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Topic 5 Writing Academic Papers
Topic 5 Writing Academic Papers
TOPIC 5
5.0 This topic intends to assist course participants to be aware of how academic papers are
written, able to paraphrase ideas given, use the APA citation style (6th edition) correctly and write
a good academic paper.
5.1 Learning Outcomes
5.2 Content
WRITING ACADEMIC PAPERS
i.
These rules and practices may be organised around a formal order or structure in which
to present ideas, in addition to ensuring that ideas are supported by author citations in the
literature.
In contrast to personal writing contexts, academic writing is different because it deals
with the underlying theories and causes governing processes and practices in everyday
life, as well as exploring alternative explanations for these events.
Academic writing follows a particular tone and adheres to traditional conventions of
punctuation, grammar, and spelling.
Structure
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Some kind of structure is required, such as a beginning, middle, and end. This simple structure
is typical of an essay format, as well as other assignment writing tasks, which may not have a
clearly articulated structure.
A.
Typical university assignments follow a formal structure, which is often more formal than
in personal writing.
Essays
In the case of an essay, the introductory paragraph informs the reader about the
nature of the topic, which is discussed and evaluated in the middle of the essay,
also referred to as the body.
The introduction may also summarise very succinctly, in a sentence or two, your
position on the issue, which is then elaborated on at length in the series of
paragraphs that make up the essay's body.
The final paragraph constitutes a conclusion in which you may summarise the
overall points made.
The concluding paragraph is also a good point at which to move the essay forward
to touch on implications or future advancements surrounding the issues addressed.
Reports
ii.
Referencing
A significant difference between academic writing and other writing genres is based on the
citation and referencing of published authors.
A.
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iii.
Academic Tone
Like all varieties of writing, academic writing has its own tone, which dictates the choice of
words and phrasing.
Academic writing typically aims to be:
objective (e.g. using inclusive language)
concise
formal (e.g. avoiding slang, exclamation marks, contractions)
The tone of academic writing can also vary significantly depending on the subject-area and the
academic discipline you are writing for.
The readings, textbook, and study guide of your course show you what tone is expected in the
paper, so study their style carefully.
A.
Writing objectively
Being objective suggests that you are concerned about facts and are not influenced as
much by personal feelings or biases.
Part of being objective is being fair in your work. Try to show both sides of an argument if
you can and avoid making value judgements through your use of words such as
wonderful or sarcastically. Being objective also makes your work more professional
and believable.
Techniques to make your writing more objective :
Note: Despite the fact that you are not encouraged to use the personal pronoun I in academic
writing, your viewpoints and opinions will still come through.
Although they may not be specifically attributed to you, the fact that the comments you choose
to make are a part of your assignment tells the reader that you believe what you are writing.
Stating I think or In my opinion weakens the text and the strength of your argument. In
addition, adding such personal comments almost seems to emphasise that the writing is just
your opinions or interpretations, rather than positions that are supported by logic and the
evidence.
However, some lecturers and some styles of academic writing (e.g. reflective writing) allow or
encourage the use of the personal pronoun. See 1st person vs. 3rd person for details.
Techniques to make your writing more concise:
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The audience
It is important to remember who you are writing for. Being conscious of academic tone suggests
that you are aware of your audience and respect the formality normally associated with
academic writing.
When writing academically, you must target a more general audience than just your lecturer
and/or marker. You should assume that your readers will be intelligent thinking people, but they
may not be specifically informed of your topic. Do not presume that your reader knows all the
terms and concepts associated with your work.
v.
In academic writing you should always follow rules of punctuation and grammar, especially as
the end-user or consumer of your writing, unlike a friend, is likely to be very different from you
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and will not always know to what you are referring. Hence, it is vital that you are clear.
Punctuation and the conventions of grammar are universally known systems (within English
speaking cultures) that maintain clarity and avoid ambiguity in expression.
vi.
In order to produce an assignment that is as professional as possible, you must proofread. Take
your time when proofreading. One way to check your assignment is to read it aloud, or even
tape record yourself reading it and then play it back. You could also ask a friend or family
member to read over the assignment for you.
Tasks
1.
2.
Download an academic paper related to your major course. Study the academic paper
and discuss its language aspects.
Select a section of the article and paraphrase it.
