BI TON TNG QUT

kho st hm s sau
y

ax 3

f(x)

bx2

cx

d,(a

0)

Ta ln lt c
Tp xc nh: D
Gii hn lim f(x)
x

o hm y '
y'

3ax2

' g(x)

b2

bx

2bx

3ax2

g(x)

Ta c

lim (ax

cx

d)

,a

,a

2bx

3ac

Nu

' g(x)

0 hm s khng c cc tr

Nu

' g(x)

0 hm s c 2 cc tr

Lu : hm s bc 3 khng c trng hp c 1 cc tr
o hm cp 2 y ''

y ''

6ax

2b

6ax

2b

b
3a

Lp bng bin thin

Kt lun
Ty theo du ca h s a v du ca b2 3ac m ta c kt lun khc
nhau v cc tr v cc khong ng bin nghch bin ca hm s. th

b 27a 2d 9abc
,
3a
27a 2

hm s nhn U

2b3

lm im un v cng l

tm i xng ca th
th:
Ty thuc vo bng bin thin m ta c 6 dng th khc nhau ca
hm s bc 3.
Mt s tnh cht ca hm bc 3 cn nh l
Tnh cht 1: hm s ng bin (nghch bin) trn
a

( )0

b2

3ac

khi v ch khi

Chng minh: da vo vic bin lun du ca y ' v nh l o du tam

thc bc 2. Ta c ngay iu phi chng minh.
Tnh cht 2: hm s c cc i v cc tiu khi v ch khi b2 3ac
v nu gi x 0 l cc tr ca hm s th gi tr cc tr ca hm s l

y(x 0 )

2b2

6ac
9a

x0

9ad bc
9a

Chng minh: hm s c 2 cc tr th phng trnh y ' 0 c 2

nghim phn bit. Lp bit thc delta ta c ngay iu kin l y ' 0 .
Gi x 0 l cc tr ca hm s ta c y '(x 0 )

y(x 0 )

ax

3
0

9ad bc
9a

bx

2
0

cx 0

3ax b
y '(x 0 )
9a

(3ax

2
0

0 do ta c
2bx 0

2b2

6ac
9a

x0

3ax b
c)
9a
9ad bc
9a

2b2

6ac
9a

x0

2b2

6ac
9a

x0

Do ta c y(x 0 )

9ad bc
9a
2b2

6ac
9a

x0

9ad bc
9a

Tnh cht 3: th hm s bc 3 nhn im un U lm tm i xng

Tht vy, tnh tin h trc ta v im un U ta c ngay cng thc
di trc l

x
y

X
Y

b
3a
27a 2 d

9abc
27a 2

2b3

Thay vo hm s ta s c

27a 2 d

9abc 2b3
b
b
b
Y
a
X
b
X
c
X
3a
3a
3a
27a 2
3ac b2
3
Y aX
X
3a
3ac b2
3
X l mt hm s l nn th
Nhn xt hm s Y aX
3a
hm s s nhn im U lm tm i xng.
Tnh cht 4: tip tuyn vi th hm s ti im un c h s gc nh
nht khi a 0 v c h s gc ln nht khi a 0 .
Ta c h s gc ca tip tuyn bt k vi th hm s ti im x
l

x0

y '(x 0 )

3ax
b
3a

3a x 0

0, k min

0, k max

2
0

2bx 0

3a x

b2
9a

b
2 x0
3a

3ac b2
, a
3a
3ac b2
, a
3a
b
3a
b
3a

3ac b2
3a
3ac b2
3a
3ac b2
3a

2
0

k
x0
x0

3ac b2
3a

0
0

Do ta c iu cn phi chng minh

Tnh cht 5: th hm s ct trc honh ti 3 im cch u nhau hay
honh cc giao im lp thnh cp s cng khi v ch khi
27a2d

9abc

2b3

0.

Tht vy ta c phng trnh honh giao im gia th hm s v

Ox l
ax3

bx2

cx

Gi s th hm s ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit th phng trnh trn

s c 3 nghim tha mn
ta c x1

x2

x3

b
a

x1

x2

x3

x1

x3

2x2

3x2

b
a

. Mc khc theo nh l Viete

Mc khc x 2 l nghim ca phng trnh ax3

ta c

b
3a

x2
bx2

cx

0 do

ax23

bx22

cx2

27a 2 d

2b3

9abc

a
0

b
3a

yU

b
3a

b
3a

Do ta c iu phi chng minh.

