how AAS enabled us to understand the effets ofthe named race element > Indentifes a wace clement, AND. ‘Identifies an impact of AAS on our understanding ofthe effets ofthe named trace element By monitoring lead levels (using AAS) and the symptoms of those exposed to lead, a detailed picture has emerged about the very low levels of lead responsible for minor symptoms such as Initabity,tiecness and headaches and the higher levels responsible for major symptoms such as neurological problems, seizures and coms. It was discovered that the safe level of| exposure was zero, No amount of led is safe for humans. Itis essential to avoid of limit ‘exposure and to assess the level of lead in those exposed, Legislation could then be introduced to prevent the inclusion of lead in products such as paints, petroleum and toys. Public awareness as been increased so that home renovators, Darents and industry ean avoid exposure and be aware of symptoms. Assessment ‘Thus, AAS has hada significant impact on our understanding of the effects of lead and how ‘we should regulate its use. The pains in tems of better public health have been significant. ‘Question 32 (6 marks) (@) (1 mar Outcomes Assessed: H8, H13 rargted Performance Bands: 2-3. Criteria ‘Mari = Wiltes 2 comect, balaneed chemical equation ‘Sample ansve Naw + 3Hb@ = 2NI@) (6) (1 mark Outcomes Assessed: HIA Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 ‘Criteria Niark = Taentes coset pressure and éemperaure Sample answer: 5 10* KPa (500 atm) and 373°C (22°C) (©) 4 maeks) Outcomes Assessed: H3, HS, H7, 118, H14 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-6 ‘Criteria Marks = Enplains by ‘= identifying the differences between the conditions suggested by the graph and those atally used «+ relating the higher temperature to the need to nerease the rate despite the ‘exothermic nature ofthe reaction «+ relating the lower pressure to cos andor salty despite the prediction of Le CChatelir’s principle ++ explaining additional features ofthe process such as the use ofa catalyst andthe emoval af ammonia from the system = Fplains using THREE of the atove FOUR point ‘Relates the temperature AND pressure selected to Le Chatelers principle AND by constant semoval of ammonia fom the system. This wil constantly towards the production of more ammonia The pressure suggested by the graph is much higher than the pressure actually used inthe industrial process. According to Le Chatlir’s principle, the yield of ammoniais increased at higher pressures as 4 moles of reactants produces only 2 moles of product. Lover pressures however ate less expensive to maintain and are safer. ‘The effect om yield ofthis lower pressure is compensated by the stategies mentioned above; use ofa catalyst and additional, heat to inerease the reaction rate and constant removal of ammonia, (he reaction Question 3 (5 marks) Outcomes Assessed: HI, H3, Hd, HI3, HI4 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-6 Criteria ‘Marks = _ Assesses the validly ofthe statement in tems of the selenite evidence gathered AND ‘+ Assesses the validity of the statement in terms of human-made chemicals and their impact on ozone depletion AND + Includes appropeiate equations ‘Discusses thoroughly the scien evidence for ozone depletion AND the impact of human-made chemicals on ozone depletion AND + Includes sppropriate equations * Discusses thoroughly the scienfi evidence for eaone depletion AND the impact of human-made chemicals on ozone depletion or iscusies some aspects ofthe seieniic evidence for ozone depletion AND the impact of human-made chemicals on ozone depletion AND + Includes appropriate equations + Diseusses some aspecs of the seicnllie evidence Tor ozone depletion AND. + Discusses some aspects of the impact of human-made chemicals on ozone depletion = Diseusses some aspecs ofthe sein evidence for eaone depletion OR + Discusses some aspects ofthe impact of human-made chemicals on ozone depletion ish Antarctic Survey noted a 10% drop in ozone levels in the stratosphere ‘over the spring months from August to October. This was unusual as levels had remained faily constant since measurements began in the 1950, By 1985 measurements showed a 50% drop in ozone levels over the previous decade. This result was backed up by vee? nvhitine stelle independent measurements recorded by TOMS (total ozone mapping specttometers) andthe ‘Ozone gas in the stratosphere i vital to Tite on Barth due tits ability to absorb UV radiation (ovavelength 200-320 nm), whichis harmful to cells of living organisms, Nozmally ezone forms naturally due to stratospheric oxygen absorbing UV-C radiation and making oxygen :adieals which can then combine with other oxygen molecules o form ozone. O2(@) +UV + 20¢(@) 02 (a) + O° @ = Os() ‘Ozone formed inthe stratosphere in this way can then absorb 200-310 nm radiation and return tw oxygen molecules, 0; @) + UV» Or (@) + Or@) Os (e) + 0 fe) + 202 (@) “The presence of chlorine fee radicals in the stratosphere (due tothe breakdown by UV energy ‘of CFCs and other man-made chemicals such as HICFCs) causes the depletion of ozone as shown inthe equations below. Cle (g) + O3()+ ClO" @) + O2@) 2010+ @) + UY + Or(e) +2C(@) Assessment ‘The statement is valid as significant evidence collected over the last 4 to 5 decades (by TOMS and orbiting satelite) has ed tothe discovery of stratospheric ozone depletion. ‘The statement is alo valid in tat ithas been shown hat the release oF human-made ‘chemicals, such a5 CFCs and HCFCs, has caused this depletion of ezone. The study of free radical reaetions involving UV light and eblorine fee radials has demonstrated thatthe man- ‘made chemicals which can produce these free radicals are responsible forthe ozone depletion, Steps have been taken to alleviate the problem by a worldwide ban on CFC and HCFC use. “There is further evidence that ths cut in CRC and HCFC use is leading io a recovery of stralosphesie ozone which will continue for some years to come, Section II OPTIONS ‘Question 34~ Industrial Chemistry (25 marks) (@) (1 mask) Outcomes Assessed: H7, 1, H13 Criteria Mark = Provides an appropriate definition Sample answer: lectrolysis is a process using electrical enerpy to bring about an otherwise non-spontancous chemical reaction. (i) @ marks) Outcomes Assessed: H7, HE Targeted Performance Bands: 2-4 Cre ‘Maris “= Compares the pradueis of bath electrolysis reactions 2 1 + "Identifies the products of ONE of the elextrolysisresctions ‘Sample answer: ‘The electrolysis of molten sodium chloride esults in the formation of produets sodium and chlorine. 