OFDM

VIN IN T VIN THNG
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI
BO CO BI TP LN
MN THNG TIN V TUYN
TI: Gii iu Ch OFDM
Ging vin hng dn: PGS.TS V Vn Ym

Sinh vin thc hin
MSSV
Trnh Vn Sn
20104301
Lng Vn Thin
20102238
Dng Thng c
20101392
ti: Gii iu ch OFDM Nhm 5
Page 1
MC LC
MC LC ............................................................................................................. 2
LI M U ....................................................................................................... 3
I. Gii thiu v OFDM ........................................................................................... 4
1.1 Lch s pht trin .......................................................................................... 4
1.2. Tng quan v OFDM ................................................................................... 4
II. T iu ch n sng mang n iu ch a sng mang trc giao OFDM ........ 5
2.1. Phng php iu ch n sng mang ......................................................... 5
2.2. Phng php iu ch a sng mang FDM .................................................. 6
2.3 iu ch OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. ................. 9
III. H thng OFDM ............................................................................................ 12
3.1 Chn chui bo v ....................................................................................... 13
3.2 Gii iu ch OFDM. .................................................................................. 19
3.3 Thc hin iu ch- Gii iu ch OFDM bng thut ton IFFT-FFT ......... 27
IV. Kt lun ......................................................................................................... 36
V. Ti tham kho ................................................................................................. 37
Ph lc code Matlab ............................................................................................ 38
Page 2
LI M U
K thut OFDM l k thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). Trong nhng nm gn y, k
thut OFDM khng ngng c nghin cu v m rng phm vi ng dng bi
nhng u im ca n trong tit kim bng tn v kh nng chng li pha inh
chn lc theo tn s cng nh gim thiu nhiu ISI trong truyn dn thng tin v
tuyn.
Xt v bn cht, OFDM l mt trng hp c bit ca phng thc pht a
sng mang theo nguyn l chia dng d liu tc cao thnh cc dng d liu tc
thp hn v pht ng thi trn mt s cc sng mang trc giao nhau.
Trong bo co ny, chng em s gii thiu v h thng OFDM, trnh by cc
nguyn l, phng php, thut ton IFFT FFT trong k thut gii iu ch
OFDM, cc bi tp v d minh ha km theo v kt qu m phng qu trnh iu
ch v gii iu ch OFDM.
Page 3
I. Gii thiu v OFDM

1.1 Lch s pht trin
Trong nhngnm gn y, phng thc ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc
giao OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) khng ngng c
nghin cu v m rng phm vi ngdng bi nhng u im ca n trong tit
kim bng tn v kh nng chngli Fading chn lc theo tn s cng nh xuyn
nhiu bng hp.
K thut iu ch OFDM l mt trng hp c bit ca phung php iu
ch a sng mang trong cc sng mang ph trc giao vi nhau, nh vy ph tn
hiu cc sng mang ph cho php chng ln ln nhau m pha thu vn c th
khi phc li tn hiu ban u. S chng ln ph tn hiu lm cho h thng OFDM
c hiu sut s dng ph ln hn nhiu so vi cc k thut iu ch thng thng.
Nh OFDM l chia dng d liu tc cao thnh cc dng d liu tc thp
hn v pht ng thi trn mt s cc sng mang, ta thy rng trong mt s iu
kin c th,c th tng dung lng ng k cho h thng OFDM bng cch lm
thch nghi tc d liu trn mi sng mang tutheo t s tn trn tp SNR ca
sng mang .
K thut OFDM do R.W Chang pht minh nm 1966 M. Tri qua 40 nm
hnh thnh v pht trin nhiu cng trnh khoa hc v k thut ny c thc
hin khp ni trn th gii. c bit l cc cng trnh ca Weistein v Ebert,
ngi chng minh rng php iu ch OFDM c th thc hin bng php bin
i IDFT v php gii iu ch bng php bin i DFT. Pht minh ny cng vi
s pht trin ca k thut s lm cho k thut iu ch OFDM c ng dng rng
ri. Thay v s dng IDFT ngi ta c th s dng php bin i nhanh IFFT cho
b iu ch OFDM, s dng FFT cho b gii iu ch OFDM.
1.2. Tng quan v OFDM
OFDM (l vit tt ca Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) c th
c tm dch l Ghp Knh Phn Chia Theo Tn S Trc Giao. K thut ny
c a ra vo khong gia nhng nm 60. Tuy nhin, do phc tp trong tnh
ton ca n nn mi n rt gn y n mi c p dng trong cc ng dng dn
dng. Trc , ch yu c s dng trong cc ng dng quc phng ca b
Quc Phng M.
Page 4
Mt trong nhng vn rt phc tp trong truyn thng tin vi tc cao

qua mt knh c bng thng rt rng l vn chn lc tn s. Mt knh chn lc
tn s l mt trong cc thnh phn tn s khc nhau ca tn hiu khi c
truyn qua knh s b suy gim v dch pha vi mc khc nhau (c v bin
v mc phi tuyn) cho nn tn hiu pha thu b mo rt nng v dn n vic
khi phc tn hiu tr nn cc k kh khn.
II. T iu ch n sng mang n iu ch a sng mang trc giao OFDM
2.1. Phng php iu ch n sng mang
Trong phng php iu ch n sng mang, dng tn hiu c truyn i
trn ton b bng tn B, c ngha l tn s ly mu ca h thng bng rng bng
tn v mi tn hiu c di l
= (2.1)
Trong thng tin v tuyn bng rng, knh v tuyn thng l knh ph
thuc tn s (frequency selective channel). Tc ly mu thn tin bng rng s
rt ln, do chu l ly mu
srt nh. Do phng php iu ch n sng
mang c nhng nhc im sau:
+ nh hng ca nhiu lin tn hiu ISI gy ra bi hiu ng phn tp a
ng i vi tn hiu thu l rt ln.iu ny c gii thch do di ca 1 mu
tn hiu
l rt nh so vi trng hp iu ch a sng mang. Do vy nh hng
ca tr truyn dn c th gy nhiu lin tn hiu ISI nhiu mu tn hiu thu. C 5
loi nhiu trong thng tin v tuyn
+ nh hng ca s ph thuc knh theo tn s l rt ln i vi h thng.
Do bng thng rng knh ph thuc vo tn s
Hai l do nu trn lm cho b cn bng knh v lc nhiu my thu l
phc tp.
Phng php iu ch n sng mang hin nay vn c s dng ch yu
trong thng tin bng hp nh h thng thng tin di ng ton cu GSM. Trong
thng tin bng rng, phng php iu ch a sng mang ra i ci thin cc
nhc im trn.
Page 5
2.2. Phng php iu ch a sng mang FDM

Phng php iu ch a sng mang c hiu l ton b bng tn ca h
thng c chia ra lm nhiu bng con vi cc sng mang ph cho mi bng tn
con l khc nhau. S thc hin nh hnh di.
B chia ni tip /song song
iu ch bng
tn c s
Xung c
s g(t)
cos(2
iu ch bng
tn c s
iu ch bng
tn c s
)
S(t)
Xung c
s g(t)
cos(2
cos(2
Xung c
s g(t)
Hnh 2.1 S b truyn a sng mang

