Lrkouk

eSaus

bUVuZf'ki

ds

fy,

dEI;wVj

lkQ~Vos;j ds {ks= esa jkstxkj

fo"k; dk p;u fd;kA D;ksafd vkt dk ;qx
dEI;wVj dk ;qx gSA f'k{kk gh thou dk
vewY;jRu gSA ftlls bl vewY; jRu dh
kfIr gks tkrh gSA og lkalkfjd thou esa
lcdqN ik ysrk gSA f'k{kk ds }kjk vius
thou dks lqxe cuk;k tk ldrk gSA f'k{kk
xzg.k djus ij gh ekuo cu tkrk gSA thou
ds R;sd {k.k esa f'k{kk dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA f'k{kk og ojnku gksrh gS]
ftlds }kjk Lojkstxkj lsok,W ns ldrk gSA
bl dkj & dEI;wVj lk{kjrk dk egRo
fnuksa fnu c< jgk gSA D;ksafd m|ksx]
Page 1 of 49

O;olk;] O;kikj] cSadks] jsYos] 'kkldh; o

v'kkldh;] futh dk;kZy;ksa esa dEI;wVj
dk ;ksx o cMh & cMh dEifu;ksa esa
dEI;wVj ls gh dk;Z laHko gSA bldk
;ksx vifjgk;Z gks x;k gSA o bl otg ls
dEI;wVj dks tkudj O;fDr;ksa dh ekax
rsth ls c<h gSA dEI;wVj ij vk/kkfjr
jkstxkjksUew[kh ikB;ekas dk blfy,
rsth ls Qsyko gks jgk gSA bl ifjos{k.k
esa

Hkkjr

ljdkj

,oa

dEI;wVj

ds

mi;kssxksa us n{k ekuo lalk/ku ds

fodkl ij vf/kd cy fn;k gSA jkT; 'kklu us
e/;ns'k Hkkst eqDr fo'ofo|ky; ns'k
esa dEI;wVj ds {ks= esa ekuo lalk/ku
fodlhr djus ds dsfUnz; ,tsalh ds :i esa
fpfUgr fd;k x;k gSA dEI;wVj f'k{kk dks
Page 2 of 49

vkSj vf/kd l?ku rFkk dEI;wVj ij lh/ks

dk;Z djus dss le; dks c<kus ds ms'; ls
dbZ pqus gq, Ldwyksa esa dEI;wVj dh
ysc LFkkfir dj nh xbZ gSA rkfd Hkkjr
dk vkus okyk Hkfo"; mTtoy gksa vkSj
Ldwyksa es i<kbZ ds lkFk & lkFk
jkstxkjksUew[kh dEI;wVj f'k{kk dks
Hkh tksMk x;k gS rkfd vkus okys le;
esa dsoy i<kbZ ;k fMxzh ls fdlh dks
Hkh jkstxkj ugha fey ikrk gSA yk[kksa
O;fDr csjkstxkj gks x, gSaA vr% blh
leL;k dks /;ku esa j[kdj ljdkjh o futh
{ks=ksa esa f'k{kk ds lkFk dEI;wVj
dks Hkh tksM fn;k gSA buesa dEI;wVj
ds ikB~;e tSls lh-lh-, lfVZfQdsV bu
dEI;wVj ,fIyds'ku Mh-lh-, fMIyksek by
Page 3 of 49

dEI;wVj ,fIyds'ku bu lHkh fo|ky;ksa

esa

FkkA

{ks=ksa

losZf{kr
esa

bu

ljdkjh

ikB~;eksa

futh
dks

pyk;k tk jgk gSA by lHkh {ks=ksa esa

Nk=ksa] fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks dEI;wVj ij
dke djus ds fy, vf/kd volj kIr gksaxs]
lkFk gh dEI;wVj }kjk Hkh f'k{kk nh
tkosxh

ftles

dEI;wVj]

