Pi 2

Pi
Notations
Traditional name
Traditional notation
Mathematica StandardForm notation

Pi
Primary definition
H-1Lk
02.03.02.0001.01
k=0
2k+1
Specific values
02.03.03.0001.01
3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510582097494459230781640628620899862803482534
Above approximate numerical value of shows 90 decimal digits.
General characteristics
The pi is a constant. It is irrational and transcendental over Q positive real number.
Series representations
Generalized power series
Expansions for
k=0
02.03.06.0001.01
16
2r+1
8k+5
2r+1
8k+6
8r+4
8k+1
r
8k+7
8r
8k+2
4r
8k+3
8r+2
8k+4
; r N+
http://functions.wolfram.com
02.03.06.0002.01
2 logH2L + 4
k=0
H-1L
1
k+1
k+1
2
H-1Lk
02.03.06.0003.01
k=0
2k+1
02.03.06.0004.01
1
2k+1
k=0
H-1L
f v
H-1Lk
02.03.06.0005.01
16
k=0
H-1Lk
-4
H2 k + 1L 52 k+1
H-1Lk
H2 k + 1L 2392 k+1
k=0
02.03.06.0006.01
k=0
- logH2L
3k+1
H-1Lk
02.03.06.0007.01
k=0
2N
- 2 logI1 +
4k+1
H-1Lk
4k
4k+2
02.03.06.0008.01
k=0
4k+3
4k+1
02.03.06.0009.01
1
k
k=1
285
2 H2 k + 1L
667
32 H4 k + 1L
H-1Lk
8k
6k+3
5103
16 H4 k + 3L
02.03.06.0010.01
1
2
k=0
1
6k+5
4
6k+1
02.03.06.0011.01
1+
8k+1
1
8k+7
02.03.06.0012.01
k=0
k=0
1
16k
2
8k+4
H2 k - 1L!!
02.03.06.0013.01
k=0
H2 k + 1L H2 kL!!
1
8k+5
1
8k+6
4
8k+1
35 625
32 H4 k + 5L
238
k+1
02.03.06.0014.01
5
4
1
2k
F2 k+1 16-k
k 2k+1
k=0
H-1Lk 22 k+3 F2 k+1
02.03.06.0015.01
H2 k + 1L J 5 + 3N
2 k+1
k=0
H-1Lk F22 k+1
02.03.06.0016.01
20
k=0
H2 k + 1L I 10 + 3N
2 k+1
02.03.06.0017.01
5
k=0
2 I2 -
H-1Lk
12
16 I2 -
2k+1
02.03.06.0018.01
4 tan-1
k=1
1
F2 k+1
I3k - 1M Hk + 1L
02.03.06.0019.01
4k
k=1
02.03.06.0044.01
-3
3 +
9
2
k=1
2k
k
02.03.06.0045.01
18
27
10
k2
k=1
2k
k
02.03.06.0046.01
135
37
81
74
k3
k=1
2k
k
02.03.06.0047.01
432
119
81
238
k4
k=1
2k
k
2 k+1
3N
3 N+1 +
F2 k+1
5
02.03.06.0048.01
243
67
81
938
k5
k=1
2k
k
02.03.06.0049.01
23 814
243
13 130
6565
k6
k=1
2k
k
k7
k=1
2k
k
02.03.06.0050.01
42 795
11 797
81
23 594
02.03.06.0051.01
2 355 156
649 231
729
1 298 462
k8
k=1
2k
k
02.03.06.0052.01
48 314 475
13 318 583
2187
26 637 166
k9
k=1
2k
k
02.03.06.0053.01
365 306 274
100 701 965
2187
201 403 930
k10
k=1
2k
k
02.03.06.0054.01
99 760 005
6561
27 500 287
5 005 052 234
k11
k=1
2k
k
02.03.06.0055.01
245 273 327 208
67 613 135 957
19 683
135 226 271 914
02.03.06.0056.01
4 -2
k!
k
k=0 j=0 H2
j + 3L
Candido Otero Ramos (2007)

