What is the usual sequence of physical changes for girls? For boys?

1.

Breast development, growth spurt, menarche

2.

Pubic hair, growth of sex organs, spermarche

What is menarche?

First menstrual period

What factors contribute to early menarche?

1.

Weight

2.

Chemical pollution

3.

BPA

4.

Sexualized messages in culture

Who is early puberty MOST problematic for?

Early maturing girls

What is the direction of development of the growth spurt?

Occurs from the extremities to the core (i.e. fingers and toes before hands and feet; hands and feet before arms and
legs)

Primary sex characteristics vs Secondary sex characteristics

1.

Primary include parts of the body directly involved in conception and pregnancy (i.e. vagina, uterus,
testes, penis, ovaries)

2.

Secondary include body characteristics not directly involved in reproduction but indicate sexual
maturity (i.e. voice changes, facial hair, body shape)

How do sleep schedules change for adolescents as compared to childhood?

1.

Schedules tend to be uneven

2.

Sleep more on weekends, later bedtimes, more daytime sleeping

3.

Sleep deprived!

What biological events trigger puberty?

1.

Hormones from hypothalamus trigger production in pituitary glands

2.

This triggers hormone production in the adrenal glands and sex glands (gonads)

**HPA axis (hypothalamus/pituitary/adrenal)**

2.

What are sex glands?

Gonads (ovaries, testes) produce hormones and gametes

3.

What happens to hormones during adolescence?

1.

Females: vastly increased production of estrogen, slight increase in testosterone

2.

Males: vastly increased production of testosterone, slight increase in estrogen

4.

What are the long-term effects of teen pregnancy?

As adults, girls tend to be:

1.

Shorter

2.

Sicker

3.

Shorter life spans

5.

What are the concerns about teens contracting STI's?

1.

Don't have any biological defenses against STI's

2.

More likely to contract STI's, but less likely to seek treatment

6.

What do we know about adolescent nutritional needs?

1.

Greater need for good, healthy calories due to the growth spurt

2.

Generally eat enough, but eat unhealthy

3.

Inadequate milk consumption

7.

What is sexual abuse?

The use of unconsenting person for one's own sexual pleasure

8.

9.

Who are the most likely abusers of adolescent girls? Adolescent boys?

1.

Male relatives/friends

2.

Male non-relatives

What stage of Piaget's theory do adolescents fall under? What

characterizes this stage?

1.

Formal operational thought

2.

Hypothetical thinking (possibilities), deductive reasoning (specific conclusion), inductive reasoning

(general conclusion)

10.

What is egocentrism?

Tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective

11.

What is a personal fable?

Adolescents imagine their own lives as mythical or heroic and destined for fame and fortuen

12.

What is an uniqueness fable?

"No one understands me" or "No one has ever felt like me before"

13.

What is an invincibility fable?

Immune to laws of mortality and probability; risk-takers

14.

How did Elkind characterize adolescent though?

Egocentric, indecisive, argumentative

15.

What are the outcomes of "high stakes testing" in high schools?

1.

Underminds learning

2.

Increases drop-out rate

16.

What are some of the concerns regarding high schools?

1.

Lack of attention given to students not considered "elite"

2.

Schedules undercut education

17.

What is Erikson's stage during adolescents?

Identity vs. Role Confusion: Who am I?

18.

What is achievement?

Attainment of identity

19.

What is Forclosure?

Premature identity formation, when adolescents adopt parents' or society's roles and values

20.

What is moratorium?

A way for adolescents to postpone making identity achievement (i.e. college) ,

21.

What is negative identity?

Adolescents who decide roles parents and society expect them to fulfill are unattainable or unappealing, and can't find
alternatives on their own. they respond by doing the opposite of what's expected withrebellious defiance

22.

What is diffusion?

Has few committments to goals or values and apathetic about taking on any role

23.

What does research show about adolescent employment?

May be harmful; any job requiring more than 20 hours per week can impede identity formation, family relationships,
academic achievement and career success; money earned is often spent on drugs, clothes, cars, and entertainment

24.

What is bickering?

Petty, peevish arguing, ongoing and repeated

25.

Who is most likely to engage in bickering?

Parent-adolescent

26.

What is parental control and monitoring?

Knowing the who-what-where-when-why of child's activities