ĐỒ ÁN TỐT NGHIỆP

n tt nghip
Mc lc
Li m u
Phn I: gii thiu chung
Chng I: Gii thiu v cng ngh lc bi
I.
Gii thiu chung
II.
ng dng c th ca cc thit b lc bi in
III. u, nhc im chung ca thit b lc bi in
IV. Nguyn l ca vic lm sch kh bng in
V.
Cu trc cc b phn chnh ca thit b lc bi in
VI. Nhng qu trnh chnh khi lm sch kh bng in
14
VII. Mc thu bi theo l thuyt
17
VIII. Cc nhn t nh hng trong thit b lc bi in thc t
17
IX. ng dng c th ca phng n i vi yu cu lc bi
21
Chng II: Rle thi gian
23
I.
Rle thi gian in t
24
II.
Rle thi gian kiu thy lc
29
III. Rle thi gian kiu ng h
30
IV. Rle thi gian kiu ng c
33
V.
37
Rle thi gian in t
VI. Rle thi gian dng vi mch 555
42
VII. Rle thi gian kiu mch s
46
Phn I: thit k b iu khin cho ng c

Chng I: Thit k ch to mch
48
49
I.
Cc yu cu
49
II.
Thnh lp s khi
50
Lng Vn Hc
http://www.ebook.edu.vn
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III. Khi to xung chun
50
IV. Khi chia tn
54
V.
62
Khi m thi gian mt yu cu
VI. Khi logic iu khin
74
VII. Khi ch th thi gian
76
VIII. B chuyn mch
79
Chng II: Thit k mch
82
I.
S nguyn l ton mch
82
II.
Cc linh kin
85
III. Kt lun
86
Ti liu tham kho
88
Lng Vn Hc
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Li m u
Nc ta ang trong qu trnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha t nc.
Trong cng nghip l mt ngnh c quan tm hng u nc ta.
Nh trong nhng nm gn y ngnh cng nghip c rt nhiu thnh tu
ng k. Cc nh my x nghip mc ln nh nm, cng vi l cc khu
lin hip, khu ch xut. Sn lng cng nghip khng ngng c tng ln,
cht lng hng ha ngy cng c nng cao, sn phm a dng nhiu
chng loi. l nh p dng khoa hoc k thut vo sn xut. Trong
ngnh in c vai tr rt quan trng.
L mt nc ang pht trin nn cc ngnh in t t ng c vai tr
rt quan trng trong nn cng nghip nc ta. N c ng dng trong tt c
cc nh my, x nghip u c iu khin mt cch t ng nh cc thit
b in t, nh my tnh.
Ngnh cng nghip pht trin khng ngng, dn dn p ng c
nhu cu ca con ngi v vt cht v tinh thn. Song song vi s pht trin
khng ngng ca cng nghip th mi trng sng ca chng ta ngy cng
b nhim nng n. Trong vn v bi cng nghip cng rt c
quan tm. Bi rt nguy him cho sc khe ca con ngi, c bit l bi
nh my than, nh my xi mng, nh my phn m Chnh v vy m
cc nh my u phi c h thng lc bi, m bo iu kin lm vic
ca cng nhn.
Trong cc h thng lc bi th lc bui tnh in c dng ch yu.
Trong b iu khin cho ng c rung g trng lc bi tnh in l mt
b phn khng th thiu trong h thng lc bui tnh in. B iu khin ny
s dng cc thit b in t.
Lng Vn Hc
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ti thit k gm c 2 phn:
Phn I: Gii thiu chung
Gm c hai chng :
Chng I : Gii thiu v cng ngh lc bi
Chng II: Rle thi gian
Phn II: Thit k b iu khin cho ng c
Gm c hai chng :
Chng I : S v nguyn l mch
Chng II: Thit k mch iu khin
Cng vi s c gng ca bn thn v c nhn s gip , ch bo tn
tnh ca ca cc thy gio trong b mn, c bit l s hng dn ca thy
gio Nguyn Quang Tuyn em hon thnh bn n tt nghip ny. Em
rt mong nhn c s gp , b sung ca cc thy c gio v cc bn
n ca em c hon thin hn.
Em xin gi ti thy gio Nguyn Quang Tuyn cng ton th cc thy
c gio trong b mn li cm n chn thnh nht.
Sinh vin
Lng Vn Hc
Lng Vn Hc
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Phn I
Gii thiu chung
Lng Vn Hc
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Chng I
Gii thiu v cng ngh lc bi

I. Gii thiu chung
Ngnh cng nghip nc ta ngy cng pht trin mnh. N dn p
ng c nhu cu ngy cng cao ca con ngi. Song song vi s pht trin
th mi trng sng ca chng ta ngy cng b nhim nng n. Mt
trong nhng nguyn nhn ln l do cht thi cng nghip. V th vic thit
k h thng lc bi l rt cn thit v khng th thiu khi xy dng nh
my, c bit l cc nh my xi mng, nh my phn m. H thng lc
bi s m bo c iu kin lm vic cho cng nhn. Nhng vn t
ra i vi cc nh my l chn h thng lc bi no cho ph hp vi tng
nh my c th. Cc phng php lc bi ch yu hin nay gm c:
1 - Lc bi ly tm.
2 - Lc bi m
3 - Lc bi tnh in
Vi s pht trin vt bc ca ngnh in c bit l t ng ho x
nghip, th phng php lc bi tnh in l phng php rt hiu qu i
vi cc nh my cng nghip c lng bi ln nh nh my xi mng, nh
my phn bn v.v
II. ng dng c th ca cc thit b lc bi in:

Thit b lc bi kim Y: (loi nm ngang c s dng rng ri trong
cc nh my luyn kim: cc l mactanh, l quay, l nung lmit, ni
hi. Thit b lc bi in loi ny thng lc c kh kh nhit cao.
V thit b loi ny thng c t sau h thng xicln lm sch bi
kh trong kh (trc khi vo thit b lc bi in).
Lng Vn Hc
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Thit b lc bi in m kiu ng tr mt vng: Thit b lc bi loi ny
cho thu hi bi tinh v khi bi lng th khng c hin tng bi qun theo kh
ra mi trng ngoi, ng thi in tr sut trong lp bi gim. Thit b loi
ny thng c t pha ngoi xng nn cn mi che thit b.
Thit b lc bi li in 2 vng: Thit b loi ny c hai vng in
trng ring bit, trong mt in trng tch in cho ht bi cn
in trng khc lng bi. Nh in trng thc hin tt hn vai tr
ca mnh. Thit b lc bi kiu ny ch yu lm sch khng kh c nhit
n 400C khi hm lng bi ban u 10mg/m3. Vi thit b lc bi ny
khi c p dng trong cng nghip th c th lm sch kh c hm lng
bi ban u ln.
III. u, nhc im chung ca thit b lc bi in
u im:
-
Hiu sut thu bi cao. Hiu sut thu bi t ti 99%. Chi ph nng
lng thp, ch cn 0,3 n 1,8 MJ cho 1000m3 kh thi.

-
C th thu c cc ht bi vi kch thc nh ti 0,1 m v nng
bi t vi gam n 50g/cm3.
-
Nhit ca kh c th t ti 5000C.
Thit b lc bi c th lm vic vi p sut chn khng hoc p sut cao.
C th iu khin v t ng ho hon ton.
Nhc im:
-
Do cc thit b c nhy cao nn khi c s saikhc nh gia gi tr
thc t ca cc thng s cng nghip v cc gi tr tinh ton thit k th

hiu qu thu bi cng gim st nhiu.
-
Nhng s c c hc d nh cng nh hng ti hiu qu thu bi.
Thit b lc bi in khng c ng dng lm sch kh c cha
cc cht d n, v trong thit b lc bi thng xut hin cc tia la in.
Lng Vn Hc
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IV. Nguyn l ca vic lm sch kh bng in:
Hnh 1.1
Hnh v bn trnh by cho ta nguyn l tch bi v lng bi trong thit
b lc bi in.
Kh thi cn lc bi c thi qua h thng hai in cc.
in cc ni t gi l in cc lng v bi c lng ch yu trn
cc ny.
in cc th 2 c gi l in cc qung sng. in cc ny c
cung cp dng in mt chiu c in th cao, do in th cao nn cng
in trng xung quanh c gi tr ln v gy ra s va p ion mnh lit.
Biu hin bn ngoi ca s ion ho khi mnh lit l nhn thy mt qung
sng bao ph qunh in cc ny.
S phng in qung sng xy ra st b mt in cc qung sng. S
phng in qung sng khng lan rng gia hai in cc m yu i v tt
dn theo phng ti in cc lng v i t in cc qung sng ti in cc
lng th cng in trng yu dn i (in trng gia hai in cc l
in trng khng u).
Lng Vn Hc
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Cc ion kh c to ra ch yu trong vng qung sng. Di tc ng
ca lc in trng cc ion s chuyn ng v pha cc in cc tri du vi
chng.
Cc ion dng chuyn dch v pha cc m (cc qung sng l cc
m).
Cc ion m chuyn dch v pha cc dng (cc dng l cc lng). S
chuyn dch dng cc ion v cc in cc to ra dng in. Dng in ny
c gi l dng in qung sng. Khi thi kh thi c cha bn qua khng
gian gia hai in cc th cc ion s bm dnh ln b mt ca cc ht bi v
cc ht bi tr nn mang in cc tri du vi in tch chng tnh c.
Khi ti cc in cc cc ht bi c lng li trn b mt in cc.
Lng bi c lng ch yu trn b mt cc in cc lng. Trn b mt
cc in cc qung sng cng c bi lng li, nhng lng bi ny nh,
khng ng k so vi lng bi lng li in cc lng. Theo mc tch
t bi trn b mt in cc ngi ta nh k rung lc in cc, hoc xi
nc ra in cc v thu ly bi.
V. Cu trc cc b phn chnh ca thit b lc bi in:
Ph thuc vo cc iu kin bo qun, thnh phn, nhit , p sut,
m ca khng kh, cc tnh cht vt l, ho hc ca bi, yu cu mc
lm sch v.v m cu to thit b lc bi c cc kiu khc nhau. Nhng
cu to ca chng u c nhng b phn cu trc c bn sau:
Lng Vn Hc
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Hnh 1.2
1. V thit b lc bi in:
Thng c dng hnh hp hoc hnh tr. V c ch to bng thp l,
b tng gch, cc tm ch hoc cc vt liu khc. Chn vt liu phi cn c
vo nhit ca kh thi v tnh n mn ho hc ca kh thi. Pha trong v
l h thng khung ca thit b. Pha di v l cc bunke cha bi. V phi
cu trc thun li cho vic lp t v sa cha thit b. Pha ngoi v c
bc cch nhit.
Lng Vn Hc
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2. C cu phn phi u kh vo thit b:
Vn phn b u kh trn mt ct ngang dng chy l mt yu cu
quan trng trong khi thit k v vn hnh thit b lc bi in. phn phi
kh ng u trn ton b tit din ct ngang dng chy v ngn chn dng
kh lt qua vng khng c tc dng thu bi, ngi ta lp t c cu phn
phi kh. C cu phn phi kh c t trc vng thu bi. C cu phn
phi kh l h thng li hoc tm c c l. Tng tit din ca cc l cho
kh i qua chim 35% - 45% tit din ca tm. Pha trc li l cc cnh
chnh hng dng kh. thun tin cho vic sa cha v vn hnh th mi
in trng s c mt bunke cha bi. Cu trc ca bunke c chn theo
tnh bm dnh ca bi. Tnh bm dnh ca bi thay i ng k theo thi
gian lu bi trong bunke. Sau mt thi gian lm vic lng bi bm dnh
ln do phi nh k tho bi khi bunke. Tuy nhin khi tho bunke
khng trnh c vic khng kh qua bunke vo thit b v lm gim hiu
sut lc bi. Tnh lu ng ca bi cn ph thuc vo nhit ca bi. Khi
nhit gim th m ca kh tng ln v bi tr nn dnh nht. bi
khng dnh kt v khng ng tng, ngi ta cch nhit cho cc bunke.
Trong mt s trng hp bunke cn c nung nng pha di. Khi bi
bm dnh cn c th b tr cc thanh rung trong bunke. Vic b tr ny cn
c tin hnh theo chu k. Ch rng: cc thanh rung cn c t ti
vng bi chuyn ng c hiu qu v my rung ch c php rung khi ca
thi bi ca bunke m, v nu bi khng chuyn ng c m my rung
c lm vic th bi s b nn cht.
3. in cc lng
Chng thng c dng ng tr trn c ng knh 200 300 mm,
chiu di t 3 5 m. i khi s dng cc ng su c tit din vung, su
cnh. Cc in cc lng l cc tm phng nhn i khi ch s dng trong
thit b lc t v nu dng trong cc thit b kh khi rung c hc tc bi
th kh trnh khi bi qun theo kh ra ngoi. Do ngi ta thng gn
thm vo in cc lng cc ti cha hoc mng cha bi.
Lng Vn Hc
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4. in cc qung sng
Phi c cu trc thch hp to ra s phng in qung sng u v
c cng ln. in cc qung sng phi bn c hc, phi cng vng,
chu c tc ng ca c cu rung lc, phi chng c s n mn v bn
nhit cao. Trong thit b thu bi c nng sut cao th tng chiu di cc
in cc qung sng trong mt thit b t ti vi kilomet, bi vy in cc
qung sng phi n gin v ch to v gi thnh thp. Ta c th phn in
cc qung sng thnh hai loi chnh:
-
Nhm 1: Cc in tc qung sng khng c cc im nh v phng
in trn in cc m s phng in phn b u theo chiu di in cc.