Expansions for 1
H4 kL! H26 390 k + 1103L
02.03.06.0020.01
9801
k=0
k ! 3964 k
k12
k=1
2k
k
02.03.06.0021.01
42 k + 5 2 k
k
212 k+4
k=0
H-1Lk H6 kL! H545 140 134 k + 13 591 409L
02.03.06.0022.01
12
k ! H3 kL! I640 3203 M
k+
k=0
1
2
The above Chudnovsky`s formula is used for the numerical computation of in Mathematica.
Expansions for 2
02.03.06.0023.01
2 6
k=1
k2
02.03.06.0024.01
2 8
k=0
H2 k + 1L
H-1Lk-1
02.03.06.0025.01
2 12
k2
k=1
02.03.06.0026.01
2 18
k=1
k!
k2 H2 kL!
H2 kL!!
02.03.06.0027.01
2 36
k=0
k=1
H2 k + 1L!! 22 k+2 Hk + 1L
02.03.06.0028.01
1
k
45
2 H2 k + 1L
384
k+2
1215
2 H2 k + 3L
12
k+1
02.03.06.0029.01
2 18
k=0
2 H6 k + 2L
Expansions for 3
H-1Lk+1
02.03.06.0030.01
3 32
k=1
H2 k - 1L
2 H6 k + 3L
8 H6 k + 4L
16 H6 k + 5L
H6 k + 1L
64-k
H-1Lk
02.03.06.0057.01
1
16
H4 k + 2L
H-1Lk
192
H12 k + 2L
64k
k=0
1024
k=0
H12 k + 7L
H4 k + 3L
H12 k + 3L
H12 k + 9L
H4 k + 1L
88
11
32
H12 k + 5L
12
H12 k + 10L
84
H12 k + 6L
1
H12 k + 11L
32
H12 k + 1L
G.Huvent (2006)
Expansions for 4
02.03.06.0031.01
4 90
k=1
k4
02.03.06.0032.01
4 96
H2 k + 1L
k=0
02.03.06.0058.01
27
164
k=0
38 912
H24 k + 2L
212 k
2432
H24 k + 10L
1280
H24 k + 15L
H24 k + 20L
G.Huvent (2006)
02.03.06.0059.01
3240
17
k=1
1
2k
k
k4
Expansions for 6
02.03.06.0033.01
6 945
k=1
k6
02.03.06.0034.01
6 960
k=0
H2 k + 1L
81 920
H24 k + 3L
64
H24 k + 11L
1728
H24 k + 16L
160
H24 k + 21L
2048
H24 k + 4L
3584
H24 k + 12L
H24 k + 17L
38
H24 k + 22L
512
H24 k + 5L
32
H24 k + 13L
368
H24 k + 18L
1
H24 k + 23L
H24 k + 6L
608
H24 k + 14L
H24 k + 19L
2048
H24 k + 1L
256
H24 k + 7L
23 552
27 648
H24 k + 8L
10 240
H24 k + 9L
Expansions for 2 n
H-1Ln-1 H2 nL!
02.03.06.0035.01
2 n
2 n-1
B2 n
k=1
k2 n
H-1Ln 21-2 n H2 nL!

02.03.06.0060.01
2 n
B2 n J 2 N
1
; n N+
H-1Lk-1
k=1
H-1Ln-1 2 H2 nL!
k2 n
02.03.06.0036.01
2 n
H4 - 1L B2 n
n
k=0
H2 k + 1L
2n
; n N+
; n N+
Expansions for 2 n-1

H-1Ln-1 22 n H2 n - 2L!
02.03.06.0061.01
2 n-1
E2 n-2
k=0
H-1Lk
H2 k + 1L
2 n-1
; n N+
Exponential Fourier series

02.03.06.0042.01
x +2
k=1
sinHk xL
k
; x R x > 0
H-1Lk cosHH2 k + 1L xL
02.03.06.0043.01
2k+1
k=0
; x R
02.03.06.0062.01
4 -2
k=0
k!
k
j=0 H2 j + 3L

f Hn - 1L
02.03.06.0063.01
lim 2n+2 f HnL ; f H0L 1 f HnL

n
1+
1 + f Hn - 1L
Other series representations

02.03.06.0040.01
2 n H2 n + 1L!
k1 =1
2
n
kn =1 j=1 I
l=1 kl M
Integral representations
; n N+
n N+
On the real axis