More Tasks
Select a topic that interests you. Then read at least three academic papers based on the topic
chosen. Next, write an academic paper with the help of the articles you have read.
Bibliography
Academic Writing: A Guide to Tertiary Level Writing. (2007). Bowker, N. ed. Retrieved from
http://owll.massey.ac.nz/pdf/Academic-Writing-Guide.pdf
What is academic writing ( 1998 - 2010 Massey University). Retrieved from
http://owll.massey.ac.nz/academic-writing/what-is-academic-writing.php
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Examples of referencing:
Print Book
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year published). Book title. Location: Publisher.
Sturrock, P. (1999). The UFO enigma: A new review of the physical evidence. New York:
Warner Books.
Author Chinese Names with English Names (Family names followed by the initials of
the English name and the author initials)
e.g. Vincent Foo Hong Kong
Foo, V. H. K. (1983). Sarawak: Mini episodes of the past. Selangor, Malaysia: Fajar Bakti.
Author-Indian & Sikh Names (without family names, omit s/o, d/o, a/l, a/p)
Helfer, M.E., Keme, R.S., & Drugman, R.D. (1997). The battered child (5th ed.). Chicago, NY:
University of Chicago Press.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.),
Title of book (pages of chapter). Location: Publisher.
Rogoff, B., & Mistry, J. (1985). Memory development in cultural context. In M. Pressley & C.
J.Brainerd (Eds.), Cognitive learning and memory in children (pp. 117-142). New York,
NY: Springer-Verlag.
Electronic Book
100
Author, A. A. (Year published). Title of chapter or entry. In Title of book (xx ed., Vol. xx, pp.xxxxxx). Location: Publisher.
Author, A. A. (Year published). Title of chapter or entry. In Title of book (xx ed., Vol. xx, pp.xxxxxx). Retrieved from http://xxx.xxxxxx.xxx
James, D. (2009). Teaching Speaking Skills. In ESL Methodology ( 3rd ed.Vol.2, pp 200-210).
. Retrieved from http://www. Language Quarterly.com.
Journal Article
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume
number(issue number), pages.
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Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume
number(issue number), pages. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume
number(issue number), pages. Retrieved from http://xxx.xxxxxx.xxx
Newspaper Article
Author, A. A. (Year, Month day published). Title of article. Newspaper Title, page numbers.
Buggs, S. (2001, December 18). Texas lawmaker to introduce bill to protect employee savings.
. Houston Chronicle, p.A1.
102
Author, A. A. (Year, Month day published). Title of article. Newspaper title. Retrieved from
http://xxx.xxxxxxx.xxx
Cooper, H. (2009, August 23). U.S. military says its force in Afghanistan is insufficient. New York
Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
Website
Author's last name, initials. (Year published). Title of page. Retrieved from http://xxx.xxxxx.xxx
University of Houston System. (1999, February 5). Community impact report. Retrieved from
http://www.uhsa.uh.edu/community/impact/education.htm
Exercise 1
Write the correct referencing for each of the documents below:
1.
Societies look at changing the face of science & engineering; Ann Thayer; Chemical &
Engineering News, Washington; Nov 25, 2002; Vol. 80, Iss. 47; pg. 39
2.
Beyond the republic: meeting the global challenges to constitutionalism / editors Charles
Sampford, Tom Round. Leichhardt, N.S.W. : Federation Press, 2001 xvii, 344 p. ; 25
cm.Includes index.
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3.
4.
5.
6.
Macmillan Education, London. (2nd ed.). Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced
Learners. 2007
7.
From Science Direct database the full text of: Global and local threats to coral reef
functioning and existence: review and predictions Marine and Freshwater Research
Volume: 50, Issue: 8, 1999, pp. 867 878 Wilkinson, Clive R.
8.
9.
Myers, John E. B. Risk management for professionals working with maltreated children
and adult survivors. [Chapter] Myers, John E. B. (Ed); Berliner, Lucy (Ed); et al. (2002).
The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment (2nd ed.). (pp. 403-427). Thousand Oaks,
CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc.
10.
Herbert, Martin. Parenting skills interventions. Reder, Peter (Ed); McClure, Mike (Ed).
(2000). Family matters: Interfaces between child and adult mental health. (pp. 237-256).