bafXy'k

,oa

dEI;wVj ksxzke ds ckjs esa dkslZ ds

ckjs esa O;fDr fodkl ds lkFk fl[kk;k
tk;sxkA dEI;wVj ,tqds'ku R;sd Nk= ds
thou ds fy, dkQh ykHknk;d fl) gqvk
gSA dEI;wVj O;fDr ds Kku lalkj dh ,d
egRoiw.kZ miyfC/k ekuh tkrh gSA
dEI;wVj midj.k dk fodflr O;fDr }kjk gh
gqvk gSA ;g ,d fofp= lR; gS] fd
Page 4 of 49

dEI;wVj dk bfrgkl vkt ls yxHkx 500 lky

igys ls tqMk gqvk gSA ekuo vius
bfrgkl ds kjaHk ls gh bu e'khuksa]
midj.kksa ds vfo"dkjksa esa tqVk jgk
gSA tks fd ekuo dh ekufld Je dk;ksaZ
esa lgk;rk dj ldsA

fo"k; dk egRo
p;fur fodYi vFkkZr dEI;wVj dsUnzksa
dh dk;Z.kkyh ,oa mlls jkstxkj ds volj
Page 5 of 49

iw.kZr%

dEI;wVj

f'k{kk

ij

vk/kkfjr

ifj;kstuk gSA orZeku ;qx esa gj dksbZ

dEI;wVj ds {ks= esa gh viuk dsfj;j
cukuk pkgrk gSA ftl ckcr o rduhd
f'k{kk dks kIr Hkh dj jgk gS vFkkZr
vkus okys le; esa vR;f/kd yksx bl rdfud
esa ikjaxr gks pqds gksaxsA ftlls
dEI;wVj
fr;ksxh

dk

;g
gks

{ks=
pwdk

Hkh

vR;f/kd

gksxkA

bl

fr;ksfxrk ls cpus dk laHkkfor mik;

ugha gSA fd dEI;wVj ds {ks= esa fur
ubZ kafr gksxh ;k gksrh jgrh gSA ge
vius vki dks n{k dj ges'kk bl fr;ksfxrk
esa cus jg ldrs gSaA tSlk fd ge tkurs
gSa fd orZeku ;qx esa dsoy ijaijkxr
f'k{kk kIr dj ysus ls dsfj;j dk Hkfo";
Page 6 of 49

ugha cuk;k tk ldrk gSA dsfj;j ds fy,

vko';d gS] rduhfd KkuA mlh ds rgr
esaus bl fodYi dk p;u fd;k gS] rkfd ge
Hkfo"; esa dqN dj lds vkSj vkxs c<
ldsA

ms';
laLFkk ds kpk;Zth us crk;k fd fuEu
mn~ns';ksa dks ysdj bl laLFkk dh
LFkkiuk dh xbZA
'kgj ds Nk=ksa dks vPNh f'k{kk
vkSj mRre Hkfo"; nsus ds fy, dh
xbZA
Lojkstxkj vkSj xkWo ds cPpksa dk
Hkfo"; mTtoy cukus ds fy, dh xbZA

Page 7 of 49

 csjkstxkj dks jkstxkj fnykus ds fy,

dh xbZA

dEI;wVj lajpuk

bUVuZ'khi ds vuqHko
bUVuZ'khi

ds

}kjk

gekjs

fofHkUu

vuqHko bl dkj jgs gSaA

gesa bl nksjku ;g vuqHko gqvk fd fdlh
Hkh dk;Z dks fdl rjg ls mfpr :i ls fl[kk;k
Page 8 of 49

