General Chemistry

Lecture # 4: Periodic Table and Naming of Compounds

Prepared by: Engr. Norman Giovanni Molina Guevarra
Periodic Classification of the Elements
Periodic Table
Is the list of all the known elements arranged in order of increasing atomic number in horizontal
rows of such a length that, elements which are chemically alike fall directly beneath one another.
1. Dobereiners Triad (1817)
John Dobereiner grouped elements that exhibit very similar characteristics in three or triads. The
atomic weight of the second element was found to be the average of the first and third elements.
Calcium (40), Strontium (88) and barium (137), were the numbers of Dobereiners First Triad.
Dobereiners chart was not a comprehensive classification of the elements but it suggested that
the atomic weight could be used to correlate the properties of true elements.
2. Newlands Table (1864)
John Newlands developed a periodic table in which the elements were arranged in order of
increasing atomic weight. He also proposed that any given element is similar to the eighth
element following it. Newlands, therefore arranged the elements at intervals of eight, similar
to the octave of the musical scale. This was referred to as Newlands Law of Octave.
3. Mendeleevs Table (1869)
Dimitri Mendeleev, a Russian Chemist, discovered that the atomic weights of the elements
are related to the periodic variation in their properties. Hence, he arranged the elements in
order of increasing atomic weights providing intervals or period with were not always of the
same length.
4. Meyers table (1870)
Un aware of Mendeleevs study Julius Meyer has also been working on his Periodic Table that
consists 56 elements.
5. Moseleys Table (1894)
The early periodic tables were arranged according to increasingly atomic weight and this
misspelled several elements such as Ar and K, Co and N and Fe and I in the periodic table is
now related to the atomic number.
Uses of Periodic Table
1. Aid to remember and understand chemical data
atomic number
1
symbol of element
1.0097H
atomic weight
2. As guide in chemical prediction and theory
Periodic Table of Elements
Group
Period

=
=

Vertical
Horizontal

I - VII
1-7

Subgroup of Family
A. Families
Representative or main group elements
B. Families
Found at the center of the periodic table
Color
Indicates the states of matter
Black =
solid
Red
=
gas
Blue =
liquid
Group I III =

metals

Group IV
=
Group V- VII =
Group VIII
=
Family
IA
IIA
IIIA
IVA
VA
VIA
VIIA
VIIIA

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

borderlines (metalloids)
nonmetals
inert gases or noble gas

alkali metals
alkaline earth metals
Boron Family
Carbon
Nitrogen Family
Oxygen Family
Halogens
Inert gases or Noble Gases

Transition Elements: B Families

Found at the center of periodic table
Inner Transition elements
F sublevel
Is the process of being filled up

Rules in Naming of Compounds

I.
Binary Compound
Are those which are composed of two elements only
A. Compounds of two non metal
1. The name of the less electronegative elements is written first
2. The second term consists of Greek prefix that indicate the number of atoms of the second
element. The root of the name of the second element ending ide
Example: P2O5
Phosphorus Pentoxide
B. Acids
Compounds where one element is hydrogen and the other element is non metal
1. The first term consists of the prefix hydro the root word of the name of the non metal
and the suffix ic
2. The second term is the word acid
Example: HCl
Hydrochloric Acid
C. Salts
Compounds which consists of a metal and nonmetal
1. The first term is the name of the metal. The second term consist of the root of the name
of non metal with the suffix ide
Example: KBr
Potassium Bromide
2. When the metal is of variable valence either of two system is used.
a. Classical Method
This uses the suffixes ous to indicate the lower valence and ic to indicate the higher
valence. The root of the Latin name of the metal is used.
Example: FeCl2
Ferrous Chloride
Example: FeCl3
Ferric Chloride
b. To give the molecular formulas for compounds the symbol of the positive or radical
followed by the negative elements or radical are written together with their
respective valences. The algebraic sum of the total positive valence and the total
negative valence is equated to zero so that the compound is electronically neutral
1. When the positive and negative valence of the same value, the formula is correct
as it stands.

Some
1.
2.
3.

Example:
Na+
+
ClNaCl
+
Ba
+
S-2
BaS
2. When the positive valence and the negative valence are not of the same value,
the crisscross rules is applied so that the algebraic sum of the positive and
negative valence is equal to zero.
Example:
Ca+2 +
Cl-1
CaCl2
+2
Li
+
O-2
Li2O
3. When a radical in a formula is taken more than once, the symbol of the radical in
enclosed in parenthesis and the correct subscript is placed after the parenthesis.
Example:
Mg+2 +
PO-3
Mg3(PO4)2
4. Whenever the positive and negative valences are reducible to lowest terms, the
crisscross rule is applied and the subscript is reduced to the lowest positive ratio.
Example:
Pb+4
+
S-2
Pb2S4
PbS2
Compounds that contains more than two are named like binary compound.
Metallic Hydroxide
Example:
NaOH
Sodium Hydroxide
Ammonium Compounds of the type NH4X
Example:
NH4Cl
Ammonium Chloride
Cyanides
Example:
HCN
Hydrocyanic Acid

II.

Ternary Compounds
These are compounds which consists of three different type of elements, the third element is
oxygen
A. Ternary Acid
If there are two ternary acids that contain the same element, the suffix ic and ous
are used with the central element to distinguish them. The suffix ic is used to denote
the acid with the higher number of O atoms and the suffix ous for the one with the
lower number of O atoms
Example:
HNO3
Nitric Acid
HNO2
Nitrous Acid
B. If the same element forms more than two ternary acids the suffix ic is used to denote the
common acid. The suffix ous denote an acid containing one less oxygen. The prefix per
is used to denote two additional O atoms and the prefix hydro to denote two less O atoms.
Example:
HClO4 is Perchloric acid
HClO3 is Chloric acid
HClO2 is Chlorous acid
HClO is hypochlorous acid

2. Bases

These compounds are named as hydroxide for metals with variable oxidation state with
the classical and the stock method is used.
Example:
NaOH is Sodium Hydroxide
CuOH is Cupros Hydroxide or Copper I
Cu(OH)2 is Cupric Hydroxide or Copper II

3. Salts of Oxy Acids

An ous acid always forms an ite oxyanion or salts an ic always forms ate ion or
salt. The name of metal or cation is given first followed by the name of non-metallic
group or radical.

Example:
Na2SO4 is sodium Sulfate
Na2SO3 is Sodium Sulfite
Trends in the Periodic Table
1. Size
When electron is removed from the outermost shell, the size of the atom will decrease
Factors in the trend of size
a. Nuclear Charge
From left to right
Increasing atomic number decrease in size
Example:
Na11 -------> Cl17
b. Number of energy levels
The more the energy levels, the longer the radius the bigger the atoms.
From top to bottom
Increasing number of levels increase in size
Example:
smaller
Cl17
Bigger I53

2. Ionization Potential
Energy that is required to remove one or more electrons from a neutral atom.
Ionization
Process of losing or gaining an electron by an atom
From left to right of the periodic table, the general tendency is to increase the ionization
potential and to decrease its tendency to give up electron
From to bottom, decrease in ionization potential.
3. Electro negativity
Measure of the capacity of the atom to attract electron
Electron attracting power
The longer the atomic radius, the weaker the electron attracting power the lower the electro
negativity
From top to bottom (decrease in electro negativity
From left to right (increase in electro negativity.
4. Electron Affinity
Amount of energy released or exerted when atoms gain electron.
From top to bottom (decrease in electron affinity
From left to right increase in electron affinity.
5. Metallic Properties
From top to bottom, increasing metallic properties
From left to right, decreasing metallic properties.