-
Nhm 2: Cc in cc qung sng c cc im phng in c nh
phn b dc theo chiu di ca in cc. Cc im phng in l cc mi

nhn, cc mu nhn phn b trn v mt ca in cc. Cc in cc trong
nhm 2 cho php ta c th tnh ton c qung sng theo mun tu
thuc s thay i s lng v bc b tr cc im phng in, n tu thuc
chiu cao ca cc mi kim phng in.
5. Thit b to in p cao
Hiu sut ca thit b lc bi ph thuc ch yu vo in p gia cc
in cc phng in tch in m v cc in cc gp ni t. Thng
thng hiu sut gn ti gi tr ti u (gi tr m trong thit b lc bi kiu
Rin lm sch kh cng nghip c hm lng bi ban u ln, khi lc
t c hiu sut cao cn phi xc nh sao cho khong cch gia cc
in cc khong 50 70 mm v hiu in th t vo gia cc in cc
khong 60 80 kV). Khi lm vic in p cn c gi ngay di gii hn
phng in nh thng. Gi tr ca in p phng in nh thng ph
thuc vo cc iu kin vt l v ho hc ca cc kh v mt bi. V
khng th o c in p nh thng tc thi, n ch c th c xc nh
bi s t ti phng in nh thng.
B iu khin in p cao lm tng in p lc bi ti s phng in
nh thng. Sau khi xy ra nh thng, in p b ngt trong mt thi gian
Lng Vn Hc
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ngn v in p ph thuc vo dy nh thng v vo mt nh thng
la chn.
Nu in p phng in nh thng nm trn in p c th t c
th s nh thng khng th xy ra.
6. Phn b in p cao
Mi trng hp c ring chuyn mch 3/5 im. Kho ny c th thao
tc t bn ngoi ro bo v ca bung in p cao. N dng ni thit b
pht in p cao vi trng no , hoc ni trng in no vi t.
7. Kho ni t
Tt c cc phn chu in p cao ca lc bi tnh in s lp tc c
ni t nh kho ni t, khi c nguy him v n. Khi kho ng tng ng
h thng phng in c ni t v khng c hiu ng vng quang
hoc cc h quang xy ra trong lc bi. Do ngn nga c s n ca
hn hp kh.
Nu thit b khng lm vic, kho ni t nm v tr ng v h
thng phng in l ni t.
8. Thit b ni t
Trc khi i vo bn trong b lc bi, tt c cc b phn chu in p
cao cn phi c ni t bng tay ngay ca kim tra. iu ny l rt
quan trng bo v ngi, chng li vic ng vo in p cao do sai lm
no .
Thit b ni t gm cp ni t, gy ni t, cc cht ni t cc
ca kim tra v cc cht ni t cc khung v cc in cc phng in.
9. H thng ci t c kh
Cc ca kim tra ca thit b lc bi c kho bi mt h thng ci
t c kh chng li s m khng c php. Chng ch c th c m
sau khi ct in p cao v cc phn chu in p cao c ni t. Ngc
li, in p cao khng th ng vo chng no vi ca kim tra cn m v
cc phn in p cao cn c ni t.
Lng Vn Hc
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VI. Nhng qu trnh chnh khi lm sch kh bng in
1. S tch in cho cc ht bi
Trong in trng gia hai in cc, cc ht bi c tch in l do
vic hp th cc ion ln b mt ht bi. Qu trnh tch in ca ht bi xy
ra ch yu bn ngoi vng qung sng. Cc ht bi vn c th tch in
thm khi m cc ion vn c th tip tc ht bm trn b mt thm ln b
mt ht bi. S ion ht bm cng nhiu th in tch ca ht bi cng tng
ln, c ngha l cng in trng gy ra do in tch c ca ht bi
tng ln. Cng in trng ny c hng ngc vi cng in
trng gia hai in cc. V vy tc chuyn ng ca ion tip theo ti
ht bi s gim i, ngha l gim tc tch in cho cc ht bi. Khi
cng in trng ca in tch ht bi c gi tr bng cng in
trng ngoi th tc chuyn ng ca cc ion ti ht bi s bng khng
c ngha l ht bi khng nhn thm cc ion na. Lc ny ta ni ht bi
t c in tch ti hn.
Vi ht bi c kch thc ln hn 1 m th in tch ti hn ca n t
l vi cng in trng v t l vi bnh thng bn knh ca ht bi.
qth = n.e = 0,19.10.10-9.r2.E (C)
qth
: in tch ti hn ca ht bi
: S lng in tch nguyn t ht bi tch c
: Bn knh ca ht bi
: Cng in trng
S tch in ca ht bi xy ra rt nhanh. i vi hu ht bi cng

nghip, trong nhng iu kin bnh thng th ch cn sau 1s ht bi tch
c lng in tch hn 90% in tch ti hn
2. S chuyn ng ca cc ht bi trong in trng
Trong khng gian gia in cc lng v in cc qung sng, mt ht
bi chu tc ng bi nhiu lc: lc in trng, trng lc ca bn thn ht
bi, lc cn ca mi cht, lc ca dng kh qun ht bi theo chiu dng
kh. Trong cc lc trn th lc in trng v lc cn ca mi cht l quan
Lng Vn Hc
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trng nht. Tng hp lc gy ra s chuyn ng ca ht bi v pha cc
in cc m ch yu l chuyn ng v pha cc in cc lng.
i vi nhng ht bi c ng knh ln hn 1 m th tc chuyn
ng ca ht v pha in cc lng t l vi kch thc ht bi v t l vi
bnh phng cng in trng.
10 11.E 2 .r
W=
(m/s)
i vi nhng ht bi c kch thc nh hn 1 m th tc chuyn

ng ca ht bi v pha in cc lng khng ph thuc vo kch thc ca
ht bi m ch ph thuc vo cng in trng.
0,17.10 11.E
(m/s)
W=
Cc k hiu trong cng thc:

E
: Cng in trng
: Bn knh ca ht bi
: H s nht ng lc ca kh iu kin thc t
3. S lng b trn b mt ca in cc lng

4. c tnh Volt Ampe ca qung sng
c tnh Volt Ampe l mt trong nhng ch tiu c bn ca thit b

lc bi in. Khi tng in p n in p no s xut hin s phng
in qung sng. Mc in p m gi tr bt u c s xut hin phng
in qung sng gi l in p ti hn.
c tnh Volt Ampe ca qung sng ph thuc ng k vo khong
cch gia cc in cc tri du, ph thuc vo hnh dng v kch thc ca
in cc qung sng. c tnh Volt Ampe cn ph thuc vo nhit , p
sut, m, tc v thnh phn ca kh. Trong thc t, in th cn
xut hin tng qung sng thng c gi tr ln. Qung sng s xut hin
khi cng in trng t ti gi tr ti hn. V d: p sut kh quyn
v nhit 200C xut hin hin tng qung sng th cng in
trng ti hn phi t ti 15kV/cm.
Lng Vn Hc
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i vi in cc lng dng ng tr rng v in cc qung sng l si
dy dn th cng in trng ti hn c tnh theo cng thc:
E th = 30,3. + (1 +
R1
0,298
) (kV/cm)
.R 1
: Bn knh ca in cc qung sng
Eth : Cng in trng ti hn
: T s khi lng ca kh trong iu kin lm vic v iu kin tiu
chun.
i vi h thng in cc lng dng ng tr v in cc qung sng l
si dy dn nhn khng gai th in p ti hn xut hin qung sng
c xc nh theo cng thc:
U th = E th .R 1 . ln
R2
(V)
R1
Khi in cc lng c dng tm v in cc qung sng c dng dy dn th

in p ti hn c tnh theo cng thc:
U th = E th .R 1 .(
2..R 1
.H
ln
) (V)
a
a
Uth : in p ti hn (in p bt u xut hin qung sng) V

Eth : Cng in trng ti hn
R1
: Bn knh in cc qung sng
: Khong cch gia cc qung sng v in cc lng dng tm
: Khong cch gia cc in cc qung sng trong mt dy
T cc cng thc trn ta thy rng: Khi gim bn knh in cc qung

sng R1 th in p ti hn s gim, c ngha l qung sng s xut hin
sm hn. thit b lc bi in
R1 = 0,001 0,002 m v R2 = H = 0,1 0,15m, th U2 = 20kV 30kV.
thu bi, ngi ta thng dng qung sng m, c ngha l in cc
qung sng ni vi cc m ca qung sng v cc ion c linh ng ln
hn so vi linh ng ca cc ion dng.
Lng Vn Hc
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VII. Mc thu bi theo l thuyt (hiu sut thu bi)
Mc thu bi trong thit b lc bi c tnh theo cng thc:

=
z 1 .V1 z 2 .V2
z 1 .V1
Trong :
Z1, z2 l hm lng bi vo v ra khi thit b
Ta cng c th tnh = 1 e-wj
Trong f =
ln 2 b
= B mt ca in cc lng / Lu lng kh bi
v
qua thit b (f c gi l b mt ring ca thit b lc bi ng vi lng kh

cn lc cho trong mi thit b lc bi in xc nh).
Cc nhn t nh hng n hiu sut phi k n kch thc thit b
lc bi, tc chuyn ng ca cc ht bi mang in tch chuyn ng v
cc lng.
VIII. Cc nhn t nh hng trong thit b lc bi in thc t
1. nh hng cc tnh cht kh cn lm sch
Cng in trng ph thuc vo th hiu cp cho in cc qung

sng. Nh bit in tch ht bi, tc chuyn ng ca chng (sau khi
tch in) n in cc lng ph thuc in tch ht bi, tc chuyn ng
ca chng (sau khi tch in) n in cc lng ph thuc vo cng
in trng (c bit i vi ht c kch thc ln). Do vy duy tr th hiu
cc i cho php trn in cc qung sng l mt trong nhng iu kin
quan trng nht thit b lm vic c hiu qu v t mc thu bi cc i.
Khi tng nhit kh th hiu in cc qung sng s gim, iu c
th duy tr khng c s xuyn thng. Th hiu xuyn thng t l nghch vi
nhit tuyt i ca kh. Ngoi ra, nhit nh hng n tnh cht bi
trn in cc lng.
Lng Vn Hc
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nh hng ca m kh n th hiu trong thit b lc th ngc lai
so vi nh hng ca nhit . Tng nhit th tng kh nng xuyn
thng.
Th hiu trong thit b cong ph thuc vo thnh phn ho hc ca
kh, thng l cc tp cht kh mang in m cng nh SO3 b hp th trong
lp bi lm thay i tnh cht ca lp.
2. nh hng cc tnh cht ca bi v lp bi trn in cc lng
nh hng cc kch thc ht bi ( phn tn ht) n cng tc ca

thit b lc c k n trc tin l tr s in tch ht bi nhn c, l
tc ca ht n cc lng sau khi chng c tch in.
in tch cc ht ln cng nh tc chuyn ng ca chng n cc
lng ln hn so vi ht nh. V vy hiu qu thu cc ht ln cao hn, thi
gian chuyn ng n cc lng t hn. Ngoi ra phn tn ca ht bi c
lin quan n hin tng gi l s bao kn qung sng v lin quan n cu
to lp bi trn in cc lng.
Thnh phn ho hc nh hng n in tr sut ca ht bi ( dn
in) ca lp bi trn cc lng, do nh hng n hiu qu lm vic ca
thit b lc bi in. nh hng ny bt u thi im khi c s tip xc
gia ht bi cha in tch m vi in cc lng.
Bi cha trong kh c chia thnh 3 nhm theo gi tr in tr sut:
-
Nhm 1: C < 104 cm (c din dn ln). Cc ht bi ny khi
tip xc vi b mt kim loi in cclng s trao tc thi in tch m v b

y vo dng kh. Do vy cc ht bi c dn in ln qua thit b thu
in s khng b lng. Cn phi lm cc b phn gi bi trn cc in cc.
-
Nhm 2: C = 104 cm n C 2.104 cm. Cc ht bi ny c
thu hi c hiu qu trong thit b lc in. Cc in tch ca ht phn b

u trn in tch cc lng.
-
Nhm 3: C > 2.104 cm (c din dn thp). Cc in tch cha
trong bi lan chm qua lp bi n b mt in cc lng kim loi, khi

trn lp bi to thnh mt in th no .
Lng Vn Hc
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3. nh hng ca hm lng bi ban u trong kh
Khi hm lng bi cao trong kh, c bit gm cc ht nh c th dn

n hin tng gi l s bao kn qung sng. (Hin tng ny l xy ra khi
ta tng s lng ht bi trong in trng s lm tng s in tch khng
gian. Dng in c c trong thit b lc bi in l do in tch khng
gian chuyn ng.
V tnh linh ng ca ht bi c gi tr nh hn tnh linh ng ca cc
ion kh, nn tng cc in tch khng gian trong cc ht bi lm gim ng
k cng dng in trong thit b lc bi (c khi ch s 0). Hin tng
ny lm gim s thu bi. Hin tng bao kn qung sng thy khi nng
bi trong kh t vi gam trong 1m3 kh n vi chc gam/m3.
khc phc hin tng ny cn gim hm lng bi ban u trong
kh cn lm sch (gim tc kh), tng th hiu trn in cc qung sng
tng cng in trng, tng tc chuyn ng ca cc ht bi
cha in tch v tng cng to thnh ion. Khi tng hm lng bi
trong khng kh ngoi kh nng lm bn in cc lng v in cc qung
sng cn to thit b vn hnh khng n nh.
4. nh hng s lm bn in cc qung sng v in cc lng n hiu
qu thu bi
sch ca in cc qung sng v in cc lng l mt trong cc

nhn t quan trng nht trong vic bo qun thit b lc bi
Mc du trn in cc qung sng khng lng nhiu ht bi, nhng do
b mt in cc khng ln, nn vn dn n to lp bi trn b mt dy dn
v lm tng ng knh in cc qung sng, do vy phi tng hiu in th
qung sng, l iu khng phi bao gi cng thc hin c. Nu bi c
in tr ln th dy dn coi nh b ph lp cch in v qung sng s
khng to thnh. Nguyn nhn ny nh hng xu n s lm vic ca thit
b c bit l khi c nhit khong 3000 4000C v cha cc Sunfat kim
loi.
Lng Vn Hc
19
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khc phc hin tng ny ta cn gim nhit kh, rung ng
thng xuyn in cc qung sng, gim lng kh b ht vo ti thiu
gim hm lng SO3 trong kh.
Cc ht bi lng in cc lng s nh hng n cng tc thit b,
lin quan n dn in v lm gim hiu qu thu bi. Do b mt lp bi
khng bng phng do th hiu d b xuyn thng nhng ch nh ra nn
phi gim th hiu trong thit b lc.
5. nh hng cc tham s in ca thit b
Nh nu, th hiu qung sng lin quan n cng in trng

c nh hng n cng tc thit b. Cng dng in tng khi tng th
hiu l c im thun li ca ch in. Tuy nhin khi xut hin qung
sng ngc cng lm tng cng dng in mc du hiu qu thu bi
gim. V vy hin tng tng cng dng in khng phi lun dn n
ci thin qu trnh thu bi m phi xem nguyn nhn lm tng cng
dng in .
S d trn in cc qung sng lun duy tr cc m v qung sng bn
vng hn v th hiu xuyn thng ln hn so vi qung sng dng, ngoi
ra cc ion m c tnh hnh ng ln hn ion dng.
Khng cho php cp ngun xoay chiu vo in cc qung sng v khi
chiu chuyn ng ca cc ht ca cc ht bi khng ngng thay i v
lm gim hiu qu thu bi.
6. nh hng ca tc v s phn b kh trong thit b n hiu sut
thu bi
T cng thc = 1 e
L
d k
cho ta xt nh hng k n hiu qu thu
bi l thuyt
Khi tng tc kh n mt gii hn cc ht bi lng trn in cc
c th vng ra ngoi v b dng qun ra khi thit b, c bit khi rung ng
cc in cc hoc lm tt bi khi in cc.
Lng Vn Hc
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IX. ng dng c th ca phng n i vi yu cu lc bi
Yu cu ca chng ta y l thit k vi cao p lc l 72kV.