tkrk gS rFkk esaus vuqHko fd;k fd

geus lgh rfjds ls dEI;wVj ds ckjs esa
fl[kk vkSj tkuk fd fdl rjg ls ge bldk
;ksx dj viuk dk;Z vklkuh ls dj ldrs
gSaA rFkk ,dkxz eu ls fdlh Hkh dk;Z
dks vklkuh ls le>k tk ldrk gSA
eSaus vuqHko fd;k fd fdlh Hkh dk;Z
dks djuk u rks dfBu gksrk gS vkSj u gh
bruk ljy fd vklkuh ls gks lds] cl yxkrkj
esgur vkSj yxu ls gj dke vklku gks tkrk
gS ftls ge vklku le>rs gSa oks gh lcls
foijhr ifjfLFkfr dks tUe ns nsrk gSA
bUVuZ'khi ds nksjku geus oks lc fl[kk
tks gekjs vkus okys le; esa gekjs fy,
vko';d gSA vkSj blesa gekjs vkus okys
le; esa ge dqN vPNk dj ldrs gSaA
Page 9 of 49

bUVuZ'khi ds nksjku geus

D;k fl[kk vkSj Hkfo"; esa
jkstxkj esa mldk ykHk dsls
ysaxs&
bUVuZ'khi ds nksjku geus le; dks
easVsu

djds j[kuk pkfg, D;ksafd le;

cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA fo|kFkhZ dks fdl

rjg ls i<uk pkfg, o fdl rjg ls le>k;k tkrk
gS] bl laLFkk ls geus dEI;wVj lh[kus dh
Vsfuax yh rkfd gesa Hkfo"; esa
jkstxkj

ikus

esa

lgk;rk

feysA

bUVuZ'khi ds nksjku esaus MS POWER

POINT, MS DOS, MS EXCEL, MS ACCESS,
Page 10 of 49

MS WORD, ETC dks pykus dk dke

fl[kk gSA blds vykok cPpksa dks fdl
rjg ls i<k;k tkrk gS vkSj cPpksa dks fdl
rjg ls uksV~l iwjs djk, tkrs gSaaA
vkWfQl vflLVsaV dk dke lh[kk ftllsa
fdlh Hkh daiuh esa vkWfQl ls lacaf/kr
lHkh dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA geus bl laLFkk
esa vkWfQl dk dk;Z Hkh laHkkyk fdlh
Hkh rjg vkWfQl dk dk;Z dj ldrs gSa]
pkgs og vkWfQl vflLVsaV dk dk;Z
gks ;k vkWfQl esusteasV dk dk;Z gks
bl laLFkk esa eq>s bUVuZ'khi ds
nksjku dkQh Kku feyk rkfd Hkfo"; esa
fdlh Hkh dk;Z ds fy, ijs'kkuh u vk,A bl
laLFkk

ls

dkslZ

djus

ds

ckn

,d

lfVZfQdsV fn;k tkrk gS ge fdlh daiuh

Page 11 of 49

esa tkWc ds fy, tkrs gSa rks ;g

lfVZfQdsV gesa lgk;rk nku djrk gSA
bUVuZ'khi ds nksjku geus tks lh[kk
Hkfo"; esa fdlh Hkh txg tkWc djus tkrs
gSa rks geus tks lh[kk mldk Kku tkWc
djrs le; dke vkrk gS vkSj bUVuZ'khi ds
nksjku tks lh[kk vkSj lh[kk;k mldk
vuqHko gh jgrk gSA

Page 12 of 49

bUVuZ'khi ds nksjku
D;k&D;k fl[kk;k
eSaus

bUVuZ'khi

ds

nksjku

dbZ

phtksa dks lh[kk dh fdl rjg ge dEI;wVj

ds }kjk viuk dk;Z vklkuh ls dj ldrs gSA
eSaus fl[kus ds ckn vius lkFk jgus
okys yksxks dks Hkh dbZ ckj le>k;k
vkSj fl[kk;k dh fdl rjg ls ge bu phtks
dk ;ksx djds vius dk;Z dks vklkuh ls
dj ldrs gSaA bl bUVuZ'khi ds ckn esa
Lo;a fdlh Hkh laLFkk esa i<k o lh[kk
ldrk gwW fd fdl rjg ls dEI;wVj gekjs fy,
vko';d gS vkSj blds }kjk ge D;k D;k dj
ldrs gS tks gekjs dk;Z dks vklku cukrk
Page 13 of 49

gSA vkus okys le; esa FkksMk vkSj

fl[kus ds ckn esa fdlh daiuh esa dke
Hkh dj ldrk gWwA ;k blh dkj fdlh
laLFkk dks [kksydj nwljksa dks lh[kk
ldrs gSaA eSaus dbZa u, LVwMsaV~l
dks