Gi s dng bit vo vi tc l R, bng thng l B. Knh truyn c rng
n nh tn s l
< , do nu truyn n sng mang s b hin tng fading
chn lc tn s. tng c bn ca truyn dn a sng mang l chia bng thng
thnh N bng con truyn dn song song. Bng thng mi knh con l
= /
v tc bit
= / .
Trong s trn, dng bit vo vi tc R (bit/s) c chia thnh N dng
bit con vi tc gim N ln l R/N (bit/s). Vi mi dng bit, ta thc hin iu
Page 6
ch bng c s (thng l QAM hay PSK), ta nhn c cc lung s phc. Lung

s phc c nhn vi xung c s hn ch bng thng ca tn hiu, g(t) l hm
p ng xung ca b lc cos nng vi h s lc l . Gi s chu k k hiu l
=
th bng thng u ra l
( )=
Trong
. Tn hiu a vo knh l
( )cos (2
, = 0, 1, ,
) (2.2)
1.
Truyn dn a sng mang khng c li v bng thng. Tuy nhin n hn

ch ng k hin tng nhiu lin k hiu ISI.
Do p ng xung l tng ca b lc cos nng l v hn theo thi gian, trn
thc t g(t) s b gii hn v thi gian do bng thng s b tng thm mt h s
do hn ch thi gian ca g(t). bng thng lc ny l
=
(1 +
+ )
(2.3)
T biu thc trn ta c th nhn thy nu ( + ) kh ln th hiu qu s

dng bng thng ca iu ch a sng mang s b hn ch.
S gii iu ch h thng a sng mang:
Lc thng
di tn s f0
Lc thng
di tn s f1
Gii iu
ch
cos(2
Lc thng
di tn s f2
B dn song song/ni tip
( ) + ( )
Gii iu
ch
Gii iu
ch
Page 7
Hnh 2.2 S b thu a sng mang

V d 2.1: Mt h thng a sng mang vi tng bng thng l 1 MHz. Gi s h
thng truyn dn trong mi trng thnh ph vi tri tr l
= 20 . Hi cn
bao nhiu knh con t c iu kin knh bng phng (flat fading).
Gii. rng n nh bng thng l
phng, bng thng mi knh phi nh hn

=
= 50
. t iu kin bng
. Do s knh con ti thiu l
= 20 .
V d 2.2: Mt h thng a sng mang cn truyn tc bit l

=5000 bit/s mi
knh. Gi s chu k k hiu
>>
. Vi
l tri tr ca knh truyn. S
knh l N=128. H thng s dng b lc cos nng vi h s = 1. H s tng
bng thng do gii hn thi gian l = 0.1. Tnh bng thng tng cng ca c h
thng.
Gii. p dng 2.3 ta c
=
(1 +
+ )
(1 +
+ ) = 1.344
Phng php iu ch a sng mang cn c bit nh phng php phn

knh theo tn s FDM, trong ph ca tn hiu ca h thng chia lm Nknh
song song.
H qu l t s tng i gia tr truyn dn i vi di mu tn hiu
trongiu ch a sng mang cng gim i Nc ln. Do vy nh hng ca nhiu lin
tn hiu gy ra bi tr truyn dn s gim (gim nh hng ca phn tp a
ng). T chng ta c th nu ra mt s cc u im c bn ca iu ch a
sng mang so vi cc phng php iu ch n sng mang l:
+ nh hng ca nhiu lin tn hiu ISI (Inter-symbol Interference) gim
+ nh hng ca s ph thuc knh vo tn s gim do knh c chia lm nhiu
phn (Bng thng gim => B<Bc dn n knh t ph thuc vo tn s)
+ T 2 u im trn dn n phc tp ca b cn bng knh v lc nhiu
Page 8
cho h thng cng gim.

Tuy nhin phng php ny cn mt s nhc im c bn sau
H thng nhy cm vi hiu ng ph thuc thi gian ca knh (time
selectivity). iu ny c bit n l do di ca mt mu tn hiu tng ln (T
tn hiu tng ln => T>Tc => knh ph thuc thi gian). Dn n sbin i v
thi gian ca knh v tuyn c th xy ra trong mt mu tn hiu.
Phng php iu ch a sng mang khng lm tng hiu qu s dng bng
tn ca hthng so vi phng php iu ch n tn, ngc li nu cc knh ph
c khong cch nht nh th s lm gim hiu qu s dng ph. va tn dng
ht bng tn v c c cc u im ca iu ch asng mang, ngi ta s dng
phng php iu ch OFDM vi cc sng mang ph trc giao nhau.
2.3 iu ch OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing.
K thut iu ch OFDM l mt trng hp c bit ca phng php iu
ch a sng mang. Trong cc sng mang ph trc giao vi nhau.
Ph tn hiu cc sng mang ph cho php chng ln ln nhau m pha thu
vn c th khi phc li tn hiu ban u.
Trong phng php ny, ton b bng tn ca h thng c chi ra lm nhiu
bng con vi cc sng mang ph c la chn sao cho mi sng mang ph trc
giao vi cc sng mang ph cn li.
tng ca phng php ny l da trn tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang
tn s = +
.
cos(2 (
0.5 cos(2 ( )
) ) cos(2 (
0.5 cos(2 (2
0.5 cos(2 ( )
) )
= 0.5
+( + ) ) )
( )(2.4)
ng thc 2.4 l du bng nu =

v xp x bng nu 2 .
Nu khng chp nhn s xp trn, qu trnh iu ch- gii iu ch, ta c th coi
Page 9
l tn s sng mang, cn cc tn con

l tn s iu ch. C ngha l trong qu
trnh iu ch ta ch lm vic vi cc sng con c tn s
, sau khi ta cng cc tn
hiu c sng con trc giao li th ta mi ghp sng mang vo truyn trn knh
truyn. Trong thc t ngi ta lm nh vy, bi v vic to ra cc dao ng c
tn s cch nhau mt khong nh tn s cao l kh hn tn s thp. Tuy nhin
do iu ch cc sng mang tn s thp l s dng sng mang thc nn ph tn
hiu b i xng sang c min m, khi iu ch sng mang th min tn s m cng
c truyn nn bng tn h thng gn nh nhn ln gp i. Tuy nhin bng tn
c ch li ch rng mt na.
B gii iu ch thc hin nhim v ngc li: u tin chuyn ton bng
tn v gc bng vic trn tn vi dao ng tn s . Sau thc hin php tch
phn trc dao thu c tn hiu phc mi sng con.
T y ta c th tch ra tn hiu trong t hp cc sng mang iu ch:
=
cos (2 (
))). cos (2 (
))
(2.5)
Hn na c th thy rng tp cc sng mang trn l tp sng mang c bc

tn s nh nht m trc giao trn on [0, ]. iu ni ln rng chia nh
nht ca tn s yu cu m bo s trc giao ca cc sng mang vi di k
hiu truyn i
l 1/ .
Xt mt h thng a sng mang s dng b lc cos nng vi h s . C
ngha l trc khi pht, s phc c nhn vi hm p ng xung ca b lc cos
nng g(t). Tp hm by gi l ( ) cos 2 ( ) = 0, . . , 1, m bo
trc giao pha bn thu ch cn nhn vi 1/g(t). Trng hp c bit g(t)=1 trong
khong [0, ], hay xung c bn chn l xung vung, bng thng tn hiu s l
=
. Hnh 2.3 v hm p ng xung c s l xung vung v ph ca tn hiu ti
u ra. Ta thy ph ca cc knh con c s chng ln ln nhau. Khi h s cos nng

l v h s tng bng thng do g(t) b gii hn v thi gian l th bng thng
ca mt knh l
=
1+
. (2.6)
Page 10
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-3
-2
-1
50
100
150
200
250
300
0.5
-0.5
Hnh 2.3 Ph ca tn hiu ti u ra khi g(t) l xung vung.
Tuy nhin do s chng ln ln nhau v khong cch gia hai knh vn l

nn ph ca ton h thng s l:
=
. (2.7)
Hnh 2.4 Ph ca h h thng a sng mang chng ph.
Page 11
V d 2.3: Tnh li bng thng cho h thng a sng mang chng ph vi yu cu