Of the direct function
02.03.07.0001.01
t2 + 1
02.03.07.0002.01
1 - t2 t
02.03.07.0003.01
1 - t2
02.03.07.0004.01
sinHtL
sin2 HtL
02.03.07.0005.01
t2
sin3 HtL
02.03.07.0006.01
8
3
t3
sin4 HtL
02.03.07.0007.01
t4
sin5 HtL
02.03.07.0008.01
384
115
t5
sin6 HtL
02.03.07.0009.01
40
11
t6
02.03.07.0010.01
2
n
sinn HtL
tn
t n
n-1
2
H-1Lk Hn - 2 kL
k=0
k ! Hn - kL!
Involving the direct function

02.03.07.0011.01
-t t
2
Gaussian probability density integral
n-1
; n N+
02.03.07.0012.01
sinIt2 M t
Fresnel integral
02.03.07.0013.01
cosIt2 M t
Fresnel integral
02.03.07.0014.01
2 log 2
1
02.03.07.0015.01
log 2 J t N
1
Involving related functions

02.03.07.0016.01
cosHtL
t2 + 1
Product representations
02.03.08.0001.01
k=1
4 k2
H2 k - 1L H2 k + 1L
4f
k+1
v
2
02.03.08.0002.01
4
2
k=1
2k+1
02.03.08.0003.01
2 sec
k=2
2k
02.03.08.0004.01
3 sec
k=0
12 2k
02.03.08.0008.01
2 1 +
k=1
H-1Lk+1 k
02.03.08.0009.01
k
2 H-1L k
k=2 J1 + k N
10
02.03.08.0005.01
k=1
p2k
; pk P
02.03.08.0006.01
2+
2+
2+
2
2+
02.03.08.0007.01
lim
n
k=1
NestA 2 + 1 &, 0, kE
Limit representations
02.03.09.0001.01
lim 24 n n
2n
n
02.03.09.0002.01
lim
4
n2
n2 - k2
k=0
02.03.09.0003.01
f n v
4 lim
n
n - k2
n
k=1
02.03.09.0004.01
4
lim
24 n+1 n!
H2 n + 1L H2 nL!
2 H2 nL!!
02.03.09.0006.01
2
lim
H2 n + 1L H2 n - 1L!!
02.03.09.0012.01
lim H-1Ln 22-2 n H-1Lk
4n
H2 k+1 ; n n
2k+1
2n
k=0
n! Hn + 1L2 n
02.03.09.0013.01
2 +n
lim
2 +3 n+1
2 n2 n
Pete Koupriyanov
02.03.09.0007.01
16 lim Hn + 1L
n
k=1
k2
H2 k + 1L
2+
2
2+
11
02.03.09.0014.01
lim
logI nk=1 Fk M
; n N
logHlcmHF1 , F2 , , Fn LL
02.03.09.0008.01
cotHk L logHcosHk LL ; R
n
-12 lim
k=1
02.03.09.0009.01
lim n sgnHcosHk LL,-sgnHcosHHk+1L LL

n
; 0
k=0
02.03.09.0010.01
2 a2k
lim
ak
sk
1
2
Hak-1 + bk-1 L bk
ak-1 bk-1 sk sk-1 - 2k ck ck a2k - b2k a0 1 b0
s0
1
2
02.03.09.0011.01
lim
1
n
n+1 I
n+1
+ 1M n - 2
2 n+3
n+1 I2n+1
+ n+1 + 1M n+1
1-
1 - 4n
1+
1 - 4n
0 6 - 4
2 0
2 -1
02.03.09.0015.01
lim
2n+1
bn
2 - b1
2 + bn-1
2 + bn-2
2 + + b2
2 + sin
b1
4
bn 1 bn-1 -1 Hbk 1 2 k n - 2 k NL b1 R -2 b1 2
L. D. Servi: Nested Square Roots of 2 American Mathematical Monthly 110, 326-329 (2003)
02.03.09.0016.01
lim AHnL ; AH0L 4 BH0L