Hkh

fl[kk;k

vkSj

dEI;wVj

dh

Vsfuax nhA tSls&

dEI;wVj D;k gS
WHAT IS COMPUTER
dEI;wVj 'kCn dEI;wVj ls cuk gS] ftldk
vFkZ gksrk gS x.kuk djukA bl dkj
dEI;wVj dks fuEu :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk
Page 14 of 49

ldrk gS& ,d

bysDVkfud midj.k ftls

x.kuk djus ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk] tks

vFkZesfVd f;kvksa dks 'kq)rk o rhoz
xfr ls dj ldrk gSA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] dEI;wVj ,d ,slk midj.k
gS tks MkVk ls lapkfyr gSA ;g buiqV
f;k ls buiqV MkVk kIr djrk gS] mu ij
f;k,W

lh-ih-;w

esa

djrk

gS

rFkk

vkmViqV fMokbl ij okafNr vkmViqV nku

djrk gSA dEI;wVj euq"; dh Hkk"kk ugh
le> ldrk gSA dEI;wVj ck;ujh .kkyh 0
rFkk 1 esa dk;Z djrk gSA
dEI;wVj ftu MkVk ij f;k,W djrk gS
mudk vkdkj rFkk :i dEI;wVj esa mi;ksx
fd, tkus okys lkWVos;j ij fuHkZj djrk
gSA dEI;wVj MkVk ij f;k djrk gS] blfy,
bls MkVk kslslj Hkh dgk tkrk gS rFkk
Page 15 of 49

MkVk ij kslsl djus ds dk;Z dks MkVk

kslsflax dgk tkrk gSaA

dEI;wVjksa dk egRo
IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTER
vktdy gj vkneh ftlus dEI;wVj dk uke
lqu j[kk gS] bldk egRo tkurk gS]
cMh&cMh

daiuh;ksa

vkSj

ljdkjh

nrjksa esa MkVk dks LVksj djus vkSj

mldh ns[kHkky djus esa rks dEI;wVj
dk ;ksx gksrk gh gS] fctyh ds fcy
cukus] jsyksa esa lhVksa dk vkj{k.k
djus tSls vke turk ds dk;ksZa esa Hkh
cgqr mi;ksx gksus yxk gS] ;g fnu ij fnu
c<rh

gh

euksjatu

tk
ds

jgh

gS]

{ks=ksa

f'k{kk

rFkk

esa

Hkh

dEI;wVjksa dk ;ksx cMs iSekus ij fd;k

Page 16 of 49

tk jgk gS] orZeku O;Lr fnup;kZ ds le;

esa thou ds yxHkx lHkh {ks=ksa esa
dEI;wVjksa dk ;ksx vfuok;Z gks x;k
gS] D;ksafd geas veqY; le; dk lnqi;ksx
djuk gS] nwljs] vkWdMksa dh c<rh
la[;k ds dkj.k mudk ekuo }kjk j[kj[kko
djuk tfVy gksrk tk jgk gSaA

dEI;wVj ds fodkl dk bfrgkl

vko';drk vfo"dkj dh tuuh gSA ;g dgkor
dEI;wVj ds fy, Hkh lR; gSA dEI;wVj dk
fodkl blfy, gqvk] D;ksafd euq"; rhoz
rFkk 'kq) x.kuk djus okys midj.kksa dh
[kkst esa FkkA pkYlZ ckcst dks vk/kqfud
fMftVy dEI;wVj dk tud dgk tkrk gSSA
Page 17 of 49