c th xc nh c chnh xc l vi in p mt chiu ca ta l 72 kV
th chng ta cn phn tch chi tit v tnh cht ca cc loi bi. Trc ht
n gin trong vic phn tch chng ta ng dng cao p lc ca chng ta
vi thit b lc bi kh ph bin hin nay l thit b lc bi xicln (ng
dng trong nh my s vigacera, xi mng Bt Sn)
Ht bi chng ta phn tch y c i su vo phn tch thnh phn,
kch thc, kh nng dn in, bn knh trung bnh ca ht bi, m ca
bi, tnh dn in ca tng loi bi, tnh cht ho hc ca tng loi bi
khc nhau.
T trn ta a ra hm s ca cao p lc ph thuc vo cc yu t u
vo.
Cao p lc = f (tnh cht ht bi, iu kin mi trng)
Ngoi nhng yu t trn th cao p lc cn ph thuc vo tc
chuyn ng ca cc ht bi ti cc cc v tc ca dng bi chuyn
ng qua thit b lc bi (nh hng trc tip ti cht lng lc bi).
y chng ta c cng thc xc nh tc ht bi chuyn ng n cc
lng vi ht bi c kch thc > 1 m.
1,87.10 10 .r 2 .E dt .E x
=
6...r
Ex : cng in trng
Xt chi tit tng loi bi c th:
Vt liu gm chng ta xt y l xn-zian (BaO.l2O3.2SiO2 v cc
cacbonat bari,. Cao lanh, t st (cc thnh phn ny lm tng lin kt xnzian khi nung chi tit) v thu tinh alumosilic nhiu bari. c im ca loi
vt liu ny l c khi lng ring tng i ln, tn hao in mi b ngay
c di nhit 300 4000C, ng thi tn hao in mi t bin i theo
nhit . Bi sau khi nung c m trung bnh, tuy nhin do loi bi ny
c kh nng dn in km do cao p lc khong 65kV.
Lng Vn Hc
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Vt liu l bi than thnh phn chnh trong bi l C c nghin
nh, loi bi ny c khi lng ring thp ng thi kh nng dn in ca
bi than l tng i cao do cao p lc t vo thng ch mc 55kV.
Vt liu xi mng Porland (xi mng trng) c sn xut t vi cng vi
t st v nhng dip thch, hoc cc thnh phn ca cc cht l cao cha
xit nhm v silic ioxide. Cc cht ny pha trn thng theo t l l 60%
vi, 19% silic ioxide v 8% nhm 5% cc loi giy vi 5% l xit
magi 3% l sunfur trioxide. Bi xi mng c kh nng dn in km v c
khi lng ring ca bi tng i ln m ca bi thp cc phn ng
ho hc trong bi t xy ra. ng thi bi thi ra t nh my sn xut xi
mng c hm lng rt ln (gn 1/3 lng ton b khi lng cahp cht
ban u a vo), nh vy in p t vo lc bi xi mng thng phi
mc tng i cao khong t 70 75 kV.
Kt lun:
Quan tm hiu s b v thit b lc bi, cu to v cc b phn cng
nguyn l hot ng ca chng. ng thi a ra c chc nng cc b
phn, cc thng s k thut, gip ta c khi nim ban u v lc bi v c
bn c th nh hng c th thit k chi tit thit b lc bi tnh in.
Trong phm vi ca in t cng sut ta ch xt n h thng cung cp in
p vo cho lc bi tnh in cng cc khu lin quan n h thng ny.
Nh phn tch trn th vi cao p lc ca chng ta l 72 kV th
c p dng chnh trong cc nh my sn xut xi mng. Chng ta thit
k mch iu khin v mch lc theo in p u vo cho v vi cao p
lc ca chng ta 72 kV. Tuy nhin chng ta phi lun lun m bo n
nh in p u vo, c kh nng chng ngn mch v t ng ng mch
vo in p lm vic vi thi gian iu chnh c.
Lng Vn Hc
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Chng II
Rle thi gian

Trong t ng iu khin, bo v thng gp nhng trng hp cn c
mt khong thi gian gia nhng thi im tc ng ca hai hay nhiu thit
b, hoc trong t ng ha cc qu trnh sn xut, nhiu khi phi tin hnh
nhng thao tc k tip nhau nhng khong thi gian cn thit , ngi ta
dng rle thi gian. Nh vy, c th nh ngha rle thi gian l rle c c
tnh: Khi c tn hiu vo rle mi pht tn hiu u ra (cn gi l rle tr
thi gian hay b tr).
+
Nhng yu cu chung i vi rle thi gian bao gm :
Kh nng duy tr thi gian n nh, chnh xc, tin cy, khng ph
thuc vo dao ng ca in p ngun cung cp, tn s nhit v cc iu

kin mi trng (nhit , m, dung).
-
Cng sut ngt ca h thng tip im ln.
Cng sut tiu th nh.
kt cu, s dng n gin.

Hu nh tt c cc loi rle tr v trng thi u khi tn hiu in
u vo bng 0, do khng yu cu h s nh cao.

Trong cc s t ng iu khin, nhiu khi c tn s thao tc cao
nn yu cu o bn c v chng mi mn cao t 5 10.106 ln thao tc.
Thi gian to tr chm t 0,25(s) tr ln , c th ti hng gi v lu hn
na. Cc rle thi gian in t cn cho php hn gi (nh) hoc lp trnh.
+
Cu trc chung ca rle thi gian gm c cc b phn chnh sau:
B phn ng lc: c chc nng nhn tn hiu vo l nng lng in,
bin i thnh nng lng thch hp cho b phn hp thi gian hot ng.
B phn ng lc c th l nam chm in, ng c in, b bin i in:
bin p, chnh lu
Lng Vn Hc
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-
B to thi gian : c chc nng ko di thi gian tr ca rle. B phn
ny lm vic theo nhiu nguyn l khc nhau nh : in t, c kh, kh nn,

thy lc , in t v..v.. Cn c vo b to thi gian tr m c tn rle tng
ng.
V d rle in t , rle thi gian thy lc, rle thi gian in t v..v..
-
B phn u ra: rle pht tn hiu ra bng s thay i trng thi ng,
m cc tip im.
Ngoi ra rle cn c b phn iu chnh thi gian tc ng (thi gian
tr) ca rle v b phn hin th thi gian dng ch s.
K hiu rle thi gian trong s mch in nh hnh 2.1:
a)
b)
c)
Hnh 2.1 K hiu rle thi gian

a) cun dy; b) tip im thung m, ng chm; c) tip im
thung ng, m chm
I.
Rle thi gian in t
1.
Cu to
Kt cu rle thi gian kiu in t nh trn hnh 2.2:

Mch t gm li 1, np 2, tm m phi t tnh 3 (thng bng cc tm
ng mng 0,1(mm)). Li st 1 c bt cht ln bng in 4 nh nhm
5. Trn cn lp h thng tip im 6. Nam chm in mt chiu c li
lm bng thp armk. Nhnh phi c tit din trn ch to v lp rp
cun dy c thun tin. Nhnh tri c tit din ch nht, nh tng
c chiu di ch tip xc gia li v np t l phn chuyn ng, do
tng c bn c chng mi mn ca cnh quay. Trn nhnh tri c lp
mt vng ngn mch c dng ng tr rng 8, tit din ln, lm bng vt
liu dn in tt nh ng hoc nhm .
Lng Vn Hc
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Hnh 2.2 Rle thi gian in t

B phn duy tr thi gian ca rle lm vic theo nguyn l in t, trn
c s s dng dng in cm ng xut hin trong ng dn in tr rng,
khi t thng chnh do cun dy sinh ra trong mch t bin thin. Theo nh
lut Lenx, dng in cm ng ny c chiu sao cho t thng ca n sinh
ra chng li s bin thin (tng hay gim) ca t thng chnh. Do vy, tc
tng hay gim ca t thng chnh khi cun dy c ng hay ngt in
s chm i. C ngha thi gian tc ng v thi gian nh ca rle c tng
ln.
Mun c thi gian nh chm hn, t dn khe h khng kh lm vic v
khe h ph phi rt ln, cho nn cc b mt tip xc gia li v np nam
chm in phi c mi nhn.
c nhm ca rle cn ng thm vai tr vng ngn mch ph
tng thi gian nh chm.
Trong vt liu t l tng, sau khi ngt in cun dy, t thng trong
li gim n gi tr cn d d. Gi tr d do vt liu v kch thc mch t
quyt nh. Lc kh t cng nh, mt t thng d Bd cng nh, t thng
d d cng b th thi gian nh chm ca rle cng ln. Thi gian nh chm
i vi mch t bo ha c th tnh theo cng thc:
Lng Vn Hc
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W2
t=
R
d
0 LW
Trong :
W l s vng ng ngn mch, thng chn W = 1
R l in tr vng ngn mch:
R = .(1 + .).
l
s
in tr R ph thhuc vo in tr sut ca vt liu, kch thc

chiu di trung bnh mt vng l, tit din ngang s, h s nhit in tr v
nhit lm vic ca vng, do nh hng n thi gian nh chm ca
rle.
Ngoi ra vt liu c t thm cao on cha bo ha ca ng
cong t ha cng cho thi gian nh chm ln.
Trong nhng iu kin ging nhau thi gian nh chm do t thng ban
u 0 quyt nh, gi tr ny do ng cong t ha trng thi ng quyt
nh. V dng in trong cun dy v in p t l vi nhau nn tng quan
gia t thng v in p (U) cng t l nhng t l khc. Khi mch t
cha bo ha, in p nh mc, gi tr 0 ph thuc nhiu vo gi tr
in p ngun. Khi thi gian chm s ph thuc theo in p t vo
cun dy.
Trong cc s truyn ng in, in p t ln cun dy thng
thp hn nh mc. Do thi gian nh chm cng nh do 0 nh. to
c thi gian nh chm khng ph thuc vo in p ngun, mch t phi
bo ha cao (hnh 2.3). Trong mt vi rle, in p st n 50% cng
khng nh hng n thi gian chm.
Mun thi gian nh chm n nh, thi gian cp in cho cun dy
phi ln t thng t n gi tr xc lp 0. Thi gian ny gi l
thi gian np (hay thi gian chun b). Nu thi gian np khng , thi
gian nh chm s b gim i. Thi gian np vo khong 1 giy.
Lng Vn Hc
26
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Nhit mi trng cng nh hng n thi gian nh chm. Nhit
tng lm thi gian nh chm gim, i khi gim n 50%. Chu nh hng
ca nhit l nhc im ca loi rle ny.
2.
iu chnh thi gian lm vic ca rle
C th iu chnh thi gian tc ng ca rle bng cch thay i lc

cng ca l xo nh 9 (hnh 2.2). Nu tng lc l xo s lm tng lc ht ban
u dn n tng thi gian tc ng. Nhng v trng thi m ca nam
chm in hng s thi gian in t ca nam chm in nh nn thi gian
nh chm khi ht cng nh, khong 0,2(s).
Khi cn thi gian nh chm ln hn 1(s) phi dng rle ch nh.
Lc ny c th iu chnh thi gian nh chm bng cc cch sau:
Thay i lc l xo tch np 11 (hnh 2.2). u trn l xo ny ta vo
ming lt 14 c cht 15 vn cht ln np. u di l xo truyn lc
ln cht ng 12 t do di chuyn trong l np. Trc cht ng 12 di
chuyn tng i vi trc l xo. trng thi ng cht 12 b y ln v l
xo 11 b thm lc p. L xo 11 to ra lc chnh tch np ra khi li trong
giai on u qu trnh nh ca rle. Thay i lc p ban u ca l xo tc
l thay i lc tch np nh c iu chnh 13.
Lng Vn Hc
27
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Nu tng lc l xo 11, lm tng lc tch np, tng t thng nh, dn
n gim thi gian nh chm ca rle (hnh 2.4a). Ngc li gim lc l xo
s tng thi gian nh chm. Khi t thng nhnh gn bng t thng d d
th thi gian nh chm tng ln rt nhiu v sai lch tng nhiu, lm gim
chnh xc ca rle. Do vy khng nn cho rle lm vic vng nh =
d.
thay i trong phm vi ln v nhy cp (iu chnh th) thi gian

nh chm ca rle, c th chiu dy tm m phi t tnh t gia np v li
thp. trng thi ng, mch t bo ha, b dy tm m t nh hng n
gi tr 0. Khi gim chiu dy tm m phi t tnh (thng bng cc l
ng vng mng 0,10,3mm), s lm tng t cm ca cun dy c li
thp, mch t trng thi khng bo ha v lm gim tc suy gim ca
t thng trong li, kt qu thi gian nh chm tng ln (hnh 2.4b).
Loi rle ny c ch to c thi gian nh chm t 0,35(s), s dng
in mt chiu. Dng nh mc ca rle 10(A) in p 110(V) v 5(A)
in p 220(V). Rle lm vic bn, chc chn.
Lng Vn Hc
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II. Rle thi gian kiu thy lc
Rle thi gian kiu thy lc c cu to v hot ng nh hnh 2.5:
4
8
5
Hnh 2.5 Rle thi gian kiu thy lc

B phn ng lc l nam chm in 1. B phn to thi gian l h
thng thy lc gm xilanh, pittng, l xo cn trong xilanh cha y du
nhn.
B phn ra l h tip im tc ng tc thi (khng tr) v tip im
tc ng chm (c tr). Rle lm vic nh sau:
Khi c tn hiu in iu khin a vo cun dy nam chm in 1,
lc ht in t ko np chuyn ng rt nhanh (coi l tc thi) v li, nam
chm trng thi ht. Khi np ht lm h tip im tc ng tc thi 6 thay
i trng thi :thng m s ng li v thng ng s m ra, ng thi l
xo ko 3 b ko cng ra s ko pttng chuyn dch xung di, du nhn
khoang pittng b p y ln trn qua l thng. V l thng ny nh nn du
nhn to ra lc cn chuyn ng ca pittng, lm cho pittng chuyn ng
chm li. Phi mt thi gian sau, pittng mi i ht qung hnh trnh
Lng Vn Hc
29
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nh v tay ngang u cn pittng t ln h tip im tc ng chm lm
thay i trng thi ng, m ca chng. Nh vy h pittng v xilanh u
chc nng to thi gian chm ca rle.
Khi pittng i xung, l xo 5 b nn v van mt chiu 8 ng.
Khi ngt in cun dy nam chm in, l xo 3, l xo 5, van mt
chiu m, lm np nam chm v pittng, nhanh trng ch v v tr ban u,
cc h tip im cng lp tc thay i v trng thi ng, m u.
Rle loi ny c th to c thi gian tr t 0,4180(s). C th iu
chnh thi gian bng thay i tit din l thng du bng vt 7 hoc thay i
qung dch chuyn tc dng ca pittng v bng cch iu chnh v tr ban
u ca h tip im tc ng c tr. c im ca rle thi gian kiu thy
lc l c th ch to rle lm vic vi in xoay chiu hoc mt chiu d
dng. Thi gian tr ca rle khng ph thuc vo s dao ng ca in p,
tn s ngun, nhng nht ca du chu nh hng ca nhit lm thay
i chnh xc ca rle ti: 10%. Dng nh mc ca h tip im l
3(A), in p lm vic n 380(V).
III. Rle thi gian kiu ng h
Trong rle thi gian kiu ng h, b phn ng lc lm rle hot

ng c th l mt cun l xo l (nh dy ct trong ng h c kh). Khi
vn l xo cun cht li, l xo c np nng lng. Do tnh n hi, khi
l xo x rt v trng thi u, th gi phng nng lng c lm rle hot
ng. B phn ng lc c th l mt nam chm in. Khi c tn hiu iu
khin vo cun dy nam chm, phn ng (np) nam chm c ht v pha
li nh lc ht in t s ko cng l xo (hoc lm nh l xo c ko
hay nn sn) rle hot ng.
B phn to thi gian l h thng cc bnh rng gim tc v c cu
cc dao ng. C cu cc ny c tc dng lm cc bnh rng chuyn ng
quay vi tc chm v khng thay i nh ng h c kh thng
thng, nh to c thi gian tr cho rle.
Lng Vn Hc
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S ng hc n gin ca rle thi gian kiu ng h dng in
xoay chiu nh hnh 2.6a v mt chiu hnh 2.6b.
Mch t 1v np 2 lm bng thp l k thut in dp ghp li gim
tn hao trong li thp, ng thi ch to n gin hn. Cun dy 3 t tr
gia ca mch t. Np 2 vi l xo nh 4. Mt u tay n 5 ca c cu
ng h t vo np 2 nh l xo ko 6. Khi nam chm in cp in , np 2
c ht xung lm h thng bnh rng ng h quay di tc ng l xo
ko 6,dn n tay quay 8 quay v sau mt thi gian s tc ng ln h tip
im 9. Nh qu lc (dao ng) v c cu cc 7, tc quay ca tay quay
c gim xung v khng i, lm cho thi gian tc ng ca rle c
ko di, chnh xc v tnh n dnh lm vic c tng cao.
iu chnh thi gian tc ng ca rle bng cch thay i gc quay
ban u gia tay quay 8 (hoc c cu cam) v h tip im 9.
Ngoi ra rle cn c mt h tip im tc ng tc thi 10 (khng tr)
c ng m nh np nam chm in .
Thi gian tr ca loi rle kiu ng h trn t ti 20(s) 0,1. Rle
lm vic n nh, gn nh khng b nh hng, dao ng ca in p
ngun, tui th cao. Nu dng cho in mt chiu, ch cn nam chm in
l loi nam chm mt chiu.
Mt s loi rle kiu ng h c b phn ng lc loi c kh, dng l
xo l cun nh ni trn, c thi gian tr hn: 6, 15, 30 v 60(pht). V d
cc rle hn gi ngt trong mt s dng in nh qut, my git, cm
in C loi rlec thay n quay 8 bng c cu nhiu bnh xe cm
ng m nhiu tip im trong cc thi im v thi gian tr khc nha,
dng iu khin thit b lm vic theo mt chng trnh nh nh my
git, my ra, my p trng trong cng nghip v sinh hot i sng.
Lng Vn Hc
31
n tt nghip
Hnh 2.6a Rle thi gian kiu ng h
Hnh 2.6b Rle thi gian mt chiu kiu ng h
Lng Vn Hc
32
n tt nghip
IV. Rle thi gian kiu ng c
Khi iu khin cc qu trnh hot ng ca thit b, my mc cn c

thi gian tr ln: t vi pht n vi gi hoc lu hn na, hay cc qu trnh
lm vic din ra c tnh lp li theo chu k, ngi ta thng s dng cc rle
thi gian kiu ng c. Loi rle ny c cu trc chung nh s hnh 2.7
Rle gm cc b phn chnh sau:

