BI BO CO TNG HP

MN: H THNG DN NG MT T

LP: DV2-K4
GVGD: TS. Nguyn Thanh Dng
Sinh Vin: nhm 2
1. Trn Minh Tr
2. Trn Hu Hong
3. Nguyn Th M Hnh
4. Nguyn nh Danh

BI BO CO V I NDB

Mc Lc
I. GII THIU...............................................................................................................4
II.TNH NNG K THUT.........................................................................................4
1. Di tn lm vic ..................................................................................................4
2. Cng sut pht ....................................................................................................4
3. iu ch ...............................................................................................................4
4. Tn hiu nhn dng .............................................................................................5
5. H thng kim tra v iu khin........................................................................5
6. H thng cp ngun ............................................................................................5
7. Anten ...................................................................................................................5
8. Tm hot ng ....................................................................................................5
9. i hiu ................................................................................................................ 6
III.NGUYN TC HOT NG................................................................................6
1.
2.
3.
4.

Anten ...................................................................................................................6
Nguyn tc hot ng..........................................................................................6
Cng dng ca i NDB......................................................................................6
c im ca NDB ..............................................................................................7

IV.THIT B NDB SA 1000..........................................................................................7

1. Gii thiu.............................................................................................................. 7
1.1. M t tng qut...............................................................................................7
1.2. c tnh..........................................................................................................7
1.3. c tnh ca b ghp anten PC-1 Kilo............................................................9
1.4. M t tng qut v b chuyn i t ng SA................................................9
2. Nguyn l hot ng...........................................................................................10
2.1. M t chc nng cc khi trong SA1000.......................................................10
2.2. M t nhim v ca h thng chuyn i t ng SA...................................11
3. Phn tch mch chi tit my pht SA 1000.......................................................12
3.1. Mch tng hp tn s KWOSYN...............................................................12
3.2. Tng li RF...................................................................................................12

3.3. m tn i hiu............................................................................................13
3.4. Mch thoi ...................................................................................................13
3.5. Tng li iu ch..........................................................................................14
3.6. Mch to i hiu ( Kecyer)........................................................................14
3.6.1. M ha i hiu....................................................................................14
3.6.2. Card ghi dch........................................................................................14
3.7. Tng iu ch ( DMOD)..............................................................................15
3.8. Khuch i cng sut switching ( SPA)......................................................16
3.9. B lc............................................................................................................16
3.10. Mch kim tra............................................................................................16
3.11. Mch tch b cc khi cng sut( MDC)................................................18
3.12. Ngun in................................................................................................18
4. Phn tch mch chi tit mch chuyn i t ng............................................19
4.1. Mch iu khin chuyn i t ng.............................................................19
4.2. Mch logic t ng chuyn i......................................................................19
4.3. Mch t ng ngt b DC (DCAD)...............................................................20
V.Anten........................................................................................................................... 21
1. Anten ch T i xng.........................................................................................21
2. Anten tr.............................................................................................................21

CHNG 11: GII THIU CHUNG V I NDB

I. Khi Nim:
i NDB ( Non Directional Radio Beacon ), l i dn ng v tuyn sng di v

hng. NDB l 1 my pht thanh pht trn tn s thp, trung bnh v pht ra mi
hng, km theo i hiu nhm gip my bay c th hng v cc i NDB c t
trn cc khng l trong nc v quc t.
NDB l thit b dn ng ph tr bng sng Radio m trm pht mt t pht ra mi
hng trn my bay s ch th cho my bay bit hng bay n i.
Tm ph danh nh: l din tch ca vng bao quanh i NDB.
Bn knh trung bnh ca tm ph danh nh: l bn knh ca mt ng trn c cng
din tch vi tm ph danh nh.
Tm ph hiu dng: l din tch vng bao quanh i NDB trong thng tin phng
v c th nhn c vi chnh xc cho hot ng lin quan.
Locator: l mt i NDB trong bng tn LF/MF s dng tr gip cho khu vc tip
cn cui.
II. Chc nng, nhim v ca i NDB:
A. Nhim v:
i NDB c th dng lm nhim v dn ng di, dn ng tip
cn ti sn v dng lm i ch hng cho thii b ILS.

Tr gip trong cc hot ng bay tip cn h ct cnh ( kt hp i gn v i xa ).

Cung cp cho my bay mt kh nng bay thng trong khng trung. iu ny c ngha l
cung cp thng tin v hng mi ca my bay tm n i.
B.
Chc
nng:

Xc

nh tia phng v ca tuyn khng l:

S dng la bn v thit b ADF ( Automatic Direction Finder ) c th d ra c tia gc

c bit hng n i NDB.

Xc nh tia gc bng thit b NDB c v ra trn bn , cung cp mt phng tin ph
hp xc nh cc ng bay cho my bay.
Phc v tip cn v h ct cnh:
Tng i NDB gip my bay xc nh c trc ng h ct cnh tm n ng bng
ca sn bay, vo khu vc tip cn v p dng cc phng php h ct cnh thch hp.
Lm i im xc nh v tr:
Mt im c xc nh bng cch v li cc ng thng ni n cc i NDB v cho cc
ng ny giao nhau, to thnh tam gic c cc nh l v tr cn tm.
Phng php ny gip my bay xc nh c v tr ca my bay trong mt phng nm
ngang.

CHNG 12: THNG S TIU CHUN CA I NDB

1. TM PH:

 Gi tr ti thiu ca cng trong tm ph danh nh l: 70uV/m.

Trong vng a l khong 300 v Bc v 300 v Nam, cng trng ti thiu l
120uV/m.
Vic la chn a im v thi gian o cng trng l quan trng nhm trnh cc kt
qu bt thng c lin quan n v tr.
2. GII HN CNG SUT BC X:
tha mn tm ph danh nh th cng sut bc x t 1 i NDB khng c vt qu 2
dB so vi gi tr cn thit ( tr trng hp cng sut ny c th tng ln nu c kt hp trong
khu vc hoc khng gy ra giao thoa c hi vi cc i trm khc ).
3. TN S LM VIC :
Tn s v tuyn c ch nh cho mt i NDB c th c chn trong khong 190 kHz 1750 kHz.
Dung sai tn s p dng trong i NDB l 0.01 % .
Cc i NDB c cng sut trn s dng tn s 1606,5 kHz v trn na th dung sai tn s l
0,005 %.
Vi cc i Locator lm nhim v kt hp b tr cho h thng ILS
th tn s lm vic gia hai i phi cch nhau mt khong f v c qui
nh: 15KHz < f < 25KHz.
4. IU CH:
i NDB phi t pht tn hiu l 1 nhm bao gm 2 hoc 3 k t theo m Morse, vi tc
pht khong 7 t/ mt pht hoc t nht 30s mt ln.
i vi nhng i NDB c bn knh tm ph danh nh l 92,7 Km ( 50 NM ) hoc nh hn
s dng trong tip cn khi u v tr gip khng vn trong khu vc ca sn bay, i hiu
phi c pht t nht 3 ln mi 30 giy, cch u nhau.
Tn s m tn s dng cho i hiu c 2 tn s l:

1020 Hz 50 Hz

400 Hz 25 Hz

su iu ch ca i hiu trong thit b NDB l 95%.

5. GIM ST:
Mi i NDB phi c cc phng tin thch hp t ti v tr thch hp pht hin ra cc li

sau:
S suy gim cng sut bc x hn 50% di mc yu cu ca tm ph danh nh.
Khng pht tn hiu i hiu.
H hng trong bn thn ca thit b gim st.
6. KIM TRA I:
Tn s sng mang:
Tn s sng mang c kim tra nh k da trn 1 tiu chun chnh xc m bo dung
sai ca tn s .
S dng mt my o tn s hot ng bng thch anh c chnh xc 0,001% ti tn s hot
ng.

i vi my pht s dng thch anh th kim tra t nht 6 thng 1 ln, cn i vi my pht
khng s dng thch anh th kim tra t nht 1 thng 1 ln.

Tn s m tn bin iu:
Phi c kim tra t nht 1 thng 1 ln, s dng mt my pht m tn c cn chnh vi
chnh xc 0,5% hoc tt hn ti tn s c ch nh lm ngun chun.
Cng trng ca sng t:
Kim tra t nht 1 thng 1 ln, thng qua vic o cng trng ti vng trng xa, s
dng 1 thit b ch bo c kh nng kim tra cng sut bc x ca i NDB.
su iu ch:
Thc hin t nht 3 thng 1 ln.
S dng mt my hin sng c kh nng lm vic ti tn s hot ng ca i kim tra h
s iu ch ca sng mang phi mc cng gn vi 95%.
S suy gim cng sut sng mang khi c tn hiu iu ch:
Khi a tn hiu iu ch vo, cng sut sng mang khng c vt qu 1,5 dB.
Vic kim tra c thc hin t nht mi thng mt ln, s dng mt my thu, ti mt v tr
xa thch hp, c b loc trung tn s dng thch anh ch bo cng trng ca my v
c kh nng chn lc loi b cc bin tn ca tn hiu m tn.
7. V TR LP T:
Khi s dng cc i locators tr gip trong h thng ILS, cc i locators phi c lp
t ti v tr ca i nh du ngoi v ca i nh du gia.

 Khi s dng c mt i locator duy nht tr gip trong h thng ILS, v tr lp i l ti

cc i c nh du ngoi.
Khi cc i locators c s dng tr gip trong ch tip cn cui trong trng hp
khng c h thng ILS, cc v tr lp t i cng c la chn nh trong trng hp c h
thng i ILS.
8. TN HIU NHN DNG (Identification).
- S dng m Morse quc t.
- Tc 7 t /1 pht.
- Ni dung: Ti a l 3 t (ch hoc s).
- Thi gian c php mt Ident: khng qu 1 pht.
9. H THNG IU TRA V IU KHIN (Monitoring).
Tiu chun ti thiu ca h thng kim tra v iu khin ca mt i
NDB gm:
- Cng sut: Khi cng sut gim -3dB phi t chuyn my (hoc tt my).
- Mt tn hiu nhn dng: Phi t chuyn my (hoc tt my).
- H thng Monitor c s c: Phi t chuyn my (hoc tt my).
10. H THNG CP NGUN (Power supply).
H thng cp ngun y cho mt i NDB gm 3 dng theo th t
u tin sau:
- in mng cng nghip (AC)
- in my n (AC)
- c quy (DC)
Khi mt ngun, thi gian chuyn i t ngun ny sang ngun khc
tu thuc vo chc nng ca thit b (thng thng t 8" n20").
H thng chuyn i l tng l h thng chuyn i t ng.
11. Anten (Antenna).
Thng thng cc i NDB s dng cc dng Anten sau:
- Anten ch "T"
- Anten ch "I"
- Anten c h s phm cht cao - Polestar.
Anten c nh gi qua mt tham s gi l h s bc x ca anten.

H s c nh ngha:
Cng sut bc x ra khng gian
Cng sut u vo ca anten
H s bc x ca Anten ph thuc vo cng sut u vo ca Anten
(tc cng sut ca my pht). Cng sut u vo cng ln i hi h s bc
x ca Anten cng ln tc phm cht ca Anten cng cao.
12. TM HOT NG:
Tm hot ng ti a ca NDB l 1000Km ph
thuc vo 4 yu t:
- Phc thuc vo truyn sng vo ban ngy hoc ban m.
- Truyn sng trn mt t hoc mt nc.
- Cng sut my pht: nh nht 20W, ln nht l 5KW.
- V tuyn t i.
13. I HIU:
c pht theo m lut Morse.
i hiu chia lm 2 loi:
- i quc ni: gm 2 ch ci.
- i quc t: i hiu gm 3 ch ci.
Ch u tin X biu th i quc t.
Ch th hai V tn nc t i.
Ch th ba D ni t i.
Tn s pht i hiu: 1020Hz 50Hz.
400 Hz 25Hz.
14. NGUYN TC HOT NG CA I NDB:
.Anten: My pht c:
Cng sut nh hn 1kW th dng anten hnh ch T.
Cng sut ln hn hoc bng 1kW th dng anten tr.
2. Nguyn tc hot ng:
Dng in cao tn t my pht truyn ti anten bc x ra ngoi
khng gian theo mi hng.
Trang thit b t trn my bay.

My thu ADF (Automatic Direction Finder): dng tn s thp v

trung bnh c 3 bng tn s:
- Bng 1 t 190 - 400KHz.
- Bng 2 t 400 - 800KHz.
- Bng 3 t 800 - 1750KHz.
i km vi ADF c 2 loi Anten:
- Anten v hng: c 1 si dy di.
- Anten nh hng: Anten khung c th l hnh trn, vung hoc
ch nht.

15. C IM:
u im: i NDB v thit b ch hng s dng rng ri trong nhiu
nm, cc thao tc rt quen thuc vi cc phi cng, h thng mt t n
gin v gi thnh r.
Nhc im: i NDB chu nh hng rt mnh ca a vt, a
hnh v cc nhiu tp ca thi tit, c trng hp do nh hng ca my thu.

CHNG 13: PHN TCH THIT B NDB SA1000

I.GII THIU
1.M t tng qut v my phat SA1000
SA1000 l mt my pht AM, c cng sut sng mang iu chnh c t 200w n
1000w. My pht dng cng ngh switching cc tng cng sut v cc khi iu
ch,n p, lm cho h thng t c hiu sut cao trong mt kch thc nh gn.
Phn kch thch RF gm mt mch tng hp tn s t 190 n 535khz, iu khin
bng thch anh, mt mch dao ng ra 2 tn s m tn 1020hz hoc 400hz dng cho
i hiu,mt b to m i hiu theo m Morse c th c ci t bng cng tc,
mt mch kim tra v mt mch x l thoi ( ty chn).
Phn cng sut ca my pht gm 4 h thng 250w c lp nhau.Mi h thng c
mt b lc ng ra, mt tng khuch i cng sut switching, b iu ch/n p
switching. Ng ra RF ca mi h thng c kt ni li v cung cp tn hiu 1000w

10

n b ghp ante.
i NDB gm 2 my pht SA1000 v mt b chuyn i t ng owjc t trong
mt t my duy nht.
2.c tnh ca my pht SA1000
Cht lng: Tha mn cc i hi ca ICAO v FCC.
Tn s: 190535khz, tng hp tn s iu khin bng thch anh,la tn s bng cch
thay i cng tc vi cc bc cch l 500hz. n nh tt hn 0,005%( nhit t
-40C70C).
Cng sut sng mang trn ti 50 chnh c lin tc t 200w n 1000w.
iu ch: Mch iu ch / n p cung cp mc iu ch t 095%.m tn 400hz
hoc 1020hz trong may c la chn bng cch t jumper.
Ngun in vo: 115/230 VAC 10%, 50/60hz 1 pha v 144VDC. Cng sut tiu th
danh nh l 1800w vi 1000w cng sut sng mang pht ra v iu ch mc 95%.
Ngun in bnh: khi s dng in bnh vo lc mt in, cn phi c 2 loi in th
144VDC v 24VDC. Cng sut i hi cho 144V l 8A v 2,5A cho 24V. Cng sut
ra gim khong 15% hoc nh hn.
o c: cc ng h trn mt my s o cng sut ra, cng sut sng di, in th
cp cho tng cng sut, dng in cng sut, phn trm bin iu, mc m tn ng
vo( khi dng thoi).
i hiu: B keyer bng bn dn cung cp cho 95 cng tc t cc khong tng
ng. Trong m Morse, mt khong ny chnh c t 63ms n 1666ms.
Bo v mch: Cc cu ch ring bit c dng bo v cc mch AC v DC. Mt
mch sng di VSWR vt qu mt gi tr chnh trc.
iu kin hoat ng: Nhit t -50C +70C, m t 0100%.
Kim tra gim st: my pht s ngng hot ng khi b mt i hiu, iu ch xung
thp hn mc chnh trc, tone i hiu b dnh, cng sut xung thp hn mc chnh
trc, sng phn x tng ln hn mc chnh trc. Vi h thng c my d phng,
tn hiu ngng my s khi ng my d phng lm vic.

11

 Ng vo ( ty chn ): Cn bng, 60020%, -17dbm, dng DC khng vt qu mc

3mADC
3.M t tng qut b ghp anten PC-1kilo
B ghp anten dng ghp cng sut ra ca my pht c tr khng 50 vi anten
hoc ch T,hoc anten tr.
B ghp gm c mt bin th phi hp tr khng, mt cun dy ln c cc u ra vi
mt vng iu chnh cng hng quay c do mch t ng iu chnh cng hng
iu khin bng motor hoc quay bng tay.
B ghp c lp t trong mt hp bng nhm, c bo v tc ng ca thi tit v
c thit k lp t ngoi tri.
4.c tnh b ghp anten PC-1 Kilo
Tr khng vo :50.
Tr khng ti: 225 in tr,700pF1500pF in dung.
Tn s: 190KHZ 535KHZ vi ti 700pF 1500pF.
Cng sut RF ng vo: 2000W trung bnh,4000w nh.
ng h o: dng anten, cng sut sng di, mt ng h cng tc 4 v tr: OFF,cng
sut sng di, 0-20A,0-10A.
Cng hng: Cun dy ln vi cc u chn th, cc u chn tinh v mt vng
chnh cng hng quay c. Cc u chn th v chn tinh c la chn bng cc
mi hn pha sau bng thao tc .H thng t ng iu chnh s iu khin vng cng
hng n v tr cng hng chnh xc.
iu kin lm vic : Nhit t -50C 70C, m ln n 95%, cao ln n
4000m. B ghp anten c thit k lp t ngoi tri.
Ngun in vo: 12VDC, 50mA,do my pht cung cp hoc 110/220VAC( ty chn)
khi dng vi cc my pht khc.
Kch thc: di 120cm,ng knh 76cm.
5.M t tng qut v b chuyn i SA
B chuyn i t ng s t ng chuyn hot ng ca my pht chnh sang my

12

pht d phng nu cng sut RF xung thp hn gi tr t trc, hoc mc iu ch

xung thp hn mc nh trc, hoc tone i b mt, b dnh hoc cng sut sng
di cao hn mc nh trc.
6.c tnh b chuyn i t ng SA
Nhim v iu khin : tt m h thng:
PRIMARY: my pht no c chn l my chnh
SECONDARY: my pht chnh b hng,my pht ph ang hot ng.
FAIL: C hai my pht hng, mt tip im relay c cung cp sau bng I/O.
iu kin lm vic: nhit t -40C +70C, m t 0100%.
Bo v mch: Cc cu ch AC,DC, cc ng vo logic c cch ly bi cc tr khng
ni tip v cc diode kp.
II.NGUYN L HOT NG
1.M t chc nng cc khi trong SA1000
B tng hp tn s: tn hiu RF c to ra trn card KWOSTN bng mt mch dao
ng LC iu khin c bng in p, hot ng tn s gp i tn s hot ng.
Tn hiu ny sau c chia to ra tn hiu 1KHZ a n mt mch vng kha
pha PLL so snh vi tn hiu 1KHZ chun to ra t dao ng thch anh 4096MHZ
chia xung tng li RF: sng vung tn s hot ng t card tng hp tn s c m
vi mt cng o trn card chnh b kch thch trc khi a n ng vo ca tng
khuch i cng sut.
m tn i hiu: Card to m tn i hiu to ra 2 tn hiu m tn 400hz v
1020hz.Mt trong hai tn hiu ny c la chn v a qua mt cng do mch to
i hiu kim sot, mt cng do mch m tn kim sot v nt chnh Modulaion level
control trn mt my kim sot.
B to i hiu: Gm mt m ha i hiu v 1 hoc 2 card than ghi dch m ha ty
thuc vo chiu di i hiu. Card m ha i hiu dch cc bits m ha c cha
trong card thanh gi dch m ha n cng cho php m tn qua bng xung nhp
8MHz iu chnh c.