ckcst u VscYl dks psd djus ds fy;s

dbZa ?kaVs ifjJe fd;k vkSj cgqr tYnh og
bl dk;Z ls mc x;sA bldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd
mUgksaus ,d ,slh e'khu ds fuekZ.k ds
ckjs esa fopkj djuk kjaHk fd;k tks VscYl
esa =qfVjfgr x.kuk dj ldsA bl kslsl esa]
ckcst us 1822 esa fMQjsal batu dk
fMtkbu cuk;k ftlds }kjk fo'oluh; Vscy
cukbZ tk ldrh FkhA blesa eSeksjh gksrh
gS vkSj lcls T;knk egRoiw.kZ ;g Fkk fd
og MsVk iwjh f;k ds nkSjku f;k e
dks tks MsVk ij gksrs Fks dks Hkh j[krk
FkkA og MsVk baVj djkus ds fy, iap
dkMZ dk mi;ksx djrk Fkk mudk fopkj vkt
ds tekus ds lHkh dEI;wVj ds csfld
dEiksusaV esa feyrk gSA blfy;s mUgsa
ekMZu dEI;wVj dk tud dgk tkrk gSA
Page 18 of 49

dEI;wVj dk laxBu
COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS

buiqV ;wfuV
tSlk fd ge tkurs gSa fd dEI;wVj }kjk fdlh
Hkh dk;Z dks djus ls iwoZ mls MkVk
miyC/k djkuk gksrk gSA ;s MkVk rFkk
lwpuk,Wa buiqV ;wfuV ds }kjk dEI;wVj
esa os'k djkbZ tkrh gSA buiqV ;wfuV
dEI;wVj dks ck okrkoj.k ls tksMrk gSA
dEI;wVj flLVe esa buiqV fofHk buiqV
fMokbl tSls dh&cksMZ] ekml] Ldsuj vkfn
ds }kjk os'k djk;h tk ldrh gSA ;s buiqV
fMokbl buiqV fd;s x;s MkVk dks ck;ujh :i
esa ifjofrZr djrh gS] tks dEI;wVj }kjk le>s
tk ldrs gaSA ;s ifjorZu buiqV baVjQsl dh
lgk;rk ls fd;s tkrs gSaA bl dkj ,d buiqV
Page 19 of 49

;wfuV }kjk fd;s tkus okys dk;Z dk laf{kIr

o.kZu fuEu gS&
;g MkVk rFkk lwpuk dks ck fo'o ls
xzg.k djrk gSA
;g MkVk rFkk lwpuk dks dEI;wVj dks
Lohdk;Z k:i easa ifjofrZr djrk gSA
;g ifjofrZr lwpukvksa rFkk MkVk dks
dEI;wVj flLVe esa vxyh kslsl ds fy,
laizf"kr djrk gSA

LVksjst ;wfuV
STORAGE UNIT
MkVk rFkk lwpuk,W tks dEI;wVj esa

os'k djk, tkrs gSa mu ij okLrfod kslsl

djkus ls iwoZ mUgsa dEI;wVj esa
laxzfgr

djkuk

vko';d
Page 20 of 49

gksrk

gSaA

dEI;wVj }kjk mRiUu fd;s x;s ifj.kke

Hkh dEI;wVj esa dgha laxzfgr djuk
gksrk gSA blds vfrfjDr kslsl ds chp
esa kIr gksus okys ifj.kke Hkh laxzfgr
djus gksrs gSa tks ckn esa vko';d
gksrs gSaA laxzg.k bdkbZ mijksDr
lHkh

voLFkk

ds

dk;ksaZ

ds

fy,

mkjnk;h gksrh gSA laxzg.k bdkbZ ds

dk;ksZa dk laf{kIr fooj.k fuEu dkj
gS&
;g kslsl ds fy, vko';d MkVk rFkk
lwpukvksa dks j[krk gSA
;g baVjehfM;V ifj.kke dks laxzfgr
djrk gSA
vkmViqV ;wfuV dks fn, tkus ls iwoZ
kslsl ds vafre ifj.kke dks j[krk gSA
Page 21 of 49