New York, NY, US: Routledge. xii, 347pp
11.
12.
13.
What to do with the angry toddler. Morris Green, Paula D. Sullivan, Carolyn G.
Eichberg. Contemporary Pediatrics August 2001 v18 i8 p65 (5573 words)
Exercise 2
Download this example (Hacker, D. (2004). APA research paper (Shaw). Retrieved from
http://www.dianahacker.com/pdfs/hacker-shaw-apa.pdf ) of how the APA citation style is used in
a research paper. Study it carefully and use it in your next assignment or research.
Bibliography
University of Malaya Library (UML) (2011). APA formatting and style guide (6th ed.). Kuala
Lumpur: University Malaya Library.
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (2010). (6th ed.). Washington,
D.C.: American Psychological Association.
KEY to Exercise 1
1.
Answer
Thayer, A.. (2002, November). Societies look at changing the face of science engineering.
Chemical & Engineering News, 80(47), 39.
105
2.
Book
Beyond the republic: meeting the global challenges to constitutionalism / editors Charles
Sampford, Tom Round. Leichhardt, N.S.W. : Federation Press, 2001 xvii, 344 p. ; 25
cm.Includes index.
Answer
Sampford, C., & Round, T. (Eds.). (2001). Beyond the republic: meeting the global challenges to
constitutionalism. Leichhardt, N.S.W.: Federation Press.
3.
Web page
Looked at on 12th February 2003 http://www.who.int/en/ World Health Organisation
Home Page No author but date = 2003
Answer
World Health Organization. (2003). Retrieved February 12, 2003, from http://www.who.int/en/
4.
Web page
Amnesty International Report 2002 Kuwait. Viewed September 15th 2002 at
http://web.amnesty.org/web/ar2002.nsf/mde/kuwait!Open
Answer
Amnesty International Report 2002. Kuwait. (2002). Retrieved September 15, 2002, from
http://web.amnesty.org/web/ar2002.nsf/mde/kuwait!Open
5.
Newspaper article
The new look. StarFit4Life. Milton Lum 13 December 2011, p.2
Answer
106
6.
Dictionary
Macmillan Education, London. (2nd ed.). Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced
Learners. 2007
Answer
Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners (2007). (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan
Education.
7.
Answer
Wilkinson, C. R. (1999). Global and local threats to coral reef functioning and existence: review
and predictions. Marine and Freshwater Research, 50(8), 867-878. Retrieved June 23,
2002, from Science Direct.
8.
Book
Wednesday's children : a study of child neglect and abuse / by Leontine Young
Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press,
Answer
Young, L. (n.d.). Wednesdays children: a study of child neglect and abuse. Westport, Conn.:
Greenwood Press.
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Answer
Myers, J. E. B. (2002). Risk management for professionals working with maltreated children and
adult survivors. In J. E. B. Myers, & L.Berliner et al (Eds.), The APSAC handbook on
child maltreatment (2nd ed., pp. 403-427).) Thousand Oaks, CA,: Sage Publication.
10.
Herbert, Martin. Parenting skills interventions. Reder, Peter (Ed); McClure, Mike (Ed).
(2000). Family matters: Interfaces between child and adult mental health. (pp. 237-256).
New York, NY, US: Routledge. xii, 347pp
Answer
Herbert, M. (2000). Parenting skills interventions. In P. Reder & M. McClure (Eds.), Family
matters: Interfaces between child and adult mental health. (pp. 237-256). New York:
Routledge
11.
Answer
Hendricks, C. S. (2002). Children in crisis. In J. E. Hendricks & B. D. Byers. Crisis intervention
in criminal justice/social service (3rd ed. pp. 170-225). Springfield, IL,: Charles C.
Thomas.
12.
Answer
Warren, A. R. & Marsil, D. F. (2002). Why children's suggestibility remains a serious
concern. Law and Contemporary Problems 65(1) p127(21).
13.
What to do with the angry toddler. Morris Green, Paula D. Sullivan, Carolyn G.
Eichberg. Contemporary Pediatrics August 2001 v18 i8 p65.
Answer
Green, M., Sullivan, P. D., & Eichberg, C. G. (2001). What to do with the angry toddler.
Contemporary Pedicatrics 18(8), 65.
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