nh v d 2.
Gii: p dng cng thc (2.7) ta c bng thng tng cng ca c h thng
=
= (128 + 1 + 0.1) = 645.5
So snh vi h thng a sng mang khng chng ph th bng thng ca h thng

gim ng k.
S my thu ca h thng OFDM thay v lc thng di nh h thng a sng
mang khng chng ph th ta thc hin php tch phn trc giao tch cc tn
hiu.
2
g(t)cos (2 (
cos(2
1
( )
Gii iu
ch
1
( )
Gii iu
ch
1
( )
))
( ) + ( )
cos(2
))).1/ ( ). cos (2 (
cos(2
cos(2
(2.8)
Gii iu
ch
Hnh 2.5 S gii iu ch a sng mang chng ph
III. H thng OFDM
Page 12
Phn hai trnh by tng ca vic truyn tn hiu s dng a sng mang
chng ph, trong phn ny chng ta s pht trin tng trn kho st k hn
k thut iu ch a sng mang trc giao (OFDM)
3.1 Chn chui bo v
Trong phn trc chng ta trnh by nguyn l thu pht tn hiu a sng
mang chng ph. B pht ca chng ta c th v nh hnh 3.1
iu ch bng
tn c s
Xung c
s g(t)
cos(2
iu ch bng
tn c s
m(t)
Xung c
s g(t)
cos(2
iu ch bng
tn c s
Xung c
s g(t)
cos(2
Hnh 3.1 B iu ch OFDM

V hnh thc, b iu ch OFDM khng khc vi b iu ch a sng mang
thng thng, tuy nhin thay v m bo cho ph ca cc tn hiu ng vi cc sng
mang khc nhau khng c chng ln nhau th y ta cn khong tn s l
nghch o ca chu k k hiu
, = 0, . . ,
1. Trong
l chu
k mt k hiu ta pht i. Vi khong cch tn s ny ph s b chng ln ln nhau

v thu li c tn hiu ta thc hin php tch phn trc giao trn min thi
gian, thay v thc hin lc bng di (hay php nhn trc giao trn min tn s ) nh
iu ch a sng mang thng thng.
Tn hiu pht ra s l:
Page 13
( )=
)cos (2 (
( )=
) ) (3.1.1)
( ) (3.1.2)
Trong , l tn hiu phc sau b iu ch bng c s, ch s k lin

quan ti th t k hiu theo thi gian, ch s n l ch s sng mang th n. (
)) l sng
) l xung c s thi im . T l chu k mt k hiu. cos (2 (
mang th n.
V d 3.1:Gi s mt h thng cn truyn mt bn tin {1 0 1 0, 0 0 1 1, 0 1 1 0, 1 1
1 0} vi tc = 64
. Thc hin iu ch OFDM 4 tn s , hy v dng
( ) trc khi iu ch vi sng mang. Khi xung c s l xung
sng u ra
vung v thc hin iu ch BPSK bng c s.
Gii:
1001
iu ch bng
tn c s
1-1-11
Xung c
s g(t)
cos(2
0011
iu ch bng
tn c s
1111
iu ch bng
tn c s
0100
iu ch bng
tn c s
-1-111
1111
-11-1-1
)
m(t)
Xung c
s g(t)
cos(2
cos(2
Xung c
s g(t)
Xung c
s g(t)
cos(2
Do iu ch BPSK nn tc bit bng vi tc baut. C 4 bng tn con nn

tc d liu trn mi bng s gim 4 ln
= 16
, suy ra chu k k
Page 14
hiu
= 16
= 62.5
, di xung c s l
=0
. Suy ra
= 16
= 62,5
= 32
. Bc tn s l
= 48
Do c 4 bng tn con nn 4 bt vo ni tip cho ra 4 bit song song, iu ch

BPSK nn 1->1 v 0->-1. Thc hin chuyn i ta c dng bt nh hnh v. u
ra m(t) l:
( ) = ( ){ (2
) cos(2
) + cos(2
) cos(2
) + cos(2
+ ( ){ (2
) + cos(2
) + cos(2
+ ( 2 ){ (2
) + cos(2
) + cos(2
+ ( 3 ){ (2
Thc hin v hnh ta c dng tn hiu truyn i (code
Trong hnh v bn di ly =
d quan st
) cos(2
)}
) + cos(2
)}
) cos(2
)}
) cos(2
)}
mathlab ph lc 1).
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
50
100
150
200
250
Page 15
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
3
-4
x 10
Hnh 3.2 Dng tn hiu OFDM

4
3
2
1
0
-4
-3
-2
-1
Hnh 3.3 Dng ph ca tn hiu trc iu ch sng mang.

Cng vic gii iu ch s din ra thun li khi knh truyn l l tng tc l
hm p ng xung l xung dirac mi thi im. Tuy nhin iu ny kh c th
xy ra. Trong thc t knh truyn lun c suy hao v c nhiu ng truyn khc
nhau. Cc ng li c mt tr khc nhau nn hm p ng xung ca knh truyn
l tng p ng ca ca cc ng truyn. Knh truyn thc t cn bin i theo
thi gian. Tng qut ta c th vit:
( , ) =
( ) (
( )) (3.1.3)
Do tn hiu nhn c bn my thu s b hin tng nhiu lin k hiu ISI.
Page 16
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Hnh 3.4 Hnh minh ha hin tng nhiu lin k hiu

i vi cc phng php iu ch thng thng, do di tr tng i ln
nht
ln so vi di chu k k hiu nn phi thc hin bin php san bng
knh phc tp. i vi iu ch OFDM ta chia lung d liu thnh nhiu lung
con iu ch vi cc sng con khc nhau nn di chu k ca mt k hiu l
kh ln. Do , mt bin php gii quyt hin tng ISI n gin l chn vo xung
c s mt khong tha gi l khong bo v sau khi thu ta ch cn loi b
khong ny i l c. Sau y ta s kho st c th trng hp ny. (Ch : vic
loi b ISI trong iu ch OFDM khc bn cht vi san bng knh trong iu ch
thng thng bng b lc p khng hay b lc bnh phng ti thiu).
Tn hiu thu c l tch chp ca tn hiu pht vi hm p ng xung ca
knh truyn.
( )=
( ) ( , ) =
( , ) ( )
(3.1.4)
Thay (3.1.2) v (3.1.3) vo phng trnh trn

( )=
( )
( ) (
( ))
(3.1.5)
Page 17
.
.
.
Hnh 3.5 Minh ha tr truyn

( )=
( )
) (3.1.6)
Hnh 3.5 minh ha tr truyn dn. Vi mi ng truyn a ng khc

nhau c mt tr v suy hao khc nhau. Tn hiu thu c l tng ca cc tn hiu
a ng. Nhn vo hnh v ta nhn thy ch c trong khong Ts th tn hiu
thu c n thun l tch chp ca
( ) vi ( , ), cn trong khong
tn
hiu
thu c b cng vi mt phn sau ca tn hiu
( ). Hay ni cch
khc on tn hiu
trong khong
b nhiu ca tn hiu lin trc n. Do
vy khong tn hiu ny khng c ch nn ta phi b n i.
T hnh v ta cng nhn thy khong tn hiu khng c ch
=
. Suy
lun ngc li, by gi ta mun bo v mt khong tn hiu (chu k k hiu) th
ta phi b ra mt khong bo v tn hiu
(3.1.7).
Vy khi thit k h thng iu ch OFDM th phi tnh ton s sng con ph
hp chu k k hiu phi ln hn tr ng truyn ln nht
.
Page 18
Do b gn vi ci tn khong bo v nn ta d b nhm ln khong ny

chn tn hiu no cng c (chng hn n l 0). Thc t khong bo v khi
pht i n cng chnh l mt phn tn hiu ng trc tn hiu c ch bi v khi
nhn chp vi ( , ) n cng nh hng ti tn hiu c ch sau n. Do vy trong
iu ch OFDM bng bin i furie nhanh (IFFT) (ta s xt sau), khong bo v
c thm vo chnh l khong tn hiu c ch sau cng, iu ny l m bo tn
hiu c ch c nhn chp vng vi ( , ).
, do bc tn s
Sau khi thm khong bo v th phn tn hiu c ch l
= . V tn hiu truyn i lc ny l:
gia cc sng con lc ny l
( )=
)cos (2 (
( )=
) ) (3.1.8)
( ) (3.1.9)
3.2 Gii iu ch OFDM.