2NaCl ) -» 2Na(9)*Cheig) ‘The electrolysis of eoncentated equeous sodium chloride solution results inthe formation af products Chg), Ha(g) and NaOH) 2NACl (aq) + 2H:0 (Y) + Cafe) + Ha(@) + 2NAOH (ag) (©)@G mas) Outcomes Assessed: HID rargeted Performance Bands: 2-4 ‘Criteria Marks ‘> Correcil calculates the number of moles ofall THREE substances a equilibrium [3 "Correctly caleulates the numberof moles of TWO of the THREE substances at quilbsium oR 2 ‘+ Calculates the numer of moles of ONE substance correctly and TWO substances incorrectly with one minor error caried “Correctly calculates the aumber of moles of ONE ofthe THREE substances at quilbsium oR t ‘+ Calculates values forall THREE substances incoretly with ONE minor error cartiod Sample answer: CH@ + hO~@ — COW + Ihe Wales of CHG) | H0.@ CO ie Tea niall 7,00 mol —|~2.00 mol | 0.00 mol | 00 mol Cha “984 mol ['-0.954 mol | 40.954 mol | 73% 0.954) mol tequila | 0046 mol [1.046 mol | 0954 mol [2.862 mal (©) (i) (@ marks) Outcomes Assessed: H10, HI2 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 ‘Criteria Marks ‘Correctly caleuatesK forthe reaction at 400K oR 3 ‘+ Calculates K consistent wit the incomeet numbers of moles caleulated in (6) () above ‘> Correctly caleulates the concentration ofeach ofthe substances at equi oR CCorretiy calculates the concentration ofeach ofthe substances at equilibrium () Git) Q marks) Outcomes Assessed: H7, H10 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 Criteria Maris] ‘= Gorrcty sas the reaction is endothermic with detailed explanation 2 “Correctly sates the reaction is endothermic with limited explanation, H Sample answer: i xg ~ Low@|inol [cro ‘When K decreases at 1200K (3.20 ate lower temperature) there must hve boon a decrease in the concentration of products i. the reaction shifted le). Likewise when K ineresses at 1600K (5 90 at a higher temperature) there must have been an increase in the eoncentation of products (ie. the reaction shifted righ. ‘This implies (using Le Chateliers principle) that the reaction is: CH) + LO (@) + enersy = CO() + 3H2(@) ice. the reaction i endothermic, (OG mens) Ouicomes Assessed: H6, 9 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-5 Criteria aris = Compares the structures of soap, anionic detergents and cationic detergents 3 ‘+ Describes correctly the stretues of TWO of soap, anionic detergents and i ‘Describes corecly the structure of ONE of soap anion detergents and cationic | — detergents ‘Sample answer: ‘Soap and detergents have s common strutute in that they havea Tong carbon chain which is hydrophobic lipophylic) and a charged head which is hydropilie (lipophobie). ‘Soaps have carboxylate groups (COO) as their negatively charged head. AE Anionic detergents ae siniar to Soap in that thie charged head is negative, The negative head varies indifferent anionie detergents but is often a benzene sulfonate group. Cationic detergents have a positively charged head, usually an alkyl ammonium group. Generally tere are one or two long hydrocarbon chains and two or three methyl groups attached toa charged nitrogen atom, A (6) Gi) marks) Outcomes Assessed: H4, H6, HO Targeted Performance Bands: 2-5 ‘Criteria Marks "> Tdenifies diferent uses Tor each of soup, anionie detergents and caionie detergents 5 AND ‘Outlines how the uses foreach ere related to the structures or properties = Mentifes different usos for TWO of soap anionic detergents and eaionic detergents 2 AND ‘Outlines how the uses foreach ae elated tothe structures or properties ‘> Kentifies a use for ONE of soap, anionic detergents or cationic detergents AND | ‘outlines how the use is related tthe structure or properties Sample answer: Soaps are used for personal hygiene. They are manufactured from naturally oeurring fats and oils and thus ate biodegradable, The hydrocarbon chains donot remove all natural body ols find hence are suitable for personal hygiene Anionie detergents are not made from natural fats and ols. These synthetic surfactants are ‘sed in lund detergents and dishwashing liquids. Like soaps, they actin the sume way as cleaning agents and emulsifiers, but the syptheti agents are more effective and remove 0 ‘mich ol fom the skin and har, so are not used for personal hygiene, Cationic detergents are used to condition fabrics oro clean and condition hair. The —ve ‘charges on the surface of wet fabric atract the cationic head groups which bind strongly. The sutface ofthe fabri dhen becomes coated withthe long hydrocarbons tails which at to reduce Static and fibre tangling. ‘They are also biocides (kill micro-organisms) so are wsed in disinfectans. (2) (9 2 avis) Outcomes Assessed: Hd, H7, H9, HIS Targeted Performance Bands: 2-4 ‘Criteria Marks ‘= Deseribes a correct reaction including observations 2 ‘+ Identifies a correct reaction L Sample answer: ‘To pero this demonstration, suerose was pluced in a glass heaker and some concentrated sulfuric acid added. The mistre was sired, The sulfuric seid removed water feo the sugar in a highly exothermic reaction, eleasing het, tear, and sulfur dioxide Fumes. Aside fom the sullurous odour, the reaction smelt alt like earamel. The white suger tamed into a black carbonised tube tat pushed iselFout ofthe beaker (@ Gi. mari Outcomes Assessed: HL Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 ‘Grier Mark ‘= Tdenifes safety precautions and relates these toa property of sulfur acid 1 ‘Sample answer: Since sulfurie acd isa stong dehydrating agent (strong oxidising agen’, saety precautions ‘must protect against burns and reactions with skin, eyes and clothes. Its essential nat loves. exe protection, anda fb eoat he worn, The demonstration must be performed inside a fame cupboard, to ext sulfur dose fames whieh ae toxic (@) ii) (1 mark) Ouicomes Assessed: HY, HI3 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3, Criteria Mark “+ Wites a comecily bslanced equation L Sample answer, CullaOn fs) > 1206) + HO @® (©) 65 marks) Outcomes Assessed: B14, H8, HI, HIS Targeted Performance