13

 Phn thoi(ty chon): khi c yu cu s dng thoi NDB, n s c x l trn card

m tn .
Tng li iu ch:Cc tn hiu i hiu, mt mc DC, v thoi c cng li ,m v
iu chnh mc trn card chnh b kch thch trc khi a n ng vo tng iu
ch.
Tng iu ch: tn hiu tng hp t tng iu ch s c a vo mt mch iu
ch rng xung to ra mt chui xung 120160KHz vi cc rng xung tng
ng vi in p ng vo. Nhng xung ny s iu khin mt mch n p switching
to in p iu ch cho tng cng sut.
Tng iu ch GPS (ty chn): i vi h thng NDB c nhim v pht ra tn hiu
sa sai DGPS, ngi ta s s dng card giao tip iu ch GPS thay cho card tng
hp tn s KWOSYN.
Khuch i cng sut: Cc b khuch i cng sut loi switching ton cu s khuch
i tn hiu RF v cung cp tn hiu iu ch bin n cc khi lc.
Mch lc: Cc khi lc bao gm tn s 190 535KHz trong 5 bng.Cc bng c
la chn bng cc jumper.
Kim tra: tn hiu ng ra ca b lc c a qua card KWRF n ng ra RF
50.
Ngun cp in: Ngun cp cho my pht c th c cung cp t 115/230VAC hoc
24VDC v 144VDC hoc c hai.
B np bnh(ty chn): H thng np s t ng np bnh theo 2 cch,np nhanh v np
chm ty thuc vo iu kin ca bnh.Mch v s bo m bnh khng np hoc x qu
mc an ton.
2.M t nhim v ca h thng chuyn i t ng SA:
H thng my pht i gm c 2 my pht ging nhau, hot ng c lp v mt b
chuyn it t ng.Bnh thng, b chuyn i cung cp cc kt ni tn hiu v
ngun in n 1 trong hai my pht.
Bt c my pht no cng c th l my pht ty thuc vo cng tc chn trn mt

14

my. My pht chnh c gi l PRIMARY. Khi xy ra hng hc trn my pht

chnh do card kim tra trong my pht hin ,n s ra lnh ngng my. B chuyn
i s pht hin ra tnh trng ny v x l chuyn i bt u. card logic t ng
chuyn i t ng u tin s ngng cp in cho relay cp in n my pht chnh
(PRIMARY).

Sau mt khong ch ngn, cc ghp ni n b ghp anten s c chuyn sang my

pht ph (SECONDARY). Sau mt khong ch ngn na, relay tip in cho my
pht ph s c cp in. hot ng ca my pht ph s do card kim tra trong
my pht ph gim st, n khi pht hin ra li trong my pht ph hoc n khi c
mt lnh reset tr li my pht chnh bng cch n nt reset trn b chuyn i.

Trng thi ca my pht i c th hin bng 3 n led trc mt my v mt relay

bo ng. n xanh bo my pht chnh ang hot ng, n vng bo my pht ph
ang hot ng( c i my t my chnh sang my ph ), n bo my pht ph
bi hng. relay bo ng hng my s nh khi n led bo hng sang.
Ngun in cung cp cho b chuyn i c th l AC hoc DC. Chn la in p AC
hot ng bng cch thay i jumper t ti card iu khin chuyn i bn trong
mt trc my (5A1).
Cng tc ngun h thng c t trc my hot ng nh cng tc cp in chnh
cho h thng my pht i bng cch iu khin ngun n cc relay cp in v
logic chuyn i. Cng tc Normal/Tt t trn bng iu khin ca h thng chuyn
i (5A1) s a in v ni ti gi n my pht ph. iu ny cho php my pht
ph test vi ti gi 50 gn bn ngoi t my.
4(III). Phn tch chi tit mch chuyn i t ng.
4.1.Mch iu khin chuyn i t ng.
Xem hnh 13-17 gio trnh. Mch ny hot ng nh b ngun v giao tip gia
mch logic chuyn i t ng vi cc relay iu khin.T1 v C1 i in p
115VAC hoc 230 VAC sang 24VDC hoc 48VDC ty thuc vo cu hnh cc
jumper. in p DC cp in cho mch logic chuyn i t ng v cung cp ngun

15

(CTRL+V).
n bo DS1,DS2,DS3 ch bo trng thi ca h thng :DS1 ch my chnh hot
ng,DS2 ch my chnh hng, my ph hot ng, DS3 ch c my chnh c my
ph hng.
Cng tc S1-S5 c cc nhim v sau:
S1- M in ton my SYSTEM POWER ON/OFF.
S2- M in my pht TRANMISTTER POWER ON/OFF: cho php mch logic t
ng chuyn i lm vic.
S3- La chn my pht chnh l my pht 1 hoc my 2
S4- RESET: reset h thng v li my pht chnh.
S5- TEST/NORMAL: NORMAL, ch mt my pht hot ng v ng ra ca my pht
c ni n b ghp anten. ch TEST, my pht ph c hot ng trn ti gi.
4.2.Mch logic t ng chuyn i.
Xem hnh 13-18. Ty thuc vo khi mi m my hoc reset tr v my chnh, h
thng s bt u mt chu k hot ng nh sau: tho in ra khi my pht ph,ng
relay anten vo my pht chnh,cui cng l cp in vo my pht chnh. iu ny
thc hin qua logic trong mch chuyn i t ng. chn 3 ca U2 mc 0V khi bt
u, khin cho chn 1 ca U3 ln mc 1(5V). U3 l mt vi mch c bit dng to
mt khong tr c nh. Sau 0.6 giy,tn hiu logic a vo chn 1 ca U3 s xut
hin trn cc chn 12,13 ca U3.
4.3.Mch t ng ngt b DC( DC AD)
Xem hnh 13-19. Mch ny nhm mc ch bo v khi in p xung thp hn mc
quy nh. DCAD hot ng bng cch ly mu in p 24VDC do c-quy cung cp
chan 7 ca TB1. Khi mc in p DC xung thp hn mc quy nh chnh trc
bng R4, ng ra U1D chn 14 ln cao , m Q1, tc ng relay K1,K2 lm ngt in
cp cho my pht. Trong trng thi ny,ngun cp cho DC t c-quy s phc hi
mc 23-24 VDC v tip tc cung cp DCAD mc 30mA cho n khi c in AC
hoc DCAD c reset.
3. Phn tch mch chi tit my pht SA1000
16

3.1 Mch tng hp tn s KWOSYN

S nguyn l hnh 13-1 (ti liu tr 254). Transistor Q1v mch kt hp ca n
hnh thnh mt mch dao ng 3 im in dung COLPITTS vi tn s thay i
c t 2 ln 190KHz n 2 ln 535KHz.
Nu dng c hai cun dy L1 v L2 tn s c th chnh c t 2 ln 190KHz n 2
ln 320KHz. Nu ch dng cun dy L1, tn s c th chnh c t 2 ln 320KHz
n 2 ln 535KHz ty thuc vo in p iu khin t chn 9 v chn 13 ca IC
mch kha pha PLL U2 v vic iu chnh cc cun dy L1, L2.
Tn s hot ng mong mun c chn bng 3 cng tc S2, S3, S4. Ni J1 s cng
thm 0,5KHz vo tn s hot ng chn trn S2, S3, S4, lm cho b chia U4 s
chia 2 ln tn s hot ng, to ra tn hiu 1KHz ng ra chn 23. U1 chia tn hiu
4.096MHz dao ng bng thch anh vi h s chia 4096 to ra tn hiu chun
1KHz ng ra chn 1.
Nhng tn hiu 1KHz ny c a vo IC kha pha PLL U2 so snh v kha pha
2 tn hiu ny bng cch thay i in p ra ti chn 9 v 13 iu khin diode bin
dung CR1. Tn hiu dao ng c U3 chia hai v to ra sng vung ng ra c tn
s bng vi tn s hot ng c la chn trn cc cng tc S2, S3, S4. Tn hiu
ny c a ra chn s 7 ca card n tng li RF.

Kim tra tn hiu ny ti im th TP1. TP2 dng kim tra in p iu khin,

nm trong khong t 1- 8V. Q3 v Q4 iu khin n LED DS1, sng khi PLL
trng thi kha.

3.2 Tng li RF
L mt cng o trn mch chnh khi kch thch. Sng vung RF c khuch i
m, c a ln tng khuch i cng sut switching chn 1.
3.3 m tn i hiu
Hnh 13-2 (ti liu tr 255). Dng to tn hiu m tn dng cho i hiu v mc DC
cung cp cho mch li iu ch iu khin in p iu ch. U1D v mch kt hp
to ra tn hiu 400Hz hoc 1020Hz ty thuc vo v tr ca jumper. U1A v mch kt

17

hp to thnh b lc tch cc 1020Hz, U1C v mch kt hp to thnh b lc tch cc

400Hz.
Tn s m tn la chn c a n cng U2A c iu khin bi tn hiu
squelch trong trng hp c s dng thoi. Nu khng s dng thoi, chn 13 ca U2
s mc cao 12V v khng ni jumper, s m cng cho tn hiu m tn i qua.
Trng hp c s dng thoi ng thi vi i hiu, khi c tn hiu thoi, cng s
ng do tn hiu sequelch iu khin, tn hiu m tn i qua R11 thay v cng do
bin b suy gim.
Tn hiu m tn i hiu t cng U2A c a n cng U2B, c iu khin bng
tn hiu to i hiu.
3.4 Mch thoi
Hnh 13-3. Ng vo mch thoi cn 600 bng c a n b suy gim S1, R47,
R48, R49 cho php la chn tn hiu ng vo hot ng mc cao hay thp. tn hiu
sau c ghp qua bin th v b lc thng cao C1, R2, C2 v bin tr iu chnh
mc R6 n tng khuch i U1A v cng squelch U3.
Ng ra U1A cung cp tn hiu cho mch o ng h U1B v mch iu khin squelch
U1C v U1D. Vi R6 v cng tc S1 c chnh mc nhy cao nht, in p
logic chn 7 U1D s mc 1 khi mc tn hiu vo ln n -28dBm. Mc in p
logic chn 7 lm cng squelch U3 ng v a tn hiu thoi n mch AGC gm
U2A, Q1, Q2, Q3. Q1 hot ng nh mt in tr thay i vi ng vo ca U2A.
in tr ny c kim sot bi mc tn hiu hi tip t chn 1 ca U2A. Khi mc
tn hiu tng ln, in p trn Q1 gim, in tr gim, gim mc tn hiu thoi n
ng vo chn 3 ca U2A, gi mc ra thoi n nh. Cng tc S2 s cm AGC nu
mun.
Ng ra thoi ca U2A c khuch i bi U2C, a vo mch ct i xng CR7,
CR8 ngn nga iu ch qu mc. R44 chnh mc ct. Tn hiu sau c
khuch i v lc cho U2D v U2B, iu chnh c bng R20, a ra khi mch
bng chn 9. i vi cc ng dng c bit, tn hiu thoi c th a ra mt mch lc

18

c bit v cc mch sa dng sng trn mt card khc ngoi ni vi mch bng
cc chn 7 v 9.
Tn hiu squelch chn 13 c dng khim sot vic t ng suy gim m tn
i hiu khi c ng thi iu ch tn hiu thoi v m tn i hiu.
nh th tr v iu ch i hiu mc cao c th c iu chnh bng cch thay
i gi tr ca R34 nh bng:
Thi gian
Gi tr Ghi ch
5 giy
470K
Gi tr mc nh
8 giy
820K
11 giy
1.2M
3.5 Tng li iu ch
Tn hiu m tn i hiu t mch to m tn i hiu c iu chnh bng bin tr
MOD mt trc my trn card ACTRL v cng vi mt in p DC v tn hiu
thoi nu c, a n ng v ca tng li iu ch Q1, Q2. Ng ra ca tng li iu
ch c chnh bng bin tr RF Level v a n mch chnh RF.
3.6 Mch to i hiu
Gm mt card m ha i hiu v mt hay nhiu card thanh ghi dch. Mi card thanh
ghi dch c lp trnh bng cc cng tc dip, mi cng tc v tr ON tng ng vi
mt ting tt c thi gian iu chnh c t 60ms n 200ms.
Cc k t chun l:
1 tt = 1 bit, 1 te = 3 bits,
1 khong trng gia cc k t = 3 bits,
1 khong trng ca nguyn i hiu = 5 bits.
Mt card thanh ghi dch c th lu tr 47 bits.
M ha i hiu
Hnh 13-5. U1D, U1E, R3, R4, R5, C1 to thnh mt mch dao ng sng vung, tn
s iu chnh c trong khong 6- 18KHz. Tn hiu ng h ny a n card ghi
dch v n ng vo xung nhp ca thanh ghi U2. U2 nhn tn hiu i hiu dng
ni tip t card ghi dch sau khi qua cng o U1A.
Trng hp 4 bit lin tip ca i hiu l 0, ng ra song song ca U2 u l 1, cng
19

U3 kch thch mch dao ng n n U4 to ra mt xung xa cho U2 v a n card

ghi dch mt lnh np li.
Tn hiu i hiu dng ni tip t card ghi dch, i qua cc cng o U1A, U1B a
ra khi card bng chn s 9, cung cp tn hiu m cng m tn i hiu trn mch
cung cp m tn i hiu. Mt phn ng ra ca U1B c dng iu khin LED
DS1.
Card ghi dch
i hiu c np vo thng qua cc cng tc U2 n U6, bt u U6 v theo chiu
n U1. Cng tc s 1 ca U6 lun mc 0. Nu khng dng ht cng tc, 4 cng
tc k tip mc cui cng phi mc 0. Khi mt lnh np/ dch nhn c t card
m ha, thng tin lu tr trn cc cng tc c dch chuyn ni tip n chn 2 ca
card ghi dch v chn 2 ca card m ha. Cui chu k i hiu, U2 trn card m ha
pht hin 4 bit 0 lin tip v mt chu k mi c lp li.
Mc 0 c np vo chn 10 ca U13 mi khi mt bit c dch qua. Trng hp s
dng 2 card ghi dch, ng ra cc card th 2 (chn 2) c ni n chn m rng
(chn 22) ca card th nht.
3.7 Tng iu ch (DMOD)
Tn hiu tng hp t tng li iu ch c a vo chn 10 ca U1C trn card
DMOD. Ng ra ca U1C c ni n ng vo so snh ca IC iu ch rng xung
U2. Ng v cn li chn 7 l mt tn hiu rng ca c to ra trong U2 v hot
ng tn s xc nh bi R13, R14, C7 (danh nh l 150KHz).
Cc ng ra chn 11 v 14 l nhng xung vi rng tng ng vi in p vo
chn 9. R14 s c tho b khi tn s hot ng l bi tn ca ca tn s ny. Cc
xung ra t hai ng ra s c gi ra lun phin mi ng ra hot ng tn s
khong 75 KHz vi chu k lm vic ti a l 50%.
Mi ng ra c a n cc mch li in p cao ring bit U3 v U4, c nhim v
a cc xung t cc cng vo cc ngun ca Q1 v Q2 ngc vi in p ti cc
ngun.

20

 Q1 v Q2 c ni song song ch c th c m lun phin nhau mt khong thi

gian cht ngn gia cc xung c U2 pht ra Q1 v Q2 khng bao gi lm vic
trng nhau.
Cc cc mng ca Q1 v Q2 c ni n ngun 170VDC nu do ngun AC cung
cp v 144VDC nu do bnh cung cp. in p ti cc ngun ca Q1 v Q2 l 1 chui
xung 150KHz, bin 170V, chu k nhim v t 0 n gn 100%. rng xung ny
tng ng vi in p vo ti chn 9 ca U2.
Q1, Q2, CR4, L2, C15 hnh thnh mch n p switching h p. L1 cn bt tn hiu
tn s switching. Ng ra ngang qua C15 tng ng tuyn tnh vi in p chn 9
ca U2. Hi tip c thc hin qua R16, R17, C10 gim mo m tn.
Khi hot ng bnh thng, in p ra l mt chiu, 60V khi khng c iu ch, gp
i in p nh trong trng hp iu ch 100%. Chn 11 ca U3 v U4 l ng vo
shutdown c dng tt in p PA vi cng tc RF ON/OFF hoc tn hiu ra lnh
shutdown nhn c t card iu khin gim st. Mc 1 chn ny s cm IC.
3.8 Khuch i cng sut swiching (SPA)
in p ra t tng iu ch c a vo cc transistor FET Q2, Q4, Q7, Q8 khuch
i switching cung cp vic iu ch bin mc cao.
Ng vo RF cho tng khuch i cng sut switching gm c mt sng vung mc
TTL hot ng tn s chn la trn card tng hp tn s. Tn hiu ny c m
bi U1 v t vo cc cp transitor khuch i b ph Q1, Q3 v Q5, Q6.