n
AHnL
2 AHn - 1L BHn - 1L
Continued fraction representations
BHn - 1L + 1
BHnL
1
2
HBHn - 1L + 1L n N+
12
02.03.10.0001.01
3 + 1 7 + 1 15 + 1 1 + 1 292 +
1
1
1+
1+
1+
2+
1+
3+
1+
14 +
2+
1+
1+
02.03.10.0002.01
3+
6+
25
6+
49
6+
81
6+
6+
3 + Kk IH2 k - 1L , 6M1
02.03.10.0003.01
2
121
6+
1
2+
13
02.03.10.0004.01
1-
3-
1-
20
3-
12
1-
42
3-
30
1-
3-
02.03.10.0005.01
1-
3 + Kk I-Ik - H-1Lk M Ik - H-1Lk + 1M, 2 + H-1Lk M1
02.03.10.0006.01
1+
3+
5+
16
7+
25
9+
11 +
36
13 +
02.03.10.0007.01
1 + Kk Ik2 , 2 k + 1M1
02.03.10.0008.01
1+
2+
25
2+
49
2+
81
2+
2+
121
2+
02.03.10.0009.01
1 + Kk IH2 k - 1L , 2M1
02.03.10.0010.01
12
2
1+
16
3+
81
5+
256
7+
625
9+
11 +
1296
13 +
14
02.03.10.0011.01
12
2
1 + Kk Ik4 , 2 k + 1M1
02.03.10.0012.01
6
2 - 6
1+
1+
1+
1+
1+
1+
12
1+
02.03.10.0013.01
6
2 - 6
1 + Kk
k+1
2
k+2
2
,1
1
Complex characteristics
Real part
02.03.19.0001.01
ReHL
Imaginary part
02.03.19.0002.01
ImHL 0
Absolute value

02.03.19.0003.01
Argument
02.03.19.0004.01
argHL 0
Conjugate value
02.03.19.0005.01
Signum value
02.03.19.0006.01
sgnHL 1
Differentiation
Low-order differentiation
02.03.20.0001.01
Fractional integro-differentiation
02.03.20.0002.01
z-
GH1 - L
Integration
Indefinite integration
02.03.21.0001.01
z z
02.03.21.0002.01
-1
z z
Integral transforms
Fourier exp transforms
Ft @D HzL
02.03.22.0001.01
2 32 HzL
Inverse Fourier exp transforms

Ft-1 @D HzL
02.03.22.0002.01
2 32 HzL
Fourier cos transforms

02.03.22.0003.01
Fct @D HzL
32
HzL
Fourier sin transforms

02.03.22.0004.01
Fst @D HzL
2
z
Laplace transforms
15
16
02.03.22.0005.01
Lt @D HzL
Inverse Laplace transforms

L-1
t @D HzL HzL
02.03.22.0006.01
Representations through more general functions

Through Meijer G
02.03.26.0014.01
1,0
1,1
G0,1 Hz 0L + G1,2 z
1
1, 0
Through other functions

02.03.26.0001.01
4 4 tan-1
- tan-1
239
5
02.03.26.0008.01
4 tan-1
1
2
+ 4 tan-1
1
3
02.03.26.0009.01
8 tan-1
1
3
+ 4 tan-1
1
7
02.03.26.0010.01
4 tan-1
1
2
+ 4 tan-1
+ 4 tan-1
1
8
02.03.26.0013.01
4 6 tan-1
1
8
+ 2 tan-1
+ tan-1
57
1
239
Jeff Reid
02.03.26.0015.01
4 tan-1
1
3
+ tan-1
1
4
+ tan-1
+ tan-1
1
47
Adam Bui (2007)

02.03.26.0016.01
4 tan-1
1
3
+ tan-1
Adam Bui (2007)
1
4
+ tan-1
1
7
+ tan-1
1
13
17
02.03.26.0017.01
4 cot-1 HaL + 2 tan-1
a-1
a+
a2
a
a+
-2
a+
a
a-
a
+2
; a2 1
a2 +1 +1
a
a-
-1
Adam Bui &O.I. Marichev (2007)