1.
B phn ng lc
B phn ng lc rle hot ng lin tc, lu di l cc ng c

cng nh c 25(W). C 2 loi ng c c dng nh sau:
a)
ng c khng ng b mt pha kiu vng ngn mch (vng chp)

li thp stato c hai cc, lm bng thp l k thut in ghp. Dy qun
kiu tp trung mt cun. Trn cc c t mt vng ngn mch bng ng

dn in tt, tit din ln. Vng ngn mch m mt phn (c 1/31/2) din
tch cc t. in p lm vic ca ng c c 110(V) v 220(V) xoay chiu.
Tc quay ca rto l: 2920(vng/pht) tn s in ngun 50(Hz). u
trc ra ca ng c lin vi u trc vo ca b gim tc. ng c c
cp in, rto quay lin tc truyn cng sut c cho b to thi gian hot
ng trong sut qu trnh rle lm vic. Cu to ng c loi ny nh
hnh 2.8a. c im ca loi ng c ny l cu to n gin, t h hng.
Lng Vn Hc
33
n tt nghip
Tc quay ph thuc vo dao ng ca in p ngun, dn n gim
chnh xc ca rle.
4
3
1
U~
Hnh 2.8a ng c trong rle thi gian

b)
ng c khng ng b mt pha kiu chy t

Loi ny thng c ch to c bn cc, hai cun dy gm: mt cun
chy v mt cun ph ni vi t in. Mi cun dy c chia lm hai

cun nh, t trn hai cc xen k nhau. Tc ng c l 1460 vng/pht
tn s ngun 50(Hz). Cng sut c t 48(W). ng c ny ni vi mt
hp gim tc c kh, c mmen u trc ra ln, cun cht dy ct
ca b phn to thi gian tr kiu ng h. Khi dy ct c cun cht,
ng c c ngt in v dng quay, l xo dy ct x ra, gii phng nng
lng lm c cu ng h lm vic. Trong thi gian ng c in cun dy
ct t 1520(s), c cu ng h vn lm vic bnh thng. Khi dy ct x
ra gn ht, ng c c t ng ng in, li cun cht dy ct cho chu
k lm vic mi. Thi gian qu trnh x dy ct t 60120(pht). Nh vy
c cu ng h to thi gian tr lm vic c nh ng c np nng lng
cho dy ct. Dn n thi gian tr ca rle m bo chnh xc, khng b
Lng Vn Hc
34
n tt nghip
nh hng ca dao ng in p ngun v vn to c khong thi gian
tr ln.
c)
ng c bc
L mt dng c bit ca ng c ng h mt pha. Stato thng c
mt cun dy t trong li thp c nhiu cc. Rto l mt nam chm vnh

cu. Khi c mt na sng in p ngun (hnh sin) hoc mt xung iu
khin t vo ng c, rto s quay c mt gc xc nh, gi l mt
bc, sau t tip na sng th hai hoc mt xung ngc cc tnh vi
xung trc, rto li quay tip c gc th hai. Nh vn ng c quay
thnh tng bc gin on (khng trn lin tc nh ng c thng), tc
quay ty thuc tn s in p ngun hay tn s xung a vo ng c. Khi
tn s ngun l 50Hz, ng c quay c 2.f =100 buc/s. Mi bc quay
ng vi thi gian 0,01(s). Do thi gian tr ca rle chnh xc n 0,01(s)
khng ph thuc s giao ng tr s in p, ch ph thuc vo tn s in
p ngun, khng ph thuc nhit mi trng lm vic.
2.
B phn to thi gian
L cc b gim tc bnh rng c kh, tng t nh ng h thi gian

c. Dng bin i tc quay nhanh ca ng c xung tc chm,
thch hp vi thi gian tr cn c ca rle t vi gi cho n hng tun hoc
lu hn.
3.
B phn tip im
Trong rle c th ch c cp tip im c thi gian (gm 1 thng

ng v 1 thng m) hoc c hai cp tip im: mt cp c thi gian v
mt cp tc ng tc thi (khng c thi gian tr). Cc tip im ny c
ng m bng h thng bnh xe cam gn trn u trc ra ca hp gim tc.
Ty theo hnh dng v tc quay ca bnh xe cam c thi gian ng
m tip im ty . iu chnh thi gian tr ca rle bng cch thay i v
tr ban u ca h thng tip im nh cc nt gt hay nt n.
Lng Vn Hc
35
n tt nghip
Rle c th gm nhiu bnh xe cam v cp tip im tng ng c
th lp v thay i chng trnh lm vic ca rle khi cn iu khin cc
qui trnh cng ngh phc tp theo thi gian.
V d cu to mt loi rle thi gian kiu ng c nh trn hnh (2.8b,c).
Hnh 2.8b Rle thi gian kiu ng c
Hnh 2.8c Rle thi gian lp trnh kiu ng c L
Lng Vn Hc
36
n tt nghip
V.
Rle thi gian in t
1.
Rle thi gian n in t
Rle thi gian in t l cc rle thi gian c cu to v lm vic da

trn cc linh kin in t nh : n in t chn khng, tranzitor, iod,
tiristor, mch t hp IC
Hnh 2.9 trnh by nguyn l lm vic ca mt rle thi gian dng n
in t v ngun in mt chiu kiu n gin nht.
Khi ng kha K, t in C bt u phng in qua in tr R. in
p U0 ln hn in p Up ca n 3 cc, nn lc ny n b kha. Trong
mch ant khng c dng in , rle trng thi nh.
Khi m kha K, t in C bt u phng in qua in tr R. in p
U0 t t gim theo hm m tt dn. in th li ca n t t tr nn
dng. Sau mt thi gian khi in th ny t n gi tr in p li tc
ng, th n chuyn sang ch m. Dng in trong mch ant tng ln,
lm rle in t tc ng, tip im rle c ng. Ta ni rle thi gian
tc ng (ch ng chm).
Thi gian tc ng ca rle ph thuc vo hng s thi gian (qun tnh
in) ca mch RC:
ttd = RCln
U0
U td
trong : ttd thi gian tc ng ca rle;

U0
Utd :
in p ngun diu khin :

in p li n khi rle tc ng.
Nu R v C c tr s ln, thi gian nhn s tng. Loi rle ny c thi

gian chm (tr) n vi pht. Khi thi gian chm cng ln, chnh xc ca
rle cng gim. iu chnh thi gian chm bng cch thay i tr s ca
in tr R.
Lng Vn Hc
37
n tt nghip
I
It
R
-
U0
+
U0
U0.e-t/RC
a)
tt
b)
tc
Hnh 2.9 Rle thi gian in t

a) S nguyn l; b) c tnh thi gian
2.
Rle thi gian bn dn
Thay n in t bng tranzitor bn dn, ta c mt rle thi gian

tranzitor (nh hnh 2.10). Rle dng cho in mt chiu. Thc cht l
b khuch i hai tng lm vic trng thi rle. u vo ca T1 ni vi t
ha C.
Khi kha K ng, t C c np n in p ngun E. Cc gc ca T2
c ni vi cc pht ca T1 qua in tr R3. Ch lm vic ca mch
c chn sao cho khi kha K ng th rle in t R trng thi nh.
Khi c tn hiu iu khin, kha K m, t C bt u phng in qua
in tr R2 v cc pht ca T1. Do in th im A tng dn, lm cho
dng in i qua cc pht ca T2 tng. Sau mt thi gian xc nh, ty
thuc vo tr s ca C v R2, dng in ny t n tr s tc ng, rle
in t R ng, tip im u ra ca rle ng. in tr R4 dng thay
i dng tc ng ca rle in t.
Loi rle ny c thi gian chm n vi pht. u im chnh l c tui
th cao, cng xut in tiu th t, nhng c tnh thi gian chu nh hng
ca dao ng in p ngun v nhit mi trng.
V vy, nng cao chnh xc thi gian rle, trong cc rle trn
phi c thm cc phn mch ph tr khc nh: mch in p lm vic,
Lng Vn Hc
38
n tt nghip
mch b nhit Rle in t R c dng vi mc ch cch ly v in
gia mch ca rle vi mch pha sau v tng dng ra ca rle, v tip im
ca rle in t cho php ng ngt dng n 5(A) trong khi dng mch
cc pht T2 rt nh, c vi phn trm ampe.
Vi rle dng in xoay chiu, trong rle cn c phn mch chnh lu
v mch lc in p ngun.
Hai loi rle thi gian in t v bn dn u to thi gian tr trn c
s s dng qu trnh phng in ca t trong mch in qua in tr. Hn
ch ca chng l khong thi gian tr nh, ph thuc vo dao ng in p
v nhit . chnh xc cao.
3.
Rle thi gian vi mch (IC)
Vi rle loi ny, ngi ta c th to ra cc loi rle thi gian c di

thi gian lm vic rt rng, t 0,001(s)9999(h), chnh xc v tin cy
cao nhiu tnh nng lm vic. p ng c yu cu ca cc bi ton t
ng iu khin c ni dung phc tp, khi lng thng tin ln.
Cu to chung ca rle thi gian vi mch gm cc b phn chc nng
ch yu nh hnh 2.11
Lng Vn Hc
39
n tt nghip
a)
B phn to thi gian

y l cc phn mch dao ng, to ra cc xung c tn s n nh
khng i. Thng thng, tn s dao ng ny rt ln, t vi trm kHz tr

ln. Nu tn s c gim ph hp vi c tnh thi gian lm vic ca rle
qua cc phn mch chia tn s. Trong mt s loi rle thi gian dng ngun
xoay chiu li in quc gia, ngi ta dng tn s ngun lm xung thi
gian chun, mi xung ng vi 0,01(s) tn s 50(Hz).
b)
B phn m xung
B phn ny m cc xung xut hin t thi im rle lm vic (c tn
hiu iu khin u vo) n thi im rle tc ng. S xung m c

s cho thi gian tr cn thit. Kt qu m c th a ra dng tng t
hoc s.
c)
B phn so snh
So snh kt qu m xung vi mc chun thi gian t (chnh nh)
trc. Thi gian chnh nh ban u cng c th dng tng t hoc dng
s.
Nu cc i lng lm vic ca rle c x l dng tng t, ta c
rle k thut tng t. Khi c x l dng s, ta c rle k thut s. Khi
c x l dng s, ta c cc rle k thut s. Khi kt qu m bng hoc
ging s liu chnh nh th b so snh cho tn hiu ra, dn n rle tc
ng.
Lng Vn Hc
40
n tt nghip
d)
B phn ngun cung cp

B phn ny c chc nng bin i in p ngun cung cp cho rle,
in mt chiu hoc xoay chiu , thng l 24V, 110V, 220V thnh cc

mc in p thp mt chiu , c cc tnh, ph hp vi in p lm vic ca
cc linh kin vi mch trong rle: 12V, 5V
e)
B phn u ra
B phn u ra c nhim v ghp ni v chuyn tn hiu tc ng ca
rle n cc thit b pha sau rle, b phn ra thng l cc rle in t

cng sut nh (hoc tranzistor cng sut). Khi c tn hiu tc ng t b
phn so snh truyn n, rle in t tc ng, cc tip im ca chng
chuyn trng thi t m sang ng hoc ngc li. Cc tip im ny c
dng lm vic nh mc n 5A v in p lm vic nh mc 220V. Mt
khc rle in t cn cho php cch li v in gia hai phn mch in
trc v sau rle.
Thng thng mi rle thi gian c lp hai cp tip im, trong
mt cp (gm mt tip im thng ng v mt tip im thng m) tc
ng tc thi v mt cp tc ng c thi gian tr to iu kin thun li
trong s dng.
f)
B phn chnh nh
B phn chnh nh l cc nm xoay trn lin tc (nh rle k thut
tng t) hoc cc nt n, phm gt nh, nm xoay tng bc (nh cc

rle k thut s) dng chnh nh (t trc) cc thng s thi gian tr
lm vic ca rle hoc phc tp hn, nh trong cc rle lp trnh c, cc
nt ny dng chn (t) chc nng lm vic, thay i di thi gian, n
v thi gian, hn gi, t chng trnh lm vic cho rle v chnh v 0.
g)
B phn ch th (hin th)

B phn ny ch th cho ngi s dng bit r cc thng s chnh nh,
cc thng s lm vic hin thi (hin ti) chc nng lm vic ca rle.
Tn hiu hin th thng c hin th dng ch s v ch ci, hnh
m ha trn bn in, bng n LED hoc trn mn hnh tinh th lng LCD
Lng Vn Hc
41
n tt nghip
cng vi cc n tn hiu LED hoc nhp nhy theo mt quy lut (m ha)
no .
Trong cc b phn trn, b phn chnh nh v b phn ch th l hai
b phn chnh thc hin vic giao tip trc tip gia ngi s dng v
rle.
Hnh 2.12 Rle thi gian vi mch