Mi cp transistor ny lun phin

50 dn cc na chu k ca tn hiu RF, to

ra dng sng vung trn cc cun dy s cp T1, T2. Tn hiu trn T2 v T1 ngc
pha nhau 1800 ngn nga cc cp transitor Q2 v Q8, Q4 v Q7 dn cng lc.
Ng ra dng sng vung c t vo T3, c phi hp tr khng vi ng vo ca
mch lc.
in p PA v dng in PA ly mu t tng khuch i cng sut c a n
mch AMTR, ty vo cng tc chn la, s c ni n ng h o trn mt my.
3.9 B lc

21

 Tn hiu ra ca mi tng khuch i cng sut switching c lc trn mch lc 5

bng. Cc bng tn s c la chn bng jumper l: 190 220KHz, 220 280KHz,
280 360KHz, 360 440KHZ, 440 535KHz.
c c cng sut 1000W, hai mch kt hp/ lc c ni vi nhau ti khi
KWRF. Mi ng ra ca b lc ca khi 200W c th c ngt ra khi h thng bng
mt mch trn cc card kt hp/ lc trong trng hp khi hng duy tr my
pht vn hot ng ch gim cng sut.
3.10 Mch kim tra
Tn hiu RF ra t cc mch kt hp/ lc c a n mch KWRF n ng ra my
pht. Cng sut pht v cng sut sng di c ly mu bng T1, T2, C1, C2, R1,
tch sng v a n mch MONITOR CTRL v mch AMTR1. Mt mu in p
cng c ly trn R6 o phn trm iu ch.
Tn hiu cng sut sng di t mch KWRF c a vo chn 2 ca b so snh U5
trn mch MONITOR CTRL, so snh vi mt in p chnh c chn 3. Nu tn
hiu cng sut sng di ln hn in p chnh trc ny, chn 7 ln mc cao, t
mch cht U3A ln 1, a tn hiu mc cao n mt trong cc ng vo cng NOR
U4A, to ra mt tn hiu tt my ng ra ca mch.
Reset bng cch chp mass chn 18 ca mch MONITOR s t mc cao n chn
reset ca U3B v U3C, reset ng ra ca U3B v U3C v 0 nu ng vo l 0.Nu dng
RF hoc phn trm iu ch gim di mc nh trc bi R6 v R22, TP3 s c
gi mc +0,5V v 6V tng ng, cho php C6 np in qua R12, R13 kch
transitor UJT Q2 sau thi gian tr hon 25 giy.
Nu i hiu b dnh, C5 c np in, Q1 khng dn, gy ra cng kt qu nh trn.
Xung trn R15 t mch cht U3C ln cao, pht ra mt tn hiu ngng my ng ra
ca mch.
Cng tc MONITOR v tr ENBL, tn hiu ngng my s c a n khi
DMOD, tt in p cao cung cp cho tng cng sut. v tr DSBL, ng vo ngng
my ca khi DMOD c ni t, cm chc nng lm ngng my. RF OFF tc

22

ng bng vic a 12V vo ng ngng my ca khi DMOD, tng t nh lnh

ngng my.
RF ON tho b 12V ra khi ng ngng my v ni n n ng ra iu khin
ngng my ca mch MONITOR.
Tn hiu ngng my TP3 c x l qua U6, U7, U8 v c dng iu khin n
LED trc mt my, bo tnh trng ngng my.
3.11 Mch tch b cc khi cng sut (MDC)
Kim tra mc in p ngang qua cu ch ca khi iu ch v cu ch ca tng
khuch i cng sut switching. Mi nhm RF c mch tch b ring, lin tc kim
tra trng thi ca cc cu ch.

Khi hot ng bnh thng, s khng c in p trn cc cu ch, cc B ca Q1 v

Q2 c ni t qua cc in tr R1 v R3 tng ng. Nu cc cu ch b t, in
p s c pht hin, Q1, Q2 dn.

Cc diode zener CR5, CR10 gi in p n nh mc 24V ng cc relay trn

khi kt hp/ lc phn kch thch ca my pht. LED ch trng thi cng sut PA
STATUS sng, bo nhm RF hng. Hot ng ny tho b RF hng ra khi ng ra
RF cui cng ca my pht.
3.12 Ngun in
Bin th ngun c lp di y ca t my, cp cc mc 115VAC (HVAC) v 18
VAC (LVAC) n cc mch nn v lc khc nhau cho cc khi khuch i RF250W.
HVAC cng c cung cp cng c cung cp cho mch ngun ca khi kch thch.
in vo 115 hoc 230VAC cung cp cho bin th qua cc cu ch mt trc my
v cc relay iu khin.
Hnh 13-15. HVAC c ni n cu nn in CR4. Ng ra 170VDC danh nh c
lc bng cc t C3 v C4 v a n ng vo HVIN trn mch iu ch DMOD.
Relay K1 ni R1 n b ngun x in trn C3, C4 khi tt in. ng vo 144VDC
c dng khi s dng bnh.
LVAC c ni n cu nn in kt hp vi U1 trn mch cp in cho tng kch

23

thch. Ng ra DC c ni n mch n p 12V. ng vo 24VDC c dng khi s

dng bnh.
LVAC c ni n cu nn in trn cc mch cp in PA. ng ra DC c lc v
n p 12V, a n cc mch in p thp trn khi iu ch v cng sut. in p
24VDC t bn ngoi cng c th cung cp cho cc mch h th ny.
Ngun in bnh 24VDC v 144VDC nu s dng s t ng cung cp in cho my
pht trong trng hp mt in AC. Lc ny cng sut RF ra gim khong 15% so
vi khi dng in AC.
Mch bo v bnh s ngt bnh ra khi mch khi in p gim xung thp hn 20%
tr s danh nh.

III.Nguyn l hot ng b ghp anten

1.M t nhim v ca PC-1 KILO

Hnh 1:S
b ghp
ni Anten
1.1 Bin
th
phi hp tr khng
Bin th ny dung phi hp tr khng ng ra ca my pht l 50 Ohm vi bt k tri
khng no tng khong t 5 n 25 Ohm.S phi hp tr khng c la chn bng 11
chu chn v tr trn cun th cp ca my bin th.
24

1.2 B cng hng

B cng hng l si dy 92 vng c cc chu dng cho vic chnh th v vng cng
hng quay c dung cho tinh chnh.phm vi iu hng t 25H n 1mH
iu hng Anten trong di tn 190 ti 535KHz.
1.3.Chnh b cng hng t ng
Mch t iu hng so snh pha ca in p v dng in vo b ghp v quay vng
iu hng theo chiu h thng anten
1.4.ng h o anten
Dng c ch dng in trong 2 khong 0 n 20A v 0 n 10A
2.Phn tch mch chi tit PC-1KILO
Hnh
2:S
b ghp
anten
PC1KILO
2.1 Bin
th phi
hp tr
khng
L my
bin p
hai dy
qun li

25

Feralit.Dy qun th cp c 11 u v c thit k bin i ti th cp gia 2 v 25

Ohm ti tr khng vo 50Ohm.La chn u c thc hin bng kha mt trc.My
bin p li khng kh ni vi u th thp ca th cp my bin p,ly mu dng in
Anten cung cp tn hiu cho dng c o dng Anten.
2.2 B cng hng
l cun dy 92 vng c ghp bin p vng ngn mch c th quay bng tay hoc
ng c.20 vng di c 2 vng c 1 du dung tinh chnh.72 vng trn. C 9 chu
s chnh.Vic la chn cc chu bng cch hn ng sau mt bng c th m ra
c.
H thng t iu hng quay t ng vng iu hng theo chiu quay h thng
Anten.Nu cc vng chn ng vng s dng khi h thng quay v thay i mt cch
t ng.
Nu chn u khng ng vng iu hng s quay ti gii hn MAX hoc MIN v
ch th LED s bo them vo hoc bt in cm i.Nm quay bng tay vng iu
hng cng c mt trc b ghp anten .
Vng quay c th thay i 5% in cm ty theo s phi hp cc u.in cm cc
i s ln hn 1mH v nh nht l 25H.
2.3 Mch t ng chnh cng hng
H thng t chnh cng hng gm mt mch iu khin motor,mch cng tc gii
hn,motor v vng chnh cng hng. Pha ca dng in v in p ng vo 50 Ohm
RF ca b ghp c so snh vi nhau bng mt mch in t xc nh anten khi
ghp mang tnh in cm,in tr hay in dung.
Nu h thng ghp c chnh ng ,khng c s sai pha gia in p v dng
in.Khi h thng thay i,ti s mang tnh in cm hay in dung,s khng c tc
ng chnh li naod xy ra cho n khi s sai bit pha vt mc dung sai c chnh
trc bng R16 trn bo mch iu khin motor.
Khi cc mch logic s tc ng motor quay theo chiu ng ti tr v l in
tr.Mch iu khin motor cng ngn nga khng iu chnh cc trng hp tn hiu

26

vo yu,lc pht i hoc khi cng tc S1 setup/run ang t v tr setup.

<Xem hnh 13.22-gio trnh>
Dng in RF t my pht iq ua T1 ca mch iu khin motor.Cc mch khuch
i hn ch U1,U2 khuch i v bin i thnh sng vung cc tn hiu in p v
dng in,sau a n U3 kim tra bin ca s chnh lch pha gia tn hiu
dng in v in p.Ng ra U3,chn 11 c lc bng R12 v C10 to ra in p
mt chiu TP1(mu nu) tng ng vi s sai bit pha.
in p DC c so snh vi mt in p chun ti TP2(mu ) bng mch so snh
U5.in p ny chnh c bng R16.Khi in p ti Tp1 dng hn in p ti
Tp2,ng ra U5,chn 7,thay i t 0V ln 12V,ch ra vt iu kin cng hng.
Gii hn dung sai c chnh bng R16 ph hp vi cc loi anten v tn s lm
vic khc nhau.Cc ng ra ca U3 chaan3,4 c so snh bi D F-Flop U4 xc
nh tn hiu dng in sm pha so vi tn hiu dng in,lc m anten c chnh
n pha in cm ca mch cng hng,ng vo chn 2 ca U4 tr ln dng trc
khi c cnh ln ca xung clock chn 3.
Khi c cnh ln ca xung clock ,ng ra Q chn 5 ca U4 c cht cng trng thi
nh ng vo chn 2 U4 mc 1(12V),cho bit anten mang tnh in cm.iu kin
ny cng c ch bo trn n LED DS1.
Khi ng ra chn 7 U5 thay i t 0V ti 12V,bo lch cng hng,trng thi ca
anten c cht vo U4 chn 9 qua mc ca U7 s xc nh chiu quay ca
Motor.Ng ra U5 chn 7 ca cht mch Flip-Flop trong U6 bo trng thi chy motor
mc 0 chn 3 U6.
Nu cng tc S1 setup/run v tr run,nu cc tn hiu vo ln kch Q1,v nu
khng i hiu vo thi im kch Q3,motor s hot ng vi 12V U7 chn
10,v 0V U7 chn 6.
n Led DS2 s sang,motor s quay gim in cm ca T3.Motor tp tc quay cho
ti khi cc mc tn hiu chn 8 v 9 ca U3 khc nhau ,ch lm bng anten c
chnh t iu kin in cm sang in dung.Motor dng li vi Flip-Flop U6 c

27

reset cho n khi iu kin lch cng hng li c pht hin.

2.4 ng h o dng Anten
Tn hiu RF t bin th ly mu dng in c a qua R1 tch sng vo lc bng
CR1,R2,C1.Tn hiu mt chiu ny c nh chun v c trn ng h 1mA mc 020A v 0-10A.Ch Bo cng sut sng di c thit k trong b ghp c t xa.
IV.Anten
Tm xa ca mc VT v Anten ph thuc vo nhiu bin v khng th m bo c.C
th tnh ton cng trng nu bit in dn ca t ,nhng cng trng cn thit
ph thuc vo tp m nn ca mi trng,a im.
1.Anten ch T i xng
Anten i xng hnh T thch hp i vi viejc s dng 500 n 1000W nu t
xy dng.Anten loi ny i hi 1 din tch t vo khong 46m122m i vi chiu
cao anten 18m, v 46152m vi anten cao 36m.
Anten ch T i xng chun gm 2 ct cao 60 feet(18m) t cch nhau
300feet(100m) ,thnh phn bc x ng cao 55feet(16m) v 2 day di 280feet(85m)
nm nang trn nh.in dung ng vo thay i trong khong 840pF tn s 190Khz
v ln n 1150pF 535Khz.Chiu cao hiu dng vo khong 49feet(15m).
in tr ng vo gm in tr bc x v in tr tiu hao.in tr bc x thay i
trong khong 0,14Ohm 190Khz n 1,13Ohm 535Khz.in tr tiu hao ty
thuc vo nhiu iu kin m nh sn xut khng lng c,thng thng l t 2
n 5 Ohm.
Tm hot ng ph thuc vo cng trng,iu kin t v cng sut bc
x.Cng sut bc x tng theo tn s tuy nhin mt mt truyn sng do nh hng
mt t gim theo tn s.
2.Anten tr
Anten tru c dng nhng ni khng t lm anten ch T.Mt s nhnh nm
ngang trn nh anten tru c gn thm nhm mc ch:gim in khng ng vo

28

dn n gim in p trn anten v tng cao hiu dng.Anten tr v mt in km

hn anten ch T vi cng cao v b gim ti trn nh.
S bc x do dng in chy trn thnh phn nm ngang trn nh anten b tr i s
bc x dng in trn thnh phn ng v lm gim chiu cao hiu dng.
Cng c th gim in p vo m bo mc lm vic an ton. l trng hp
thp cao 120foot i hi din tch t c bn knh 100feet.nh 50 feet ca phn trn
ca dy c ni vi u cui vi dy chu vi di dng ci .
in dung vo ca anten dao dn t 272pF 190Khz ti 853pF 535Khz.. l
Anten c chiu cao ti thiu dng cho my pht cng sut c KW bi v dung khng
ln u vo Anten cng vi vn in p nh thng v s mt iu hng do
hng cch in. cch in gim thiu vn ny:Chiu cao hiu dng ca
Anten ny vo khong 75feet,in tr pht x dao ng t 0,34 Ohm 190Khz n
2,06 Ohm 535Khz.Tm xa t tt dao ng t 220 dm 190Khz n 170 dm
535Khz vi my pht 100W.

29

BI BO CO V I DME
MN: H THNG DN NG MT T
LP: DV2-K4
GVGD: TS. Nguyn Thanh Dng
Sinh Vin Thc Hin: Nhm 2

4. Trn Minh Tr
5. Trn Hu Hong
6. Nguyn Th M Hnh
7. Nguyn nh Danh

30

CHNG 7
CC NH NGHA V THUT NG S DNG TRONG H
THNG DME
1. Control motion Noise.
L mt phn sai s ca tn hiu ca dn ng c th nh hng n t th bay
nhng khng gy ra s lch khi cung ng bay mong mun v hoc gc h
cnh.
2. DME Dead Time
Thi gian cht ca thit b DME. L khong thi gian theo sau khi gii m ng
mt tn hiu hi xc thc.Trong khong thi gian ny ,cc tn hiu hi xc thc
khc khng kch hot c h thng to ra tn hiu tr li.
3. DME/N
L thit b o khong cch s dng cho tr gip bay ng di hoc tip cn.N
cho bit c tnh ph hp.
4. DME/P
L thit b o khong cch s dng kt hp vi h thng i MLS.P cho bit
ngha chnh xc khi o khong cch.Ph tn hiu tng t trong DME/N.
5. DME/W:
L thuyt b o khong cch s dng cho tr gip bay ng di hoc tip
cn.W cho bit c tnh ph rng.
6. Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power(EIRP)
Cng sut pht x ng hng tng ng.L tch s gia cng sut cung cp
n anten v li ca anten theo mt hng no tng ng vi anten ng
hng.
7. Final Approach mode
Ch tip cn cui.L ch hot ng ca DME/P h tr cho hot ng bay
trong vng tip cn cui v ng bng.
8. Initial Approach mode
Ch tip cn khi u.L ch hot ng ca DME/P h tr cho hot ng
bay bn ngi vng tip cn cui, c th hon chuyn vi DME/N.
9. Key down time
Thi gian pht ca ting tit (.) hoc te ( - )ca mt k hiu i hiu theo m Morse.
10. Mode W,X,Y,Z
Cc ch hot ng knh W,X,Y,Z. y l phng php m ha tn hiu pht

31

ca DMEtheo thi gian gin cch gia cc xung trong mt cp xung. Vic ny
gip cho mi tn s trong bng tn hot ng ca DME c th c s dng hn
mt ln, tc l tng s knh hot ng cho DME.
11. Partial rise time
Thi gian tng trng tng phn. L khong thi gian o gia cc im t 5-30%
ca bin cnh ln xung (cc im h v I trn hnh v 7.1 v 7.2)
12. Path Following Error
L mt phn trong sai s ca tn hiu dn ng c th lm cho my bay b lch
khi ng bay mong mun v hoc gc h cnh.
13. Pulse amplitude
Bin xung. L bin in p cc i ca ng bao ca dng xung (xem hnh
7.1)

14. Pulse decay time

32

Thi gian suy gim xung. L khong thi gian o gia im 90% v 10% bin
xung cnh xung ca xung (gia im e v g hnh 7.1)
15. Pulse duration
Thi gian rng xung.L khong thi gian gia cc im 50% bin ca cnh
ln v cnh xung ca xung (gia cc im b v f trn hnh 7.1)

16. Pulse rise time

Thi gian tng trng xung. L khong thi gian o gia cc im 10% v 90%
bin xung cnh ln ca xung (cc im a v c trn hnh 7.1)
17. Reply Efficiency
Hiu qu tr li. L t s gia cc tn hiu tr li c pht i t my tr li trn
tng s cc tn hiu hi xc thc nhn c.
18. Search
Ch d tm. L iu kin hot ng ca my hi ang pht hi v tm trong s
33

tn hiu tr li tn hiu cho ring my bay.

19. System efficiency
Hiu sut h thng. L t s gia cc tn hiu tr li c my hi x l trn tng
s tn hiu nhn c.
20. Track
Ch bm. L iu kin hot ng ca my hi DME khi kha c tn hiu
tr li nhn c ca ring my bay v cung cp thng tin khong cch lin tc.
21. Transmission rate
T l tc pht. L s trung bnh cc cp xung c my tr li pht i trong mt
giy.
I.Cc tiu chun ICAO i vi i DME.
1.Cc khi nim c bn:
a.DME/N (DME/Narrow): l thit bo c ly hot ng ch en-route v Landing, N
k hiu thit b c c tnh ph hp ( phn bit vi W).
b.DME/W (DME/Wide): l thit bo c ly hot ng ch en-route v Landing, W
k hiu thit b c c tnh ph rng ( phn bit vi N).
c.DME/P (DME/Precise): l thit bo c ly hot ng ch Landing, P k hiu
thit b c c tnh ph hp v c tnh chnh xc cao.
d.Kiu W,X,Y,Z: l phng php m ho qu trnh pht xung ca DME da vo s khc
nhau v khong cch gia hai xung ca cp xung c th s dng nhiu ln i vi mt
tn s lm vic, xem bng .

34

Hnh 1:Cc kiu m ha xung ca DME

CHNG 8: NGUYN L HOT NG CA I DME

I.Gii thiu chung
Thit b o khong cch (DME) l mt b tch sng da vo k thut nh v
vtuyn, k thut ny o khong cch bng cch o thi gian tr khi truyn cc
tn hiuVHF hoc l UHF.

c pht trin ti c, n c pht minh bi Edward George

35

TaffyBowentrong khi c thu nh trng ban vt l v tuyn ca t chc

nghin cu cng nghipv khoa hc lin ban (thuc khi thnh vng chung)
(CSIRO). Mt phin bn k thutkhc ca h thng ny c pht trin bi
AWAL (hu hn c hp nht khng dy) vo u nhng nm 1950, hot ng trn
di tn 200MHz VHF.