Lu : iu kin trn ch l iu kin cn khng phi l iu kin nn
nu bi ton yu cu tm iu kin tham s th hm s tha mn
tnh cht trn th sau khi tm c tham s cn phi kim tra li
Tnh cht 6: nu th hm s ct Ox ti 3 im c honh lp thnh
cp s nhn th ac3

b3d

Tht vy ta c phng trnh honh giao im ca th hm s

cho vi Ox l
ax3

bx2

cx

V th ct Ox ti 3 im c honh lp thnh cp s nhn nn ta c

phng trnh ax3

bx2

cx

0 s c 3 nghim tha mn

x1x 3

x22 . Mc khc theo nh l Viete ta c

x1 x 2

x2 x 3

x2 (x1

x 3 x1

x2

x3 )

c
a
c
a

x1 x 2
b
x
a 2

c
a

V x 2 l nghim ca phng trnh ax3

ax

3
2

bx

2
2

cx2

c
b

c
a

x22

x2 x 3

x2
bx2

cx

c
b

c
b
d

0 nn ta c

c
b

ac3

b3 d
b

ac3

b3 d

Do ta c iu phi chng minh. Lu cng nh tnh cht 5, tnh cht

6 cng ch cho ta iu kin cn.
Tnh cht 7: gi th hm s ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit, gi S1, S2 l
din tch hnh phng gii hn gia th v Ox (phn nm pha trn v
pha di trc Ox ) Nu S1 S2 th im un U thuc trc honh
Ta c nu im un thuc trc honh th S1

S2 , bng phng php

dch chuyn th ta s c iu cn chng minh

Tnh cht 8: gi s hm s y ax3 bx2 cx d c th l (C) .
Trn (C) ta ly 3 im M, N, P sao cho M, N, P thng hng. Tip tuyn
vi (C) ti M, N, P ln lt l (tM ),(tN ),(tP ) . Cc tip tuyn

(tM ),(tN ),(tP ) ct th (C) ti 3 im khc l I,J, K th ta s c 3 im

I,J,K cng thng hng

Ta c ta cc im M,N,P ln lt l (m,am3
(n,an3

bn2

d) v (p,ap3

cn

bp2

M,N,P s ng vi 3 s phc sau zM

zN

i(an3

bn2

cn

cp

i(ap3

V cc im M,N,P thng hng nn ta c

zM
zP

zN

Im

zM

zN

cm

d) ,

d) khi ta c 3 im

i(am3

d) v zP

bm2

0
zN
zP zN
(am 3 an 3 bm 3 bn 3 cm 3 cn 3 )(p n)
(p n)2 ( an 3 ap3 bn2 bp2 cn cp)2

bm2

cm

d) ,

bp2

cp

d) .

(m n)( an 3 ap3 bn2 bp2 cn cp)

(p n)2 ( an 3 ap3 bn2 bp2 cn cp)2
(am 3 an 3 bm 3 bn 3 cm 3 cn 3 )(p n)
n)( an 3 ap3 bn2 bp2 cn cp) 0
(n p)(m p)(m n)(am an ap b) 0

(m

V cc im M,N,P phn bit nn m

(m

n)(n

p)(m

p)

am

n
an

p do ta c
ap

Phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) ti M l

(3am2

(tM ) : y

2bm

c)(x

am3

m)

bm2

cm

Phng trnh honh giao im ca (tM ) v (C) l

ax 3

bx 2

(x
x
x
yI

cx

(3am2

m)2 (2am

ax

b)

2an b
,
a

2am
a

xI

2am b 8a 2 m 3
I
,
a
Tng t ta cng s c
8a 2 n3

am 3

2b2 m

ad

bc

2acm
a

2b2 m

c)(x

bm2

m
2am b
a
2
8a m 3 8abm2

m)

2bm

2acm
a
8abm2

8abn2

2an
a

2b2n

ad

ad

bc

bc

cm

2ap b
,
a

8a 2 p3

8abp2

2ap
a

2b2p

ad

bc

Do ta s c 3 s phc tng ng vi 3 im I,J, K l

2am b
8a 2 m 3 8abm2 2am 2b2 m ad bc
i
a
a
2 3
2
2an b
8a n
8abn
2an 2b2 n ad bc
i
a
a
2 3
2
2ap b
8a p
8abp
2ap 2b2 p ad bc
i
a
a

zI
zJ
zK
Ta c

Im

zI

zJ

zK

zJ

4(m

p)(m

n)(am an
(m, n, p)

b)a 2

ap

Do ta c I,J, K thng hng.