Vic gii iu ch OFDM gm cc bc nh trnh by mc II. Ch khc l
c thm bc u tin l tch khong bo v.
Gi tn hiu thu c sau khi tch khong bo v l
(
(
+ )= (
+ )=
+ )
( , )
( ). Ta c
+
(3.2.1)
)cos (2 (
)( ))
(3.2.2)
Sau khi thc hin tch khong bo v, ta thc hin bc tch phn trc giao
thu li tn hiu cho tng knh con. Tuy nhin c mt im khc l khong tch
phn thay v l di chu k k hiu
= +
th by gi n l . Bc tn
s ta cng thay bng
= . C ngha l by gi ta phi tnh li ph ca tn hiu
iu ch OFDM.
Page 19
Ta tm dng vic gii iu ch tnh li ph ca tn hiu: chu k k hiu l

= + , vi h s b lc cos nng l v tng thm v t l khi hm p
ng xung ca b lc cos nng g(t) b gii hn v thi gian l th b rng ph ca
=
mt knh con l:
(3.2.3).
Khi cha c khong bo v th bng tn ca ton h thng l:

= ( 1)
Khi c khong bo v, khong tn l
= ( 1) +
nn b rng ph ca ton h thng l:
Hiu sut ph ca h thng b gim i mt h s:
(3.2.4)
=
(3.2.5)
Ni cch khc, do cn khong bo v m bng thng ca h thng tng ln

ln.
By gi ta tip tc cng vic gii iu ch. Khi c ( ), ta phi tch ra
tn hiu phc m tng sng con mang. Ta k hiu , l s phc nhn c khi
gii iu ch ti sng con th m, chu k k hiu th l (phn bit vi , l s
phc m sng con th mang ti chu k k hiu th k), n gin ta ch xt ( )
l xung vung, php tch phn trc giao tch tn hiu l:
=
( ). cos(2 (
))
,
=0
. cos(2 (
(3.2.6)
( , )
0
) )
)cos (2
=0
) )
(3.2.7)
Nhn xt:
Page 20
0
0
Do hm ( ) =
Mt khc nu [
(
; ( + 1)
) [( )
Nu
th (
Nu
<
<
]; [0;
] th
;( )
] (3.2.8)
=
(3.2.9)
0
)=
th
0
+

)=
= 1: (
0
)=0
{ , 1}: (
= : (
)=
Lc ny ta s c nhiu ISI ca k hiu th
>
By gi ta xt
,
= 1 nh hng ti tn hiu th .
, ta c th vit li (3.2.7) nh sau:
( , )
2
,
(3.2.10)
cos (2 (
( , )cos (2 (
2
,
+ sin(n ) sin(
)( ))
)( ))
. cos(2 (
. cos(2 (
( , ){cos(n ) cos(
)}
) )
) )
. cos( )
Page 21
cos(n )
+ sin(n )
Ta li c:
sin (
, )=
=
2
,
xt:
nu
( , )
{cos(n )
{cos(n )
. cos( )
bin
{ (
{ (
0
, )}
, )}
, )}} . cos( s )
th
)} sin(n )
{ (
{ (
, )}} . cos( s )
, )} sin(n )
{ (
{ (
{ (
bt
{ (
{cos(n )
)( , )
{cos(n )
sin(n )
Nhn
) ( , )
( , )
sin(n )
cos(
, )=
{ (
{ (
)} =
)} =
(3.2.11)
(
).
Lc
ny
, )}} . cos( s )
)}} . cos( s )
0
=0
(3.2.12)
Nu ( , ) khng bt bin
{cos(n )
{ (
, )} sin(n )
{ (
, )}} . cos( s )
Page 22
(3.2.13)

2
,
2
,
Chnh l nhiu lin knh ca h thng c knh truyn bin i theo thi gian.
Lc ny tn hiu phc thu c l tng ca tn hiu chnh v cc nhiu lin knh.
(3.2.14)
Nhn vo phng trnh (3.2.14) ta nhn thy, trng hp knh bin i theo
thi gian, ta c th hn ch nhiu lin knh nu bit hm truyn t ca knh. Ta
khng xt chi tit k thut y.
Nh vy, nu loi b c nhiu ISI v knh bt bin theo thi gian, th sau
khi thc hin bc tch phn trc giao ta thu c s phc , m sng con th
truyn ti thi im =
.
,
Trong :
{ (
)}
Sau khi thu c cc tn hiu phc, ta gii iu ch bng c s tng ng

thu li dy bit iu ch. Cui cng l dy bit song song c chuyn thnh dy
ni tip nh b chuyn i song song/ ni tip.
S b gii iu ch OFDM nh sau:
Page 23
Gii iu
ch
Tch
khong
bo v
cos(2
Gii iu
ch
.
cos(2
cos(2
( ) + ( )
Gii iu
ch
Hnh 3.6 S gii iu ch OFDM
V d 3.2: Thc hin li vic iu ch v gii iu ch OFDM i vi h thng

truyn tin cho nh v d 3.1 vi hm p ng xung ca knh truyn ( ) cho nh
bng:
( )
Cng sut
chun ha
0
1.0
1.5
3.0
4.5
6.0
7.5
9.0
10.5
12
0.6095 0.4945 0.3940 0.2371 0.1900 0.1159 0.0699 0.0462
Gii:
Do chu k k hiu
khong bo v
= 62.5 12.5 = 50
= 62.5 , tr ng truyn ln nht

= 12 nn
, chn
= 12.5 . Suy ra khong tn hiu c ch
. Khong tn s gia cc sng mang
= 20
Vy cc tn s sng mang l
= 0, = 20, = 40, = 60
. Cng vic
iu ch v gii iu ch c m phng trn Mathlab cho kt qu nh sau:
Page 24
Dang song cua tin hieu phat

4
mt hat(t)
2
0
-2
-4
0.5
1.5
t/step
2.5
3
5
x 10
Dang song cua tin hieu thu

20
mt hu(t)
10
0
-10
-20
0.5
1.5
t/step
2.5
3
5
x 10
Hnh 3.7 Dng sng ca tn hiu thu v pht

Ham dap ung xung cua kenh truyen
h(t)
0.5
2000
4000
6000
8000
t/step
10000
12000
14000
Hnh 3.8 Hm p ng xung ca knh truyn.