Phin bn ni a trongnc c ny c cho l do cc lin bang v hng khng dn dng

nh l DME(D) (hayl DME ni a) v phin bn quc t sau c s dng bi ICAO
nh l DME(i).

1.Chc nng:
Thit bo c ly (DMEDistance Measuring Equipment ) cung cp cho tu bay thng
tin v c ly xin t tu bay n v tr t thit b trn mt t.
2.Nhim v:
a.Trong ch En-route:
Khi DME kt hp vi trm VOR lm nhim v dn ng, th DME cung cp thng
tin gip tu bay xc nh c c ly xin t tu bay n v tr t trm DME. Lc
DME s dng l DME v hng.
b.Trong ch Landing:
Khi DME kt hp vi trm VOR, th DME cung cp thng tin gip tu bay xc nh
c c ly xin t tu bay n v tr t trm DME. Lc DME s dng l DME
v hng.
Khi DME kt hp vi h thng ILS, th DME cung cp thng tin gip tu bay xc
nh c c ly xin t tu bay n v tr ngng ng CHC. Lc DME s dng
l DME nh hng hay v hng.
Khi DME kt hp vi h thng MLS, th
DME phi l DME chnh xc (DME/P).

Hnh 2: o c ly xin trong ch En-route.

36

II.Nguyn tc o c ly
My hi s pht xung hi n my pht p, sau khi x l my pht p s pht xung tr
li tng ng n my hi. iu ny tng ng vi vic thc hin mt php o c ly.
Xem hnh v 3 v 4.

II. Nguyn
tc o c
ly:

37

Nguyn l o c ly theo gin thi gian

Thng tin v khong cch ch c cung cp cho my bay khi c yu cu. My bay
mun c thng tin c ly phi pht tn hiu hi xung i DME mt t theo dng cc
cp xung hi c m ho trc khi my bay tr li pht tn hiu tr li mang thng
tin v khong cch.
Ti my tr li tn hiu hi thu c t anten i qua circulator cch ly tn hiu
gia thu v pht, sau l b tin chn lc (Preselector). Vo n my thu, tn hiu
c khuch i, tch sng v a n b gii m xc nh xem c ng chnh
xc l xung hi hay khng nh vo gin cch gia 2 xung trong cp xung.

38

 Nu ng l tn hiu hi, b gii m s cho ra mt xung xc nhn m. Tn hiu gii

m sau s kch b lp m v cc mch lp th t u tin m ho tn hiu tr li
vi ng gin cch xung v tr hon ca h thng. Tip tc, tn hiu i qua b to
dng sng xung.
Ti y cc tn hiu tr li c m ho c sa dng thnh cc xung c rng
xung 3,5s v khuch i ln. Cc xung c sa dng s thc hin iu ch vi
sng mang cao tn to tn hiu ra v a ra anten pht tr li.
Tn hiu pht i t i mt t c my thu trn my bay thu ly, gii m, x l bi
cc mch tnh ton khong cch, thc hin ng b vi tn s xung lp li ring ca
my bay xc nhn l c ng tn hiu tr li ca mnh hay khng.
Thit b o khong cch trn my bay s o khong thi gian k t khi bt u pht
tn hiu hi cho n khi nhn c tn hiu tr li v chuyn i thi gian ny ra
thnh thng tin v khong cch.
Vic tnh thi gian c bt u ngay ti xung th nht trong cp xung hi. Sau mt
khong thi gian no , tu thuc vo khong cch gia my bay v i mt t, tn
hiu n c my thu ti mt t ( khong thi gian t 1). Tn hiu hi c gii m,
m ho tr li lp tn hiu tr li v pht tr li sau mt khong thi gian tr hon
c nh trc ( khong thi gian t2).

n lt tn hiu tr li cng phi tri qua khong thi gian tu thuc vo khong
cch gia i mt t v my hi (my bay) mi n my bay ( khong thi gian t 3 ),
c my thu trn my bay thu v nhn x l (c tnh c gin cch ca hai xung
trong tn hiu tr li, l khong thi gian t4).

Tng cc thi gian c mt trong qu trnh l T t = t1 + t2 + t4. My thu trn my bay t

ng tr ra thi gian tr hon ca h thng l khong thi gian t2, v gin cch ca hai
xung trong tn hiu tr li ( khong thi gian t 4 ) trong mch tnh thi gian. Vy,
khong cch tnh bng n v nautical mile c tnh bi cng thc:
Mt nautical mile (NM) tng ng vi 1,856km hay 1856m

39

Biu thi gian o khong cch

Khong thi gian truyn sng in t i ht mt on ng 1NM hay 1856m l
6,18s. Trong tnh ton thi gian o khong cch, ngi ta o c thi gian i v v
ca tn hiu, tc l thi gian phi gp i khong thi gian truyn sng in t i
mt khong 1 NM. Nh vy tng thi gian sau khi tr i tr hon ca h thng v
gin cch tn hiu tr li phi chia cho (6,18s 2)= 12,36s.

CHNG 9 CC YU CU V THNG S TIU CHUN CA DME

40

I. Nhim v v chc nng:

H thng DME cung cp 1 ch bo chnh xc cho my bay v khong cch xin n i mt
t.
H thng DME bao gm 2 thnh phn c bn:
Thit b lp t trn my bay gi l my hi.
Thit b lp t ti i mt t gi l my tr li hoc my p.
Trong ch hot ng bnh thng, my hi gi tn hiu hi n my tr li. My tr li
pht hin tn hiu tr li cho my hi, theo ng ng b ca tn hiu hi cung cp kh
nng o khong cch chnh xc.
C 2 ch hot ng l ch hot ng khi im tip cn v ch hot ng trong
vng tip cn cui.
II. Ch kt hp hot ng:
Khi thit b DME kt hp vi h thng i ILS, i MLS hay i VOR cn ch :
S dng tn s hot ng theo ng cp tn s quy nh.
V tr lp t thit b phi tha mn cc yu cu sau:
1. Kt hp vi i VOR:
1.1 Lp t ng trc: c 2 anten ca 2 h thng phi c lp t trn cng 1 trc thng ng.
1.2 Lp t lch v tr:
1.2.1 i vi nhng i s dng cho mc ch tip cn hoc ni hn ch v cao ti a ca h
thng, i VOR hoc DME khng c nm cch xa nhau qu 300m. Nu s dng i DVOR
khong cch lp t cc anten ca h thng DME v DVOR c th ln hn 30m nhng khng
vt qu 80m.
1.2.2 Khong cch gia cc anten ca i VOR v DME khng c vt qu 600m.
2. Kt hp vi i ILS:

i DME phi c lp t trong sn bay ch bo khong cch 0 l mt im nm cnh

mt ng bng.

i DME phi c lp t sao cho c 1 gc nh hn 20 0 gia hng tip cn v hng ca

i DME ti nhng im cn phi o khong cch.

Khi s dng i DME phi m bo sai s ca i l 0,37km hoc tt hn.

41

 Tn s hot ng ca i DME khi kt hp vi i Localizer phi tha mn 1 cp tn s nh

quy nh.
3. Kt hp vi i MLS:
Lu : nu s dng i DME/P kt hp vi h thng MLS th i DME/P phi c lp t
gn vi mc c th c vi i nh v gc phng v trong h thng MLS.
m bo cc yu cu hot ng hin ti i DME phi cung cp c ch bo khong
cch 0 ti im chm bnh xung ng bng.
i DME/N c th lp t chung vi h thng ILS hoc MLS khi cc yu cu v vn hnh
cho php.
i DME/P c chnh xc cao hn v tm ph xuyn sut khu vc ng bng c yu
cu lp t chung vi h thng MLS.
i vi i DME/N, vic cung cp ch bo khong cch 0 c th c thc hin bng vic
lp t thit b tht gn vi im yu cu.
i vi i DME/P, tha mn yu cu v chnh xc v tm ph nn lp t i tht gn
vi thit b xc nh cao cu MLS m khng lm nh hng n cc yu t v chng
ngi vt.
III. c tnh k thut h thng DME:
1. Tm hot ng:
H thng DME phi cung cp c cc phng tin o khong cch xin t my bay n
i mt t nm trong gii hn tm ph trong cc yu cu ca my tr li.
2. Tm ph:
Khi kt hp vi i VOR, i DME/N phi c tm ph t nht bng vi phm vi tm ph
thc t ca i VOR.
Khi kt hp vi i ILS hoc MLS, i DME/N phi c tm ph t nht bng vi cc cung
tm ph cc gc phng v ca i ILS hoc i MLS.
3. chnh xc:
Cc tiu chun phi c tha mn trn c s 95% kh nng hot ng.
DME/N:
Khuyn co: vi khong cch t 0 n 370Km ( tnh t my tr li ), tng sai s ca h
thng khng c ln hn +/- 460m cng thm 1,25% ca khong cch o c.

42

 Tng sai s ca h thng khng c vt qu +/- 370m ( 0,2 NM ).

chnh xc ny ca h thng da trn s c mt ca sai s my hi khng c vt qu
gii hn +/- 315m.
DME/P:
Cc yu cu v chnh xc ca h thng bao gm 2 tiu chun chnh xc s 1 v s 2.
Cc thnh phn sai s:
Sai s Path Following Error ( PFE ) bao gm cc thnh phn tn s ca sai s ca thit b
DME/P ti ng ra ca my hi nm di 1,5 rad/s.
Sai s Control Motion Noise ( CMN ) bao gm cc thnh phn tn s ca sai s ca thit b
ca DME/P ti ng ra ca my hi nm gia 0,5 rad/s v 10 rad/s.
Trong khu vc cung tip cn, cch xa ng ko di ca tim ng bng , gi tr cho php
ca sai s PFE cho c hai tiu chun sai s 1 v 2 c php tng dn tuyn tnh , trong khi
sai s CMN khng c php tng ln.
4. Bng tn s hot ng v phn cc tn hiu pht:
i DME hot ng vi phn cc ng ca tn hiu pht trong bng tn s t 960MHz 1215MHz. Gin cch gia cc tn s hi v tr li ca 2 knh DME lin tip l 1 MHz.
5. Phn knh:
Knh hot ng ca thit b DME c thnh lp bng vic ghp cp cc tn s hi, tr li
v m ha xung trn cc tn s ny.
Trong trng hp du nh hot ng kt hp 1 i DME vi 1 i dn ng trong bng
tn s t 108MHz n 117,95MHz hoc vi i MLS trong bng tn s t 5031MHz n
5090,7MHz knh hot ng ca DME phi c ghp cp vi i dn ng hoc vi i
MLS theo nh trong bng tra tn s.
6. M ha xung:
M ha xung c lit k nh trong bng 2 di y. Ch : cc knh W v X c ghp
trn cng tn s, cc knh Z v Y c ghp trn cng tn s.
Bng 2 cng cho thy thit b DME/P c 2 cch m ha xung hi khc nhau. Mt s dng
cho ch tip cn khi u IA v s dng cho tip cn cui FA.
Gin cch xung ( us )
Knh

Ch hot
ng

Hi

Tr li

Thi gian tr hon ( us )

nh th xung nh th xung
th nht

th 2
43

DME/N
DME/P IA M
DME/P FA M

12
12
18

12
12
12

50
50
56

50
-

DME/N
DME/P IA M
DME/P FA M

36
36
42

30
30
30

56
56
62

50
-

DME/N
DME/P IA M
DME/P FA M

24
30

24
24

50
56

DME/N
DME/P IA M
DME/P FA M

21
27

15
15

56
62

7. Tn s xung lp li ca tn hiu hi:

i vi DME/N, tn s xung lp li trung bnh ca tn hiu hi PRF khng c vt qu
30pps ( cp xung/giy ), da trn gi nh t nht l 95% thi gian dnh cho ch bm.
Nu gim thi gian trong ch d tm, tn s xung lp li ca tn hiu hi c th c tng
ln trong ch d tm nhng khng c vt qu 150pps.
Khuyn co: sau khi pht hi 15.000 cp xung/giy m khng nhn c thng tin tr li
khong cch, tn s xung lp li ca tn hiu hi sau khng c php vt qu 60 cp
xung/giy, cho n khi c thay i knh hot ng hoc hon tt ch d tm.
Tn s xung lp li ca tn hiu hi khng c vt qu 30 cp xung/giy nu sau khong
30 giy khng thit lp c ch d tm.
i vi DME/P, tn s xung lp li ca tn hiu hi khng c vt qu cc gi tri sau:
Ch d tm: 40pps.
My bay cn ti mt t : 5pps.
Ch bm trong tip cn khi u: 16pps.
Ch bm trong tip cn cui: 40pps.
8. Ch tr li my bay ca h thng:
Kh nng tr li cho my bay ca my tr li ti mt t phi tng ng vi mt
nh ca khng lu trong vng l 100 my bay.
Khuyn co: nu mt nh ca khng lu trong vng ln hn 100 my bay my tr li

44

phi c kh nng tr li c trong mt khng lu .

9. Nhn dng my tr li:

Tt c cc my tr li phi pht tn hiu nhn dng theo 1 trong cc cch sau:

Tn hiu nhn dng "c lp" : l cc xung tn hiu nhn dng c m ha theo m
Morse. Tt c cc my tr li u c th nhn dng kiu ny.
Tn hiu nhn dng "kt hp" : c s dng vi cc my tr li hot ng kt hp
vi 1 thit b dn ng hot ng bng tn VHF hoc kt hp vi thit b xc nh
cao ca h thng MLS do cc thit b ny to ra.
C 2 cch pht tn hiu nhn dng ny s dng cc tn hiu pht l 1 chui ca cc
cp xung theo t l lp li l 1350 pps.
Thit b DME/N c th pht tn hiu tr li vo khong gia ca thi gian pht m tn
hiu nhn dng.
Khuyn co: nu cn gi chu k lm vic n nh, cc cp xung cn bng, c c tnh
ging ht nhau s c pht sau mi cp xung nhn dng trong khong 100 +/- 10 us.
Thit b DME/P khng s dng cc cp xung cn bng nh trong thit b DME/N.
Tn hiu nhn dng c lp:
L 1 chui c dng ting tt (.) hay te (-) theo m Morse ca cc xung tn hiu nhn
dng, c pht t nht mi 40 giy, t nht 6 t 1 pht.
Tng thi gian ti a pht cc ting tt v ting te khng c vt qu 5 giy cho
mi nhm m i hiu. Ting tt pht trong khong 0,1s - 0,16s. Ting te c thi gian
pht chun gp 3 ln ting tt. Khong cch gia 1 ting tt v 1 ting te bng khong
thi gian ca 1 ting tt gim 10%. Thi gian ca cc k t hoc s khng c nh
hn thi gian 3 ting tt. Tng thi gian pht nhm m i hiu khng c vt qu
10s.
Tn hiu m tn i hiu c pht vi tc lp li l 1350pps.
Tnh hiu nhn dng kt hp:
Tn hiu i hiu c pht theo dng m Morse v c ng b vi m i hiu
ca i dn ng VHF.

45

 Khong thi gian 40s c chia thnh 4 phn bng nhau hoc hn. My tr li ch
pht tn hiu i hiu trong 1 phn. Cc phn cn li dnh pht tn hiu i hiu
dn ng VHF hoc thit b nh v cao ca h thng MLS.
i hiu l 3 k t sau cng ca i hiu ca thit b nh v cao trong h thng MLS.
Tn hiu nhn dng c bit ch s dng trong trng hp my tr li khng hot
ng kt hp vi i dn ng VHF hoc i MLS.
10. Ch tiu k thut my pht:
10.1 Tn s hot ng:
My tr li pht tn hiu tr li trn tn s tng ng vi knh DME c ch
nh.
10.2 n nh tn s:
Tn s hot ng khng c thay i qu +/- 0,002% so vi tn s c quy
nh.
10.3 Dng xung v ph:
a) Thi gian tng trng xung:
Thi gian tng trng xung ca thit b DME/N khng c vt qu 3 us.
Thi gian tng trng xung ca thit b DME/P khng c vt qu 1,6 us.
b) rng xung: rng xung cho php l 3,5 us +/- 0,5 us.
c) Thi gian suy gim xung: c gi tr danh nh l 2,5 us nhng khng c qu 3,5 us.
d) Bin xung:
Trong bt k thi im no gia im ti cnh ln cu xung t 95% ca bin cc
i v im ti cnh xung ca xung t 95% ca bin cc i, gim thp hn gi
tr 95% ca bin in p cc i ca xung.
e) Ph tn hiu:
i vi thit b DME/N v DME/P ph ca tn hiu iu ch xung tha mn:
Trong thi gian c xung, cng sut pht x hiu dng trong khong bng tn 0,5MHz
vi tn s trung tm trn 0,8MHz v di 0,8MHz ca tn s danh nh ca knh
hot ng khng c vt qu 200mW.

46

 Cng sut pht x hiu dng trong khong bng tn 0,5MHz vi tn s trung tm trn
2MHz v di 2MHz ca tn s danh nh ca knh hot ng khng c vt qu
2mW.
Cng sut pht x hiu dng trong khong bng tn 0,5MHz gim dn u khi tn s
trung tm ca khong bng tn cng xa khi tn s danh nh ca knh hot ng.
i vi thit b DME/W ph ca tn hiu iu ch xung tha mn:
Trong thi gian c xung, cng sut pht x hiu dng trong khong bng tn 0,5MHz
vi tn s trung tm trn 1,8MHz v di 1,8MHz ca tn s danh nh ca knh
hot ng khng c vt qu 200mW.
Cng sut pht x hiu dng trong khong thi gian bng tn 0,5MHz vi tn s
trung tm trn 3MHz v di 3MHz ca tn s danh nh ca knh hot ng khng
c vt qu 2mW.
10.4 Gin cch xung:
i vi thit b DME/N sai s gin cch xung l +/- 0,25 us.
Khuyn co: i vi thit b DME/P sai s ca gin cch xung l +/- 0,1 us.
10.5 Cng sut pht nh:
Khuyn co: i vi thit b DME/N, cng sut pht x hiu dng nh khng c
nh hn yu cu m bo 1 mt cng sut xung nh xp x - 0,83dBW/m2 ti
tm ph v mc bay cc i c xc nh.
i vi thit b DME/N, cng sut pht x ng hng tng nh khng c nh
hn yu cu m bo 1 mt cng sut xung nh xp x -89dBW/m2.
i vi thit b DME/P, cng sut pht x ng hng tng ng nh khng c
nh hn yu cu m bo cc mt cng sut xung nh nh sau:
-89dBW/m2 ti bt k im no trong tm ph nu c c ly nh hn 13Km t
anten ca my tr li.
-75dBW/m2 ti bt k im no trong tm ph danh nu c c ly nh hn 13Km
t anten ca my tr li.
-70dBW/m2 ti im mc chun tip cn ca h thng MLS.