Bands: 2-6 Criteria Marks + Makesajdgement about the vale ofthe way in which the environmental issues are addressed + Demonstrates « knowledge of the Solvay process A {Identifies environmental issues or potential environmental issues associated with cither reactants, intermediates or products ofthe process + Demonstrates knowledge of procedures used to address environmental jsues ‘Demonstrates a knowledge ofthe Solvay process {Identifies environmental issues o potential environmental issues assoviated with |g citer reactants, intermediates or products of the process ‘+_Demonstrates Knowledge of procedures used to address environmental issues. "Identifies some reactants andlor products ofthe Solvay process AND + Some knovsledge of procedures used to contol environmental issues or potential ‘environmental esues 23 or ‘+ Ideotifes some reactants andlor products ofthe Solvay process AND ‘+ Sues some environmental issues associated wit the process ‘Identifies some reatans andor products ofthe Solvay process oR ‘+ States a procedure used fo contro a potential environmental problem associated with the process OR + States an environmental problem associated wi the process ‘Sample answer: “The ra materials required in the Solvay proces ae sodium chloride, ammonia and ealeinm carbonate (limestone). The products are sodium carbonate and calium chloride. ‘Overall process: {C4005 (6) + 2NaCl (ag) —+ NozCOs (ag) + CaCl (og) ‘The process involves 4 steps ‘The Solvay process uses abundant and cheap starting material, brine and calcium carbonate imestone), to produce a useful product, sodium carbonate. By-produts, ammonia and carbon dioxide, are recycled and reused However, there are many environmental problems associated with the Solvay process, inching the following: (Overproduction of calclum chloride ~Caleium chovdeis produced as by-product inthe Solvay proces. Its used to met ice and snow on roads in old countries, wet oil, 8 dying agent and in coneree mixes. However, theres significant excess of supply ‘Usa this problem is overcome by locating the Solvay plant near the ocean, where the calcium horde canbe dite and leased safely int tte environment. Ite Solvay plant {slocaed inland, tore isthe potetal fr elu chloride to be dumped into the cnvroament causing sigatiean level of disolved salts in vers and lakes and release of teat eased by the exotheie dissolving of calcium chloide in water). Both these problems ‘would endanger agua Hf An alteralive way of dspsing of ealium chloe is by ‘vaportion 1 dynes nd disposal 1 suitable and sites. Ammonia losses ~ Altsough a large amount of ammonia is recycled in the Solvay process, ‘here are sill some losses. Ammonia causes significant ar pellution that is very dangerous to human lives, Levels of ammonia ges release are uswally Kept below repulstory standards. The generated heat ~ The Solvay process produces large amount of heat. Disposal of excess heat into the ocean is the method used when Solvay plants are located near the coastline. ‘Water from lakes and rivers can be used as coolant to absorb waste hea. However, hot water cannot be returned 1 the rivers or lakes immediately a this will destroy aquatic ie. Water ‘can be cooled using heat difusers, but this process is very expensive to use Evaluation ‘Overall, the methods used to address the environmental issues ofthe Solvay process are effective es they manage to moet Government regulations. However, there are sil significant effets on aquatic life and thermal pollution if Solve plants are located away from the coastline, Further research into the production of sodium carbonate continues, with the aim of redacing these environmental issues Furr. ‘Question 35 Shipwrecks, Corrasion and Conservation (25 masks) @) (C1 mare) Outcomes Assessed: H6, HS ‘Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 Griterie ‘Maric = _enifiescoreet T ‘Sample answer: Reaction 3 (Gi) @ macks) Outcomes Assessed: HB Targeted Performance Bands: 2-4 Criteria ‘Mars . The tanaferof electrons involved in Reaction SAND that | the other two reactions . ‘Identifies that Reaction 3 involves a transfer of elections oR 1 ‘Identifies the species reduced and oxidised in Renetion 3 ‘Sample answer: Reaction 3 involves the wansfr of electrons, which i essential for an oxidation-reduction reaction, Zine is oxidised, losing 2 eletzons to form Za". Copper ions are reduced, gnining 2leerons to fort copper atoms. ‘The other fo equations involve the movement of ions ‘without any eansfer of eletrons. (0) (1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: HI Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 ‘+ Describes how the structures inthe Volsi Pile form a series of palvanie calls ‘Criteria ‘ark = _Wenlifies Vola asthe conct scientist 1 ‘Sample answer: Volta () Gi) @ marks) Outcomes Assessed: HI, HT, HB Targeted Performance Bands: 24 Criteria ‘Marks “Relates Volia’s work tthe early concep of elecsis cusent AND 2 ‘= Relates Vola’s work othe early concep of electri curent or Describes how the structures inthe Vola Pile form a series of galvanic eels, ‘Sample answer: ‘The Voltaic Pile wes a device invented by Volta in 1800 following the first generation of an electric current (credited to Galvani “The Volisc Pile consisted of alters separated by cardboard or cloth soaked in a brine (salt solution. Ths the 1780), layers of two metal, usually copper and zine diss, le was a series of galvanic cells withthe copper discs acting as cathodes, the zine dsesaetng as anodes and the ‘rine acting as the electrolyte. This series of cll linked to forma battery of cells, An electric current was produced when the extemal wires were connected, (©) C1 mark) ‘Outcomes Assessed: H7, HB Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 ‘Criteria Mark = Deserbes an clootolyas reaction ‘Sample answer: ‘An electrolysis exction iss non-spontaneous redox reaction that is dtiven by an electic (Gi) marks) Outcomes Assessed: HIT Targeted Performance Bands: 2.5 ‘Criteria Maris = Produces an appropriic labelled diagram showing two electrolyte cells that vary in only one way, showing the independent variable and controled variables oR ‘+ Produces an appropriate labelled diagram showing an electrolytic cell, indicating the controlled variables and information about changes in the independent