VI. Rle thi gian dng vi mch 555
1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng
a. Vi mch 555
Vi mch 555 l vi mch nh thi gian u tin v n nay vn cn
c s dng ph bin. Vi mch ny c th lm vic nh mt b nh thi
kiu mt xung (one shortimr) hoc m b in p hi phim nh.
Lng Vn Hc
42
n tt nghip
4
8
GND
8 VCC
8 Dis charge
Out put 1
8 Trires hold
8 Control age
Reset
Chun trong
Trigger 1
CONTROL
FF
2
OUT
PUT
Hnh 2.13a
b. B nh thi gian kiu mt xung
+9
TRIGGER
R
C
4 2
7 555
3
6
1 5
0,01
RL
Hnh 2-13b
mch ny ta s dng vi mch 555 iu khin trc tip mt rle 6v
5000020. Mch ny khi ng bng mt xung m v mt nt n gia

chn 2 v GND. Thi gian gi rle T = 1M, C = 10F th rle s c gi
trong khong 10 giy sau xung trigger. Tuy nhin theo s liu ca nh sn
xut th vi thi gian di (c pht) th mch lm vic khng cn chnh xc
na.
Lng Vn Hc
43
n tt nghip
Out put A1
Timing A2
Triggir A3
Control 4
Vec 5
Trigger B6
Tiong B7
Out put B8
16 Out put
15 Timing D
14 Triggir D
13 Reset
12 GND
10 Trigger C
10 Tiong C
9 Out put C
558
Hnh 2-13c
c th to ra thi gian tr ln ngi ta t ni tip nhiu tng nh
thi gian kiu 555. Tng non s to xung kch vi tng kia khi n kt thc
thi gian tr. n gin ta ly v d vi mch 558 l mt mch t hp gm
4 b nh thi gian kiu 555 t chung mt v.
+VCC
R1
R5
1/4 2 C1
3 558
1
6
S1
12
R2
1/4
558
R6
7
C2
8
R3
1/4
558
R7
14
1/4
558
R4
1K
R8
15
C4
16
Led
13
S2
Hnh 2 13d
Hnh 2.13d l s b nh thi gian gm 4 tng t ni tip. R5 = R6
= R7 = 4RZ.S1 l mt khi ng, S2 l nt Reset. Cho R1C1, R2C2,
R3C3, R4C4 c thi gian tr mi tng (T1tr = R1C1) nh mong mun.
Thi gian tr s bng tng thi gian tr ca tt c cc tng.
Khi n S1 Led s sng tr li.
Lng Vn Hc
44
n tt nghip
Bng cch kt hp 2 b nh thi gian nh trn (1 cho thi gian ngh, 1
cho thi gian lm vic). Vi cc logic iu khin thch hp ta s to ra mt
b nh thi gian tng hp cho php ng c lm vic theo chu k nh
mun (theo s khi hnh 2.13c).
Trigger
Out put A
nh thi lm
vic A
Lgic iu
khin
iu khin
S
RS
EN
nh thi lm
ngh B
Trigger
Out put B
Hnh 2-13e
u tin n nt S kch cho b nh thi lm vic A. Thng qua
logic iu khin s ng mch cho ng c lm vic, khi ht thi gian lm
vic, u ra output A s xut hin mt xung m ngt mch ng c, ng
thi a n kch Triggir B b nh thi ngh B bt u hot ng. Kt
thc thi gian ngh s xut hin mt xung m output B Reset li b nh
thi lm vic A, bt u mt chu k mi.
2. c im
- C th to ra mt chu trnh ngh lm vic rt di c hng gi.
- Khc phc c vic phi dng cc t in tr s qu ln.
- chnh xc phc thuc nhiu vo cc linh kin R1, C1 vic tnh ton
R1, C1 mch lm vic chnh xc l rt kh khn.
to ta cc nc thi gian theo yu cu i hi rt nhiu thi gian v cng
sc iu chnh cn thn cc in tr R1.
- Khi lm trong iu kin nng l nh nhit cao, m ln s gy sai s
nhiu, mch lm vic n nh.
Lng Vn Hc
45
n tt nghip
VII. Rle thi gian kiu mch s
1. S khi
Thay i thi
gian lm vic
Chia tn
s
m xung
lm vic
Rle trung
gian
Logic iu
khin
To xung
chun
m xung
ngh
ng ct
ng c
Thay i thi
gian ngh
Hnh 2 14
B to xung chun:
Thng thng l mt mch to xung vung tn s cao, yu cu tn
s xung phi rt n nh. Thng th c mt b chia tn li ra ca
khi ny tn s ch cn 50Hz hoc 60Hz.
Khi chia tn:
Thng c hai b phn chia tn.
- B chia ly ra tn s 1Hz (chu k T = 1min)
Khi ny c th s dng cc mch chia tn bng b m nh phn
hoc thp phn.
Khi m xung lm vic v m xung ngh:
Hai khi ny c tc ng Reset ln nhau khi ny hot ng th
khi kia ngh. N c th c xy dng t cc b phn m nh phn hoc
thp phn.
Khi thay i thi gian lm vic, thi gian ngh
Thc cht l cc chuyn mch nhm thay i h s chia ca cc b
m xung lm vic v m xung ngh mt cch c lp.
Lng Vn Hc
46
n tt nghip
Khi ny c th tc ng trc tip vo b to xung chun hoc b chia
xung tuy nhin lc ny n s lm thay i ng thi gian ngh v thi gian
lm vic.
Logic iu khin:
Thng l mt vi cng logic thch hp to s tc ng gia thi
gian ngh v thi gian lm vic, ngoi ra n cn iu khin vic ng ngt
rle trung gian.
Rle trung gian:
Thng thng l loi rle in t dng dng mt chiu in p thp
(1214V) tip im chu dng c 13A c tc dng ng ngt cun dy
cng tc t ca ng c.
2. c im:
Khi to xung chun quyt nh chnh xc ca mch. chnh xc
ch phc thuc vo tn s ca b to xung chun m khng phc thuc vo
in p ngun nui v linh kin bn ngoi. V mch hot ng bng nguyn
tc xung s, nn rt t chu nh hng ca nhiu in t t trng ngoi.
Nu thit k hp l mch s cho mt chnh xc rt cao, cao nht so vi
cc loi rle thi gian.
-
y, vi mt tn s chun, vi mt chu trnh lm vic t trc
th h s chia ca cc khi chia tn v m xung l c nh v khng thay

i. Nh vy l mch ch c hai trng thi hoc l chy tt v chnh xc,
hoc l khng chy m thi. Do vy khi thit k v ch to m bo chnh
xc gn nh khng t ra vn hiu chnh i vi mch loi ny. iu
cho php gim bt c cng sc v thi gian lp rp v iu chnh ban
u.
-
Vn sa cha tr nn ht sc n gin. Kim tra xung ng ra, tng
cui ca tng khi. Nu khi no khng c xung th khi hng v

thc t ch vic thay IC. Nu c sai s v thi gian th h hng ch nm
trong khi to xung chun m thi.
Lng Vn Hc
47
n tt nghip
Phn II
Thit k b iu khin cho ng c
Lng Vn Hc
48
n tt nghip
Chng I
Thit k ch to mch
Qua qu trnh phn tch v nh gi cc kim mch nh thi gian
chng II phn I, ta thy rng rle thi gian in t dng k thut s l loi
rle c nhng c tnh u vit nht. Bi vy trong ti liu ny l la chn
phng n thit k loi rle thi gian in t dng trong k thut s.
I. Cc yu cu
y ta cp n vn c th cn gii quyt ca rle in t dng
k thut s nhm p ng c nhu cu c bn quy trnh lm vic ca ng

c rung m ta ni n chng 1 phn I.
1. Vic xy dng s rle in t k thut s trc ht phi m bo quy
trnh lm vic ca ng c dung ng l ch lm vic ngn hn.
2. Vi mch iu khin ng c rung y trng lc chu k lm vic l:
Thi gian lm vic 4 giy 8, 16, 32 giy hoc lin tc.
Thi gian ngh 4 8 16 22 pht.
3. Phi c mch iu khin ring bit cho hai h thng ng c rung g
cc phng v cc nng, c chu k lm vic l:
Thi gian lm vic 4 8 16 32 pht hoc lin tc
Thi gian ngh 4 8 16 32 pht
4. Cc khong thi gian ngh thi gian lm vic phi c iu hnh mt
cch c lp vi nhau.
5. Phi c h thng ch th thi gian ngh Thi gian lm vic.
6. Phi c tnh kt hp gia 3 loi in trn nhm gim bt nguyn nhn do
phi ch to nhiu loi mch in. 3 loi mch in ny ch cn ch to mt loi
mch in duy nht.
7. Mch in s dng t linh kin nht v khng qu phc tp.
Lng Vn Hc
49
n tt nghip
8. S chn ra ca mch khng qu 15
II. Thnh lp s khi
To xung
chun 50Hz
Thay i thi
gian lm vic
Ch th
thi gian
Chia 1/50
m thi gian
lm vic
Logic iu
khin
Chia 1/60
n cng tc t
ng ngt ng c
m thi
gian ngh
To xung
chun 50Hz
Hnh 1.1
Chuyn mch 1SW nhm gii quyt tnh kt hp gia mch c thi
gian lm vic 4 32 giy vi mch c thi gian lm vic 4 32 pht.
III. Khi to xung chun
1. To xung bng vi mch 555 (hnh 1.2 )

Cc gi tr RC quyt nh tn s ca xung ra
Theo s liu tham kho Cm nang thc hnh vi mch TTL CMOS
ca tc gi Hunh c Thng, vi R bao gm bin tr IOK ni tip vi
in tr c nh 10K th C = 4,7E lc ny tn s ra l 50Hz iu chnh
bin tr c tn s chnh xc 50Hz.
Lng Vn Hc
50
n tt nghip
+VCC
10K
R
8 4
10K
3
555
1K
50Hz
47F
Hnh 1.2
c im ni bt nht ca mch ny l sai s rt ln, nht l sai s ca
cc linh kin khi nhit , m ca mi trng thay i. Vn iu
chnh chnh xc tn s ca mch i hi phi c thi gian v tn s k. Do
vy thc t trong thit k ca ta khng s dng loi mch ny.
2.
To xung nhp t hp chuyn dng to xung chun trong cc VRC

N i hi mt thch anh 4,43 MHz kt hp vi mt b chia tn bn
trong IC. Li ra s l tn s 50Hz phc v cho vic x l hnh mu ca

VCR.
BUFF
OSC
4,43MHz
Out put
DIV
SW
7
+5V
X4,43
50Hz
Out put
Hnh 1.3
Lng Vn Hc
51
n tt nghip
Chn 1: Xung 4,43 MHz ly ra phc v cho vic x l tn hiu mu.
Chn 2 3: Mc thch anh 4,43MHz
Chn 5: L xung chun 50Hz
Chn 6: L chn cng tc i h s chia ca b chia tn. Khi chn 6 ni
15V th h s chia l 88600 thc vy:
4,43.10 6
I=
= 50Hz.
886000
u im ni bt nht ca mch ny l chnh xc rt cao vi n
nh tn s rt tt. Tuy nhin i hi phi c vi mch chuyn dng An6342
v thch anh 4,43 MHz nn rt t tin. Thc t trong thit k ca ta khng
cn chnh xc cao nh vy.
3.
To xung chun bng in p li xoay chiu 50Hz
Tht vy ch cn mt mch Trigger bin i dng sng t hnh sin

sang xung vung l ta c mt dy xung chun tn s 50Hz. Do tn s li
c n nh ngay t my pht v c tnh cht quc gia nn tn s u ca
ta cng l 50Hz vi n nh tt. y ta s dng vi mch KTT 741
mc theo kiu khuch i o vng h (khng c hi tip) vi ngun cung
cp n cc +12V
+12V
R1014K7
2
R1032K2
741
50Hz
10V
DZ101
50Hz
10V
R102
10K
ICV 101 - 741
Hnh 1.4a
Lng Vn Hc
52
n tt nghip
Trong s hnh 1.4a ta s dng khuych i o v khi s dng
ngun cung cp n cc n c n nh hn hn b khuych i khng
o. Thc vy do u vo o c ni tt qua R102 10K nn nu xy
ra s tri im 0 do nhit th ch s khc khng trn cc o, iu ny
lm cho KTT trng thi bo ho m li ra = OV = GND v khng c s
nhiu u ra.
DZ101: Bo v KTT sao cho in p li vo lun nh hn in p ngun.
Khi DZ101 l loi 1175V1 th dng ngc l 1mA lc ny p trn 2 u
R101 xp x 10V = 5,1 V = 5V.
Dng qua R101 coi nh bng dng in qua DZ101 (v tr khng vo
ca KTT rt ln) nn R101 = 5V/1mA = 5k, ta chn 4K7; R102 = 10 K
gim s tri im 0.
R103 = 2K2 bo v chng ngn mch u khi c s c cc tng pha sau.
* Hot ng mch.
-
Ta v gin thi gian ca in p ti cc o (chn 2) v cc ra
(chn 6) so snh vi in p xoay chiu u vo (hnh 1.4b)

-
Ti bn k (+) ca in p xoay chiu in p ti chn 2KTT b hn
ch bi diode DZ101 v ch l 5,1V do vy ti li ra (chn 6) s l 0 V (v

mch khuych i o).
+12V
U
-12V
+5V1
U Chn 2
-0,6V
+12V
0V
U Chn 6
Hnh 1.4b
Lng Vn Hc
53
n tt nghip
Ti bn k (-) do in p phn cc thun do vy in p phn cc
thun do vy in p xoay chiu gn nh st hon ton trn R101, ch cn
in p phn cc thun rt nh trn DZ101 v t ti chn 2KTT vo
khong (-0,60,7V).
Ta bit rng khi KTT lm vic ch vng h th h s
khuych i ca n c 105 ln. Ch cn mt chnh p rt nh (200V)
gia hai li vo l dn ra trng thi bo ho dng v c in p
xp x +12V. Nh vy l trong mt chu k in p xoay chiu 50Hz li ra
ta c in p xung vung tn s 50Hz.
c im ca mch ny l n gin m vn m bo chnh xc.
Mch lm vic n nh vi dng sng u ra l xung vung rt tt.
Do vy trong thit k ca ta s chn mch in p lm nhim v to
xung chun.
IV. Khi chia tn
Trong khi ny c 2 mch chia tn: Mt mch chia cho 50 c chu k

xung 1 sec v mt mch chia tip cho 60 c chu k 1 min.
1. Cch tn dng vi mch 555.
515V
R
6
7
555 3
u vo tn s f/n
u ra tn s f/n
C
Hnh 1.5
y vi mch lm vic nh mt mch xung, c khi ng nh mt
xung u vo. Trong chu k nh thi gian (T = RC) cc xung khc n

khng chp nhn. c h s chia chnh xc th cc tr s R , C phi chnh
Lng Vn Hc
54
n tt nghip
xc m bo cc chu k nh thi khng i. Trong thc t sai s ca R ,
C rt ln nn mch lm vic km n nh.
2. Chia tn bng vi mch 7490.
7490 v vi mch m thp phn m nh phn (BCD) rt ph bin s s
dng lp rp cc b m v kh r tin. Cc chn R01, Rg1, Rg2 l cc
phn Reset. Vi mch ny thng dng nhiu trong cc n v m thp
phn. tuy chng c th thc hin chc nng chia tn rt tt. Sau y l s
chn v bng trng thi hot ng ca 7490.
RESET INPUT
INB NC OA OD GND OB OC
14 13 12 11 10 9 8
RO1 RO2 Rg1
7490
1
2 3 4
5 6 7
INA NO1 NO2 NC VCC Rg1 Rg2
count
count
count
count
+VCC
2
50Hz 14
7490
1/5
2 3
+VCC
5
14
11 10Hz 1
10
Rg2 Oa Ob Oc Od
12
7490
1/10
3
10
11Hz
(T = 1Sec)
Hnh 1.6a
a. B chia tn 1/50
c b chia 1/50 ta ghp hai b chia 1/5 v 1/10 nh sau:
Lng Vn Hc
55
n tt nghip
1 2 2
7490
1/6
11Hz 14
+VCC
+VCC
5
11
3
9
14
12
7490
1/10
10
10
Hnh 1.6b
b. B chia 1/60.
Tng t nh trn ta ghp b chia 1/60 v 1/10 c b chia 1/60.
Nh vy l bng cch s dng 4 vi mch 7490 ta s c hai u ra l
1sec v 1 min. u im ca mch ny l chnh xc cao, lm vic n
nh v tin cy. Tuy nhin 7490 thuc h TTL nn i hi phi c cp
ngun n nh +5V v tiu th dng ln.
3. Chia tn bng IC n thp phn 4017.
4017 l IC m thp phn. Mt trong 10 u ra tun t chuyn ln cao
trong khi cc u ra khc thp theo xung nhp. Vi mch ny ch yu lm
chc nng ca b m nhng i khi cng dng trong cc b chia. S
chn v bng s tht ca 4017 nh sau:
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9
VCC RC CK EN OUT Q Q Q
94 8
4017
Q5 Q Q Q Q Q Q GND
1 0 2 6 7 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
RO1 RO2 Rg1