47

 -79dBW/m2 ti khong cch 2,5m trn b mt ng h ct cnh, ti im mc ca

h thng MLS, ho ti im xa nht trn tm ng h ct cnh nm trong tm nhn
ca anten my tr li.
Khuyn co: kh nng tr li c my pht phi tha mn cho my tr li c kh nng
lm vic lm vic lin tc tc pht 2700 +/- 90pps.
11. Ch tiu k thut my thu:
11.1 Tn s hot ng:
Tn s trung tm ca my thu chnh l tn s ca tn hiu hi tng ng vi knh
hot ng ca DME c ch nh.
11.2 n nh tn s:
Tn s trung tm ca my thu khng c thay i qu +/- 0,002% so vi tn s
c quy nh.
11.3 nhy my tr li:
Trong trng hp vng mt tt c cc tn hiu hi, cc cp xung hi vi gin cch v
tn s tng ng s kch khi my tr li nu nh mt cng sut nh ti anten ca
my tr li t t nht:
-103dBW/m2 i vi thit DME/N.
-86dBW/m2 i vi thit b DME/P trong ch tip cn khi u.
-75dBW/m2 i vi thit b DME/P trong ch tip cn cui.
Mt cng sut ti thiu nu trn s kch khi my tr li pht tn hiu tr li vi
hiu qu tr li t t nht:
70% i vi thit b DME/N.
70% i vi thit b DME/P trong ch tip cn khi u.
80% i vi thit b DME/P trong ch tip cn cui.
11.4 Gii hn ti:
i vi thit b DME/N, khi ti ca my tr li vt qu 90% tc pht ti a,
nhy ca my thu phi c t ng gim xung gii hn cc tn hiu tr li.
i vi thit b DME/P, trnh b qu ti my tr li phi t ng gii hn cc tn

48

hiu tr li, nhm m bo khng vt qu tc tr li ti a.

11.5 Nhiu:
Khi my thu c hi vi mt cng sut to 1 tc pht bng 90% ca tc
pht ti a, cc cp xung nhiu c to ra khng c php vt qu 5% tc
pht ti a.
11.6 Bng thng:
Bng thng ti thiu chp nhn c ca my thu khng lm cho mc nhy ca my
tr li gim i 3dB khi tng lng dch tn ca my thu c cng thm vo lng
dch tn ca tn hiu hi l =/- 100KHz.
11.7 Gii m:
My tr li phi c mch gii m sao cho my tr li c th kch khi ch vi cc cp
xung trong cc xung ca tn hiu thu c c rng xung v gin cch xung tng
ng vi dng xung ca tn hiu c m t.
Hot ng ca mch gi m khng b nh hng bi cc tn hiu n trc , trong v
sau cc xung lp thnh cp xung c gin cch thch hp.
i vi thit b DME/N, mt cp xung hi c gin cch xung thay i +/- 2 us hoc
hn so vi gi tr danh nh v bt k gi tr bin no ca tn hiu phi b loi b
bi mch gii m.
11.8 Thi gian tr hon:
Khi thit b DME ch hot ng kt hp vi 1 i pht trong bng tn VHF, thi gian
tr hon l khong thi gian gia gia im mt na in p ca cnh ln ca xung
th 2 trong cp xung ca tn hiu hi v im 1 na in p ca cnh ln ca xung
th 2 trong cp xung ca tn hiu tr li.
Khi thit b DME hot ng kt hp vi h thng i MLS, thi gian tr hon l
khong thi gian gia im 1 na in p ca cnh ln ca xung th nht trong cp
xung ca tn hiu hi v im 1 na in p ca cnh ln ca xung th nht trong cp
xung ca tn hiu tr li.
i vi cc knh hot ng theo knh X, thi gian tr hon l 50 us.

49

 i vi cc knh hot ng theo knh Y, thi gian tr hon l 56 us.

i vi cc my tr li ca thit b DME/P khng c php chnh thi gian tr hon.
11.9 chnh xc:
i vi DME/N, my tr li khng c gp thm qu +/- 1 us vo sai s ca ton
h thng.
Trng hp hot ng kt hp vi ton h thng tr gip h cnh, my tr li ca
thit b DME/N khng c gp thm qu +/- 0,5 us vo sai s ca ton h thng.
i vi DME/P, ch tip cn cui:
Theo tiu chun v chnh xc s 1, my tr li khng c gp thm qu +/- 10m
sai s CMN vo sai s ca h thng.
Theo tiu chun v chnh xc sai s 2, my tr li khng c gp thm qu +/5m sai s PFE v +/- 5m sai s CMN vo sai s ca ton h thng.
i vi DME/P, ch tip cn khi u: my tr li khng c gp thm qu +/15m sai s PFE v +/- 10m sai s CMN vo sai s ca ton h thng.
11.10 Hiu qu tr li:
Hiu qu tr li ca my tr li phi t t nht 70% i vi thit b DME/N v thit
b DME/P trong ch tip cn khi u.
t t nht 80% i vi thit b DME/P trong ch tip cn cui vi tt c cc gi
tr ca my tr li v mc thp nht ca nhy cu my tr li.
11.11 Thi gian cht ca thit b DME:
My tr li phi trng thi khng hot ng trong 1 khong thi gian thng khng
vt qu 60 us, sau khi mch gii m xc nhn ng l c 1 tn hiu hi thu c.
Trong nhng trng hp khi v tr a l lp t i c th to ra nhng vn phn
xa khng mong mun khong thi gian cht c th c tng ln nhng vi ch 1
khong ti thiu cn thit thit b DME/N v thit b DME/P ch tip cn khi
u.
i vi thit b DME/P trong ch tip cn khi u, khong thi gian cht khng
c php lm nh hng n knh hot ng trong ch tip cn cui v ngc

50

li.
12. Gim st v kim sot thit b:
i vi thit b DME/N, b phn gim st s thc hin cc cng vic sau:
Ch bo thch hp ti 1 im kim sot c nh trc.
My tr li ang hot ng c t ng ngng my.
My tr li d phng ( nu c ) c t ng a vo hot ng.
Cc cng vic trn c b phn gim st thc hin nu:
Thi gian tr hon ca my tr li sai lch so vi gi tr c n nh qu 1 us
hoc hn.
Trong trng hp nu hot ng kt hp vi h thng tr gip h cnh, nu thi gian
tr hon ca my tr li sai lch so vi gi tr c n nh qu 0,5 us hoc hn.
Khuyn co: b phn gim st cng c th cho ra 1 s ch bo thch hp nu 1 trong
cc iu kin sau xy ra:
Suy gim 3dB hoc hn trong cng sut pht ca my tr li.
Suy gim 6dB hoc hn trong nhy ti thiu ca my thu ca my tr li.
Gin cch gia xung th nht v xung th 2 trong cp xung tr li ca my tr li c
sai lch so vi gi tri danh nh 1us hoc hn.
S thay i ca cc tn s my thu v my pht ca my tr li vt qu khi tm
kim sot ca cc mch chun.
i vi cc thit b DME/P, h thng gim st s lm vic pht x ca my tr li
ngng li v cung cp 1 cnh bo nu nh 1 trong cc iu kin sau y tn ti:
C s thay i ca sai s PFE ca my tr li vt qu cc gi tr nu. Nu vi
phm gii hn ca ch tip cn cui nhng gii hn ca ch tip cn khi u
khng vi phm th ch tip cn khi u vn tip tc hot ng.
C s suy gim trong cng sut pht x n nh hn gi tr cn thit tha mn cc
yu cu nu hn 1s.
Suy gim 3dB hoc hn trong nhy ca my tr li mc gi tr cn thit tha
mn cc yu cu nu trong hn 5s trong ch tip cn cui v trong hn 10s
51

trong ch tip cn khi u.

Gin cch gia xung th nht v xung th 2 trong cp xung tr li ca my tr li
khc vi cc gi tr nu l 0,25 us hoc hn trong hn 1s.
TM HIU V I VOR
CHNG 1
CC VN LIN QUAN

I.iu ch v gii iu ch
1.iu ch

iu ch l qu trnh s dng tn hiu c tn s cao gi l sng mang cao tn mang tin

tc,l mt tn hiu hoc mt di tn hiu tn s thp, truyn tin tci xa.Qu trnh
ny bin i mt trong cc thng s ca sng mang cao tn nh bin tn s hay
pha..tin tc c gi l tn hiu iu ch bng gc.
Trong qu trnh thc hin iu ch c cc yu cu sau:
-Tn s sng mang cao tn phi ln hn gp nhiu ln tn s tinn hiu iu ch bng
gc.Fc.
-Cc thng s ca sng mang cao tn bin i t l vi tn hiu iu ch bng gc m
khng ph thuc vo chng.
-Bin ca sng mai cao tn phi ln hn bin ca tn hiu iu ch bng gc.
2.Gii iu ch.

Gii iu ch l qu trnh khi phc li tin tc hay tn hiu iu ch bng gc t tn hiu

iu ch,Tin tc khi phc li phi c yu cu ging nh tn hiu ban u khi cha
iu ch.Tuy nhin trong qu trnh iu ch ,tn hiu i qua phn t phi tuyn gy mo
dng.,tn hiu iu ch li qua phn t phi tuyn trong mch tch sng nn s b mo
dng ln na.
Tng ng vi cc hnh thc iu ch tn hiu ngi ta s c cc mch gii iu ch thch
hp l gii iu ch bin v gii iu ch tn s.

II.Sng iu ch bin

52

Khi cho hai tn hiu tn s khc nhau cng i qua mt mch c phn t phi tuyn s sinh
ra cc tn s mi c lin quan ti cc phn t c bn.
Cc thnh phn tn s mi v tn s c bn u c dng hnh sin,c bin khng thay
i ng ra ca mch iu ch.
Gi s ta c : thnh phn in p 1 chiu c bin 100V,k hiu Ecm v mt tn hiu m
tn iu ch c bin 75V,k hiu Esm bin i theo quy lut sinat.

ng bao=100 + 75sinat
Tng qut:

ng bao=Ecm + Esm*sinat

(1)

Vi m l t s gia bin ca tn hiu m tn v sng mang cao tn ta c:

m=Esm/Ecm
thay vo 1 ta c

ng bao = Ecm + mEcm*sinat

khi t them sng mang vo ta c:

e=(Ec + mEcm*sinat)sinct

(a=omega a,c=omega c)

III.Cng sut sng iu ch bin .

Cng sut sng mang

Pc =
Ec gi tr hiu dng ca in p sng mang

Pc =
Ec l gi tr cc i

Pc =
Cng sut bin tn:
-cng sut bin tn trn

53

Pu =
Eu l gi tr hiu dng

Pu =
Eum l gi tr cc i
Cng sut iu ch bin : l tng cng sut sng mang v cng sut tng bin tn :

Pam = Pc + Ps
Pam = Pc(1 + )
IV.iu ch khng gian
i vi sng iu ch bin ngi ta to ra tn hiu iu ch bin trong thit b,sau
mi cho bc x trong khng gian.
Trong iu ch khng gian quan h v pha cao tn gia cc thnh phn tr nn rt quan
trng.
Thnh phn bin tn s kt hp vi thnh phn sng mang ngoi khng gian hoc trng
pha hoc lch nhau 1 gc pha no , c mt dng sng tng t nh sng iu ch
AM.Ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:
- di ng dy truyn nng t cc khi pht n anten khc nhau.
-Dng in trong cc anten s gy ra s sai pha khc nhau.
-Khong cch t cc anten trogn cc h thng pht n my thu khc nhau.
V.H s iu ch khng gian.
H s iu chnh khng gian c k hiu l S:

S = Esm/Ecm
VI.Cc phng php to sng bin tn.
1.Phng php iu ch cn bng

Cc thnh phn cao tn v m tn iu ch s cho qua cc phn t phi tuyn thc hin

54

iu ch,Mch iu ch cn bng c 2 nhim v c bn:to ra tn hiu bin tn v trit

tiu thnh phn sng mang ti ng ra ca mch.

2.Tch tn hiu bin tn bng mch lc dung dy truyn nng.

L lc ly cc thnh phn bin tn v loi b thnh phn sng mang cao tn nh vo

chiu di ca cc on dy truyn nng.
Cc thnh phn sng mang f1 v f2 ti cc u S v T ging nhau v tn s v quan h
pha.Nu thnh phn tn s ny c cng bin v pha vi nhau th s trit tiu nhau hon
ton.

55

3.Phng php dung Goniometer.

Trong cc thit b VOR th h c,Goniometer l thit b too ra cc thnh phn bin

tn ring bit t sng mang cao tn.Thit b Goniometer s dng motor quay mt h
thng t in xoay.Trong phng php ny nhc li hai tnh cht c bn ca t in:
-in dung ca t in thay i trc tip(t l thun) vi in tch ca hai bn cc ca t
in.
-in p trn t in mc ni tip thay i ngc (t l nghch) vi in dung ca t in.
Xt mch nh hnh v.Gi tr in dung gia tm ca cc t in l 1mF(m l micro).Cc
t in C1 v C4 thay i in dung cng chiu nhau. Cc C2 v C3 thay i in dung
cng chiu nhau. Hai cp in dung ny thay i gi tr in dung ngc chiu nhau.
in p ra ca mch in l E ,ly ra ti E1 v E2 v lun lun bng (E1 E2).

56

Do
qu
trnh
kha
st
mch
ch c
mt s
cc
im c bit nn ng biu din c dng hnh gp khc. Nhhng hnh gp khc ny c
dng tng t nh mt hnh sin (hnh 2.2). ngha l nu nh la chn k dng ca motor
v cc t in, ngi ta s bin i c in p mt chiu th cp vo mch thnh mt
in p xoay chiu dng sng hnh sin.

57

Xem hnh sin ny nh mt tn hiu m tn, do tc quay ca motor nh ngi ta c th

vit ra bin i ca tn hiu:

e= Em*sinat
nu thay i in p mt chiu cp vo mch bng mt ngun sng mang cao tn, dng
bin i ca tn hiu c vit:

e = Em*sinat*sinct
CHNG 2
NGUYN L TNG QUT CA I VOR
I.Chc nng ca i VOR.
L mt thit b dn ng c s dng rng ri trong hang khng dn dng, c nhim
v cung cp cho my bay thng tin v phng v so vi cc Bc t.

58

VOR hot ng da trn nguyn l c s chnh lch pha gia cc tn hiu. Mt s tn

hiu c gi l tn hiu pha chun, v tn hiu cn li c gi l tn hiu pha bin thin.
Tn hiu pha chun l mt tn hiu c pha khng thay i trong sut 360trong mt phng
ngang xung quanh i.
Tn hiu pha bin thin c pha thay i ty theo gc phng v xung quanh i. Ngha l
i vi cc im thu khc nhau, pha ca tn hiu thu c l khc nhau.
S lch pha gia 2 tn hiu ny c biu din bng ,s ny chnh l gc phng v
ca my bay so vi cc Bc t.
c mt tn hiu c pha khng thay i trong sut 360 trong mt phng ngang xung
quanh i, ngi ta pht ng hng mt tn hiu ra ngoi khng gian. Mt tn hiu c
pht ng hng s c gin bc x l hnh trn, v mt cng sut xem nh l ng
u trong khng gian.

59

Lm sao
c 1 tn hiu
m pha thay
i ty theo
gc phng
v xung
quanh i?
gii quyt
vn ny
ngi ta s
dng mt
gin bc
x c hnh s
8.
Gin bc x hnh s 8 ny c lm cho quay trn theo chiu kim ng h, v tc
quay c xc nh trc. nh vy ti mi gc phng v khc nhau xung quanh i,tn
hiu thu c s c pha khc nhau, v c so pha vi tn hiu pha chun,t c c
gc lch pha gia 2 tn hiu,cng chnh l gc phng v ca im thu,tc l ca my
bay.
Tn hiu pha chun c gin hc x l hnh trn. Tn hiu pha bin thin c gin bc
x l hnh s 8 quay trn theo kim ng h. Do tn hiu pht t mt i VOR pht ra
s c gin bc x l tng hp ca ahi gin bc x ni trn,c mt dng c bit gi
l hnh LIMACON.

60

Pha dng
ca ca
gin
bc x
hnh s 8
s cng
them
cng
trng ca
pha chun
cho nn s
nhn u
ra. Ngc
li phn c
pha m ca gin bc x hnh s 8 s lm gim i cng trng tng hp gy ra
dng lm vo ca gin bc x. gin bc x hnh s 8 quay theo chiu kim ng
h ,v vy hnh LIMACON cng quay trn theo chiu kim ng h,vi cng tc quay
ca gin bc x hnh s 8.
Mt phng ngang ca i VOR c 360 gc phng v. trong dn ng ngi ta ni c
360 RADIALS phng v xung quanh i.
Trong i VOR tn hiu pha bin thin lun lun tr pha hn tn hiu pha chun. Ti
hng Bc t ,tn hiu pha bin thin tr pha hn tn hiu pha chun mt gc 0 , ngha l
hai gc phng v ny hai tn hiu pha chun v pha bin thin trng pha nhau. Hnh v
2.5 di y s m t ra mt gc phng v c bit xung quanh i VOR.
Hai tn hiu pha chun v tn hiu pha bin thin s dng trong i VOR u c cng mt
tn s l 30Hz. Vy phi c bin php phn bit ra u l tn hiu pha bin thin v
u l tn hiu pha chun.
Phng php c s dng ph bin nht l dung cc iu ch tn hiu khc nhau
61

phn bit. C th, ngi ta s cho tn hiu pha chun c iu ch tn s,v tn hiu pha
bin thin c iu ch SBO(Sideband only).