Tn hiu phc
sau khi gii iu ch:
{1.0000; -1.0000; 0.9999; -1.0000; -1.0001; -1.0000; 1.0005; 1.0000; -1.0000;

1.0000; 1.0001; -1.0000; 1.0001; 1.0000; 0.9997; -1.0000}
Tn hiu phc thu c gn nh chnh xc tuyt i, iu ny l do ta gi
thit cc iu kin truyn l tng: bit hm p ng xung ca knh, knh truyn
Page 25
bt bin, hm p ng xung ca knh tha mn iu kin

>
, v knh
truyn khng c nhiu. C mt cht sai s l do ta tnh tch phn trong mathlab
bng tng cc khong ri rc v tt nhin nu khong thi gian ly mu tnh
(
)cng nh th kt qu thu c cng chnh xc.
V d 3.3: Thc hin vic iu ch- gii iu ch OFDM nh v d 3.2, tuy nhin
dy bit truyn l ngu nhin. V t l li bit BER khi knh truyn c nhiu trng
vi cc cng sut SNR=-4:10 (dB).
Gii: thc hin m phng trn mathlab, ta c th t l li bit
Ti le loi bit theo cong suat tap am
1
BER
0.5
-0.5
-1
-4
-2
10
SNR-db
Hnh 3.9: T l li bit theo cng sut tp m

Nhn xt: trong iu ch OFDM tng t. ta thc hin php tch phn trc
giao do b tch phn c tc dng nh b lc nhiu trng rt tt. V vy trong
th trn d SNR=-4 th BER vn l 0. Thc hin li vi SNR=-20:0 ta c th
nh hnh 3.10. V mt ton hc th b tch phn c tc dng lc nhiu tt, tuy
nhin do n l b tch phn tng t nn nhiu ch yu sinh ra do cc c tuyn
khng l tng ca linh kin thc hin gii iu ch.
Page 26
Ti le loi bit theo cong suat tap am

0.08
0.07
0.06
BER
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
SNR-db
-8
-6
-4
-2
Hnh 3.10 T l li bit theo cng sut tp m
3.3 Thc hin iu ch- Gii iu ch OFDM bng thut ton IFFT-FFT
iu ch OFDM ch thc s c quan tm khi ngi ta chng minh c
n c th thc hin bng x l s, l do l thc hin iu ch OFDM bng tng t
l kh phc tp. tng ca phng php ny l thay v vic truyn ton b tn
hiu tng t ( ) sau iu ch, ta ch truyn cc mu tn hiu ca ( ) cc
thi im ly mu vi chu k
= . Khi cc mu chnh l bin i IDFT ca
tn hiu b iu ch. Tn hiu b iu ch li c th thu li nh bin i DFT. V

vy vic truyn i bin i IDFT ca tn hiu b iu ch chnh l truyn i cc
mu tn hiu ca ( ) ti cc thi im ly mu. V vy ph ca tn hiu sau bin
i IDFT s ging nh iu ch OFDM tng t. y chnh l c s khng
nh php bin i IDFT cng chnh l iu ch OFDM. Sau y chng ta s
nghin cu c th.
Page 27
n gin v mt ton hc ta s dng cc sng mang phc thay cho cc

sng mang thc. iu ny l tng ng do sng mang phc cng c tnh trc
giao nh sng mang thc:
(
)
(
((
)
((
( + 1)
( )
0,
(3.3.1)
, =
Cc tnh cht khc hon ton tng ng nh sng mang thc. Ch khc
mt iu l ph ca sng mang phc l ph mt bn cn ph sng mang thc l
ph hai bn. Cng vic iu ch v gii iu ch ta ang xy dng thc hin bng
s nn trong biu thc ton, s dng cc sng mang phc l tin li hn. By gi
ta s vit li biu thc ca tn hiu iu ch v gii iu ch vi sng mang phc.
Tn hiu iu ch c c bng vic thay cos(
( )=
( )=
( ) =
)
)
(3.3.2)
(3.3.3)
Cng vic gii iu ch ta c th xy dng li t u, tuy nhin tnh

cht tng t ca sng phc v sng thc th ta c th d dng tm ra tn hiu sau
gii iu ch vi vic loi b hon ton nhiu ISI.
, )
(3.3.4)
Nu knh bt bin, hay mt cch tng i l knh t thay i trong mt

(
) (3.3.5). Nu khng th ta s thu
di chu k k hiu
th: , =
c nhiu lin knh ICI:
Page 28
, )
(3.3.6)
( ), khi c ly mu vi chu k
By gi ta ch n tn hiu pht th k:
=
cc mu s l:
Trong sut thi im ly mu ( ) =

=
; = 0, . . , [
, nn
; = 0, . . , [
1] (3.3.7)
Tp tn hiu trn dng nh b tha v khong = 0, . . , [

vi khong =
,..,[
1] b lp
1]. y chnh l khong bo v m ta cn thm vo.
Khong tn hiu c ch bt u t
-1
nn ta dch thi im ban u ly mu n
N-1
Hnh 3.11 Minh ha thi im ly mu.

Vy ta c c N mu tn hiu c ch
= 0, . . ,
1 v
=[ ]
mu tn hiu bo v
, = 1, . . , ; chnh l lp li phn cui ca mu tn
hiu c ch. Sau khi dch thi im ly mu, mu tn hiu c vit li l:
Page 29
( + )
; = , . . ,
1 (3.3.8)
Ta nhn thy tp N tn hiu c ch chnh l bin i IDFT ca tp N s phc

= 0, . . , 1; nhn vi hng s =
. Tha s
chnh
l dch pha do gc thi gian ca xung c s v gc thi gian ly mu khng
trng nhau. Nu hm xung c s c dch tri trn min thi gian mt on
th
tha s ny c loi b.
,
( )
Hnh 3.12 Xung c s sau khi dch gc ta .

Lc ny ta c th vit li
( + )
:
=
; = , . . ,
1 (3.3.9)
Mt cu hi t ra l nu bn pha pht pht i tn hiu l tp cc s

, th
ph ca tn hiu pht c thc s cn l dng ph ca iu ch OFDM hay khng?
Cu tr li l n chnh l dng ph ca iu ch OFDM. Tht vy, tp cc s
,
chnh l gi tr ly mu ca
. Vy ph ca tp cc
, ( ) vi chu k ly mu l
s
l ph ca
( ) lp li vi chu k
th bng thng ca ton h thng phi nh hn

bng thng ca h thng l:
. Mt khc
. Do khng b chng ph
. T cng thc (2.7) ta tnh
=
. iu kin ny
d dng t c.
Page 30
T biu thc (3.3.9) nu knh truyn l tng th ta c th thu li tn hiu

nh php bin i DFT. Tuy nhin do hm p ng xung khng phi l xung dirac
nn tn hiu bn pha thu thu c s khc i. Sau y ta s kho st c th iu
ny.
Tn hiu pht i by gi l tin hiu s c iu ch sng mang. Tn hiu thu
sau khi tch sng mang l tn hiu s khi pht nhn chp vi hm p ng xung
( , ). Nu ta may mn, khong tr ca cc xung trong ( , ) khng trng, hay
bng bi s , lc ny tn hiu ly mu bn thu s khng b nh hng ca
( , )???
Khng
nh
hng
??
h(t)
Thi im ly mu
p ng xung
Hnh 3.13 Hm p ng xung v thi im ly mu

Suy ngh trn l hon ton u tr. C hai iu m n khng ng: th nht tn
tc truyn i l cc s
tuy nhin trc khi c iu ch sng mang n phi
c chuyn sang dng tng t nn mt s c tri trn ton chu k . Th hai
l hm p ng xung trn thc t l gn nh lin tc. V l do trn nn chnh ta
phi tnh ton hm p ng xung ti cc thi im ly mu ch khng phi l
mong ch ti n bng khng.
Ti cc thi im ly mu hm p ng xung l ( ) = (
khng c nhiu ISI th s xung bo v thm vo
, ),
Page 31
Ti my thu, ta ly mu tn hiu khong tn hiu c ch vi chu k

vi
mong mun l s
, m bn pht pht. Tuy nhin nh trnh by trn
( ) c nhn chp vi p ng xung ca knh ( ).
cc s
()
-1
N-1
( )
Hnh 3.14: hm p ng xung v mu tn hiu