variable '_ Produces an appropriate laballed diagram showing most ofthe above ‘Identifies the independent variable oR ‘+ Produces a diagram of an electrolytic eel ‘Sample answer: (Amanswer that investigated any ofthe controled variables would also be appropriate, concentration would then need robe controlled.) Independent variable: electrolyte concentration The Controlled variables: size of electrodes, distance between electrodes, voltage (there sre other ‘variables but these are vital to this investigation) (©) Gi) (mark) Outcomes Assessed: H4, H7, HS Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 ‘Criteria Mark = Outlines cathode protection using an impressed current 1 ‘Sample answer: Elecrolyss can prevent corrosion ifthe meal requiring protection is attached tothe negative ‘terminal ofa DC pov: source, thus making the metal to be protected the cathode. As his is the ste of reduction, the metal willbe proteced ftom oxidation and hence carosion. (@ Gmaris) ‘Onteomes Assessed: H3, HB Targeted Performance Bands: 2-6. ‘Criteria ‘Marks | > Analyees the statement + Distnguishes clearly between the processes of salvage, conservation and restoration + Discusses the need for planning in terms of cos, ime and preservation of objects from shipwrecks ‘+ Explains that chemical processes will eause objects to deteriorate left untreated + Describes a range of chemical proceses used to conserve or restore objects ftom shipwrecks =~ Dissinguishes clearly between the processes of salvage, conservation and restorstion ‘+ Discusses the need for planning in terms of cos, sme and preservation of| ‘object fom shiprecks ‘+ Explains that chemical processes will eause objects to deteriorate eft sunizealed ‘+ Describes a range of chemical processes used to conserve or restore objects from shipwrecks = Diseuses the need for planning in erm of cou, lime and preservation oF ‘objects fom shipwrecks ‘+ Explains that chemical processes will eause objects to deteriorate ile untested ‘+ Describes a range of chemical processes used to conserve or restore abjects from shipwrecks, “Identifies a need Tor panning AND ‘© Describes atleast TWO chemical processes relevant to the salvage, conservation and restoration of objects from shipwrecks ‘Describes at least TWO chemical processes relevant to the salvage, conservation and restoration of objects from shipurecks oR + entiies a nood for planning AND ‘Salvaged artefects are often simply conserved in thor present state, creating them so that no {utter deterioration occurs. Others are restore so that they resemble thei original condition. All steps in these processes require sound knowledge of the composition ofthe artefact end the chemical reactions tht will occur when itis exposed tothe atmosphere. These procestes can tke yours and require careful planning. Artefacts removed from the oocan will be impregnated with ions, especially chlorides, which ‘can cause significant deterioration if allowed to crstallise inthe drying artefact. These ions ‘can cause mechanical damage as tey rystallise but will also cause continued corrosion when ‘they react with moisture. Removal ofthese ions and significant restoration of gon artefacts ca be achieved using elecuolyss, CCaleareous coneretions on artefocts canbe safely removed using dilute acids, (Other processes that ean be sed include: =the use of zine epoxy paints which resemble the process of galvanising painting with microcrystalline waxes to prevent contact with ai or water treating with chromate ions in order to forma pasivatng layer storing in low tight and humidity ‘The conservation and restoration processes must be carefully planned taking into consideration the future location ofthe artefact. Also worth noting i the likelinood that beter {echniques wil become available in the future. With this in mind its vital to avoid using conservation and restoration techniques that are ireverible. The salvage, conservation and restoration of objects canbe time consuming and expensive. Some items of great historicel significance are extremely valuable. Hence, before commencing he process of salvage, conservation or restoration of etefaets from shipwrecks it is essential to plan the process thoroughly and to consider carefull the choioe of chemical procedures employed (© @ marks) Ourcomes Assessed: HB, H13 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 ‘Grit ‘Maris ‘Writes talanced equation or halP-equation showing the reduction of oxygen to form rust AND 2 ‘+ Explains that oxygen sa reactant and hene its concentration affets the rate of | "> Writes a balanced equation or halfequation showing the reduction of exygea to form rust, oR 1 ‘+ Explains that oxygen isa reactant and henee its concentration affects the rate of reaction ‘Sample answer: AFG) 30318) + A120) —* 20,3420) (9) + 200 0 O2@) + 24:00) + 46° = 401" ag) ‘Acconng tothe equation or halequation, oxygen isa reactant. The oxygen and water are ‘reduced to form hydroxide ions and, after a series of reactions, to form rst (hydrated iron Al oxide). ‘Therefore the concentration of dissolved oxygen will affect the rate of corrosion, (©) Gi) (B marks) Outcomes Assessed: H6, H8, HO Targeted Performance Bands: 2-5. ‘Criteria Marks = Discusses clearly TWO factors that support the identified high level of dissolved | 5 ‘oxygen ‘+ Diseusses cleanly ONE factor that supports the identified high level of dissolved oxygen A or + Discusses factors that affet dissolved oxygen levels ‘Identifies TWO factors that affect dissolved oxygen levels OR 1 ‘Question 36 — The Biochemistry of Movement (25 marks) (2) @ marks) Outcomes Assessed: H, H13 Targeted Performance Bands: 23 Cri Marke > denies the molecule as ATP AND 2 ‘Identifies mitochondria a te site of production + dentiies the molecule as ATP ir ‘Sample answer: ‘The molecule is ATP. ATP is produced in the mitochondsis (©) marks) Outcomes Assessed: HI fargeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria Maris = Names an enzyme AND discusses substrate specificity 2 + Names an enzyme OR diseuses substrate specific 1 Sample answer: ‘An example ofan enzyme is ctalase tis responsible for breaking down potentially toxic hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. Enzymes possess an active site located within the folded protein structure. The substrate (hydrogen peroxide) makes a perfect fit withthe area ofthe enzyme called te active ste, much like aloek and key, which facilitates the interaction bberween substrate and enzyme, © Gi marks) Outcomes Assessed: H4, H8, HI3 rargeted Performance Bands: 2-5 ‘Griterin Mark "> Describes a process that involves the role oF anacrobie bacteria in reduction of sulfate ions, formation of HS and H" leading to oxidation of ion AND ‘+ _Wites an appropriate equation ‘+ Describes a process that involves the role of anaerobic bacteria in reution of sulfate ions, formation of HS and leading to oxidation of ion oR, + Outlines process that involves the role of anaerobic bacteria in reduction of| sulfate ions AND + Writes an appropriate equation * Outlines a process that involvos the role af anaerobie bacteria in reduction of sulfate ions oR Writes an appropriate equation ‘Sample answer: ‘Anaerobic bacteria can survive around deep wrecks, where thee s often an absence of| ‘oxygen, as they respre by reducing sulfate ins. ‘The resulting hydrogen sulfide HS) can ionise to form H". Under these acidic conditions the ‘oxidation of iron is accelerated, producing characteristic black deposits of iron sulfide ‘The overall reation which occurs at depth, inthe presence of sulfur-redueing bacteria is: AF (6) + SO¢*(ag) +5H,0 ) => FeSG) + 3Fe(OH (9) + HO) +20H on) (©) (6 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H4, 9 rargeted Performance Bands: 2-6 Crier ‘ark ‘_Aaseiees the importance of TAGs s an energy dene dre Tor uma ‘Relates the structure of TAG molecules othe trage of energy 56 {Compares TAGs with glycogen as a source of ener ‘Relates the stricture of TAG molecules othe storage of eneray ‘+ Compares TAGS with glycogen as a source of enerey a = Compares TAGS wi glycogen a source of enerny z ‘+ Heniies some conect information about TAGs OR slycogen se sources oF | — energy Sample answer: ‘Triacylglycerols (TAGs), commonly known as lipids, are esters formed ftom glycerol and fay acids. Lipids that are important in the diet of humans range from 14-20 carbon atoms. Like al eser, TAGS have a similar structure t carboxylic aids except hat an alkyl group is sttachod othe oxygen atom ofthe former hydroxyl group instead ofthe hydrogen atom, ‘TAGs act as efficient storage molecules for energy due to their hydrophobic (water hating) ature. The COOH bonds of fatty acids are very polar but the COOR group ofthe TAG, although pole, has avery small iafluence on the overall polarity ofthe TAG molecule. A ‘TAG molecule can therefore be stored efficiently away from water in a very dense form, ‘making ita very important form of long-term enemgy storage in humans, TAGs are stored in the cells of fat issue and ean be hydrolysed to give faty acids, which can be wansported to cells and broken down into carbon dioxide and water. This process occurs in mitochonéia ‘and produces ATP. [By comparison, glycogen is the carbohydrate sore in animals. Afters meal, the rising blood _lucose evel is contrlled by the excess glucose being taken into liver and muscle cells and aerobically as long as the oxygen supply keeps up. If it doesn’t keep up, anaerobic respiration ‘eins to take over, using the carbohydrate granules to provide fast ATP without the ‘consumption of oxygen. Aerobic respiration continues but wi less efficiency, producing less ATP and also producing lactic acid. Assessmens ‘TAGs are important as they ate the body's long-term larder. They are the most efficient way te store large amounts of energy, and produce the most ATP when metabolised although st & ‘much slower rate than glycogea, which isthe small store of instant, intense energy the temergency supply. The livers entire store of glycogen, for example, can last an average human about 12 hours on is own whereas an average healthy human should have enough, ‘TAG reserves to last about two months @@ marks) Outcomes Assessed: HIS Targeted Performance Bans: 2-3 ‘Criteria Marks States the name of he enzyme used AND identifies corey the group of 7 compounds + States the name of he enzyme used OR Ieiifes comely the group oF 7 compounds, ‘Sample answer: ‘The enzyme used in the experiment is ealled rennin, Enzymes are proteins. Gi) G marks) Outcomes Assessed: HL, HA Targeted Performance Bands: 2-4 Criteria = _Exploine fully the experimental results AND discusses appropriate conchisions = _Desecbes the experimental results AND discusses appropriate conclusions aloof 2 ‘= _Deserbes the experimental resulls OR discusses appropriate conclusions ‘Sample ansiver: In the experiment, three tes tubes containing milk at temperatures of 0°C, 37°C and 60°C ad the enzyme rennin added. After some time, the milk at 37°C was seen to coagulate whilst the rl in the other two test cubes (a cold and hot temperatures) was unaffected. ‘The function of the enzyme, rennin, i to coagulate mitkso that remains in the stomach Tonger to be metabolised. ‘The experimental conclusion is thatthe enzyme works elficiently at 37°C (or normal body temperature) whilst it is not effective at temperatures tha are ether fo0 cold or foo hot, At bigh temperatures it is denatured, while at low temperatures the reaction rate i 00 slow for coagulation to be observed. (iy 1 mari) Dnicames Aecoccods HIT (©) @ @maris) Outcomes Assessed: H9 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4 Criteria Mars = Describes te generalised structure of skeletal muscle calls 2 ‘Identifies some correct information about skeletal muscle cells 1 ‘Sample answer: ‘Skeletal muscle is also called strated muscle because ofits banded appearance. Skeletal ‘muscle consists of bundles of fbees. Each fibre consists of about 1000 fibril, These fibrils consist of altemating sections of thick filaments that contain the protein myosin and thin ‘laments that contain the protein actin. (©) GG maris) Outcomes Assessed: Hd Fargeted Performance Bands: 24 ‘Criteria ‘Marks ‘+ enifes the pe of muscle inthe TWO differnt ypes of fish andeatesthe | 5 tse of the muscle to is appearance > Identifies ONE type of musele and relatos the use ofthe muscle to Re 7 appearance = denifes ONE type af muscle z ‘Sample answer: Marlin and tuna, being active fish, swim constantly, often over very long distances. They ‘ypically contain Type , slow oxidative, slow twitch, or "red" muscle cells. This type of