lsaVy kslsflax ;wfuV

CPU

dUVksy

;wfuV

rFkk

vFkZesfVd

ykWftd ;wfuV vadxf.krh; rFkk rkfdZd

bdkbZ la;qDr :i ls lsaVy kslsflax
;wfuV dgykrs gSaA ;g dEI;wVj dk efLr"d
dgykrk gS] tSls fd ekuo 'kjhj esa efLr"d
lHkh

egRoiw.kZ

fu.kZ;

ysus

ds

fy,

mRrjnk;h gS] mlh dkj lHkh x.kuk,W

rFkk rqyuk,W lsaVy kslsflax ;wfuV esa
gh gksrs gSaA ;g flLVe dh vU; lHkh
bdkbZ;ksa ds dk;kZsa dks fu;af=r djrk
gSA lhih;w }kjk fd;s tkus okys fofHkUu
dkj ds dk;ksaZ dk laf{kIr o.kZu fuEu
dkj gS&

Page 22 of 49

 ;g ksxzke ds funsZ'kksa dks i<rk

rFkk lapkfyr djrk gSaA
;g x.kuk,Wa djrk gS rFkk fu.kZ; ysrk
gSaA
;g fMLd rFkk vU; ek/;e ls lwpukvksa
dks ykus rFkk laxzfgr djus ds fy;s
mRrjnk;h gksrk gSaA
;g dEI;wVj ds ,d Hkkx ls nwljs Hkkx
esa lwpukvksa ds okg dks fu;af=r
djrk gSA

vkmViqV ;wfuV
OUTPUT UNIT
tSlk fd blds uke ls nf'kZr gksrk gS]
vkmViqV

;wfuV

mi;ksxdrkZ

Page 23 of 49

dks

vkmViqV nsus ds fy;s mRrjnk;h gksrh

gSA vkmViqV ;wfuV dk dk;Z buiqV
;wfuV ds Bhd foifjr gksrk gSA ;g
dEI;wVj dk laidZ ck okrkoj.k ls Hkh
djrh

gSaA

dEI;wVj

}kjk

mRiUu

vkmViqV ck;ujh :i esa gksrk gSA blfy,

vkmViqV ;wfuV] vkmViqV dks le>us
;ksX; :i esa djrh gSA ;g dk;Z vkmViqV
baVjQsl dh lgk;rk ls iw.kZ fd;k tkrk
gSA vkmViqV ;wfuV ds dk;ksaZ dks
fuEu dkj ls la{ksi esa nf'kZr fd;k tk
ldrk gS&
;g dEI;wVj }kjk mRiUu ifj.kke dks
Lohdkj djrh gSA tks ck;ujh :i esa
gksrs gSA

Page 24 of 49

 ;g bu dksM ck;ujh ifj.kke dks

ekuo }kjk le>us ;ksX; :i esa ifjofrZr
djrh gSA
;g ifjofrZr ifj.kke dks vU; fMokbl
dks lasf"kr djrh gSA

Hkfo"; esa jkstxkj ds volj

,oa ykHk
Hkfo"; esa jkstxkj ds fy, fuEu rjhdksa
ls budk ykHk mBk ldrk gWwA ;s bl
dkj gks ldrk gS fd tks eSaus lh[kk gS
mls vPNh rjg ls vkSj T;knk xgjkbZ ls
le>dj esa nwljksa dks Vsfuax ns ldrk
gWw ;k nwljksa dks bu Hkk"kkvksa
dks vklkuh ls lh[kk ldrk gWwA ;fn esa
dksbZ ksQs'kuy ikB~;e ls tqMrk
Page 25 of 49

gWwa rks vkxs eq>s cMh cMh daiuh

esa tkdj ciuh lsok,W ns ldrk gwWA
ftlls esa dbZ iSls o uke dek ldrk gWwA
;k viuk Lo;a dh laLFkk [kksy ldrk
gWwA ftlds }jkj esa yksxks dks lh[kk
ldrk gWw vkSj mu yksxks dh enn Hkh
dj ldrk gWw tks LVwMsaV iSlk [kpZ
ugha dj ldrs vkSj dqN lh[kuk pkgrs
gS ,sls yksxks dh enn esa mUgs i<kdj
dj ldrk gWwA
Hkfo"; esa blds }kjk vusd dkj ls
jkstxkj kIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
mfpr :i ls fdlh dks i<k djA
fdlh daiuh ds lkFk tqMdjA
viuh Lo;a dh laLFkk cukdjA