Trong khong u ca phn tn hiu c ch [0; ] tn hiu thu b nh hng
ca khong bo v. Tuy nhin khong bo v li chnh l phn cui ca tn hiu c
ch nn phn tn hiu c ch thu c chnh l tch chp tun hon ca n vi hm
p ng xung. K hiu tn hiu thu c l
, , ta c
,
( )() ( ) (3.3.10)
Ta nh li tnh cht ca bin i DFT l bin i DFT ca mt tch chp

vng th bng tch hai bin i DFT tng ng. n y ta c th mn ci vi
vic thu li cc tn hiu phc b iu ch , . Tht vy, ta s ly bin i DFT hai
v ca biu thc (3.3.10)
{
( )} =
{
( )() ( )} =
( )} =
( )=
{
1
{
( )} .
( )}.
{ ( )} (3.3.11)
{ ( )},
{ ( )}
(3.3.12)
{ ( )}
Page 32
H s
ta c th b i bn pha pht ta thc hin bin i IDFT i vi dy
( ) ch khng phi l dy
( ). Tn hiu pht i phn c ch l:
( ) (3.3.13)
Lc ny biu thc ca php gii iu ch l:

{ ( )}
(3.3.14)
{ ( )}
( )=
Vy vic gii iu ch chnh l ly t s ca bin i furie ri rc ca cc

mu tn hiu thu c chia cho bin i furie ri rc ca knh truyn. Trn thc t
N c chn l s m ca hai =
= 2 ta thc hin bin i furie ri rc
bng thut ton FFT v bin i ngc bng thut ton IFFT. S iu ch v
gii iu ch thc hin bng thut ton IFFT-FFT c cho nh hnh (3.15) v
(3.16)
Bin i s/ tng t
Chn khong bo v
Song song/ni tip
IFFT
M ha
Ni tip/song song
( )
Hnh 3.15 s iu ch OFDM bng IFFT

Dy bit vo c chuyn thnh N dy song song, sau c m ha
bng c s ta c N dy s phc iu ch , . Dy s ny c bin i IFFT
thnh N dy
, , tip theo dy ny c bin i thnh dy ni tip v c chn
vo trc n G s bo v pha trc chnh l G s cui ca dy. Cui cng chng
c bin i sang tng t v c iu ch vi sng mang truyn ln knh.
Page 33
song song /ni tip
Gii M
FFT
ni tip /Song song
tch khong bo v
Bin i tng t/s
( )
Hnh 3.16 S khi gii iu ch OFDM s dng thut ton FFT

Cng vic gii iu ch th thc hin hon ton ngc li. Tuy nhin ta cn
c mt bc quan trng khng th hin trong s chnh l vic khi phc hm
truyn ca knh.
V d 3.4: Thc hin iu ch v gii iu ch OFDM s dng tham s ca tiu
chun HiperLAN/2 nh sau:
Bng thng h thng B=20 MHz
Khong thi gian ly mu
= = 50
Chiu di N=64
Chu k c ch =
= 3.2
Chiu di khong bo v = 9
Phng php iu ch bng c s l 16-QAM. Knh truyn bt bin vi
cng sut cc gi tr tr bng cc s nguyn ln
cho nh bng. Gi s knh
truyn hon ton bit my thu. V t l li bit (SER) theo t l cng sut tn hiu
trn nhiu SNR cc gi tr 0,1,,25 dB.
( )
Cng sut
chun ha
0
1.0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0.6095 0.4945 0.3940 0.2371 0.1900 0.1159 0.0699 0.0462
Page 34
(Bi tp 8.1 trong sch: K thut thng tin s- tp 1. Tc gi: CHENG-XIANG

WANG , NGUYN VN C)
Sau khi m phng ta c th nh sau
0
10
-1
SER
10
-2
10
-3
10
10
15
20
25
SNR in dB
Hnh 3.17: T l li bit theo SNR

Ch : trong m phng tnh n nhiu do hiu ng mt ng b khong.
Nhn xt: do thc hin vic gii iu ch s nn mt i tnh lc nhiu ca b
tch phn tng t. Do tnh chng nhiu khi m phng gim mnh so vi
thc hin gii iu ch tng t.
V d 3.5: Thc hin li v d 3.4 vi G=0; v hai ng BER(SNR) trn cng mt
th v so snh:
(Bi tp 8.2 trong sch: K thut thng tin s- tp 1. Tc gi: CHENG-XIANG
WANG , NGUYN VN C)
Kt qu sau khi v ta thu c th nh hnh di
Page 35
10
o G=9
* G=0
-1
SER
10
-2
10
-3
10
10
15
20
25
SNR in dB
Hnh 3.18 So snh t l li bit khi G=0 v G=9

Nhn xt: Hai th gn bng nhau khi SNR gn 1, iu ny l do nhiu knh
truyn ln t hon ton nhiu lin k t ISI. Tuy nhin khi nhiu knh truyn
gim (hay ni ng hn l tng cng sut pht) th ta thy s khc bit r rt, khi
c khong bo v th tn hiu ch b nhiu trng, khi cng sut pht tng th t l li
bt gim. cn khi khng c khong bo v, cng sut pht c tng nhng t l li bt
vn duy tr do nhiu lin knh.
IV. Kt lun
Thng tin di ng v ang pht trin ht sc nhanh chng trn phm vi
ton cu. Kt qu thng k cho thy, nhiu quc gia trong c Vit Nam, s
lng thu bao di ng vt hn s lng thu bao c nh. Trong tng lai, s
lng ny cn tip tc tng ln cng vi nhu cu s dng cc dch v thng tin ca
Page 36
con ngi. iu ny i hi cc nh khai thc, cung cp mng vin thng khng

ngng nghin cu, tm ra phng php k thut nng cao cht lng h thng
thng tin. Nh nhng u im vt tri nn k thut OFDM c p dng nhiu
trong cc h thng vin thng ngy nay.
Cng vi s ra i ca cc chp FFT (Fast Fourier Transformers) c dung
lng ln, gn y OFDM c ng dng rng ri trong cc h thng thng tin
th h mi, tiu biu l h thng DVB-T (1995), chun IEEE 802.11a,
HIPERLAN II (1999), ITSI, MMAC chun IEEE 802.11g (2003)... v l mt ng
c vin c trin vng nht cho th h thng tin 4G.
Trong OFDM, cc lung d liu truyn trn cc sng mang con trc giao
nhau nn tit kim c bng thng, nh s dng k thut IFFT v FFT iu
ch v gii iu ch nn tc x l nhanh. Khong bo v c chn thm vo
mi k hiu OFDM , khong chn chui bo v m bo khng nh hn tr truyn
ln nht gip h thng khng b nh hng bi nhiu ISI. Do , gim thiu ng
k t l li bt, tng cht lng ca h thng, iu ny c th hin r trong qu
trnh m phng bng Matlab.
Cui cng, chng em xin cm n thy V Vn Ym hng dn, gip
chng em hiu hn v k thut iu ch - gii iu ch OFDM ni ring v l
thuyt v mn H thng vin thng ni chung.
V. Ti tham kho
1. K thut thng tin s- tp 1.
Tc gi: CHENG-XIANG WANG , NGUYN VN C
2. B sch k thut thng tin s. Tp 3. L thuyt v knh v tuyn.
Tc gi: NGUYN VN C
Page 37
Ph lc code Matlab
V d 3.1: V dng sng v ph ca tn hiu iu ch OFDM
figure;
f0=0;
fN=16000;
%khoang tan so
f1=fN+f0;
f2=2*fN+f0;
f3=3*fN+f0;
TN=62.5*10^-6;
tn=0:1/1000000:TN;
gt=ones(1,length(tn));
mt0=cos(2*pi*f0*tn);
ms0=[mt0 -mt0 -mt0 mt0];
plot(1:4*length(tn),ms0);hold on;
axis([0 4*length(tn) -2 2]);
ms1=[-mt1 -mt1 mt1 mt1];
plot(1:4*length(tn),ms1,'r');hold on;
ms2=[mt2 mt2 mt2 mt2];
plot(1:4*length(tn),ms2,'g');hold on;
ms3=[-mt3 mt3 -mt3 -mt3];
plot(1:4*length(tn),ms3,'k');hold on;
figure;
m0=mt0-mt1+mt2-mt3;
plot(tn,m0);hold on;
m1=-mt0-mt1+mt2+mt3;
plot(tn+TN,m1,'r');hold on;
m2=-mt0+mt1+mt2-mt3;
plot(tn+2*TN,m2,'g');hold on;
m3=mt0+mt1+mt2-mt3;
plot(tn+3*TN,m3,'k');
%ve pho tin hieu
figure;
Page 38
N=5000;
%so mau tan so w
w=linspace(-pi,pi,N);
%tao mau tan so
fx=freqz(ms0,1,w);
%bien doi furie cua tin hieu
esd_x=fx.*conj(fx);
plot(w,esd_x/1000);
hold on;
fx=freqz(ms1,1,w);
esd_x=fx.*conj(fx);
plot(w,esd_x/1000,'r');
hold on;
fx=freqz(ms2,1,w);
esd_x=fx.*conj(fx);
plot(w,esd_x/1000,'g');
hold on;
fx=freqz(ms3,1,w);
esd_x=fx.*conj(fx);
plot(w,esd_x/1000,'k');
V d 3.2 Thc hin iu ch v gii iu ch OFDM tng t

