MIE364H1S

Methods of Quality Control and Improvement

Course Instructor: Prof. V. Makis
Handout #7

Blocking in 2**3 Design

Example
An engineer is interested in the effects of cutting speed (A), cutting angle (B), and tool
hardness (C) on the life of a tool. Two levels are selected for each factor and 8 runs are
planned. The response variable will be tool life, measured in hours, Because of the
anticipated length of time required for each run, it was decided to use 4 different stations
(4 blocks) simultaneously for the machining operation.
Full Factorial
Design
Factors:
Runs:

3
8

Blocks:

Base
Design:
Replicates:
Center pts
(total):

3,8
1

Resolution with
blocks: III

***Note*** Blocks are confounded with two-way interactions

Block
Generators:

AB AC

Alias
Structure
I
B1k1 = AB
B1k2 = AC
B1k3 = BC
A
B
C
ABC

Fractional Factorial Fit

Estimated Effects and Coefficients for Y (coded units)
Term
Constant
Block

Effect
1

Coef
23.875
1.125

2
3
A
B
C
A*B*C

12.75
0.75
-13.25
-1.25

0.125
0.125
6.375
0.375
-6.625
-0.625

Analysis of Variance for Y (coded units)

Source
Blocks
Main Effects
3-Way
Interactions
Residual
Error
Total

DF
3
3

Seq SS
6.375
677.375

Adj SS
6.375
677.375

Adj MS
2.125
225.792

F
*
*

P
*
*

3.125

3.125

3.125

0
7

0
686.875

Alias
Structure
I
Blocks = A*B + A*C +
B*C
A
B
C
A*B*C

Fractional Factorial Fit

Estimated Effects and Coefficients for Y (coded units)
Term
Constant
A
B
C
A*B
A*C
B*C
A*B*C

Effect
12.75
0.75
-13.25
-1.25
-1.25
-0.25
-1.25

Coef
23.875
6.375
0.375
-6.625
-0.625
-0.625
-0.125
-0.625

Analysis of Variance for Y (coded units)

Source
Main Effects
2-Way
Interactions
3-Way
Interactions
Residual
Error

DF
3

Seq SS
677.375

Adj SS
677.375

Adj MS
225.792

F
*

P
*

6.375

6.375

2.125

3.125

3.125

3.125

Total

686.875

Blocks
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4

A
1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1

Data Display
Row
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

23
37
24
28
10
24
13
22

Combination
(1)
a
b
ab
c
ac
bc
abc

A
+
+
+
+

B
-1
1
1
-1
1
-1
-1
1
B
+
+
+
+

C
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1

C
+
+
+
+

AB
+
+
+
+

AC
+
+
+
+

Y
37
13
38
10
24
24
23
22
Block
4
1
3
2
2
3
1
4

Block Generators: AB, AC, Interaction = AB x AC = BC

Data Analysis (Yates Algorithm), N = 8
A
+
+
+
+

B
+
+
+
+

C
+
+
+
+

Y
23
37
24
38
10
24
13
22

(i)
60
62
34
35
14
14
14
9

(ii)
122
69
28
23
2
1
0
-5

(iii)
191
51
3
-5
-53
-5
-1
-5

effects
23.875
12.75
0.75
-1.25
-13.25
-1.25
-0.25
-1.25

SS
4560.125
325.125
1.125
3.125
351.125
3.125
0.125
3.125

Normal Probability Plot of the Effects

(response is Y, Alpha = .05)
99

Effect Ty pe
Not Significant
Significant

95
A

90

Percent

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

5
1

-15

-10

-5

0
Effect

Lenth's PSE = 1.875

TCSS = 686.875,
= Y... = 23.875
TSS = 5247
SS ( Block ) = SS ( AB ) + SS ( AC ) + SS ( BC )
= 3.125 + 3.125 + 0.125 = 6.375

The influential factors: A and C

Set factors: A high, C low.

10

F actor
A
B
C

N ame
A
B
C