Page 26 of 49

 fdlh futh ;k ljdkjh laLFkk ds lkFk

esaA
dkWyst ;k Ldqy esa i<kdjA
fdlh Hkh m|ksx ;k laxBu esa mUgh
yksxks dh vko';drk gS tks dEI;wVj dh
fQYM esa f'kf{kr ;k vuqHkoh gksA vkt
nwfu;k esa dEI;wVj m|ksx cMk rFkk
vR;f/kd lQy m|ksx gSA blfy, daiuh rFkk
laxBu esa ukSdfj;kWa miyC/k gSA tks
dEI;wVj rFkk lkWVos;j mRiknu dk
;ksx djrs gSaA ;fn dksbZ Hkh O;fDr
dEI;wVj {ks= esa viuk dsfj;j cukuk
pkgrk gS rks cgqr ls k;osV vkSj ljdkjh
dEI;wVj dkslZ pyk jgs gSaA vr% O;fDr
bu f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa f'k{kk ysdj
ukSdjh ik ldrs gSaA
Page 27 of 49

vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij dfe;kWa

vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij eq>s vusd dkj
dh dfe;kW fn[kkbZ nh tSls
esjs vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij eq>s ;g
deh yxh dh laLFkk eq[k dks
pkfg;s dh og vuqHkoh O;fDr;ksa dk
p;u djsA
esjs vuqHko esa eq>s yxrk gS fd
ftruh Hkh k;osV laLFkk gksrh gS

Page 28 of 49

mUgsa dsoy iSlksa ds fy, ugha

cfYd lh[kkus ds fy, dk;Z djuk pkfg,A
esjs

vuqHko

esa

lh[kus

vkSj

lh[kkus esa dHkh Hkh HksnHkko

ugha djuk pkfg, lHkh dks ,d&lk
le>dj dk;Z djuk pkfg,A
esjs vuqHko esa laLFkk eq[k dks
lHkh ds fy, dEI;wVj e'khu nsuk
pkfg, ftlls os lHkh vklkuh ls le>s o
vklkuh ls dk;Z dj ldsA

tujsVj dh deha
fdlh Hkh dEI;wVj lsaVj ij tujsVj dh
lqfo/kk

gksuk

vR;ar

vko';d

gSA

D;ksafd fdlh Hkh le; ykbZV ds pys

Page 29 of 49

tkus ds ckn lkjs dEI;wwVj can gks tkrs

gS ftlls fo|kFkhZ dks ijs'kkuh vkrh
gSaA lHkh laLFkk esa bUoZVj dh
lqfo/kk gksrh gS ysfdu bUoZVj dh
cSVjh ykbZV ds pys tkus ls pktZ ugha
gks ikrh gS vkSj tYnh fMLpktZ gks
tkrh

gS

ysfdu

Hkko'kkyh

bUoZVj

ugha

gS

fd

bruk

Hkh

og

lHkh

dEI;wVjksa dk yksM ,d lkFk mBk ldsA

blfy, laLFkk esa tujsVj dh lqfo/kk
gksuk pkfg,A

Page 30 of 49

fofHkUu lq>ko
esjs lq>ko esa gksus okyk lq>ko fuEu
dkj dk gSA
ge tks Hkh lh[ks mls iw.kZ :i

ls

lh[ks pkgs laLFkk okys gesa uk

djok, ij gesa ,fDVo gksuk pkfg,A
tgkW Hkh gesa yxrk gS fd dksbZ
Hkh LVsi ;k ikVZ le> esa ugha vk
jgk gS rks mls igys iqNuk pkfg,A
le; dk iqjh rjg ls /;ku nsuk pkfg,A
laLFkk