02.03.26.0002.01
88 tan-1
+ 8 tan-1
28
- 20 tan-1
443
1
1393
- 40 tan-1
11 018
02.03.26.0011.01
48 tan-1
+ 12 tan-1
18
+ 20 tan-1
70
1
99
+ 32 tan-1
1
307
02.03.26.0012.01
640 tan-1
200
1
64 tan-1
- 4 tan-1
+ tan-1
- 16 tan-1
q- p
p+q
- 32 tan-1
515
1
- 128 tan-1
62 575
02.03.26.0003.01
239
- 64 tan-1
50 105
4 tan-1
1
4030
- 320 tan-1
500 150
; p N+ q N+
02.03.26.0004.01
2 KH0L
02.03.26.0005.01
2 EH0L
02.03.26.0006.01
6 Li2 H1L
02.03.26.0007.01
1
2
Representations through equivalent functions

02.03.27.0001.01
180
02.03.27.0002.01
- logH-1L
02.03.27.0003.01
2 log
1-
1+
02.03.27.0004.01
-1
1
4 000 300
18
identity due to L. Euler

02.03.27.0005.01
2
k H-1Lk ; k Z
02.03.27.0006.01
02.03.27.0007.01
-
02.03.27.0008.01
k ; k Z
Inequalities
02.03.29.0001.01
3+
10
71
<<3+
1
7
B.C. Archimedes
02.03.29.0002.01
q
p
>
q14.65
; p N+ q N+
02.03.29.0003.01
Theorems
Volume of an n-dimensional sphere
Volume Vn of an n-dimensional sphere of radius r:
V2 k
k
k!
V2 k+1
r2 k ;
k 22 k+1 k !
H2 k + 1L!
r2 k+1 .
For instance, the area of a circle with radius r is r2 and the volume of a sphere with radius r is
Above general formulas can be joined into one Vn
n2
GJ
n+2
2
4
3
r3 .
rn .
Surface area of an n-dimensional sphere

Surface area Sn of n-dimensional sphere of radius r:
S2 k
2 k
Hk - 1L!
r2 k-1 ;
S2 k+1
k 22 k+1 k !
H2 kL!
r2 k .
For instance, the circumference of circle with radius r is 2 r, and the surface area of a sphere with radius r is 4 r2 .
19
2 n2
GI M
Above general formulas can be joined into one Sn
rn-1 .
n
2
Volume of an n-dimensional cylinder ??

Volume
Vn
of
an
n-dimensional
cylinder
of
radius
and
height
and
height
h
V2 k
For
k
k!
V2 k+1
r2 k h;
instance,
the
volume
of
k 22 k+1 k !
H2 k + 1L!
r2 k+1 h.
cylinder
with
radius
4
3
is
r3
h.
n-1
n GJ
n+1
2
rn-1 h.
Surface area of an n-dimensional cylinder ??

Surface
area
Sn
of
n-dimensional
cone
of
and
height
h
S2 k
For
2 k
k!
2 k-1
instance,
Hh k + rL;
the
S2 k+1
volume
of
r2 k HhH2 k + 1L + 2 rL .
22 k+1 k k !
H2 k + 1L!
cylinder
with
radius
1
3
is
h
For
radius
instance,
the
surface
area
of
cylinder
r2
with
and
height
h.
radius
is r r +
and
height
h2 + r2 .
n-1
GJ
n+1
2
r+
h2 + r2 rn-2 .
Volume of an n-dimensional cone

Volume
h
V2 k
For
h
Vn
of
an
22 k-1 k-1 Hk - 1L!

H2 kL!
instance,
the
n-dimensional
cone
of
radius
and
height
:
V2 k+1
r2 k-1 h;
volume
of
cone
with
H2 k + 1L k !
radius
is
1
3
r2
h.
r2 k h.
and
height
20
n-1
n GJ
n+1
2
rn-1 h.
Surface area of an n-dimensional cone