H
X
X
L
H
H
L L HL H
L
L
L
L
X
X
L
H
H
L L HL H
OPERATION
Qo = out = H; Q1 - Qg = 1
No changer
Hnh 1.7a
Lng Vn Hc
56
n tt nghip
+VCC
16
8 13
14
15
4017
CK
Q0
4001
N
RS
1/4
Q0
3 2 7 10 1 5 6 9 11
1/4
8
CK
Hnh 1.7b
a. B chia tn t cho 1 n cho 10.
y l b chia tn cho c s, h s chia thay i t 1 n 10 bng
cng tc S1 S10 thc cht n l mch m n N v lp li kt vi 2 cng
NOR.
b. B chia tn t cho 1 n cho 100.
CK
+Vcc
14
3(0)
4017A
n v
10(04)
11(09)
4081
N
13
1/4
4001
1/4
CK
3(00)
S
4017B
Chc
10(50)
1/50
CK
1/4
11(90)
8
13
Hnh 1.7c
Lng Vn Hc
57
n tt nghip
Nu ta ghp hai vi mch 4017 c s m t 1 n 100 ri lp li ta
s c b chia tn t1 cho n cho 100. v d chia tn 1/50 nh hnh trn.
Trong mch s dng 2 vi mch 4017A v 4017B ghp ni vi nhau nh
mt b m thp phn t 00 n 99. Vi mch 4017A n hng n v chn
12 (carry not) c ly xung nhp cho4017B n hng chc. Nh vy s
m ly 50 ra chn 1 ca 4017B.
Tuy nhin trn s chia cho 50, hai ca ca phn t AND li ly
gi tr 09. (chn 11 4017A) v (chn 10 4017B), nh vy s m s l
497 ta s gii thch iu ny bng gin thi gian:
3 - - - - - - - - - - - - 49 50
51
CK
RS= 1/N
S
N
Hnh 1.7d
Ban u RS = 1/N = H tt c u ra mc thp (tr gi tr 0; 00 v
Carry) do vy S = L, N = L, CK= L
Xung th nht: Do RS = H, nn b m khng lm vic. Khi CK = H
do cng NOR ch mc chm sc cao khi c hai li vo u thp, nn 1/N
= R/S = L v N = L do S = H v gi nguyn trng thi k c khi CK = L
(v 2 phn t NOR ghp thnh mch RS FF)
Nh vy l xung u tin ch c tc dng RS =L bt u cho php
b m lm vic, ch khng kch thch b m.
T xung th 2 n xung th 49 (48 xung tip theo) trng thi ca mch
khng khng i RS = 1/N = L, N = L v S = H
sn nn cc xung th 50 c hai u 09 v 40 u chuyn ln H (v
t n s m n 49) do N = H ln S = L
Lng Vn Hc
58
n tt nghip
Trong khi n c ni vi chn 15 (Reset) th lp tc b m b xo v
trng thi ban u tip tc chu k m mi. Hnh 1.8b l gin thi
gian minh hot cho qu trnh hot ng ca mch vi xung rt hp.
CK
14
(05)
Out 1/5
4017
RS
15
Hnh 1.8a
CK
Out 15 = RS
Hnh 1.8b
Khi mc logic ca chn 1 ln H t mc trigger ca chn 15 (reset)
qu trnh reset xy ra tc khc u ra li chuyn v N .
Do vy li ra ta c xung rt hp, tn s bng 1/5 tn s vo CK .
Mt cch gn ng rng T ca xung ra bng thi gian tng ng
ca chn ra .
(TLH) cng thi gian reset ca IC .
Bng cch ni tng i vi mch 4017 thnh 2 b m n 100 ta s
c 2 b qut 1/50 v 1/60 .
Nu tn s CK l 50Hz mt cch tng ng ta c 2 dy xung c chu
k 1 sec v 1 min .
c. Mch in thc t ca hai chia tn .
S nguyn l (hnh 3-8 c).
Trn s ta thy IC 202 lm nhim v chia 1/50 u ra l xung c
chu k 1 sec .
Lng Vn Hc
59
n tt nghip
IC 203 v IC 204 thc hin chia 1/60 li ra l xung c chu k l 1 min
4 vi mch ny u l loi 4017.
Cc phn t AND u song song li ra sec v min l cc b m
tng cng kh nng chu dng cp xung cho cc khi pha sau m xung
khng b nht (Fan not) y ta s dng vi mch 4081 (4 x AND 2 Input)
IC 205.
Nh b m ny m tt c cc mch thi gian khc u c xung t
mt b to xung 1 sec v 2 min duy nht cho php tit kim linh kin v
thi gian lp rp.
Vi nhng u im ny ta s chn mch in ny lm nhim v chia
tn trong thit k ca ta.
Lng Vn Hc
60
n tt nghip
+12 V
CK 50Hz
14
16
15
8
IC 201
IC 205 - 4081
13
1
12
14
16
8
13
IC 202
15
Sec
5
6
14
16
15
8
IC 203
13
IC 205 - 4081
12
8
14
9
16
10
8
13
IC 204
15
min
12
13
15
11
Hnh 1.8c
Lng Vn Hc
61
n tt nghip
V. Khi m thi gian mt yu cu
1. Yu cu
Yu cu quan trng nht ca khi ny l phi to ra c nhng
khong thi gian lm vic v ngh ph hp vi cng ngh. Ngoi ra cc
khong thi gian ny c th iu chnh c c lp vi nhau.
-
ng c cc phng v cc nng
Lm vic 4-8-16-32 pht hoc lin tc
Ngh 4-8-16-32 pht
ng c g y trng
Lm vic 4-8-16-32 giy hoc lin tc
Ngh 4-8-16-32 pht
Do c nhng mc thi gian khc nhau nn phi c h thng chuyn
mch bng tay t trn mt t iu khin. V l nn khi ny s l khi

nhiu u ra nht quyt nh s hn ch s u ra ton mch phi < 15. Do
vy khi thit k mch in m thi gian ngh v lm vic lu n s u
ra ti in p ca chuyn mch.
2. Nguyn l chung
Da trn cc yu cu ta xy dng khi cho mch m thi gian nh
sau (3-9a).
T bng trng thi 4017. Khi chn 13(EN) mc H th vi mch 4017
gi nguyn trng thi (No changer)
Ban u logic khng ch t RSLV (Reset lm vic) mc H khi
n thi gian lm vic ( lm vic) khng hot ng. Mt khc RSRV
(Reset ngh) mc L khi m thi gian ngh bt u hot ng (N).
Khong thi gian ngh c quyt nh bi SWN. Sau khong thi gian
ngh t trc s lm chuyn mc im chung ca SWN dn n iu khin
logic khng ch a tn hiu dng in cho ng c hot ng ng thi
t RSLV v mc thp cho php khi m thi gian lm vic ( lm vic)
bt u m.
Lng Vn Hc
62
n tt nghip
Thi gian lm vic c t trc l nh SWRV. Khi lm vic t
s m li ra ca n xut hin mt xung iu khin logic khng ch qua
logic iu khin ct in cho ng c ngng hot ng ng RSLV chuyn
ln H, RSN = L bt u mt chu k mi.
32
16
8
4
Xung thi gian
lm vic
CK
RWLV
LV
RSLV
LOGIC
khng ch
RSN
Xung thi
gian ngh
n logic
iu khin
LV
CK
4
8
16
32
RWN
Lin tc
Hnh 1.9a
Da trn s ny ta ln lt xy dng cc kiu mt thc hin nh
sau.
3. m thi gian bng vi mch 4017
Ta bit rng 4017 l b m thp phn 010. Nu ghp 2 vi mch
li ta s c mt b m thp phn t 00100
a. m thi gian dng ghp ni 2IOC4017
S nguyn l (hnh 1.9b)
Lng Vn Hc
63
n tt nghip
TGLV
14
16
15
8
+12V
C
IC 201
4
5
9
10
32
16
8
4
13
12
+12V
DLV
14
8
0
13
IC 202
15
LT
NAND-A
NAND-B
4
8
16 32
SWLV
R
D301
TGngh
14
16
15
13
IC 203
4
5
9
10
32
16
8
4
12
OUT
+12V
DN
14
NAND-C
NAND-D
LT
15
4
IC 204
R
8
16
32
SWN
Hnh 1.9b
Lng Vn Hc
64
n tt nghip
Hot ng ca mch
Khi lm vic lin tc: Cc chuyn mch SWN v SWLV u t vo
in p +12V lc li ra ca NANDB l H t b m thi gian ngh
(N0) trng thi xo v cm xung nhp. ng thi li ra ca NAND-D
mc H cho php khi logic iu khin pha sau ng in cho ng c
lm vic lin tc. y cc chuyn mch SWN v SWLV l loi chuyn
mch hai tng.
Khi lm vic ngn hn lp li: Cc chuyn mch t trc thi gian
lm vic ngh ca ng c. V d: Lm vic 16 th chuyn mch SWLV t
chn 5 IC 301 v chn 2 IC 302, hai chn ny c gi tr 06 v 10 trong b
m thi gian lm vic.
Tng t SWN t chn 5 IC 303 v chn 2 IC 304 trong b m
thi gian ngh, cc gi tr ny gi l cc gi tr tc ng (GTT)
Khi mi ng in, cc t C c np qua R nhm tm thi t cc chn 15
(Reset) ca cc vi mch H reset tt c cc li ra mc L chun b
lm vic. Cc it D301, D302 chn dng np ca C khng qua cc phn t
NAND tng ng.
Kt thc qu trnh reset ban u do cc li ra ca IC301, 302, 303, 304
u mc L nn li ra ca NANDC mc H t b thi gian lm vic
ngng hot ng. Li ra ca NANDB mc L cho php thi gian ngh bt
u m.
Khi b m thi gian ngh t GTT cc u ra ca SWN u mc
H qua 2 phn t C v D-NAND li ra out=H cho php ng c lm vic
ng thi t chn EN (s 13) cua N mc H gi nguyn trng thi li ra
ca C, li ra ca NANDC s l L cho php b m thi gian lm vic bt
u m.
Khi b m thi gian lm vic t gi tr tc ng (GTT) 2 li vo
ca NAND-A u mc H, nn li ra ca NAND-B s lm reset N v
trng thi ban u, lm dng ng c, ng thi qua phn t NAND-C c
Lng Vn Hc
65
n tt nghip
li ra mc H, qua DC302 xo b lm vic trng thi ban u, chun b
chu k m mi.
Trn s ta thy mch in phi s dng ti 5 vi mch vi 2 b
chuyn mch 4 tng vi s u ra phc v cho chuyn mch l 16. Nh vy
vt qu s lng chn ra ti in p l 15. Do s ny khng ph
hp vi thit k ca ta.
b. m thi gian theo nhm thi gian.
Ta c nhn xt l chu trnh lm vic ngh ca cc ng c rung g u
l bi s ca (4-8-16-32). Nh vy nu ta nhm mt xung u vo b m
c gi tr bng 4 n v thi gian th u ra ca mi b m thi gian, mt
n v thp phn c gi tr tng ng 4 n v thi gian. iu ny cho
php n gin h thng chuyn mch i rt nhiu. T tng ny ta xy
dng s nguyn l mch m thi gian theo nhm.
IC1 v IC2 lm nhim v chia tn cho 4 loi 4017. Do xung CK u
vo hp, do vy xung u ra Q4 ca IC1 v IC2 nu a trc tip v RS th s
khng bo m s lm vic n nh ca mch (theo di trn my
OSCILOCOFE c lc vi mch lm vic trng thi dao ng). gii
quyt vn ny ta dng phn t AND-A v AND-B m rng xung RS
gip cho mch chia tn lm vic r rng v chnh xc. Lc ny ta c RS1 =
CK . Q4 do CK a vo chn EN nn vi mch tch cc sn xung ca
xung, gin m t qu trnh chia tn nh sau:
1
5
CK
RS1
Q4
Q1
Hnh 1.9c
Lng Vn Hc
66
n tt nghip
Ti sn xung ca xung th 4, Q4 chuyn ln mc H s lm xung
kch thch cho b m thi gian (IC3, IC4). Tuy nhin lc ny b chia tn
cha b RS do CK xung L. Phi i n xung 5 mc H th RS1 = CK,
Q4 = H Reset b chia tn v L v tip tc mt chu k mi sn xung ca
xung th 5.
Vn t ra y l nu thi gian lm vic v c thi gian ngh khc
nhau xa th rng ca xung Q4 l T4 qu ln (khi n v thi gian l pht
th T4 = 1 pht) s lm cho b m thi gian lm vic mt chnh xc. Mun
thi gian T4 nh, xung a vo phn t AND-A v AND-B phi c chu k
nh (c 1 giy). mch in ny cho php b chuyn mch n gin (tng
cng c 10 u dy phc v cho SWN v SWLV). Tuy nhin vn phi dng
vi mch 4017,2 vi mch 4081 v 4011.
4. m thi gian dng vi mch m nh phn 4 bit 4520.
Vic s dng cc vi mch c tch cc cao hn s cho php gim
c gi thnh, khng gian b tr mch v thi gian lp rp. Vi mch 4520
cha 2 b m nh phn trong cng mt v 16 chn 2 hng. S chn v
bng trng thi hot ng ca 4520 nh hnh sau (hnh 1.10a):
CK
CKA1
16VCC
ENA2
15RSB
Q0A3
14Q3B
Q1A4
13Q2B
Q1A6
12Q1B
RSA
10ENB
GND8
9CKB
EN
RS
MODE
Count
Count
Nochange
L
X
X
L
L
H
X
Nochange
L
X
Nochange
Hnh 1.10a
Mi b m trong 4520 l b m nh phn m u ra 8421 nh vy ta
c nhn xt:
Q0: T xung th nht chuyn trng thi 0 1
Lng Vn Hc
67
n tt nghip
Q1: T xung th nht n xung th 2 chuyn mch 0 1
Q2: T xung th 2 n xung th 3 chuyn trng thi 0 1
Q3 : T xung th 7 n xung th 8 chuyn trng thi 0 1
Vi nhn xt ny ta thy rng ch cn 2 vi mch 4520 s cho php thit
k hai b m thi gian ngh v thi gian lm vic. Mi b m s gm 1 vi
mch 4520 v mt cng lgic khc.
Trong :
1/2 4520 lm nhim v chia tn 1/4 li ra l Q2 lm xung CK kch
thch cho 1/2-4520 cn li. Mt na cn li ca 4520 ny s ln lt thc
hin m chia 1, chia 2, chia 4 v chia 8 bng cc chuyn mch thi gian.
a. B m thi gian s dng 4520 kt hp FFD.
y FFD chnh l 1/2 vi mch 4013 vi mch ny tch cc vi sn
ln ca xung CK.
S nguyn l:
Cc phn t AND lm nhim v reset chm li mt xung nhp u vo
(khi CK=H) m rng xung ra ca b chia 1/4.
D1, D2, D3, D4 l cc mch hoc hai cng vo tc ng RS c khi b
m tng ng t gi tr tc ng.
C1, C2, R1, R2 l mch reset ban u khi mi cp in ngun D5, D6
chn ng np ca t qua FF-DD trong s hot ng nh mt b m
chia hai vi xung u vo ly t cc SWN v SWLV ta c Q1+1 = din tch
CK1+1; D=Q trong t l thi im xc nh d liu vo t+1 thi gian c
xung k tip.
Nguyn l hot ng:
-
1/2-4520 lm nhim v chia tn s vo cho 4. Nh vy l sau 4 xung
u (tch cc sn xung) u ra Q2 (chn 5) s chuyn ln mc cao lc

ny CK mc L.
Lng Vn Hc
68
n tt nghip
-
Xung CK tip theo sn nn khng c tc dng, nhng mc H ca n
th AND chuyn ln mt (do c 2 u vo bng 1) s reset mch chia 1/4 v