CHNG 3
TRM PHT VOR MT T- THNG S TIU
CHUN CA I VOR
I.
Phn loi i VOR
1. i SVOR ( Standard VOR)
L i VOR tiu chun, ra i sm nht, hot ng theo dung cc tiu chun ca
ICAO.
2. i CVOR (Conventional VOR)
L i VOR theo quy c. y l i VOR hot ng vi cc k thut hon thin
hn so vi th h cc i SVOR.
2.1 Tn hiu pha chun trong i CVOR
Trong i CVOR, u tin s dng mt tn hiu m tn c tn s l 30Hz mang i
iu ch tn s vi mt tn hiu gi l sng mang ph, c tn s l 9960 Hz, c ch
s iu tn l 16. di tn f ca tn hiu FM s l:
f = fa *d
fa l tn s ca tn hiu m tn
d l ch s iu tn
Vy f = 30*16 = 480HZ
Nh vy, sau khi thc hin iu ch tn s, ngi ta c mt tn hiu FM l
(9960480)HZ.
Hnh 3-1 trang 21
Tn hiu FM ny sau c mang i iu ch bin vi sng mang cao tn ca
i VOR, vi su iu ch l 30% v sau c cho pht (bc x) ng
hng ra khng gian.
Hnh 3-2 trang 21
Nhc li: mt tn hiu c pht ng hng ra khng gian s c gin bc x l
hnh trn trong mt phng ngang, mt cng trng c phn b ng u
trong khng gian; v ngi ta s dng du (+) biu din cho s phn b ca
cng trng ny.
Hnh 3-3 trang 22
2.2 Tn hiu pha bin thin trong i CVOR
to c mt gin bc x hnh s 8 quay trn nhm c mt tn hiu c pha
lun thay i ty theo gc phng v xung quanh i, thc hin qua cc bc sau :
S dng hai tnh hiu c cng tn s l 30Hz, c pha lun lch nhau mt gc l 90
. Hai tn hiu ny c t tn ln lc l tn hiu thnh phn SIN v tn hiu
thnh phn COS. (hay cn c gi l tn hiu SIN hay tn hiu COS).
62

Hnh 3-4 trang 22

C hai tn hiu SIN v COS c thc hin iu ch SBO ( Sideband only) vi
sng mang cao tn ca i VOR. Ng ra ca 2 mch iu ch c dng sng nh
hnh 3-5 trang 23.
Cn ch trong hnh v trn, ti cc im tn hiu i qua im 0, lun lun c s
i pha ca tn hiu cao tn (cc im c ghi 180 RF Phase Shift). y l im
khc bit ln nht cn phi ch khi so snh gia dng sng ca mt tn hiu iu
ch SBO (iu ch n bin) v mt tn hiu iu ch bin (AM), khi h s iu
ch bng m =1.
Sau , c hai tn hiu c iu ch SBO ny c cho qua hai mch chia
cng sut c hai thnh phn ng bin ngc pha cho mi tn hiu.
Hnh 3-6 trang 24

Ng vo:
tn hiu
SIN hoc
COS
iu ch
SBO

Mch
chia
cng
sut

Ng ra
1: ng
bin,
ngc
pha vi
ng ra 2
Ng ra
2:
ng
bin,
ngc
pha vi
ng ra 1

Sauk hi qua mch chia, cc thnh phn ng bin ngc pha ca mi tn hiu s
c cp cho hai anten pht. Cc anten trong mi cp anten c b tr i xng
nhau v vung gc vi nhau gia hai cp anten. Gin bc x ca mi tn hiu s
l hnh s 8.
Ch : c hai tn hiu SIN v COS c cp cho hai cp anten mt cch ng thi
m khng phi l ln lt.
Hnh 3-8 trang 25
Qua vic phn tch chu k ca tn hiu thnh phn SIN v COS, ta c th thy r
cch to ra mt gin bc x hnh s 8 quay trn c pha tn hiu thay i
ty thuc vo gc phng v xung quanh i.
Tn hiu pha chun vi gin bc x l hnh trn v tn hiu pha bin thin vi
gin bc x l hnh s 8 s thc hin iu ch khng gian vi nhau, cho ra mt

63

gin bc x mi gi l hnh LIMACON. Phn nhn ln ca hnh LIMACON l

do pha (+) ca gin bc x tng hp hnh s 8 cng thm vo vi gin bc
x hnh trn ca tn hiu pha chun. Ngc li, phn lm vo ca hnh LIMACON
l do pha (-) ca gin bc x tng hp hnh s 8 tr bt i gin bc x hnh
trn m ra.
Hnh 3-10 trang 28
3. i DVOR (Doppler VOR)
Trong loi i VOR ny, ngi ta ng dng hiu ng Doppler trong vic to ra cc
tn hiu trong i.
3.1 Hiu ng Doppler:
L mt hiu ng trong tn s ca tn hiu thu c s c khc bit i cht so
vi tn s ca ngun pht nu nh c s thay i v khong cch gia ngun pht
v im thu. iu ny c ngha rng nu khong cch gia hai u thu pht l c
nh, gia tn s thu v tn s pht khng c chch lch. Nu im thu di chuyn
n gn hn hoc i xa ra hn im pht, hoc ngc li, tn s ca tn hiu thu
c lc ny c mt lng thay i so vi tn s pht l :
frx = ftx fd
frx l tn s ca tn hiu thu
ftx l tn s ca tn hiu pht
fd l lng dch tn gy ra bi hiu ng Doppler, cn gi l tn s Doppler.
Khi im thu tin v gn vi im pht, ngi ta c (+fd)
Khi im thu i ra xa im pht, ngi ta c (-fd)
3.2 Tn hiu pha chun trong i DVOR
Trong i DVOR, to ra tn hiu pha chun, ngi ta s dng mt tn s m tn
30Hz thc hin iu ch bin vi sng mang cao tn ca i ri pht ng
hng ti anten trung tm.
3.3 Tn hiu pha bin thin trong i DVOR
Tn hiu bin thin trong i DVOR thot u rt phc tp. Ngi ta lm nh sau:
Hnh 3-11 trang 29
Dng mt cnh tay n c chiu di khong 7m, mt u gn vi c cu quay, u
cn li ngi ta gn vi mt anten pht, pht i mt tn hiu bin tn l (f c 9960
Hz). Cnh tay n ny c cho quay ngc chiu kim ng h, vi tc quay l
30Hz. Nh vy, i vi mt im thu trong khng gian, ngun pht s di chuyn
lc th ra xa, lc th tin n gn im thu. Nh vo hiu ng Doppler, ngi ta thu
c mt tn hiu l (fc 9960 Hz) 480Hz. di tn fd ny l mt hm s c xc
nh bi :
fd =
tc quay ca cnh tay n mang anten
ng knh ca vng quay anten, theo bc sng.
3.14
64

V ch s iu tn c xc nh bi:
d = fd / 30
Theo cng thc trn ta thy : di tn t l vi ng knh ca vng anten pht tn
hiu bin tn, tc l tng ng vi bc sng ca tn s lm vic.
d dng cho my thu trn my bay tch ra tn hiu iu tn (9960480Hz),
ngi ta s lp thm mt anten ti v tr trung tm ca vng anten pht bin tn v
pht ch c sng mang m thi. Hai tn hiu sng mang ca anten ny v thnh
phn sng mang trong tn hiu bin tn s trit tiu ln nhau, v my thu ca my
bay s nhn c mt tn hiu iu tn thun l (9960480)Hz.
Trong phn loi ca i DVOR, ngi ta li phn bit cc trng hp i DVOR
nh sau:
a. i SSB DVOR (Single Sideband DVOR)
Trong chng loi i ny, ngi ta ch pht i c mt bin tn m thi. iu ny
gip cho gim gi thnh ca i DVOR. Cc th h i DVOR ra i trc tin
c p dng k thut ny.
Hnh 3-12 trang 31
Vi k thut ny, mt ph tn ca tn hiu DVOR cng c to ra nh mong
mun trong khng gian. Tuy nhin, trn tn hiu bin tn li b mt nh hng bin
iu bin ca tn hiu 30Hz gy ra sai s cho tn hiu pht ca i. Ti mt im
thu bt k trong khng gian, cng trng ca tn hiu bin tn l mt hm ph
thuc vo v tr ca anten trn vng anten. Mt v tr anten nm gn im thu hn
s c li ln hn so vi v tr ca anten nu nm xa hn. Chnh iu ny gy ra
mt tn hiu bin tn b iu ch bin bi tn hiu 30Hz (Hnh 3-13 trang 32)
b. i DSB-DVOR (Double Sideband DVOR)
i DVOR pht c hai bin tn gim thiu c gn nh ti a nh hng ca vic
iu ch bin tn hiu bin tn nh trong i SSB-DVOR. Trong chng loi i
DSB-DVOR ny, c hai bin tn trn v bin tn di c pht mt cch ng
thi trn hai anten i xng nhau trn vng anten.
Hnh 3-14 trang 32
C hai anten i xng nhau ny c chuyn mch vi cng mt tc nh nhau
(1/30 giy), theo cng mt hng. V c hai anten nm gn v anten nm xa im
thu c chuyn mch ng thi bc x tn hiu nh vy nn nh hng ca
vic iu ch bin tn hiu bin tn c gim thiu n mc ti a.
c. i ASB-DVOR (Alternate Sideband DVOR)
Hnh 3-15 trang 33
y l mt h thng n gin ca ch pht c hai bin tn DSB-DVOR, trong
c hai bin tn trn v bin tn di cng u c cho bc x, nhng m lun
phin nhau trn hai anten i xng nhau trn vng anten. H thng ny s dng
mt s l cc anten. Tuy nhin, trong h thng ny, vng lp t anten phi c mt
ng knh ln hn so vi thng l.
65

II.
Thng s tiu chun ca i VOR:
1. Bng tn s
i VOR c cp pht tn s hot ng trong bng tn s t 111,975Mhz n
117,975Mhz. Cc tn s trong bng tn s t 108Mhz n 111,975Mhz nu c
cp pht cho i VOR phi tun theo cc quy nh ti Annex 10. Tn s cao nht
c cp pht cho i VOR l 117,950Mhz.
2. Gin cch gia cc knh
Gin cch tn s gia cc knh i VOR l 50Khz, tnh t tn s cao nht c
pht cho i VOR. i vi nhng ni s dung gin cch gia cc knh tn s l
100Khz hoc 200Khz, dung sai tn s sng mang cho php l 0,005%
3. Cc tn s s dng
Cc tn s s dng trong i VOR bao gm:
Tn s sng mang, trong bng tn t 108Mhz n 118Mhz
Tn s sng mang ph : 9960Hz
Cc tn s 30Hz
Tn s i hiu : 1020Hz
Knh thoi bao gm trong bng t 300Hz3000Hz
4. sau iu ch
su iu ch bin sng mang cao tn :30%. Cho php thay i trong
vng t 28% n 32%.
Ch s iu tn : 161
sau iu ch bin sng mang cao tn ca i hiu: bnh thng l
10%. Ti nhng i khng s dng knh thoi: c th ln n 20%. Ti
nhng i c s dng knh thoi: 5%. Ch : nu pht knh thoi, khng
c lm nn knh i hiu.
5. Dung sai
Tn s sng mang 0,002% i vi cc knh tn s c gin cch 50Khz.
Tn s sng mang 0,005% i vi cc knh tn s c gin cch 100Khz
hoc 200Khz.
Tn s sng mang ph :1%
Cc tn s 30Hz: 1%
Tn s i hiu : 1020Hz 50Hz
6. Sai s ca i
chnh xc ca thng tin v phng v trong mt gin bc x phn cc ngang
do i VOR pht ra ti mt khong cch xp x bn ln bc sng v c gc ngng
l 40 o t tm i VOR l 2 .
7. Tm ph
Tm ph hay bn knh hot ng ca mt i VOR thng thng phi cp km
66

theo mc bay ca my bay v cc l do c gii thch trong cc mn hc c s

( tm nhn thng trong truyn sng v tuyn, nh hng ca mt t trong vic
truyn sng v tuyn). Cc tm ph thng c k n nh sau
Tm ph
342 km (185NM)
300 km (160NM)
166,5 km (90NM)
Mc bay
12km (40000feet)
12km(40000feet)
6km(20000feet)

67

8. Cng sut
Vi cc tm ph nu trn, cc cng sut pht x s ln lt l +23 dBW, +17dBW v
+11dbW m bo cho cc tm bn knh hot ng l 342, 300 v 166,5km. Cc
mc cng sut pht x ny cng l cc mc c s dng trong thc t d dng
trong vic la chn tn s hot ng v thit k thit b. Cc gi tr ny cng c a
ra p dng trong cc hot ng lp k hoch ca tng quc gia.
Mt i VOR c mc cng sut pht x +23dBW tng ng vi mt i VOR phn
loi theo Category A c cng sut pht my l 200W. Quan h gia cng sut pht
x hiu dng (ERP) v cng sut pht ca thit b c cho nh v d di y:
VD:
Cng sut pht
+18dBW
Suy hao ng truyn
- 1dB
li anten/anten ng hng + 6dB
ERP
=
+23 dBW
Cng sut pht x +17 dBW, tc l i VOR theo Category B s c cng sut pht
l 50W.
9. Cng trng
Cng trng hoc mt cng sut ca tn hiu pht ca i VOR phi tha mn
cho hot ng bay ca my bay ca mt mc bay thp nht v c bn knh hot ng
xa nht l 90 uV/m hay -107 dBW/m2.
Gi tr cng trng ny c c da trn cc tnh ton sau:
nhp my thu ca my bay :
-117dBW
Tht thot trn ng truyn sng, mt phi hp tr khng, li anten.. +7 dB
Cng sut yu cu ti anten :
=
-110 dBW
Mt cng sut yu cu l -100 dBW c c ti 118Mhz vi mt cng sut l -107
dBW/m2 tng ng vi 90 uV/m; tc l +39 dB tng ng vi 1uV/m.
Mt cng sut ca mt anten pht ng hng c tnh nh sau:
Pd = Pa - 10log
Pd mt cng sut (107 dBW/m2)
Pa Cng sut ti im thu (dBW)
bc sng (m)
Cc gi tr danh nh ca cng sut pht hiu dng (ERP Effective Radiated Power)
t c mt cng trng l 90uV/m, hay-107 dBW/m 2 c cho trong biu
hnh 3-16 trang 37 di y. i vi cc v tr lp i hoc a hnh phc tp, c
th cn thit phi nng gi tr ERP ln v ngc li.
10.Phn cc tn hiu pht
Phn cc tn hiu pht ca i VOR phi l phn cc ngang. Gi cho thnh phn phn
cc ng ca tn hiu pht mc ti thiu c th c.
Mc ti thiu ca thnh phn phn cc ng trong tn hiu pht ca i VOR khng
th xc nh bng mt gi tr c th, do cn phi bay kim tra xc nh nh hng

ca thnh phn ny n chnh xc trong ch bo thng tin phng v.

Cc phng php bay kim tra xc nh nh hng ca thnh phn phn cc ng
n chnh xc ca thng tin do i VOR pht ra c trnh by c th trong Annex
10.
III. Ph tn hiu pht
Cn c vo nguyn l hot ng ca cc chng loi i VOR va trnh by trong cc
phn trn, c th v ra c ph tn hiu ca i VOR nh sau:
1. Ph tn hiu i CVOR
Hnh 3-17 trang 38
2. Ph tn hiu i DVOR
Hnh 3-18 trang 39
CHNG 4
ANTEN TRM PHT VOR
Cc yu cu cho mt h thng anten c gi l tt cho i VOR nh sau:
-Gin bc x hnh s 8 quay trn phi c to ra nh th no bt k gc
phng v no ca im thu cng u nhn c tn hiu hnh sin ca ng bao iu
ch. Anten khe l gii php tt nht cho trng hp ny.
- Tn hiu pha chun REF pht vn hng phi c ng nht tt c mi
hng.Anten loop tt nht cho trng hp ny.
- Anten phi c phn cc ngang, hn ch ti a thnh phn phn cc ng ca anten.
- Anten phi c loi bng thng rng, t nhy cm vi s thay i tr khng trong my
pht.
- Anten phi c li cao nht gn ng chn tri.
Hin nay c 2 loi anten c dng thng dng trong thit b VOR l anten khung v
anten khe.
I.Kho st anten khe
Anten khe s dng trong h thng CVOR 1150 c kho st l loi anten khe do
hang INTERSCAN sn xut, c tr khng vo l 50 Ohm, phn cc ngang, bao gm 4
anten khe, h thng phn phi tn hiu, b v trc quay.
1.Cu to
L mt hnh tr bng kim loi c ghp li t 4 hc cng hng sng hnh r qut,
gia rng lun cp.Mt ngoi ca mi hc cng hng c x mt rnh gia,
chy dc theo chiu di ca anten, chiu di rnh khong 2m, lm thnh phn t bc
x
<hnh 4-1>
pha sau khe pht x l mt tm thp iu chnh cng hng cho anten, chy dc
theo sut chiu di khe, c bt c nh vo anten bng 2 c. Mt c iu chnh
c bt gia mt ngoi ca anten v tm thp iu chnh ny s thay i khong
cch d gia mt ngoi anten v tm thp iu chnh cng hng cho anten. Cc

u trn v di ca anten u h cho khng kh lu thng nhm trnh ng hi

nc. u di ca anten c bt cht vo than anten, v bt vo mt phn x.
u trn l c cu ko anten len cao khi lp t.
2.Khe pht x
C 4 khe pht x di c sp xp vung gc vi nhau quanh hnh tr trn, mi khe
pht x c di khong 3/4 ca bc sng ca tn s gia ca bng tn s i VOR.
Cc gc cng hng sng nm sau khe pht x cng c di in tng ng.
Khi t cng hng, mt phn b dng hnh sin ca trng in c to ra dc theo
khe pht x v gc cng hng.Cc trng ca khe v dng in c lien quan pha
mt ngoi ca anten bc x mt sng c phn cc ngang.
<hnh 4-2>
3.Gin bc x mt phng ngang ( trng E)
Gin bc x c cc tnh ca cc khe i pha, lp i xng nhau trn mt hnh tr trn c dng
hnh s 8.
<Hnh 4-3>
Gin bc x trng E vng trng xa nh tnh ton ca mt khe pht x n cho ng knh
ny (0,09) c v nh hnh 4.3.Hai khe pht x nm i xng nhau c kch thch vi pha i
nhau to ra mt gin bc x hnh s 8, c cc bp sng gn nh hinh trn, bin thay i gn
vi cos ,vi l gc phng v o t trc ca cp khe (hnh 4-4). lch dng ca gin bc x so
vi l tng l do hi bc 3 ca cos to ra sai s 8 hng t l vi sin. Vi bn knh ca hnh tr
la chn, sai s 8 hng l .Vi mc ny th dt cn bng vi cc ngun sai s khc ca h thng.
Bn khe pht x c kch thch ng pha bc x tn hiu pha chun.Vi bn knh trn ca hnh
tr , gin bc x gn nh t vn hng (hnh 4-5), v l do cc hm sng hi bc cao ch

c kch thch mt mc khng ng k.