riusle cel is dense with eapillaves and is rch i mitechondra, giving the muscle tissue it charecteristic red colour. Itean carry mote oxygen and sustain the aerobic activity required by these active fish Flounder and fathead drift around the ocean slowly over smaller distances. They typically ‘contain Type Il muscle, which is less dense in mitochondria and myoglobin than Type 1 musele. Therefore the muscle is paler by comparison with the flesh of marin and tuna. can ‘contract more quickly and with a greater amount of force than oxidative musele, but can sustain only short, anaerobic burss of activity before muscle contraction becomes painful ‘These types of ish ean escape from predators quickly bu eannot continue fo swim overlong OC mary Ourcomes Assessed: HIS rargted Performance Bands: nd ‘Criteria Mark ‘+ Identifies the conest common and systemalie name of the compound 1 Sample answer: ‘Pyruvate the common name snd 2-oxopropanoate isthe systematic name Mark L Sample answer: ‘Two melecules of ATP are produced in glycolysis. (Git) @ marks Outcomes Assessed: HY, H13 Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5 ‘Criteria ‘Marks ‘+ _ Describes the formation of lactate AND includes an appropriate equation 2 ‘Describes the formation of lactate Sample answer: During vigorous exercise the demand for ATP in muscles is high and oxygen levels are soon depleted. Under these conditions, pyruvate ions are reduced ta lactate fons, accompanied by the oxidation of NADH to NAD". CH;COCOO' + NADH + HT + CH;CHOHCOO™ + NAD™ pyruvate ion Taetae ion Outcomes Assessed: H6 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 Criteria Maric = Correct answer 1 ‘Sample answer: ‘The Pauli Exclusion Prineiple states that no two elettons can have the same four quantam numbers (elated to shel, sub-shell, orbital and spin). (2) Gi) @ marks) Outcomes Assessed: H6, H7 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-4 ‘Criteria ‘Marks ‘Identifies a blue-green lame as associated with copper's presence AND ‘Explains that tbe blue-green lig corresponding to the difference in energy’ levels between the grouné stat and the excited sate of electrons in a copper stom is EM radiation ofa fixed frequency 2 = [denies a blue-green flame as associated with coppers presence oR, ‘+ Outlines some correct information to explain why the colour is always the Sample answer: “The presence of copper is indicated by a blue-green flame in a ame test. Electrons inthe ‘copper atom are given extra energy by the flame and temporarily jump toa higher energy level than their normally oecupied one. When they almost instanily return, they Tose a fixed amount of encrgy equivalent to the energy difference between the two orbitals, and this ‘energy i released in the form of EM radiation, In coppe's case, the energy difference rmatches the energy of an EM wave inte blue-green region ofthe visible spectrum, hence ‘copper always provides a characteristic blue-green flame, (@) Gi) (5 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H6, H7 Targeted Performance Bands: 26 Criteria Maris + Describes the Bohr model ofthe hydrogen stom AND ‘Relates this model othe spect lines of hydrogen. 5 AND Discusses the merits AND limitation ofthis model * Desorbes the Bohr model ofthe hydrogen ston AND ‘© Relates ths model to the spectral lines of hydrogen 4 AND + Identifies some merits AND Limitations ofthis model + Desctibes the Bohr model ofthe hydrogen stom AND ‘+ Identifies some merits AND limitations ofthis model "© Descrites the Bol model ofthe hydrogen atom AND 2 ‘Identifies some merits OR limitations ofthis model ‘+ Describes the Bohr model ofthe hydrogen atom on 1 + Identifies some merits OR limitations of this model Sample answer: ‘The Bolur model ofthe hydrogen atom (1913) proposed thatthe electrons in an atomn move around the nucleus ina cireular orbit, Each eletron could only have a restricted number of| energy values as only obits of certain radi and particular energy values were permissible ‘Bobr proposed that an electron was stable only witen in one ofthese energy levels, Electrons could jump from one level to another and Bohr proposed tha the electrons falling back into their stable orbits gave out energy equal tothe difference in energy between te two levels, This energy caused the observed spectral ines. For hydrogen, he calculated the energy values for the electrons inthe permissible pats and showed tht the frequency ofthe spectal lines for hydrogen could be explained in terms of his model ‘Thus Bohr’s model was successful in explaining a property of the hydrogen atom. The model had merit in that it led to an exrnlanation nf crnertral nce foe buronnon fe alon bet (6) @ marks) Outcomes Assessed: HI, HA ‘Targeted Performance Bands: 24 ‘Criteri ‘Marks Identifies the chemical composition of ONE named cosmetic AND ‘Describes the detrimental effect on humans ‘Identifies the chemical composition of ONF named cosmetie oR + Deseribes the dettimental effect on humans Sample ‘The ancient Egyptians used cinnabar (a red mineral) in rouge. Itis a naturally occuring ore constituted almost entirely of mercury(I) sulfide, HES. ‘The mercury innabar is causl of many diseases. Its poisonous by ingestion oF inhalation, 1s also harmful by skin contact and isa cumulative poison in that your body does nat rid itself of mercury overtime. The worst effect of prolonged exposure include kidney failure and life threatening central nervous system damage. (©) @ marks) Outcomes Assessed: HL, H14 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-4 Criteria ‘Marks ‘© Explains what is meant By the validity ofthe experiment AND ‘+ Describes that using variable concentrations ofthe species to be oxidised allows any reaction to proceed ata greater rate in one case than in another + Explains wht is mean by the validity of de experiment OR ‘+ Describes that using variable concentations ofthe species to be oxidised allows any reaction to proceed at a greater rate in one ease than in another Sample answer: ‘An experiment is only valid when only one variable is changed ata time allowing conclusions tobe draw based on. single independent variable. Given tat the results ofan experiment involving potassium permanganate hinge on colour changes, any variation which affects the nature of colour changes