L. u ra Q2 xut hin sn xung ca xung kch thch b m tng ng.
Nh vy l do tc dng ca phn t AND m xung RS b chm li mt
khong nh hn chu k xung u vo. iu ny s lm tng rng xung
ra chia 1 cho 4 mch lm vic tin cy hn.
Gi s ban u: FF D c Q = 0, Q = D = 1 do vy t ng c
trng thi ngh RSN = Q = 0; RSlv = Q = 1, lc ny ch cho php b m thi
gian ngh lm vic.
Khi b m thi gian ngh t gi tr tc ng (t trc bng SWN)
li ra ca SWN chuyn ln mc mt thng qua D7 kch thch FF-D lm
chuyn trng thi FF-D l Q= 1; Q=D=1 RS-lv = 0 v RSN = 1, xo ton
b b m thi gian lm vic bt u lm hot ng. Li ra Q = 1 s cho
php ng c lm vic. Khi b m thi gian lm vic t gi tr tc ng
(t trc bng SWLV) li ra chuyn ln mt s kch thch FF-D thng qua
D8, FF-DD s chuyn trng thi u ra ngc vi lc trc tc l Q = 0,
Q=1, RSN =1, Reset ton b mch m thi gian lm vic v 0 v cm xung
nhp, b m thi gian ngh c php hot ng bt u chu k mi.
c im :
- u im: Lm vic n gin, r rng, tin cy.
- Nhc im:
Nu xung thi gian vo l pht th xung reset cho b chia 1/4 s c
m rng mt pht s lm mt chnh xc.
IC4013 gm 2 phn t FF-D gi thnh t gp i 4011 m ta ch s
dng c 1 phn t FF-D nn lng ph. Mt khc trong qu trnh thit k s
tng th vn cn c vi phn t NAND lm nhim v m - o phc v
cho cc mng khc.
Chnh v l mch in ny s c hon thin chnh xc tin cy
nhng tit kim linh kin.
Lng Vn Hc
69
n tt nghip
b. B nh thi gian dng 4520 v 4011
S nguyn l (hnh 1.11a)
-
Cc phn t AND (1-2-3-4) nm trong vi mch 4081 IC301
IC301 4520 m thi gian ngh vi chuyn mch thi gian ngh
SW301
-
C301, C302 (F/25V) v R301, R301 (5K6) to dng np ban u
thc hin Reset khi bt u ng in. Cc it D303, D306 chn ng

np ca t qua IC304-B v NAND-1 cc it D301, D302 v D304, D305
to thnh 2 cng hoc hai ca vo thc hin Reset cho IC303A v IC304A.
Lng Vn Hc
70
Lng Vn Hc
R303
71
J01
D305
7 IC 304A 5
D302
0,1
1
8
C704
IC 303A
R206
R304
D302
AND4
AND3
R308
R307
AND2
AND1
GND
407/16
C703
10
16
C301
R301
15
R302
Q401
NAND2
D303
D401
NAND1
+VCC
NAND3 NAND4
R402
R401
+VCC
+VCC
11
IC 304 12
13
14 D306
15
+VCC
11
12
13
IC 303 14
10
16
+VCC
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
SW301
32
SW302
Min
Sec
iu khin hin th
8
16
RL401 +12V
32
4 0
16
+12V
n tt nghip
Hnh 1.11a
n tt nghip
-
Phn t AND1 v AND3 m u vo cho thi gian ngh v thi gian
lm vic AND2, AND4 to tc ng Reset tr li 1 sec cho cc b chia 4

IC303A, IC304A. Nhm m rng xung ra tng cng n nh cho mch.
Hot ng ca mch:
Gi s thi gian ngh v thi gian lm vic l 4 pht, hai u xung
thi gian ngh v lm vic u ly t xung 1 min t b chia xung chun.
u vo tr cho AND1 v AND3 ly t xung chun 1 sec cc chuyn
mch SW302 u nc 4.
Thi im ban u khi ng in, cc t C301, C301 np in thng
qua R301, C302 np y chn 15 v chn 7 ca IC303 chuyn xung mc
thp, tuy nhin chn 15 v chn 7 ca IC304 vn mc cao do u vo
NAND 1 l L. Nh vy l IC 303 c php lm vic: IC 303 - A chia 1/4
thi gian ngh, li ra t chn 5 a vo chn 9 IC 303b l b m thi gian
ngh 4 xung vo, chn 5 xut hin sn ln ca 1 xung ngh. Sau 4 xung
u vo, sn 5 xut hin sn ln ca 1 xung, kch kch IC 303B (EN)
gi nguyn trng thi (Sau khi qua o NAND1). ng thi t chn 7
vo chn 5 ca IC 304 mc thp, bt u thi gian lm vic. Li ra ca
NAND2 l H a n khi logic iu khin ng in cho ng c lm
vic.
Tng t nh vy: IC304A chia 4 xung thi gian lm vic u vo sau
4 xung xut hin sn ln ca mt xung 1 chn 5 IC304A kch thch
IC304B n, lm chuyn mc u ra ca IC 303 v L, thng qua NAND1
t chn 15,7 caOIC 304 mc 11, cc li ra Q0 n Q3 ca IC 304B u
L sn sng cho mt chu k m mi ng thi ng c b ct in do li
ra ca NAND2 = N.
l it D302 ly in p Reset cho IC 302A t chuyn mch
SWN, iu ny cho php b m gi thi gian ngh t gi tr tc ng
khng i th khng cho php IC 302 lm vic. Nu khng s gy ra vic
chia khng ng thi ca IC302A v IC 304 lm mt chnh xc.
C ch RS tr ca IC 302 v IC 304 nh sau (Delay RS).
Lng Vn Hc
72
n tt nghip
Theo nguyn l qut 1/50 v 1/60 ta thy l ti sn ca xung qut 1
sec s lm xung CK cho b qut 1 min.
u ra ca b qut 150 v 1 / 60 s chuyn mc t L n H cho nn:
-
V mt rng xung v xung min u nh nhau (v u l thi gian
tng v thi gian RS ca cng mt loi vi mch).

-
V mt thi im: Xung min s chm sau xung sec mt khong thi
gian rt nh (sn ln ca xung sec th xung min mi bt u n H). V

phng to v tr v sn ca hai xung min v xung sec kt hp vi gin
thi gian ca IC303; IC304 hnh 1.11b. Coi thi gian tng v gi ca cc
xung nh nhau, rng ca cc xung sec v min rt nh hn 1 sec ln gn
ng rng xung ti chn 5 (chia cho 4 l mt sec).
U
Min
3
4
241
Sec
0
60
120
180
240
Chn 5
IC303
RS
Hnh 1.11b
Trn hnh v ta thy l sn xung ca xung pht th 4 (tc l giy
th 240 kt thc) chn 5 chuyn ln mc mt phi n mc H ca xung
giy th 241 th li ra ca AND mi ln mc H v xut hin xung RS lm
chn 5 li v mc 0.
-
Khi cn ng c lm vic lin tc, chuyn mch SWN t nc 0
(tc ni vi +12) lp tc ni ra ca NAND - 2 s lun mc mt cho php

ng c lm vic.
Lng Vn Hc
73
n tt nghip
c im:
Ta nhn xt thy rng mch in ny n gin, tin cy lm vic chnh
xc, mt khc 1/2 vi mch 4011 l hai phn t NAND cn li, s c s
dng cho mc ch iu khin hin th, ln mch in ny cho php tn
dng ti in p linh kin.
V nhng u im trn ta s chn mch in ny cho mc ch n
thi gian ngh v thi gian lm vic.
VI. Khi logic iu khin
1. Logic iu khin ng ngt ng c

ng ngt dng in cho ng c ngi ta khng th dng trc tip
cc phn t bn dn thc hin iu ny c v c dng v p ca phn
t bn dn rt nh.
Vic ng ngt ng c trong trng hp ny c thc hin nh cc
cng tc c cun dy ht c cp in p 100 n 380V.
ng ct in cho cun ht cng tc t c in p cao nh vy phi
thng qua tip im ca rle ny thng l dng dng in mt chiu vi
in p 12 n 24V v c iu khin nh phn t logic iu khin ng
ct ng c. n gin nht l s dng 1 tranzitor NPN nh hnh 1.12a.
+VCC
+12V
RL401
D401
T khi m
thi gian A
R401
47K
Q401
R402
10K
Hnh 1.12a
Lng Vn Hc
74
n tt nghip
y c mt vn t ra l do tip im ca RL 401 trn cng mt
v vi h thng iu khin ny s khng an ton khi sa cha. Do vy

RL401 c b tr trn cng mt mng vi cc rle trung gian khc ca h
thng trng lc bi.
RL401 chn loi P-C-22 ca Lin X (c) c cun dy ht s dng
in p mt chiu 12V, in tr 180 m nn dng in i qua cun dy l:
I=
U 12 2
=
= 0,055A
R
180
T dng in ny chn loi Tranzistor Q401-C2383 c in p

UCEmax= 300V; lcmax = 1,5 A tha iu khin rle.
-
R402 phn p cc gc n nh cho Q401, chn gi tr 10K.
R401 l in tr hn ch dng cc gc cho Q401.

Theo s liu ca cc nh sn xut vi mch CMOS th in p ra cc
i ca CMOS s thp hn in p ngun khong 2V chn iB ca Q401

khong 20mA n bo ho, lc ny gi tr Ubc = 0,6V do vy in tr R
401 tnh nh sau:
R401 =
(12 2) 0,6 V
5 K
0,6 V
20mA +
10K
Chn R401 = 47K

it D101 dp tt cc xung t cm ca cun dy RL 401 khi Q401
ng m, bo v Q401.
2. Logic hin th
Khi hin th thi gian lm vic v hin th thi gian ngh phi lm
vic ln lt. Mun vy phi thng qua mt s phn t logic m y ta s
dng 2 phn t NADN cn li ca IC302 - 4011.
S logic hin th hnh v 1.12b, 2 phn t NAND t ni tip cho
ta mt mch in khng o.
Lng Vn Hc
75
n tt nghip
B
LV=0
T cc khi
m thi gian
Ngh =1
n khi hin th
NAND4
NAND3
hnh 1.12b
VII. Khi ch th thi gian
1.Cc yu cu
a. Khi ch th thi gian phi m bo chnh xc khi hin th thi gian
bng led 7 thanh.
b. Phi c hai h thng hin th ring bit cho thi gian ngh v thi gian
lm vic, mi h thng hin th 2 digit.
c. Khi hin th thi gian c t trn mt t iu khin tin cho vic
theo di v vn hnh thit b.
2. S nguyn l (hnh 1.13b)
Do nhim v ca khi ny l hin th thi gian bng cc led 7 thanh
nn thc cht n bao gm mt b m xung BCD kt hp vi b gii m
BCD ph hp vi LED 7 thanh. Ngoi ra m bo hin th ln lt thi
gian ngh v hi gian lm vic phi c thm mt s phn t logic thc
hin chc nng ny.
-
IC502 l loi 4518 cha hai b BCD trong cng mt v 16 chn hai
hng s b tr chn v bn trng thi ca n khng khc g loi 4520 m

ta ni ti khi thi gian ch khc l 4518 l m nh phn nhm 10,
4520 m nh phn nhm 16, do vy vic s dng 4518 cho php mi h
thng hin th hai digit ch cn mt vi mch 4518.
Lng Vn Hc
76
n tt nghip
VCC f g a b c d e
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9
LE: Cht (khi H)

BI: Lm ti hin th (khi L)
1
B
LE
H
X
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
2
C
BI
H
L
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
D
X
X
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
H
H
H
3 4 5 6
LT BI LE D
7
A
8
GND
C
X
X
L
L
L
L
H
H
H
H
L
L
L
b
X
L
H
H
H
H
H
L
L
H
H
H
L
-
c
X
L
H
H
L
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
L
-
B
X
X
L
L
H
L
L
H
H
H
L
L
L
H H H
A
X
X
L
L
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
H
a
X
L
H
H
H
H
L
H
H
H
H
H
L
-
d
X
L
H
H
H
H
L
H
H
L
H
L
L
-
LT: Kim tra hin th (khi L)

a,b,c,d,e,f,g: Li ra hin th 7
thanh cathode chung
E
X
L
H
H
H
H
L
L
H
L
H
L
L
-
f
X
L
H
H
L
L
H
H
H
L
H
H
L
-
g
X
L
L
L
H
H
H
H
H
L
H
H
L
-
Display
Cht
Tt hin th
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
Ti hin th
F
a
f
e
b
g
d
Hnh 1.13a
Lng Vn Hc
77
n tt nghip
+VCC
C301
D501
16
7
15
3
4
5
6
10
7
1
2
6
4
5
8
11
12
13
14
7
1
2
6
4
5
8
IC
502
R501
TGLV
18
K
17
TGN
5
8
9
1
16
IC
504
7xR503
15
16
IC
505
15
7xR504
3
1
GND
12V
+VCC
2
3
4
5
6
10
7
D502
15
R502
IC
503
C502
+VCC
4
7
1
2
6
11
12
13
14
15
R501
8
9
1
4
7
1
2
6
5
8
16
IC
506
16
IC
507
7xR505
15
3
9
15
7xR506
Hnh 1.13b
Lng Vn Hc
78
n tt nghip
IC503 - 4518.
IC 540, 505, 506 , 507 loi 4511, thuc h CMOS, gii m BCD ra 7
thanh ph hp vi led 7 thanh catt chung.
Cc cng NAND 1 v NAND 2 hot ng nh mt cng truyn s vi
chn cho php chuyn mc H li dng trng thi hot ng ca cng ny
ngi ta ch cn khng th chn EN s cho php xung thi gian cp c
truyn n b m hay khng.
NAND3 lm nhim v nghch o tn hiu t logic iu khin hin th
n m bo hai cng truyn NAND 1 v NAND 2 s cho php xung thi
gian ngh i qua cng NAND 1 s cho php xung T lm vic i mt cch
tng ng, 3 cng NAND ny nm trong vi mch IC 501 loi 4011.
-
IC 502, IC 503 (4518) m BCD, xung thi gian c a vo chn
EN (tch cc sn xung) trong khi chn CK- L cc chn RS c ni

qua cc t in C501, C502 v in tr R501, R502 nhm xo s m lc
khi ng cc it D501, D502 ly in p iu khin RS cc b m v
LLLL tng ng khi i ht thi gian ngh hoc thi gian lm vic.
-
m bo s tin li cho cng nhn vn hnh khi theo di thi gian
ngh v thi gian lm vic th khi hin th thi gian lm vic th b hin th
thi gian ngh phi tt i v ngc li. Da vo bn trng thi hot ng ca
4511. Nu chn lm ti thiu hin th BI mc thp trong khi LT mc
cao th s lm tng hin th. Nh vy l ch cn a mc logic iu khin
thch hp vo hai chn ny s thc hin c yu cu trn.
Cc in tr m ni ra hin th 7 thanh bao gm
7 x R503.330; 7 x R504.330; 7 x R505.330; 7 x R506.330
Cc in tr ny hn ch dng qua LED
VIII. B chuyn mch (SW301, SW302)
1. Cc yu cu
a. B chuyn mch phi m bo n nh, chnh xc, khng gy nh hng
n xung iu khin ca khi m n khi logic iu khin.
Lng Vn Hc
79
n tt nghip
b. Thao tc nhanh ngn, tin cy khi s dng
c. Cc cng tc chuyn mch c t trn mt t iu khin tin vic
theo di v vn hnh thit b.
d. m bo tin nghi
2. B chuyn mch
Trn thc t ta c 2 cch chuyn mch:
+
Chuyn mch khng tip im (dng IC)
Chuyn mch c tip im (c kh)
a. Chuyn mch c tip im