B iu ch OFDM tng t
function [mt]=ofdm_bpsk(x,TG,TN,step,N)
% mt l vector tin hi?u di?u ch?
% x l dy bit vo
% TG l kho?ng b?o v?
% TN l chu k? k hi?u
% step l kho?ng l?y m?u ?? tnh ton
% N l s? sng mang
Ts=TN-TG;
fs=1/Ts;
f=[0];
% mang chua cac tan so con
for i=1:N-1;
f=[f i*fs];
end
tn=0:step:TN;
ms=ones(1,length(tn));
% mang chua cac song con
for i=1:N-1;
ms(i+1,:)=cos(2*pi*f(i+1)*tn);
end
tem1=ceil(length(x)/N);
% so ky hieu duoc phat
tem2=N*tem1;
% do dai cua x sau khi them 0
x(length(x)+1:tem2)=0;
% them 0
mt=[];
% tin hieu phat
for i=0:tem1-1;
tem1=zeros(1,length(tn));
for j=1:N;
% dieu che bpsk
tem1=tem1+(2*x(i*N+j)-1)*ms(j,:);
end
mt=[mt tem1];
end
Page 39
M phng knh
function [mt_thu,h_thuc]=kenh(mt,h,khoang_tre,step)
% mt_thu la vector tin hieu dieu che sau khi qua kenh
% h_thu la dap ung xung sau khi them 0 cho phu hop voi khoang lay mau
% mt la tin hieu dieu che ofdm tu may phat
% h la ham dap ung xung chua them khong
% khoang_tre la buoc tre cua h
% step la khoang thoi gian lay mau
tem1=floor(khoang_tre/step);
h_thuc=[];
for i=1:length(h)
h_thuc=[h_thuc h(i) zeros(1,tem1-1)];
end
mt_thu=conv(mt,h_thuc);
B gii iu ch OFDM tng t

function y=demod_ofdm_bpsk(mt_thu,h,N,TG,TN,step,khoang_tre)
Ts=TN-TG;
fs=1/Ts;
f=[0];
for i=1:N-1;
f=[f i*fs];
end
tn=0:step:TN;
tg_tn_nguyen=floor(TG/step):floor(TN/step);
ms=ones(1,length(tn));
for i=1:N-1;
ms(i+1,:)=cos(2*pi*f(i+1)*tn);
end
%tinh vec to H
for i=1:N;
H(i)=0;
for j=0:length(h)-1;
H(i)=H(i)+h(j+1)*cos(2*pi*f(i)*j*khoang_tre);
end
end
H(1)=H(1)*2;
dai=floor(length(mt_thu)/length(tn));
for i=0:dai-1;
%tach khoang bao ve
mt_tach=mt_thu(i*length(tn)+tg_tn_nguyen);
for j=1:N
%nhan voi cac song con
mt_nhan_song=mt_tach.*ms(j,tg_tn_nguyen);
%tich phan
d_ij=sum(mt_nhan_song)*2*step/Ts/H(j);
Page 40
%giai dieu che

tem=sign(d_ij);
y(i*N+j)=(tem+1)/2;
end
end
Chng trnh chnh

clear all;
TG=12.5*10^-6;
%khoang b?o v?
TN=62.5*10^-6;
%chi?u di k hi?u
step=10^-9;
%kho?ng l?y m?u
N=4;
%s? sng mang
khoang_tre=1.5*10^-6;
%kho?ng tr? c?a hm ?p ung xung cua kenh
rho=[1 0.6095 0.4945 0.3940 0.2371 0.19 0.1159 0.0699 0.0462];
h=sqrt(rho);
%ham dap ung xung
%day bit truyen
x=[1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0];
%dieu che OFDM
mt=ofdm_bpsk(x,TG,TN,step,N);
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(1:length(mt),mt);
title('Dang song cua tin hieu phat');
xlabel('t/step');
ylabel('mt_phat(t)');
%tin hieu thu qua kenh truyen
[mt_thu,h_thuc]=kenh(mt,h,khoang_tre,step);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(1:length(mt_thu),mt_thu);
title('Dang song cua tin hieu thu');
xlabel('t/step');
ylabel('mt_thu(t)');
figure;
stem(1:length(h_thuc),h_thuc);
title('Ham dap ung xung cua kenh truyen');
xlabel('t/step');
ylabel('h(t)');
%day bit thu lai
y=demod_ofdm_bpsk(mt_thu,h,N,TG,TN,step,khoang_tre);
V d 3.3 tnh t l li bit khi thc hin iu ch OFDM tng t

clear all;
TG=12.5*10^-6;
TN=62.5*10^-6;
step=10^-7;
N=4;
khoang_tre=1.5*10^-6;
%khoang b?o v?
%chi?u di k hi?u
%kho?ng l?y m?u
%s? sng mang
%kho?ng tr? c?a hm ?p ung xung cua kenh
Page 41
rho=[1 0.6095 0.4945 0.3940 0.2371 0.19 0.1159 0.0699 0.0462];

h=sqrt(rho);
%ham dap ung xung
%day bit truyen
x=randint(1,100000);
%tao tap am
snr_min=-20;
snr_max=0;
SNR_db=snr_min:snr_max;
snr=10.^(SNR_db/10);
N0=((N+1)/2)./snr;
%(N+1)/2 la cong suat tin hieu
%dieu che OFDM