esa

fdlh

Hkh

dkj

dk

HksnHkko ugh gksuk pkfg, pkgs og

Page 31 of 49

ukWyst ds vk/kkj ij ;k vU; fdlh Hkh

dkj dk gksA
laLFkk okyks dks gksuk pkfg, fd og
Hkh bekunkjh ls lh[kk,A
lh[kkus okys dks Hkh iw.kZ Kku
dks gksuk vko';d gSA
laLFkk

esa

e'khuksa

dh

iw.kZ

O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A

laLFkk esa tujsVj dk gksuk vko';d
gSA
fo|kFkhZ dks i<kus ds fy, vPNs
fVpj dk gksuk pkfg,A
fVpj ds fy, ge fdlh Hkh v[kckj esa
foKkiu nsdj Hkh vPNs fVpj fey ldrs
gSA
Page 32 of 49

 gekjh laLFkk esa fdlh Hkh fo|kFkhZ

dks Vsfuax nsus ds ckn fVpj ds fy,
j[k ldrs gSaA

bUVuZ'khi laLFkk ds ckjs

esa tkudkjh
Page 33 of 49

eSa jktho xka/kh 'kkl- Luk- egkfo|

ky; eUnlkSj dk Nk=k gwWA eq>s
bUVuZ'khi ds fy, dEI;wVj gkMZos;j
ds {ks= esa jkstxkj dk fo"k; feyk
vkSj eSaus blds fy, lksuh dEI;wVj

lsUVj

eUnlkSj

laLFkk

dks

pquk

gSA ;g laLFkk dEI;wVj ySaXost o

usVofdZax ds lkFk & lkFk dEI;wVj ds
{ks= esa jkstxkj dks lh[kkrh gSA bl
laLFkk esa gesa dkQh lh[kus dks
feykA

;gkW

dk

okrkoj.k

cgqr

gh

fe=rkiw.kZ gS] ftlds dkj.k gesa u;k

lh[kus esa dksbZ Hkh dfBukbZ ugha
gqbZA bl laLFkk esa gesa fn, x, fo"k; ij
tks dEI;wVj ySaXost gS esa lh Hkk"kk
dks lh[kk o blds lHkh csfld ls ysdj
Page 34 of 49

ksxzkfeax rd dh lkjh phtksa dks

vklkuh ls lh[kkA ;gkW ij geus vPNs
nksLrksa ds lkFk vPNs f'k{kdksa dk
Hkh lkFk feykA ;gkW geus usVofdZax
o csfld ds lkFk cgqr dqN lh[kus dks
kIr gqvkA
bl laLFkk esa dEI;wVj Hkk"kk esa tSlh
vusd Hkk"kk,W lh[kk;h tkrh gSA

(: )

)

[1]

-

Page 35 of 49

()

,

:
- (INTEL) ...(AMD)

,
-1, -2, -3,
-4, , . ...
-5, -6,

[ ]

4004 () ()

Page 36 of 49

 -4004

-1000
()
-4004 [1]



:



[1]

[ ]
[2] , , ,


Page 37 of 49

 (...)
:

( )

(...)

[ ]


[2]

/ /

/ ...

...

[ ]
Page 38 of 49

 ( ) ..
,
, - . ..
[2]
[ ]
:
,
...

[2] ,

:

Page 39 of 49

[ ]

-

.
, -2,
,
Page 40 of 49

 [3]

Page 41 of 49

Page 42 of 49

 , ' '


- '' ''
,

[ ]

[ ]

Page 43 of 49




,
(Copyright),

(Trade

Secret), (Patent ),

:

(high level languages)

Page 44 of 49

 ,




,

Page 45 of 49

:
:


?
(compile)
;

Page 46 of 49


,
,

: (Intellectual
Property Rights)


,

:
(Contract Act)




l

Page 47 of 49








,

(Copyleft)
(GPLed)

, ,

Page 48 of 49

Page 49 of 49