ean lead to invalid results ‘When dealing with colour changes, a greater concentration ofa reactant allows any reaction to proceed faster, due toa greater frequency of successfil collisions, It will also proceed toa treater level of completeness, depending onthe stoichiometry ofthe rection. Thus if you change the concentration ofthe species to be oxidised, the colour change in the Permanganate could be de to factors other than the extent of reduction which occurs. (©) G marks) Outcomes Assessed: H6, 18 ‘Targeted Performance Bands: 2-5. ‘Predicts tha the oxidising srength of Mn wil fll somewhere between those ofthe other two compounds, but fails to givea valid reason Criteria Marks ‘Recounts For the difference in oxidising strengths i terms of different ‘manganese oxidation sates 5 ‘+ Predicts that the oxidising strength of MO, wil fll somewhere between those ‘of the other wo compounds, giving a valid reason "Accounts for the difference in oxidising strengths in terms of diferent ‘manganese oxidation states Ai States that KMnO, wil be a suonger oxidising agent than MnCly oR + Accounts fr the difference in oxidising strengths in terms of different ‘manganese oxidation sates Sample answer: ‘The oxidation state of Mn in KMnO, is +7. The oxidation state of Ma in MnClais +2. The higher oxidation state presen in the permanganate in gives Mn a greater ability to attract cleetrons and hence fo oxidise other species, soit has a higher oxidising strength than in| MnCl. ‘The oxidation state of Mn in MnO» is +4, between tat ofthe other two compounds, so it should be predicted thatthe oxidising stength of MnO; would be less than that of KMnO, but sreater than that of MnCl (@) @ marks) Outcomes Assessed H7 Targeted Performance Bands: 25. Criteria Maris ‘> Bplanation includes ALE the following: White tight containing all visible wavelengths shines onthe permanganate ei ths of visible light, corresponding to the idle frequencies ofthe visible spectrum (orange through to blue), are absorbed by the permanganate ions, as those wavelengths energies correspond tothe amounts of enerpy needed by some eletrons to jump 4 from ther ground state +The wavelengths of visible light that are not absorbed in this way continue without change t enter our eyes ‘+ The combination of those wavelengths from each end ofthe visible spectrum (red and violet creates what we see asthe purple eolour ofthe permanganate solution Explanation includes THREE of the above 3 ‘+ Explanation includes TWO of the above 2 ‘+ Explanation includes ONE ofthe above i Sample answer: 1 ‘White light containing ll visible wavelengths shines on the permanganate ions. 2. One or more specific wavelengths of visible light, earresponding tothe middle fiequences ofthe visible spectrum (orange through to blue), are absorbed bythe Permanganate ions, as those wavelengls’ energies corespond tothe amounts of energy ‘needed by some eletrons to jump fom thei ground sate, ‘The wavelengths of visible light that are not absorbed inthis Way continue without change to enter our eyes. The combination of those wavelengths fram cach ole) creates what we see as the purple colour of the permanganate solution, of the visible spectrum (red and © M@maris) Ouicomes Assessed: H6 ‘Targeted Performance Bands: 24 ‘Criteria ‘Marks = Waites TWO correct electron configurations 2 = Weites ONE correct elestton configuration 1 ‘Sample answer: Vis 15,26, 266, 394 398 Fe ists 25% 2p 3%, 3p, 3a (©) Gi @ marks) Outcomes Assessed: H6 ‘Targeted Performance Bands: 3-5. ‘Criteria Maris ‘= Relates the sabiliy of each ofthe TWO ions wo is eletTon configuration 2 "= Relates the stability of ONE ofthe ions to its electron configuration ‘Sample answer: ‘The bwo ions have different elestron configurations but are both stable ons ‘¥** has the same electron configuration as argon, @ noble gs. Its an extremely stable configuration with ll electrons pared and all energy levels fille, Fe has Sd elecitons, 1 in cach ofthe Sd orbitals. The halffilledd sub-shell appears to bea stable arrangement, as Pe" does no lose eletrons to form other ions. By comparison, Fe™ is readily oxidised t Fe" (0G marie) Outcomes Assessed: H6, H13 rargeted Performance Bands: 2-4 Criteria Marks + Weniifies [CoONH) a" as The complex ion AND + Describes the bonding between the ammonia molecules and the cobalt on mie [CoO * asthe complexion 01 + Describes the bonding between the ammonia moleeules and the cobalt on Sample ansver: ‘The cera cobalt ion and the ammonia molecules form a stable jon, with the charge spread over the whole structure, it, nown asa complex ‘The ammonia molecules are examples of ligands (toms or groups of atoms that bond tothe central ion by dative or co-ordinate bonding). The datveleo-ondinate bond is formed when ‘the lone/non-bonding pir of electrons on the ligand is attracted to, and occupies, an ‘unoccupied orbital ofthe central atom, {nthis complex, 6 atnmonia molecules suround th eaton. An electron par fiom the nitrogen atom on each ammonia moleeue forms aco-ordngte covalent bond withthe central jon by placing the pair of electrons into empty orbital of the cobalt fon Question 38 - Forensie Chemistry (25 marks) (@) (Lmark) Outcomes Assessed: H9 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 Criteria Mark 1 Deserbes a conect difference I ‘Sample answer Many possible answers ‘Organic compounds are compounds of carbon, withthe exception of CO, COs and carbonates, hydrogen earbonstes and eyanides of metals. Organic compounds are produced by living ‘things. Organic compounds contain earbon-hydrogen bonds. Inorganic compounds are produced by non-living natural processes or by human intervention in the laboratory. Inorganie compounds do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds. (6) (4 marks) Outcomes Assessed: H9, HI Targeted Performance Bonds: 2-5 ‘Griteria ‘Marks ‘+ Provides examples of ests that will dentfy ALL THREE OF an unsaturated hydrocarbon, an alkanol and an alkanoie acid, with expected reslis AND + Identifies ATLEAST TWO safety precautions taken ‘+ Provides examples of tests that will identify TWO ofan unsaturated hydrocarbon, tan alkanal and an alkanoic ac, with expected results AND or ‘Provides examples of tests that will dently ALL, THREE OF en unsaturated hydrocarbon, an alkanol and an alkanoic acid, wilh