Theo yu cu ca bn thit k ny mt b chuyn mch bao gm 5
tip im trn xoay khi cn hot ng nc tip im thi gian no th vn
sang tip im . Vn hnh n gin v rt hay c s dng hin nay, tuy
nhin trong bn thit k ny khng dng loi ny v n c th gy nhiu
xung n thi gian dn n sai lch qu trnh.
b. Chuyn mch khng tip im
y ta dng IC chuyn mch vi bn thit k ny ta dng IC 601-
4066. N l loi vi mch CMOS rt a nng, cc chn 13,5,6 v 12 iu

khin 4 chuyn mch tng t. ng mch no ta ni chn iu khin
mch vi ngun cung cp VCC. in tr thng mch l 80250.
ngt chuyn mch ta ni chn iu khin n vi t. in tr ngt l 109
cc chn vo ra c th hon v cho nhau. Lu gi tr ngun cung cp hai
ch (mode) v s (digital), y ta dng ch digital nn ni chn
ngun 14 vi +12V cn chn 7 ni vi t.
Cc u A1, B1, C1, Dng in c u qua dc cm vo 4 u ra
ca b m thi gian 4,8,16,32.
Cc u A2, B2, C2 dy dn v khng c u vo 5 cng tc n
ng m cho u ra ca output (Khng, K1, K2, K3, K4)
Lu : cng tc n (Khng, K1, K2, K3, K4) phi chn loi khi mt cng
tc hot ng th 4 cng tc kia khng hot ng c, n c ni lin
Lng Vn Hc
80
n tt nghip
ng n nhau (ngha l khi n 1 trong 5 cng tc th cc cng tc khc
trng thi h mch dng cng tc bp bnh).
Cc in tr R601 c nhim v phn p v ghm m khi khng dng
chn loi in tr R601=10K.
3.9. Ngun cung cp
Trn thc t khi o dng in tiu th ca mt b iu khin (cha k
rle bao gm mt to xung chun v mt b m thi gian s xp x 30mA.
Nh vy nu tnh mt cch rng ri (khi 3 b m thi gian dng chung
mt b to xung chun) th mt trng s c 3 h thng iu khin tiu th
mt dng in 90mA. Nh phn chn rle bit dng qua rle PC22 l
55mA, 3 rle s tiu th 3*55 = 165 mA, mi digit ch th thi gian tng
dng in cung cp cho n l 56*12 = 672mA.
Trong :
10V l in p ngun cung cp ( tr i in p ri trong vi mch
gii m).
2V l in p ti trn mt thanh led
Tng t nh vy 3 h thng vi mch m v gii m phc v cho h
thng hin th tiu th mt dng in khong 210mA cho 23 vi mch (mi
h thng hin th gm 2 vi mch 4518, 4 vi mch4511, 1 vin, mch 4011).
Vy tng dng tiu th cc i ca h thng iu khin ng c dung
v g trng lc bi (k c phn ch th) s l:
l = 90mA + 165mA + 627mA + 210mA = 1,137A
iu ny s phi c tnh n khi thit k my bin p chnh lu v
n p 12V cung cp cho tt c cc b phn iu khin khc trong trng lc
bi chi tit, v cng do s dng chung ngun DC12V vi cc h thng iu
khin khc trong phm vi thit k khng cn phi tnh bin p ngun cung
cp.
Lng Vn Hc
81
n tt nghip
Chng II
Thit k mch
I. S nguyn l ton mch
Qua qu trnh phn tch v la chn phng php thit k mch in

s nguyn l h thng t ng iu khin ng c rung g trng lc
bi s bao gm 3 phn chnh nh sau:
1. Khi to xung chun v chia tn (hnh 2.1)
Khi ny bao gm mch to xung chun v s dng IC 101 - 741C v
mch chia tn ni ra xung 1 sec v 1 min cung cp 1 min cho c 3
h thng iu khin c cc phng v bunke.
Do dng chung nh vy nn khi ny c thit k lp rp trn cng
mt mch in vi khi ngun. Khi ny cn c 5 u ra + 12V, GND xung
min xung sec v 10V.
2. Khi m thi gian v iu khin ng c (hnh 2.2)
Bao gm b m thi gian ngh, thi gian lm vic logic iu khin
rle v iu khin hin th. Ring rle trung c in p tip im nn n
c t chung vi khi rle ph thuc cho c h thng.
Cc chuyn mch t mt t iu khin nn n c 10 u ra ph
thuc nn n s c 10 u ra phc v cho chuyn mch, hai ng xung
min v sec, mt ng n RN401 mt iu khin hin th v ng
VCC=12V. Tng cng c 15 ng ra. Ring ng dy GND s c ni
mt qua mt si dy ring gn vi v t iu khin.
Vic thay i thi gian lm vic l pht hay giy c thc hin nh
o cu ni J01 trn mch in khi lp ghp linh kin.
3. Khi hin th thi gian (hnh 4-3)
Khi ny cha ton b h thng m, gii m v hin th bng LED7
thanh. Tng cng c 4 digit, mch in ca khi ny t pha mt t iu
Lng Vn Hc
82
Lng Vn Hc
R303
83
J01
D305
7 IC 304A 5
D302
0,1
1
8
C704
IC 303A
R206
R304
D302
AND4
AND3
R308
R307
AND2
AND1
GND
407/16
C703
10
16
C301
R301
15
R302
Q401
NAND2
D303
D401
NAND1
+VCC
NAND3 NAND4
R402
R401
+VCC
+VCC
11
12
IC 304 13
14 D306
15
+VCC
11
12
13
IC 303 14
10
16
+VCC
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
SW301
32
SW302
Min
Sec
iu khin hin th
8
16
RL401 +12V
32
4 0
16
+12V
n tt nghip
khin s c 5 u dy phc v cho khi ny l: +VCC, GND thi gian lm
vic thi gian ngh iu khin hin th.
Hnh 2.1
n tt nghip
+VCC
C301
D501
16
7
15
IC
502
R501
TGLV
18
K
17
TGN
5
8
9
1
3
4
5
6
10
7
1
2
6
4
5
8
11
12
13
14
7
1
2
6
4
5
8
16
IC
504
7xR503
15
16
IC
505
15
7xR504
3
1
GND
12V
+VCC
2
3
4
5
6
10
7
D502
15
R502
IC
503
C502
+VCC
4
7
1
2
6
11
12
13
14
15
R501
8
9
1
4
7
1
2
6
5
8
16
IC
506
16
IC
507
7xR505
15
3
9
15
7xR506
Hnh 2.2
Lng Vn Hc
84
n tt nghip
II. Cc linh kin:
Tn vi mch
101
201
202
203
204
205
301
302
303
304
502
503
504
505
506
507
601
602
501
K hiu
741
4017
4081
4011
4520
4518
4511
4006
S lng Tn in tr
1
R101
R307
R308
4
R102
R402
R601*4
2
R103
R501
2
R502
R301
2
R302
R303
2
R304
R305
R306
4
R401
R503*7
R506*7
2
R504*7
T in
C301
C302
C501
C502
C701
C702
C703
C704
1F/16V
0,1F/50
470F/16V
Lng Vn Hc
DZ101
D301
D306
D401
D501
D502
K hiu
1/8
S lng
4K7
10K
10
2K2
5K6
4K7
330
28
it
BZY5V1
IN1415
Tranzitor
Q401
85
n tt nghip
III. Kt lun:
nh gi ch tiu cht lng ca h thng iu khin t ng ng c

rung g.
1.Kh nng chuyn mn ho cao:
Ch cn mt loi mch in c th cho lp rp c 3 mch iu khin cho
3 h thng ng c rung g ( cc lng - cc phng - Bunke).
2.Tit kim linh kin, s dng chuyn mch t tip im nht, ph hp vi
b gic cm ca h thng c.
Mt b to xung chun cn 4 vi mch 4017, 1 vi mch 741, 1 vi mch
4081. R rng l nu s dng mi mch iu khin mt b to xung thi
gian ring th cn 6x3 = 18 vi mch cho mi trng. Nu s dng mt b
to xung chun cho c 3 h thng ng c trong mt trng th s tit kim
2 b to xung (12 vi mch) b lm mt php tnh n gin, nu trung bnh 1
vi mch gi 3.500 ng th ta tit kim c 12x3.500= 42.000 ng cho
mt trng.
Vy ta ch cn mt b xung chun cho c 3 h thng iu khin
bit linh kin m vn m bo chnh xc v tin cy ca mch.
3. chnh xc:
t chnh xc cao, sai s ln nht khi kim tra bng ng h bm
giy in t l 0,1 sec. Thc t sai s ny khng ng k v n ph thuc
vo tn s in li quc gia.
4. Kh nng chng nhiu, tin cy
Do h thng c thit k trn c s cc vi mch s h CMOS nn n
mang y cc u im ca h CMOS, l:
-
Cng sut tiu tn b: trng thi tnh ch cn 2,5 N cho mi cng
lgic. Cng sut ny b hn h TTL rt nhiu v cc cng CMOS c thit

k ch dn in khi c xung CK v d liu kch thch.
-
in p lm vic thay i mt di rt rng t 5 n 15 V-DC, do vy
n c th s dng vi bt k in p ngun n nh no nm trong di .
Lng Vn Hc
86
n tt nghip
-
Tnh chng nhiu

IC-CMOS chng nhiu rt tt, thng l 2,25mV cho in p cp 5V
v 4,5mV cho in p cp 10V. Thi gian tr ca CMOS ng vai tr mt

b phn lc nhiu. Xung 10 nng sut bin mt sau mt chui cc cng
CMOS, nhng ngc li c khuych i sau mt chui cng TTL, chnh
v tnh cht c bit ny m IC-CMOS c dng thit k cc mch in
ca cc thit b cng nghip phi hot ng trong mi trng y nhiu
in-t trng.
Vi in p cp 5V CMOS vn lm vic bnh thng khi in p cp
mt n nh hoc in p nhiu n 1V.
-
tin cy: Do mch in lm vic trn c s k thut s nn tin
cy rt cao. Trn thc t mch rt t h hng v khi h hng ch yu do s

sut khi vn hnh gy chm chp m thi. Kiu mch ny ch c 2 trng
thi: Hoc l chy tt mi ci bnh thng hoc l khng chy m thi. Do
vy nu vn hiu chnh chnh xc ca mch khng c t ra y,
iu ny cho php gim bt rt nhiu cng lp rp, hiu chnh v sa cha.
n nh ca mch rt cao v thc t h s chia v s m ca cc phn
t trong mch khng b nh hng bi nhit v m mi trng khi m
cc i lng ny nm trong gii hn cho php.
Nh vy, mch in thit k ca chng ti p ng y cc yu cu
ca h thng iu khin ng c rung g trng lc bi. V vy n hon
ton c th ng dng tt trong thc t.
Lng Vn Hc
87
n tt nghip
Ti liu tham kho
1.
K thut lc bi v lm sch kh
Hong Kim C
Nh xut bn Gio Dc 1999.
2.
kh c in
Phm Vn Chi Bi Tn Hu Nguyn Tin Tn

Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut.
3.
k thut in t
Xun Th (ch bin).

4.
k thut mch in t
Phm Minh H
Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut 1997.
5.
k thut in t s ng dng
V Tr An
Lng Vn Hc
88

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n tt nghip

Phn I: gii thiu chung

Chng I: Gii thiu v cng ngh lc bi

Gii thiu chung

III. u, nhc im chung ca thit b lc bi in

IV. Nguyn l ca vic lm sch kh bng in

Cu trc cc b phn chnh ca thit b lc bi in

VI. Nhng qu trnh chnh khi lm sch kh bng in

VII. Mc thu bi theo l thuyt

VIII. Cc nhn t nh hng trong thit b lc bi in thc t

IX. ng dng c th ca phng n i vi yu cu lc bi

Chng II: Rle thi gian

Rle thi gian in t

Rle thi gian kiu thy lc

III. Rle thi gian kiu ng h

IV. Rle thi gian kiu ng c

Rle thi gian in t

VI. Rle thi gian dng vi mch 555

VII. Rle thi gian kiu mch s

Phn I: thit k b iu khin cho ng c

IV. Khi chia tn

Khi m thi gian mt yu cu

VI. Khi logic iu khin

VII. Khi ch th thi gian

VIII. B chuyn mch

Chng II: Thit k mch

S nguyn l ton mch

Ti liu tham kho

Gii thiu chung

Gii thiu v cng ngh lc bi

II. ng dng c th ca cc thit b lc bi in:

lng thp, ch cn 0,3 n 1,8 MJ cho 1000m3 kh thi.

C th thu c cc ht bi vi kch thc nh ti 0,1 m v nng

Thit b lc bi c th lm vic vi p sut chn khng hoc p sut cao.

C th iu khin v t ng ho hon ton.

Do cc thit b c nhy cao nn khi c s saikhc nh gia gi tr

thc t ca cc thng s cng nghip v cc gi tr tinh ton thit k th

Nhng s c c hc d nh cng nh hng ti hiu qu thu bi.

Thit b lc bi in khng c ng dng lm sch kh c cha

cc cht d n, v trong thit b lc bi thng xut hin cc tia la in.

Nhm 1: Cc in tc qung sng khng c cc im nh v phng

in trn in cc m s phng in phn b u theo chiu di in cc.

Nhm 2: Cc in cc qung sng c cc im phng in c nh

phn b dc theo chiu di ca in cc. Cc im phng in l cc mi

: S lng in tch nguyn t ht bi tch c

S tch in ca ht bi xy ra rt nhanh. i vi hu ht bi cng

i vi nhng ht bi c kch thc nh hn 1 m th tc chuyn

Cc k hiu trong cng thc:

: H s nht ng lc ca kh iu kin thc t

3. S lng b trn b mt ca in cc lng

c tnh Volt Ampe l mt trong nhng ch tiu c bn ca thit b

: Bn knh ca in cc qung sng

Eth : Cng in trng ti hn

: T s khi lng ca kh trong iu kin lm vic v iu kin tiu

Khi in cc lng c dng tm v in cc qung sng c dng dy dn th

Uth : in p ti hn (in p bt u xut hin qung sng) V

: Bn knh in cc qung sng

: Khong cch gia cc qung sng v in cc lng dng tm

: Khong cch gia cc in cc qung sng trong mt dy

T cc cng thc trn ta thy rng: Khi gim bn knh in cc qung

Mc thu bi trong thit b lc bi c tnh theo cng thc:

qua thit b (f c gi l b mt ring ca thit b lc bi ng vi lng kh

Cng in trng ph thuc vo th hiu cp cho in cc qung

nh hng cc kch thc ht bi ( phn tn ht) n cng tc ca