Tnh cht 9: bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh bc 3
Xt phng trnh bc 3 sau ax3

bx2

cx

Ta c 2 cch lm thun i s-gii tch nh sau

Cch 1: cch lm thun i s
Gi s ta bit c x

x 0 l mt nghim ca phng trnh trn khi

ta c

(x

x 0 )[ax2
x
g(x)

(ax 0

b)x

ax20

bx 0

c]

x0
ax2

(ax 0

b)x

ax20

bx 0

Do ta c
ax3 bx2 cx d 0 c 1 nghim duy nht th iu kin l
phng trnh g(x) 0 v nghim hoc c nghim kp l x 0 . Do ta
c iu kin s l

g(x)

g(x) 0
g(x 0 ) 0

3a 2 x20

2(bx 0

3a 2 x20
3ax20

2(bx 0
2bx 0

3a 2 x20
Vy iu kin l

2c)a
c

2(bx 0

3a 2 x20
3ax20

2c)a

2bx 0

b2

0
2c)a

2(bx 0

b2

2c)a

b2

b2

phng trnh ax3 bx2 cx d 0 c 2 nghim th phng trnh

g(x) 0 phi c 2 nghim phn bit v mt nghim trng vi x 0 . Do
ta c ta c iu kin l
g(x)
g(x 0 )

0
0

Vy iu kin l

3a 2 x20
3ax20

2(bx 0
2bx 0

3a 2 x20
3ax20

2c)a

2(bx 0
2bx 0

b2

2c)a

b2

phng trnh ax3 bx2 cx d 0 c 3 nghim th phng trnh

g(x) 0 phi c 2 nghim phn bit v khng c nghim no trng vi

x 0 . Do ta c iu kin l

g(x)
g(x 0 )

3a 2 x20

3ax20

2(bx 0
2bx 0

3ax20

3a 2 x20

vy iu kin cn tm l

b2

2c)a
2(bx 0
2bx 0

2c)a

b2

Cch 2:cch lm thun gii tch

ax3

bx2

cx

3ax2

2bx

Xt hm s y

Tp xc nh D
o hm y '
y'

g(x)

3ax2

phng trnh ax3

2bx

bx2

cx

0 c 1 nghim th hm s

y ax3 bx2 cx d khng c cc tr hoc c 2 cc tr cng nm

v mt pha ca Ox do ta c iu kin l
' g(x)

' g(x) 0
ycd yct 0

b2
b2

b2

3ac
3ac

27a 2 d2
phng trnh ax3

3ac

27a 2d2
b2

Vy iu kin l

3ac

bx2

0
18abcd

4ac3

4b3d

b2 c 2

4ac3

4b3d

b2 c2

0
0
18abcd
cx

0 c 2 nghim th hm s

y ax3 bx2 cx d c 2 cc tr v mt trong 2 gi tr cc tr phi

bng 0 do ta c iu kin l

' g(x)
ycd yct

b2

3ac

27a 2d2

Vy iu kin l

b2

0
18abcd

3ac

27a 2d2

phng trnh ax3

4ac3

4b3d

b2 c 2

4ac3

4b3d

b2 c 2

0
18abcd

bx2

cx

0 c 3 nghim phn bit th

hm s y ax3 bx2 cx d phi c 2 cc tr v 2 gi tr cc tr

tng ng tri du vi nhau do ta c iu kin l
' g(x)
ycd yct

b2

3ac

27a 2d2

Vy iu kin cn tm l

0
18abcd

b2

3ac

27a 2d2

4ac3

4b3d

b2 c 2

4ac3

4b3d

b2 c 2

0
18abcd

Da vo tnh cht ny ta c th m rng ra

iu kin phng trnh bc 3 c 3 nghim dng l

b2

3ac

27a 2d2
ad

0
18abcd

0, ac

0, ab

4ac3

4b3d

b2c2

iu kin phng trnh bc 3 c 3 nghim m l

b2

3ac

27a 2d2
ad

0
18abcd

0, ac

0, ab

4ac3
0

4b3d

b2c2

iu kin phng trnh bc 3 c 3 nghim trong c ng 2 nghim

dng v nghim cn li m l

b2

3ac

27a 2d2

0
18abcd

4ac3

4b3d

b2c2

ad>0,ab<0
iu kin phng trnh bc 3 c 3 nghim trong c ng 2 nghim
m v nghim cn li m l

b2

3ac

27a 2d2

0
18abcd

4ac3

4b3d

b2c2

ad>0,ab>0
Trn Quang Minh K2008-2011 Thpt L T Trng Nha Trang Khnh Ha