4.Gin bc x mt phng thng ng (trng H)
Gin bc x trong mt phng thng ng theo c tnh trong khng gian t do ca
khe pht x 3/4 trong hnh tr vi phn b trng dng sin dc theo khe c v trong
hnh 4-8..Gin bc x ny c hi hp hn so vi gin bc x ca khe na sng
nh trn ng cong th 2.
Trong cu hnh hot ng, trng bc x ti mt im thu R l mt vecto tng ca tn
hiu trc tip n t anten cng vi cc thnh phn tn hiu c bc x bi cc dng
in cm ng trong mt phn x v cc mt phng dt xung quanh. cao ca
anten trn mt phn x c la chn ti u ha gin bc x sao cho nh
hng ca mt t l nh nht v tm ph tng i ng nht cho n cc gc cao.
V anten pht x c hai tn hiu bin thin v pha chun t cng cc thnh phn bc x
nh nhau cho nn cc tm pha ca 2 tn hiu ny trng nhau.
Cc gin bc x trong mt phng thng ng cho c 2 tn hiu pha chun v bin
thin =>ging nhau ti mi gc phng v.
5.Phi hp tr khng
Khe pht x c chiu di 3/4 vi bn knh cong ca hnh tr anten l 0,09 c in tr
khi t cng hng l Rs khong 900 Ohm, phi c chuyn i v gi tr tr khng

vo l 50 Ohm.
gii quyt vn tr khng:
+S dng khe pht x anten nh mt bin th phi hp tr khng
<Xem thm hnh 4-9, 4-10, 4-11 >
6.Hot ng ca anten khe
Hc cng hng ca anten khe c phn b cng in trng tng thch vi phn
b cng in trng ca khe pht x <Hnh 4-2> v m bo cho khe pht x ch
bc x nng lng in t ra hng bn ngoi khe.Phn b cng in trng ny
tng ng vi sng in TE10 ca ng dn sng hnh ch nht.
Cc thnh kim loi ca hc cng hng l cc mt phng dn in rt tt, t lm tiu
hao nng lng cung cp n anten.Khi t cng hng,hc cng hng c xem
nh mt in tr c gi tr cc ln mc song song vi in tr bc x ca anten.
Bc sng cng hng ca hc cng hng:
=
Trong : l l chiu di trc ca hc cng hng
l bc sng ct khi truyn sng theo hng trc.
rng ca tm thp iu chnh cng hng nm pha khe pht x v khong cch
gia tm thp v mt ngoi ca khe c la chn quyt nh .
6.1. C ch iu chnh cng hng.
iu chnh cng hng cho anten,hc cng hng c iu chnh n tn s hot
ng ca i:
+ Thay i gi tr ca in dung C,tc l thay i khong cch d gia mt ngoi ca
anten v tm thp lt bn trong <xem hnh 4-12>.
c tuyn cng hng thay i tuyn tnh trong sut bng tn ca i VOR vi
dc khong 2MHZ/1mm thay i ca khong cch d.
6.2. Vn b chnh nhit .
S thay i nhit ca mi trng s gy ra s thay i trong kch thc ca
anten.Nu ton b anten c ch to vi cng mt loi cht lieu, s thay i kch
thc l ng u v tt c cc di phi c nhn vi mt h s l:
1+T
Trong : = h s gin n tuyn tnh.
T = nhit tng, k t nhit chun.
S thay i tn s cng hng khng ng k, tuy nhin vn phi c b chnh nhit
cho h thng anten.
7. H thng phn phi tn hiu.
7.1. Nhim v.
Nhim v: phn phi tn hieuj pha chun v bin thin t my pht VOR a n cho
c 4 anten vi y pha v bin tng ng
+ Ng vo tn hiu pha chun gm c sng mng c iu ch bin vi sng
mang c tn s 9960KHz.

+Tn hiu pha chun phi c phn phi n mi anten trong h thoogs vi cng mt
cc tnh c ng pha vi nhau, sau cho bc x ng hng.
Ta c tn hiu pht tng hp :
E = A{ 1+ cos(t )+ cos(t+cost)t}
Tn hiu pht tng hp ny l mt tn hiu iu ch bin , c thnh phn u tin l
sng mang, thnh phn th hai l tn hiu iu ch ca pha bin thin, v thnh phn
th ba l tn hiu iu ch pha chun. Bin ca tn hiu khng thay theo thi
gian nu (t ) khng thay i, sao cho gin bc x ny quay vi vn tc l .
H thng tn hiu nu trn gm
+Mch tng.
+ Hai mch hiu.
7.2. Mch tng.
Tn hiu pha chun i vo mch tng c chia cng sut bi cu chia cng sut
WILKINSON ra hai thnh phn ng bin , ng pha a n cc ng vo A ca
2 tn hiu.
Mch chia cng sut c v nh hnh 4-13a.nu hai ng ra ca mch chia c kt
thc bi cc ti bng nhau, cc in p ra l bng nhau v s khng cso dng in
chy trong in tr 100, do mch in c v li nh hnh 4-13b.
Nu cc ti u l 50 Ohm, hai nhnh ny c mc song song vi nhau th tr khng
vo ca mch s l 50 Ohm.
Cc anten khe pht x c iu chnh phi hp gia cc ng vo ca tn hiu pha
SIN v pha COS ca mch hiu. V ghp tng h ca c 4 anten khe khih c kch
thch cng pha, cc ng vo A ca cc mch hiu c tr khng khng phi l 50 Ohm
na.Nh vy tr khng vo ca mch chia by gi b mt phi hp, v mt mch
phi hp tr khng phi c thm vo nh hnh 4-13c.
7.3. Mch hiu
Hai mch hiu c cu to ging ht nhau v c t trong cng mt khi my.
Mi mch hiu c 4 ng vo ra nh hnh 4-14.
Khi tn hiu a vo ti ng vo A, cc tn hiu ti 2 ng ra ( A+B) v (A- B) c cng
bin v pha.Khi a tn hiu vo ng B, hai tn hiu 2 ng ra c cng bin
nhng ngc pha nhau.< xem hnh 4-15>.
7.4. Khi tinh chnh pha
Khi tinh chnh pha c nhim v tinh chnh v tr im 0 trong gin bc x to ra
bi cc cp anten S1-S3 v S2-S4.Khi bao gm 2 mch tinh chnh pha ring bit,
mi khi c 4 ng vo t J1 ti J4 v t J5 ti J8. Mi khi tinh chnh pha gm 2
ng dy 50 Ohm c di thay i nhu hnh 4-16. Chiu di ca 2 on dy ny
bng nhau khi nt chnh pha nm v tr gia.Khi iu chnh, chiu di ca 2 on dy
s c ko di thm hoc lm ngn i n 5 ti tn s 113MHZ.
8. B ghp nh hng.
c s dng o cng sut sng phn x khi iu chnh cng hng anten.B ghp

nh hng gm 2 mch ghp, mi mch ghp l 2 nhnh song song nhau. ghp l
15dB di mc tn hiu trn ng mch chnh v tnh nh hng ca b ghp l
30dB.
9. Ghp ni tng th h thng.
<hnh 4-17>
Mi mt si cp trong h thng c ch r trong hnh v.Cc khe c nh s t S1
ti S4, nm ngc chiu kim ng h khi nhn t trn xung, ng nh th t lp t
anten.
10.c tnh k thut.
10.1 Thng s vt l
Chiu cao: 2,3m
ng knh 0,48m
Cn nng:90kg
10.2 Thng s k thut.
a) Thng s chung.
Di tn hot ng: 108 118Mhz
Phn cc: ngang
giao phn cc: Nh hn -35dB
rng bp sng trong mt phng thng ng: 57 ti -3dB.
Cch ly gia 2 ng vo: -32dB ti thiu
Tr khng c tnh: 50
Tm nhit hot ng: -10 C 70 C
m: 95%
b) Tn hiu pha bin thin.
Gin hng trong mt phng ngang: sin o t im 0.
rng ti 3dB: 92
rng ti 6dB: 112,5
Khong cch cc im 0: 90
li: 5dB
VSWR: 1,1 ti a
Bng thng ng vo: 0,5 1Mhz ton bng
Sai s 8 hng : 0,8
c) Tn hiu pha chun
Gin hng trong mt phng ngang:hnh trn, ng u 0,2 dB
li : 2dB
VSWR :1,1 ti a
Bng thng ng vo: 13Mhz ton bng.
11.Cn chnh anten.
i vi anten khe AT26:
- Kim tra v tr cp in cho anten c ng tn s hot ng cha.

- Hiu chnh cp khe S1-S3 ca tuyn tnh hiu pha COS.

- Hiu chnh cp khe S2-S4 ca tuyn tnh hiu pha SIN.
- Kim tra phi hp tr khng vo ca 2 tuyn tn hiu ny.
- Kim tra phi hp tr khng vo ca tuyn tn hiu pha chun.
- Hiu chnh im 0 ca cp anten S1-S3
- Hiu chnh im 0 ca cp anten S2-S4
II.Kho st anten khung.
H thng anten khung dng trong i VOR cng bao gm 4 anten v cc mch chia
tng ng.h thng anten dng trong i DVOR bao gm mt anten t ti trung tm
ca mt phn x pht sng mang (tn hiu pha chun) v 48 anten pht tn hiu bin
tn c lp cch u nhau trong mt ngoi ca mt phn x c ng knh 13,2m.
Anten c s dng trong h thng l anten ALFORD LOOP, c xy dng t 2
anten lng cc, c gp li v xp sao cho to thnh 1 hnh vung vi cnh chiu
di khong bc sng. Khi gp 2 anten lng cc, trn c 4 mt pht x ca khung
s c cng chiu dng vi nhau.Ngc li cc phn nm bn trong c chiu dng in
i nhau s c khuynh hng trit tiu ln nhau, khng lm nh hng n hot ng
ca cc mt pht x ca anten nh hnh 4-19.
Bn trong anten khung s l t in iu chnh cng hng.T in ny c th l t
khng kh hoc t mica. Cc t in ny khng lm thay i tn s cng hng ca
anten, m nh hng ti phi hp tr khng ca anten.
Hnh 4-20 v 4-21 m t anten pht sng mang v pht bin tn.
CHNG 5
SAI S I VOR V CC PHNG PHP HIU CHNH I VOR
I.
Sai s ca i VOR
<Xem hnh 5-1>
- Sai s mt t: do s sai pha gia 2 tn hiu pha chun v pha bin thin gy ra,
do sai st trong lp t anten, v do hiu chnh i khng ng.Cng c th
hnh thnh t vic giao thoa gia thnh phn phn cc ng v phn cc ngang
ca tn hiu pht t anten.
- Sai s do ng truyn : pht sinh t phn x do a hnh a vt xung quanh
i : do cc ta nh cao tng, cc ng truyn ti in, mt t li lm gy
ra.C th do mi trng truyn sng gia i pht VOR mt t v my bay
gy ra.
+lm cho tn hiu bc x t i VOR b b cong , g gh hoc b nhy cc.
- Sai s do bn than my thu ca my bay: phu thuc vo s gi hot ng ca
my bay v gi tr, cht lng ca thit b trn my bay.
II.
Phng php o v kim tra sai s
- Kt qu ca Ground Check s cung cp thng tin v sai s trong thit b pht
ca i VOR. Nhn vien vn hnh khai thc v sa cha thit b cn c tren kt

qu ny tin hnh phn tch v hiu chnh thit b.

- Vic kim tra c th thc hin th cng hoc t ng, bng cch ly mu tn
hiu bc x ra khng gian ca i VOR phn tch. chnh xc cu cng
vic ph thuc vo phng php, phng tin ly mu, s ln ly mu tn hiu
v phng tin phn tch tn hiu ly mu.
- Cc kt qu nhn c t qu trnh phn tch thng thng l thng s dch
trc, sai s trung bnh ton i, sai s hai hng, bn hng v 8 hng.
- Vic kim tra mt t phi c thc hin trn c 2 my pht trong i so
snh sai s tri ca hai my pht
- nng cao chnh xc trong cng vic kim tra, ngi ta s dng mt my
bay bay thu nhn tn hiu ca i VOR kim tra.
III. Hiu chnh i VOR.
- Hiu chnh i VOR tha mn cc yu cu:
+ Tn hiu thu c ti cc hng nm trong sai s cho php theo tiu chun.
+ t c s n nh ca h thng, tng thi gian hot ng lien tc v gim
i s ln cng nh thi gian hot ng gia cc ln h hng.
- Hiu chnh i VOR c thc hien trong cc trng hp:
+ nh k
+ Khi c sa cha hoc thay th mt khi, card mi.
+ Theo yu cu
- Cc bc thc hin:
+ hiu chnh cc thng s hot ng.
+ tinh chnh, kt hp kim tra mt t.

CHNG 6 PHN TCH THIT B CVOR 1150

I. Gii thiu chung:
Thit b VOR bao gm mt t thit b in t v cc thnh phn ngoi vi nh h thng
phn mm khai thc thit b PMDT, h thng anten pht, anten gim st trng v 1 s
cc ty chn nh my in, ngun c quy d phng,...
T thit b in t bao gm bng ch bo trng thi, h thng RMS, my pht chnh v
d phng, cc card monitor, b tch sng trng, b gim st cao tn, cc relay chuyn
mch, b ngun chnh, cc b cch ly cao tn cho tn hiu bin tn.
Bng ch bo trng thi c cc n bo ch trng thi ca h thng monitor.
H thng RMS qun l cc lnh, iu khin, thng tin lin lc v d liu ca i.
My pht chnh bao gm khi tng hp tn s, khi khuch i cng sut v bin tn, b

lc thng thp. B ghp nh hng, card to tn hiu m tn v khi bin tn. Cp in

cho my pht chnh l 1 b ngun c xc bnh v 1 card cung cp ngun in p thp.
Khi tng hp tn s c 2 card, to ra 2 tn hiu cao tn c lin quan cht ch cho i
CVOR. Tn hiu RF ti tn s hot ng ca i kch thch cho khi khuch i cng
sut bin tn. Tn hiu RF bin tn cung cp cho khi to bin tn.
Card to tn hiu m tn to ra cc tn hiu iu ch sng mang, gim st v iu khin
cc mc cng sut v nh hng cc tn hiu kim sot pha cho my pht CVOR.
Khi to bin tn c 2 mch khuch i bin tn, mi mch khuch i nh vy bao gm
1 card khuch i bin tn v 1 card iu khin bin tn. Mi mch khuch i bin tn
s khch i v iu khin tn hiu bin tn s dng trong i CVOR.
Khi khuch i cng sut v bin tn khuch i tn hiu cao tn sng mang n mc
cng sut hot ng ca i v iu khin sng mang vi cc tn hiu m tn ch nh.
Khi gim st cao tn x l cc tn hiu cao tn ca my pht chnh v my pht d
phng cho card to tn hiu m tn v card monitor s dn. Hai b tch sng trng tch
sng tn hiu cao tn bc x ra khng gian do anten gim st trng thu nhn c v
gi tn hiu n cho 2 card monitor gim st v phn tch.
Hai card monitor hot ng c lp vi my pht v c lp vi nhau. Tnh nng kim
sot bo ng ca 2 monitor c t chc theo cu hnh AND hoc OR ty theo yu cu.
II. Khi tng hp tn s:
Chc nng ca khi tng hp tn s l to ra tn hiu cao tn sng mang c i VOR
bc x ra khng gian. Cng vi mch vng kha pha trong b tng hp tn s, cn c
thm mt mch vng kha pha na trong mch tng hp. Mch ny duy tr pha ca
sng mang tng ng vi cc tn hiu cao tn pha chun, v hiu chnh vic iu ch pha
cm ng ln vic iu ch bin ca tn hiu cao tn ng ra ca my pht VOR.
Khi tng hp tn s bao gm card tng hp v card u ni.
Tn s sng mang ca i VOR c to ra bi mch tng hp vng kha pha (PLL),
ly chun t tn hiu 10KHz. Mch dao ng kim sot bi in p (VCO) to tn hiu
cao tn.

Tn hiu ny c m 1 phn a tr li mch kim sot PLL, ti n c mt b

chia c lp trnh chia xung.

Ng ra ca mch chia c so snh vi tn s chun 10KHz trong mch so pha ca

mch kim sot PLL. Mch so pha to ra mt tn hiu in p sai bit, c a n ng
vo iu khin in p ca mch VCO, kha tn s ng ra ca mch VCO.

H thng chia ny c lp trnh bi IC vi x l kim sot sng mang. IC ny hot c

trng thi ca cc cng tc ci t knh, tnh ton v np d liu cho IC kim sot PLL.

Ng ra ca mch tng hp sng mang c chia v cp cho mch sot pha sng mang,
mch chia m sng mang, mch khuch i m cng kim tra, v mt mch m
cp cho cc mch khuch i bin tn.

III. Card to tn hiu m tn:

Card to tn hiu m tn c nhim v to ra v kim sot cc tn hiu m tn s dng
trong cc i CVOR. Mch vi x l v b nh trn card kim sot tt c cc chc nng
ca card. Cc giao tip gia card ny v card x l trung tm ca h thng thc hin

thng qua card giao tip ni tip.

Cc thng s iu chnh t mn hnh kim sot my pht ca h thng RMS c gi
n card to tn hiu m tn khi mi m ngun v mi khi c s thay i ca cc thng
s ny.

3.1 Mch vi x l v b nh:

U36
v
U8A
l cc

ngun in p chun chnh xc cung cp 1 in p +5V chun (VREF) v 1 chun nhit

/in p t l vi nhit ca t my.
U1 s dng in p ny cho phn chuyn i A/D. phn gii ca phn chuyn i l (
VREF/1024) hoc 5V. VREF c iu chnh vi R33 t 5,11+/- 0,01 V o ti chn
6 ca U36. Ng ra ca U33 l nhit ca t my, a n RMS, c bin 2,3mV/.
IC U43 gim st ngun u vo, so snh ngun 28VDC ly mu t b ngun chnh v
in p +5VDC t card ngun in p thp.
Khi ngun 28VDC ny hot ng bnh thng, ng ra ca U43 mc cao, v c o
trng thi bi Q1.
Khi ngun ny gim xung di 21VDC, ng ra ca U43 o xung trng thi thp.
Cc in p ny c x l bi mch gim st cng sut gm U10, R50, R66-R74, C6,
C8-C17. U1 phn tch cc ng ra ca mch gim st cng sut sng mang cao tn, cc
mc cng sut bin tn v sng ng.
U1 giao tip vi CPU ca h thng RMS thng qua card giao tip ni tip t U11A, c

chc nng chuyn i t mc logic TTL sang mc RS-232, v nhn tn hiu t card giao
tip qua U12C, c chc nang chuyn i t mc RS-232 sang mc TTL.
Thch anh Y1 cung cp xung ng h 12MHz cho U1.
3.2 Mch tn hiu pha chun v bin tn:
Khi mi m in, U1 lp trnh cho IC EPLD U9 vi cc d liu cn thit cho vic iu
chnh pha v cp xung nhp cho EPROM khai trin tn hiu phng v.
U9 cung cp 2 tn hiu ng ra s cp: 1 li knh tn hiu pha chun v 1 li knh
tn hiu pha bin thin.
U9 nhn cc tn hiu iu khin, d liu/ a ch, xung nhp t U1, xut ra xung nhp
1,5MHz, 2 t d liu 16 bit n EPROM U21 cho knh tn hiu pha chun v pha bin
thin, v cung cp m a ch cho U21.
Ni mch E5 dng la chn ch hot ng l CVOR/DVOR: c ni l lc chn
CVOR.
U21 c lp trnh vi mt dng sng tn hiu s c trng cho vic iu ch sng mang
ph 9960Hz, v gi tn hiu ny n mch chuyn i D/A U7 v U18.
D liu ca tn hiu pha chun c cht li U3 khi tn hiu REF LATCH i trng thi
t thp ln cao. U23 thc hin chuyn i dng sng tn hiu t U3 sang dng sng tn
hiu tng t.
Ng ra ca U23 l dng sng hnh sin 9960Hz c ti to li t dng sng c s
ha. Ngun in p chun cp cho U23 c cung cp t R23, IC DAC U25 v l th
hin ca U23 c a n IC khuch i U19.
U19 dng chuyn i ng ra hin ti ca mch chuyn i s-tng t ra thnh mt
tn hiu in p tng t. Tn hiu 9960Hz sau c a n IC khuch i U30B.
EPROM U21 cng c lp trnh vi cc dng sng tn hiu s i din cho 2 tn hiu
30Hz, tn hiu 1020Hz, v chuyn mch gii m chuyn mch bi-phase. D liu s ny
c a n IC DAC U7 v U18 cht cho U26.