mt=ofdm_bpsk(x,TG,TN,step,N);
%tin hieu thu qua kenh truyen co nhieu
[mt_thu,h_thuc]=kenh(mt,h,khoang_tre,step);
for i=1:length(SNR_db);
noise=sqrt(N0(i))*randn(1,length(mt_thu));
mt_noise=mt_thu+noise;
%day bit thu lai
y=demod_ofdm_bpsk(mt_noise,h,N,TG,TN,step,khoang_tre);
[number,Pe(i)]=symerr(x,y); %ti le loi bit Pe
end
%ve do thi ti le loi bit theo cong suat tap am
plot(snr_min:snr_max,Pe,'o-');
title('Ti le loi bit theo cong suat tap am');
xlabel('SNR-db');
ylabel('BER');
V d 3.4 thc hin iu ch- gii iu ch OFDM bng thut ton FFT v v t l
li bit theo t l cng sut tn hiu trn nhiu
B iu ch OFDM s dng thut ton IFFT
function [y]=phat_ofdm_Mqam_ifft(data,NFFT,G,M_ary);
bitInSymbol=sqrt(M_ary);
%chuyen doi noi tiep/song song
doDaiOFDM=ceil(ceil(length(data)/NFFT)/bitInSymbol);
doDaiDieuChe=doDaiOFDM*NFFT;
doDaiDuLieu=doDaiDieuChe*bitInSymbol;
x=[data,zeros(1,doDaiDuLieu-length(data))];%padding zero
%chuyen doi noi tiep/song song
for i=1:doDaiDieuChe;
for j=1:bitInSymbol;
a1(i,j)=x(bitInSymbol*(i-1)+j);
end
end
Page 42
symbols=bi2de(a1);
%dieu che QAM m-ary muc
QAM_Symbol=qammod(symbols,M_ary);
%lay tin hieu cho vao bo bien doi IFFT
Data_Pattern=[];
for i=1:doDaiOFDM;
QAM_tem=[];
for j=1:NFFT;
QAM_tem=[QAM_tem,QAM_Symbol((i-1)*NFFT+j)];
end
Data_Pattern=[Data_Pattern;QAM_tem];
clear QAM_tem;
end
%bien doi IFFT va chen khoang bao ve
y=[];
for i=1:doDaiOFDM;
tem=ifft(Data_Pattern(i,:));
tem=[tem(NFFT-G+1:NFFT),tem];
y=[y,tem];
clear tem;
end
B gii iu ch s dng thut ton FFT

function [data]=thu_ofdm_Mqam_fft(y,NFFT,G,M_ary,h);
doDaiOFDM=floor(length(y)/(NFFT+G));
doDaiDieuChe=doDaiOFDM*NFFT;
doDaiDuLieu=doDaiDieuChe*bitInSymbol;
%chuyen doi noi tiep/song song, tach khoang bao ve,bien doi fft
% tinh H
H=fft([h,zeros(1,NFFT-length(h))]);
for i=1:doDaiOFDM;
for j=1:NFFT;
%ofdm_signal(i,j)=y((i-1)*(NFFT+G)+G+j);
ofdm_signal_tem(j)=y((i-1)*(NFFT+G)+G+j);
end
ofdm_signal=ofdm_signal_tem;
Data_Pattern(i,:)=fft(ofdm_signal)./H;
end
data_nt=[];
for i=1:doDaiOFDM;
data_nt=[data_nt,Data_Pattern(i,:)];
end
%giai dieu che bang co so
demodSignal=qamdemod(data_nt,M_ary);
demodBit=de2bi(demodSignal);
Page 43
%chuyen doi song song/noi tiep

data=[];
for i=1:length(demodBit);
data=[data,demodBit(i,:)];
end
Chng trnh chnh v th

clear all;
NFFT=64;
%so song mang
G=9;
%khoang bao ve
M_ary=16;
%So muc dieu che QAM
t_a=50*10^-9;
%chu ky lay mau
doDaiOFDM=100;
%vector cong suat tre
rho=[1 0.6095 0.4945 0.3940 0.2371 0.19 0.1159 0.0699 0.0462];
h=sqrt(rho);
doDaiData=doDaiOFDM*NFFT*bitInSymbol;
xp=randint(1,doDaiData);
yp=phat_ofdm_Mqam_ifft(xp,NFFT,G,M_ary);
yt1=conv(yp,h);
ser=[];
snr_min=0;
snr_max=25;
step=1;
snr=snr_min:step:snr_max;
%snr=snr-10*log10((NFFT+G)/NFFT);%miss matching effect
for i=1:length(snr);
%them nhieu cho tin hieu thu
yt=awgn(yt1,snr(i),'measured','dB');
xt=thu_ofdm_Mqam_fft(yt,NFFT,G,M_ary,h);
[number,Pe(i)]=symerr(xp,xt);
end
hold on;
semilogy(snr,Pe,'bo');
ylabel('SER');
xlabel('SNR in dB');
Page 44

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OFDM

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VIN IN T VIN THNG

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

Ging vin hng dn: PGS.TS V Vn Ym

ti: Gii iu ch OFDM Nhm 5

ti: Gii iu ch OFDM Nhm 5

ti: Gii iu ch OFDM Nhm 5

I. Gii thiu v OFDM

ti: Gii iu ch OFDM Nhm 5

Mt trong nhng vn rt phc tp trong truyn thng tin vi tc cao

ti: Gii iu ch OFDM Nhm 5

2.2. Phng php iu ch a sng mang FDM

B chia ni tip /song song

Hnh 2.1 S b truyn a sng mang

ch bng c s (thng l QAM hay PSK), ta nhn c cc lung s phc. Lung

Truyn dn a sng mang khng c li v bng thng. Tuy nhin n hn

T biu thc trn ta c th nhn thy nu ( + ) kh ln th hiu qu s

ti: Gii iu ch OFDM Nhm 5

B dn song song/ni tip

Hnh 2.2 S b thu a sng mang

phng, bng thng mi knh phi nh hn

. Do s knh con ti thiu l

V d 2.2: Mt h thng a sng mang cn truyn tc bit l

Phng php iu ch a sng mang cn c bit nh phng php phn

cho h thng cng gim.

ng thc 2.4 l du bng nu =

l tn s sng mang, cn cc tn con

Hn na c th thy rng tp cc sng mang trn l tp sng mang c bc

. Hnh 2.3 v hm p ng xung c s l xung vung v ph ca tn hiu ti

u ra. Ta thy ph ca cc knh con c s chng ln ln nhau. Khi h s cos nng

ti: Gii iu ch OFDM Nhm 5

Hnh 2.3 Ph ca tn hiu ti u ra khi g(t) l xung vung.

Tuy nhin do s chng ln ln nhau v khong cch gia hai knh vn l

Hnh 2.4 Ph ca h h thng a sng mang chng ph.

ti: Gii iu ch OFDM Nhm 5

V d 2.3: Tnh li bng thng cho h thng a sng mang chng ph vi yu cu

= (128 + 1 + 0.1) = 645.5

So snh vi h thng a sng mang khng chng ph th bng thng ca h thng

B dn song song/ni tip

Hnh 2.5 S gii iu ch a sng mang chng ph

III. H thng OFDM

ti: Gii iu ch OFDM Nhm 5

B chia ni tip /song song

Hnh 3.1 B iu ch OFDM

k mt k hiu ta pht i. Vi khong cch tn s ny ph s b chng ln ln nhau

Trong , l tn hiu phc sau b iu ch bng c s, ch s k lin

B chia ni tip /song song

Do iu ch BPSK nn tc bit bng vi tc baut. C 4 bng tn con nn

Do c 4 bng tn con nn 4 bt vo ni tip cho ra 4 bit song song, iu ch

ti: Gii iu ch OFDM Nhm 5

Hnh 3.2 Dng tn hiu OFDM

Hnh 3.3 Dng ph ca tn hiu trc iu ch sng mang.

Do tn hiu nhn c bn my thu s b hin tng nhiu lin k hiu ISI.

ti: Gii iu ch OFDM Nhm 5

Hnh 3.4 Hnh minh ha hin tng nhiu lin k hiu

Thay (3.1.2) v (3.1.3) vo phng trnh trn

ti: Gii iu ch OFDM Nhm 5

Hnh 3.5 Minh ha tr truyn

Hnh 3.5 minh ha tr truyn dn. Vi mi ng truyn a ng khc

ti: Gii iu ch OFDM Nhm 5

Do b gn vi ci tn khong bo v nn ta d b nhm ln khong ny

Sau khi thm khong bo v th phn tn hiu c ch l

gia cc sng con lc ny l

3.2 Gii iu ch OFDM.

= . C ngha l by gi ta phi tnh li ph ca tn hiu