expected results ‘Identifies AT LEAST TWO safety precautions taken 3 + Provides examples of tests that will identify ONE ofan unsaturated hydrocarbon, ‘an alkanol and analkanoic acid, with expected resus AND + Provides examples of tests tat will identify TWO ofan unsaturated hydrocarbon, an alkanol and an slkanoie ac, with expected results ‘Identifies AT LEAST TWO safety precautions teken 2 oR ‘+ Provides examples of tests that will identify ONE ofan unsaturated hydrocarbon, ‘an alkanol and n alkanoicaci, with expected resulls i or + _leatifes AT LEAST TWO safety prec taken Sample answers 1. Divide cach sample into 3 test tubes, do not resse a sample once contaminated with a reagent 2 Adil small quantiy of sodium carbonate solution to each test tube, Bubbles of CO2 eas will form in the sample ofthe alkanoie acid. There will not be any bubbles in the other test bes, 3. Adda very small piece of sodium to new samples in thee teat tubes. Sodium will immediately react with both the acid andthe aleohol. Since the acd has sleady been idemified, the alcohol is now known and the only remaining test tube must be the unsaturated hydrocarbon. (©) (1 mark) Outcomes Assessed: H6, H9 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-3 ‘+_Deseribes ONE difference between the reactions ‘Criteria ‘Mark = Wentifies carbon, lydrogen and oxygen 1 ‘Sample answer: Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (©) G marks) Outcomes Assessed: H9 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-5 Criteri Maris ‘= Deseribes AT LEAST TWO similarities between the reactions AND 3 ‘= Describes AT LEAST TWO differences between the actions “= Deseribes ONE similarity between the reactions AND 2 "= Deseribes ONE similarity between the reactions OR ‘+ Describes ONE difference between the eacions ‘Sample answer Sim Both are condensation polymerisation reactions, ‘Both rely on the ation of enzymes for polymerisation to take place, Both produce water asa by-product ofthe rection, Differences ‘Monomers of glucose ar all identical whereas monomers of proteins (amino acids) may be dierent. ‘Bonding between glucose monomers involves reaction between -OH groups on adjacent -monomers whereas bonding between amino acids involves reaction between @-COOH end and an -NHzend of adjacent monomers. Polysaccharides form glycosidic bonds; proteins fotm peptide bonds (or linkages). (@)@ marks) Quicomes Assessed: H8 rurgted Performance Bands: 2-4 Criteria ‘iar ‘+ dentiies thatthe mixture tobe separated nay contain subaanees that have dlferent solubilities indifferent solvents ‘+ Explains thatthe differences in solubilities help to separate the components of the mixture in the mobile and stationary phases ‘+ entifes thatthe mixture to be separated may contain substances that have diferent solubilities in different solvents OR *+ Explains that the differences in solubilities help to separate the components of| the mixture in the mobile and stationary phases Sample answer: (Chromatography involves separation of the parts of a mixture on the basis of the different solubilities ofthe parts in the mobile phase and stationary phase, sich a the water trapped in ‘he pores of paper (stationary phase) and the solvent travelling through the paper with the mixture (mobile phase). Substances with low solubility inthe stationary phase and high solubility inthe mobile phase will move quickly, and vice versa, Thus, differences in solubility inthe mobile and stationary phases help to seperate the components ofthe mixture. For example, differences in polarity may be vsed to separate a mixture of plant chlorophylls using water in paper asthe stationary phase and petroleum ether asthe mobile phase. ‘The ‘ore polar the molecule theless distance it will travel through the pape. (5 mas) Outcomes Assessed: H3, HA Targeted Performance Bands: 2.6 Griteri Marks ‘Includes clear justification statement based on ereria Wenified ‘Specifically identifies that DNA ean be found in many different biologieal samples ‘+ Identifies at east THREE examples of uses of DNA analyses 5 ‘+ Describes advantages and disadvantages of DNA analysis ‘+ Compares DNA analysis with techniques used prior to this technology being available ‘Identifies that DNA ean be found in many different biological samples entifies examples of uses of DNA analyses Describes advantages and disadvantages of DNA analysis M4 ‘Compares DNA analysis with at least one technique used prior to ths technology being available Identifies examples of uses of DNA analyses 5 + Describes advantages of DNA analysis * denies examples of uses of DNA analyses oR 1 + Describes advantages of DNA analysis Sample answer: DNA cam be found in many biological samples, inclading blood, semen, saliva, skin and bat Itcan be used to establish, with en err of less than one in 10 million that two samples eas fom the same person. Some examples of applications of analysis include: identifying Potential suspects whose DNA may match evidence left aterm scenes, exonerating persons ‘wrongly accused of erimes, identifying crime and catastrophe vieims, establishing paternity nd other family relationships, identifying endangered and protected species as an ad to ‘illite officials, detecting bacteria and her organisms that may pollute ait, wate, soil, and ‘ood, authenticating consumables such as caviar and wine. DNA fingerprinting has established itself as an efcien and highly accurate means of determining identities and relationships, particularly when considered in comparison to ‘previous methods of identification such as blood typing and fingerprinting, which are fr less ‘eile and accurate. However, the information about individuals that can be collected when © C marks) Outcomes Assessed: 13, H4, H6, H7 Targeted Performance Bands: 2-4 ‘Criteria Marks ‘+ Describes how a mass spectrometer operates AND A +_Ientiies that particles ae identified onthe basis oftheir ehargesnas ratio + Ourines how a mass spootrometeroperies Z ‘Sample answer: ‘A mass spectrometer produces charged particles (ions) rom the chemical substance that i to ‘be analysed. ‘The mass spectrometer then uses electric and magnetic fields to measute the chhacgsimass ratio ofthe charged particles. Samples are introduced and are bombarded with

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