3.3
Mch
bin
iu
pha
chun:

Mc

phn trm iu ch ca tn hiu pha chun c kim sot bi IC DAC U25. Cc in p

chun to ra bi U25 l mc cng sut tn hiu pha chun ( Ref_PWR_LEVEL), mc
iu ch tn hiu pha chun (REF_MOD_LEVEL), tn hiu thoi (VOICE), v tn hiu
thoi (IDENTAM).
IC U30B cung cp tn hiu REFERENCE v U33B cung cp tn hiu IDENTAM cho
U33D. U33D ch hot ng khi pht i hiu. U33D cng nhn 1 tn hiu iu ch thoi
l tn hiu VMOD OUT t U15 a n, c iu chnh bi R55.
Ng ra ca U33D l tn hiu iu ch sng mang ( CAR MOD), l kt hp ca tn hiu
pha chun, IDENTAM, v tn hiu iu ch thoi, trn nn 1 in p 1 chiu t l vi
cng sut sng mang.

3.4 Mch
kim sot
pha

iu ch
bin tn:

Mc tn hiu ng ra ca
i hiu v bin tn
c kim sot bi U25
cho i hiu v U29 cho
cc bin tn. Ng vo
in p chun ca U29 l tn hiu mc cng sut tn hiu pha chun Ref_PWR_LEVEL.
Mc in p 1 chiu ny xc nh mc cng sut sng mang v thay i khi cng sut
sng mang c iu chnh. Nu cng sut sng mang c iu chnh th tn hiu mc
cng sut tn hiu pha chun Ref_PWR_LEVEL s thay i v ko theo l mc ca tn
hiu bin tn.
Mc in p 1 chiu c to ra ti cc ng ra A,B,C,D ca U29 i din cho mc cng
sut bin tn.
Vic iu ch ca sideband 1 c thc hin bi IC DAC U7. Bus d liu t U21 n
U7 cung cp tn hiu m tn cn thit. Khi chn A0 logic 1, A1 logic 0 v chn Write
ang cnh ln, d liu cho sideband 1 c a vo U7B. Mc ng ra ca sideband
1 c kim sot bi U29A.
Vic iu ch ca sideband 2 c thc hin bi IC DAC U7. Bus d liu t U21 n

U7 cung cp tn hiu m tn cn thit. Khi chn A0 logic 1, A1 logic 0 v chn Write

ang cnh ln, d liu cho sideband 2 c a vo U7D.
Mc ng ra ca sideband 2 c kim sot U29C. Ng ra ca U29C ni n ng vo
VREFD ca U7.
3.5 Mch thoi v tone kim tra:
Mch thoi c nhim v cung cp 1 tn hiu thoi c iu ch trn nn ca sng mang
cao tn. Cc tn hiu thoi c nhn trc tip t ng cm mi-cro hoc t xa qua ng
dy in thoi.
Bin tr R7 c iu chnh trnh lm qu ti mch in. Tn hiu thoi c a vo
mch khuch i m gm U32A v U32B. Tn hiu sau c tip tc a qua U15
v mch khuch i nn li U16.
Mch in ca U16 m bo cung cp tn hiu ra vi bin ra khng thay i vi tm
thay i khong 20dB ca tn hiu vo, cp cho IC chuyn i D/A U25 kim sot
su iu ch tn hiu thoi v cp cho mch lc "Notch" U17.
Mch lc Notch U17 dng loi b cc tn s trong khong 1005-1035Hz ti im
-3dB. Bin tr R21 c hiu chnh iu chnh tn s trung tm mch lc.
Ng ra ca U17 l ton b tn s trong bng tn tn hiu thoi ( ngoi tr tn s 1020 +/15Hz), a qua mch lc gii U15, v c ng ra l tn hiu thoi VOICE.
Ng ra ca U15 c ghi nhn l VMODOUT v a n U33D thng qua R55.

IV.
Khi

khuch i cng sut:

Khi khuch i cng sut c nhim v khuch i sng mang cao tn ca i VOR ln
mc cng sut 120W, vi bin c iu ch vi tn s 30Hz, i hiu 1020Hz, v tn
hiu thoi ( nu c ).
Thit k c khong 4 bn mch l mch kch thch, mch khuch i cng sut, mch
iu ch khuch i cng sut v mch n nh phn cc/ iu ch kch thch.

V. B lc thng thp:
B lc thng thp l 1 mch lc 4 cc, c nhim v loi b cc sng hi ra khi tn hiu
cao tn sng mang.
Tn hiu cao tn sng mang a vo b lc thng thp ti u ni J1 qua mch lc 4 cc
loi b cc tn s hi c th c v i ti u ni J2.
u ni J3 dng ly mu tn hiu cao tn sng mang a v lm hi tip cho khi to
tn s.
Mi mu na ca tn hiu cao tn sng mang cng c ly ra trn mt mch phn p,
thng qua J4 a v khi gim st cao tn.
Tn hiu ly mu c cng sut trong khong 100-130mW tng ng vi cng sut ra ca

khi khuch i cng sut l 100W.

VI. B ghp hai hng:
Dng trch ly mu sng ti v phn x ca cng sut sng mang cao tn trong khi
vn m bo khng c suy hao gia u vo v u ra ca b ghp.
Cc u ly mu ca sng ti v sng phn x cung cp 1 t l c nh ca tn hiu ly
mu v a n khi gim st cao tn tch sng v phn tch, x l.
VII. Khi to tn hiu bin tn:
Khi to tn hiu bin tn ca i CVOR bao gm 2 mch khuch i bin tn v 2 mch
kim sot bin tn.
Khi to tn hiu bin tn x l hai tn hiu cao tn bin tn bit lp nhau. V hai mch
khuch i v mch kim sot bin tn l ging ht nhau tng i mt nn s ch c mt
mch khuch i v mt mch kim sot c phn tch.
Mch kim sot bin tn c nhim v trin khai cc in p iu khin pha ng, tn hiu
li iu ch, in p iu khin pha bng tay, v in p iu khin pha trung bnh cho
bin tn.
Tn hiu li iu ch c s dng nh in p cp ngun cho cc transistor Q105 v
Q205 ca mch khuch i bin tn.
in p iu khin pha trung bnh ca bin tn a vo mch lc iu khin pha trung
bnh trn mch khuch i bin tn thit lp im hot ng cho mch lc iu khin
pha trung bnh.
Tn hiu sai bit tch sng bin c mch iu khin bin tn x l nh 1 tn hiu
hi tip b cho cc thay i chm v bin cho mc iu ch ca tn hiu iu ch
bin tn.
Tn hiu sai bit tch sng pha c mch iu khin bin tn x l nh mt tn hiu hi
tip cho mch iu khin pha ng v pha trung bnh ca bin tn.
Tn hiu bo mc cng sut sng ti c tch sng v a n mch iu khin bin
tn x l v a vo card gim st ( monitor ) tnh ton t s sng ng.

VIII. Khi gim st cao tn:

Hai ngun in +28VDC t hai b ngun cp in chnh ca hai my pht CVOR c
cung cp ng thi n khi gim st cao tn qua mt mch in theo kiu OR.
Ngun +28VDC s c cp cho cc relay chuyn mch anten v b ngun to in p

thp, cho ra cc in p +/- 12VDC cung cp cho ton mch in trong khi gim st cao
tn.
Tn hiu cng sut bin tn phn x SB1 a vo khi gim st cao tn qua 1 mch phi
hp tr khng bao gm C38 v R57 n R59 v i tip n bin p phi hp tr khng
cao tn T4, thc hin phi hp tr khng gia tr khng vo thp ca tn hiu cao tn v
tn hiu cao tn v tr khng ca mch tch sng ng bao.

IX. Backplane:
Nm trong hc cha card ca h thng RMS, bo m cho cc card c cm vo dy,

bao gm card facilities, card giao tip ni tip, card ngun in p, card d liu kim
th, card moderm, card giao tip iu khin.

X. Card x l trung tm ( CPU ):

U1 l IC vi x l, hot ng vi tn s xung nhp 12MHz. U1 cung cp tn hiu xung
ng h ra v mch lng my vi tn s 6MHz.
I
C

U2 l mch gim st, hot ng chung vi U1, gim st ngun 28VDC. Ngun dng pin
ny cung cp ngun cho chip ng h thi gian thc U16, cng OR U18, RAM tnh U13
v U14.
Khi mi cp in cho h thng, U2 cung cp cc tn hiu iu khin cho U1 nhm ngn
chn hot ng ca U1 v cc thit b khc trong khi ngun in cung cp cha n nh.
Phn mm vn hnh i CVOR 1150 c lu trong EPROM U11 v U12. IC RAM tnh
U13 v U14 s dng lm b nh lu tr tm thi v cc d liu khng th b mt.
IC nh U15 dng lu tt c cc thng s ni ti nh cc im bo ng, thng tin
nh danh hi, m Morse i hiu,...

XI. Card Facilities:

Mch gii m bao gm IC gii m U5, cc cng logic U16B v U18D s gii m d liu
trn ng a ch cung cp cc tn hiu chn chip.
IC giao tip bus hai chiu U1 kim sot ng a ch/d liu vo ra card. Vic la chn
chip v truyn d liu qua U1 c thc hin bi cc IC U1 trn card vi x l.

 IC U8 thc hin li ng dy, nhn tn hiu ng vo l cc trng thi ca b ngun cp

in chnh ca my pht chnh v my pht d phng trong i VOR, truyn n ng ra
khi c la chn, a ln bus a ch/ d liu i n card x l trung tm c phn

tch v x l.
IC flip-flop cht U9 nhn d liu t bus a ch/ d liu cp tn hiu iu khin cho
bng mch ch th bng n LED trn mt trc ca thit b VOR.
XII. Card giao tip ni tip:
Card giao tip ni tip bo m vic thc hin lin lc gia card x l trung tm ca h
thng RMS v cc thit b khc bn trong v bn ngoi t thit b VOR, gm card to tn
hiu m tn my pht 2/ card monitor 2, mn hnh u cui, thit b DME #1 v DME
#2.
Tr
on
g

card giao tip ni tip c nhiu mch thc hin cng vic ging nhau v c nguyn l
hot ng nh nhau. Mi mch lin lc nh vy bao gm mt phn t iu khin lin lc
ni tip ( SCC- Serial Communicaton Control ), trong c 2 knh ging ht nhau. Mi
knh u c th hot ng c lp vi nhau.
IC U1 thc hin m bus a ch/ d liu hai chiu 8 bit cho SCC U5A. Chiu truyn d
liu ph thuc vo mc logic ca tn hiu nh hng. Mc logic cao ca tn hiu nh
hng s truyn d liu t bus a ch/ d liu n SCC, mc logic thp ca tn hiu nh
hng thc hin truyn d liu t SCC ln bus a ch/ d liu.
IC U2 x l cc tn hiu iu khin gi n SCC. U3 l IC gii m a ch, thc hin gii
m d liu a ch t bus a ch to ra cc tn hiu chn bus cho SCC. SCC cng to

ra 1 tn hiu ngt gi n card x l trung tm thng bo yu cu truyn d liu.

Cc IC U9B v U8B thc hin chuyn i t mc logic TLL sang mc tn hiu RS-232
v ngc li trao i d liu trn ng bus.
XIII. Card to tn hiu kim tra:
Nhim v c bn th nht ca card to tn hiu kim tra l to tn hiu chun cung cp
cho cc card monitor ca h thng CVOR khi mi m in hoc khi c lnh yu cu
kim tra t card x l trung tm.
Nhim v th 2 l p ng nhu cu ca ngi s dng, to ra cc tn hiu kim tra gi
n card monitor thc hin kim tra ton b h thng.
XIV.
Card

Modem.
Card Modem thc hin vic lin lc vi 1 v tr t xa thng qua vic quay s. Phn mm
iu hnh h thng la chn modem quay s theo card theo mc nh khi hot ng.

n hiu a vo card modem thng qua v mch lng my. IC EPLD U2 hot ng vi
chc nng ca giao tip bus hai chiu v gii m vo ra.
Vic lp trnh cho U2 c thc hin ti nh my qua u ni J3. U2 cng kim sot vic
truy cp ng bus d liu n IC SCC U1, cc tn hiu vo/ ra, ghi / c, v cho php
la chn s dng hoc modem trn card hoc modem lp ngoi h thng.
XV. Khi giao tip RCSU ( ty chn ):
Khi giao tip RSCU, ch yu l card giao tip, thc hin vic giao tip gia h thng
i VOR v h thng iu khin -thng bo trng thi t xa RSCU, nhm mc ch cung
cp d liu v trng thi ca h thng VOR n RSCU v nhn cc tn hiu iu khin t
RSCU gi n h thng VOR.
Cc tn hiu trng thi ca i VOR, b m nh phn v b to chun thi gian c
a n mch m ha/ pht tone gm IC PAL U14 v IC to DTMF U13.
XVI. Card ngun in p thp:
Card
ngun

in p thp trong i CVOR bao gm 3 card, c cu to hot ng ging ht nhau v c

th thay i ln nhau khi cn thit.
Ba card ngun in p thp c nh danh ln lt l 1A14, 1A15 v 1A16. Cc card
ngun in p thp ny u c b tr nm ti hc cm cc card trong h thng RMS.
XVII. Khi jack cm:
Khi jack cm nhm cung cp kh nng gi hoc nhn tn hiu m tn i/ n i VOR.
Jack J1 dng cm mi-cro khi cn pht mt tn hiu thoi i t i VOR.
Jack J2 dng cm tai nghe gim st tn hiu m tn do card monitor cung cp.
XVIII. Khi bng mch hin th:
Khi bng mch hin th nm trn cng ca t thit b VOR, gm 2 card ch th hin
th thng tin v trng thi ca cc card monitor trong h thng.
Hai card ch th s x l cc tn hiu trng thi ca cc monitor t card facilities cung cp
n. Trn card ch th l 3 transistor li v 3 n LED bo tnh trng ca monitor.
XIX. B qut mt:
H thng qut mt bo m lung gi lm mt cho cc khi khuch i cng sut trong
i VOR. H thng s dng 2 qut loi khng dng chi qut c tin cy cao m
bo n nh.
H thng VOR khng gim st lung kh thi, cng nh khng gim st dng in ca
cc qut lm mt ny.
XX. Khi tch sng trng:
Khi tch sng trng thc hin vic tch sng tn hiu do i VOR bc x ra khng
gian. Do anten gim st trng thu nhn c. Khi tch sng trng c thit k c
th hot ng vi c i CVOR v DVOR.

XXI. Card Monitor:

Cc card monitor trong i CVOR hot ng c lp vi thit b pht, c thit k
gim st tn hiu bc x ca i CVOR v bo ng nu nh cc thng s gim st c
vt khi cc gii hn t trc.

XXII. Bng cng tc iu khin ngun:

Bng cng tc iu khin ngun nm pha trc, bn di cu t my thit b. Trn bng
ny lp t cc cng tc bt tt ngun xoay chiu v 1 chiu cho c hai h thng.
in p ngun xoay chiu a vo t thit b ti cc im u mch tng ng, sau
a n cu giao ngt mch t ng 1CB1 cp in xoay chiu cho b ngun ca my
pht 1 v cu giao ngt t ng 1CB2 cp in xoay chiu cho b ngun ca my pht 2.
XXIII. B ngun cp in chnh:

 Phn bn di ca t thit b VOR, bn trong bng mch iu khin ngun l ni lp t

2 b ngun cp in chnh cho 2 my pht VOR.
Cc b phn ny c thit k theo kiu hot ng vi cc module bit lp nhau.
23.1
Khi
mch
chnh:
Vi

mch khi mch chnh bao gm cc phn chnh lu mch xoay chiu, lc, chng nhiu
in t, cung cp phn cc v ng b, mt tuyn bus 300VDC cch ly, qut mt, cung
cp trng thi v iu khin h thng.
23.2 Khi UPS:
Khi UPS cung cp 1 cng sut ln n 1000W np cho cc bnh c quy. Khi ny
gm mch chuyn i t 400VDC sang 300VDC, mch chuyn i t 300VDC sang
48VDC np cho c quy v mch iu khin.
Vic chuyn i hot ng t ngun xoay chiu sang ngun 1 chiu xoay chiu hon
ton t ng v khng c thi gian ngng hot ng.
23.3 Khi 48VDC:
Khi ngun ny cung cp in p ra 48VDC, 16 am-pe cho khi khuch i cng sut
ca i VOR.
23.4 Khi 28VDC:
Khi ngun 28VDC cung cp in p 28VDC cho cc thit b trong i VOR, dng cp
l 8,6 am-pe. Cc ni nhn in p 28VDC gm c: khi to bin tn, card ngun in

p thp, khi gim st cao tn v h thng qut mt cho khi cng sut.
XXIV. Anten gim st trng:
Anten gim st trng dng thu nhn tn hiu bc x ra t h thng anten pht ca i
VOR gim st hot ng ca i.
Anten gim st trng l thnh phn trong h thng kim tra mt t ca i VOR.
Anten gim st trng c lp t trn 1 tr , ti cnh ca mt phn x ca i
VOR.
Tn hiu cao tn thu nhn c t anten gim st trng c a qua 1 b chia tn hiu,
chia tn hiu cao tn thnh 2 ng ra c phi hp tr khng. Hai ng ra ny a tn hiu v
cung cp ng thi cho 2 b tch sng trng.
V tr phng v l tng lp t anten gim st trng l tia radial chun ca i. V
tr k n l ti cc hng gc ng Ty Nam Bc ( 0 0, 900, 1800, 2700 ) hoc ti cc
im null ( 450, 1350, 2250, 3150) hoc ti bt k tia gc no nu mun.