Surface
area
Sn
of
n-dimensional
cone
of
S2 k
4k k-1 k !
k r +
H2 kL!
r+
h +r
instance,
the
volume
2 k-2
and
height
of
cone
with
the
surface
area
of
cone
1
3
r2
with
and
height
h.
radius
is r r +
r2 k-1 .
k!
radius
is
instance,
h2 + r2
S2 k+1
h
For
For
radius
and
height
h2 + r2 .
n-1
GJ
n+1
2
r+
h2 + r2 rn-2 .
Probability of two random integers being relatively prime

The probability that two integers picked at random are relatively prime is
6
2
History
The design of Egyptian pyramids (c. 3000 BC) incorporated as 3 + 1 7 H ~ 3.142857L;
Egyptians (Rhind Papyrus, c. 2000 BC) gave as H16 9L2 ~ 3.16045

China (c. 1200 BC) gave as 3
The Biblical verse I Kings 7:23 (c. 950 BC) gave as 30 10 3.0
Archimedes (Greece, c. 240 BC) knew that 3 + 10 71 < < 3 + 1 7 and gave as 3.1418
W. Jones (1706) introduced the symbol
C. Goldbach (1742) also used the symbol
J. H. Lambert (1761) established that is an irrational number
F. Lindemann (1882) proved that is transcendental
The constant is the most frequently encountered classical constant in mathematics and the natural sciences.
Copyright
This document was downloaded from functions.wolfram.com, a comprehensive online compendium of formulas
involving the special functions of mathematics. For a key to the notations used here, see
http://functions.wolfram.com/Notations/.
Please cite this document by referring to the functions.wolfram.com page from which it was downloaded, for
example:
http://functions.wolfram.com/Constants/E/
To refer to a particular formula, cite functions.wolfram.com followed by the citation number.
e.g.: http://functions.wolfram.com/01.03.03.0001.01
This document is currently in a preliminary form. If you have comments or suggestions, please email
comments@functions.wolfram.com.
2001-2008, Wolfram Research, Inc.
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Pi

Mathematica StandardForm notation

Above approximate numerical value of shows 90 decimal digits.

H-1Lk 22 k+3 F2 k+1

H-1Lk F22 k+1

365 306 274

100 701 965

5 005 052 234

245 273 327 208

67 613 135 957

135 226 271 914

Candido Otero Ramos (2007)

H4 kL! H26 390 k + 1103L

H-1Lk H6 kL! H545 140 134 k + 13 591 409L

k ! H3 kL! I640 3203 M

H-1Ln 21-2 n H2 nL!

Expansions for 2 n-1

Exponential Fourier series

Candido Otero Ramos (2007)

lim 2n+2 f HnL ; f H0L 1 f HnL

Candido Otero Ramos (2007)

Other series representations

On the real axis

Involving the direct function

Gaussian probability density integral

Involving related functions

lim H-1Ln 22-2 n H-1Lk

lim n sgnHcosHk LL,-sgnHcosHHk+1L LL

ak-1 bk-1 sk sk-1 - 2k ck ck a2k - b2k a0 1 b0

lim AHnL ; AH0L 4 BH0L

Candido Otero Ramos (2007)

Continued fraction representations

3 + Kk I-Ik - H-1Lk M Ik - H-1Lk + 1M, 2 + H-1Lk M1

Inverse Fourier exp transforms

Fourier cos transforms

Fourier sin transforms

Inverse Laplace transforms

Representations through more general functions

Through other functions

Adam Bui (2007)

Adam Bui (2007)

4 cot-1 HaL + 2 tan-1

Adam Bui &O.I. Marichev (2007)

Representations through equivalent functions

identity due to L. Euler

Surface area of an n-dimensional sphere

Above general formulas can be joined into one Sn

Volume of an n-dimensional cylinder ??

Above general formulas can be joined into one Vn

Surface area of an n-dimensional cylinder ??

Above general formulas can be joined into one Sn

Volume of an n-dimensional cone

22 k-1 k-1 Hk - 1L!

Above general formulas can be joined into one Vn

Surface area of an n-dimensional cone

Above general formulas can be joined into one Sn

Probability of two random integers being relatively prime

The design of Egyptian pyramids (c. 3000 BC) incorporated as 3 + 1 7 H ~ 3.142857L;

Egyptians (Rhind Papyrus, c. 2000 BC) gave as H16 9L2 ~ 3.16045

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