Chng II: Phng trnh bc cao

Bi 1. Phng trnh bc ba
I. Tm tt l thuyt
1. Phng trnh c dng: ax 3 bx 2 cx d 0 (1), trong a, b, c, d l
cc s thc cho trc a 0 .
2. Cch gii: By gi ta i xt cch gi i phng trnh (1).
V a 0 nn ta c th chia hai v ca phng trnh (1) cho a. Do vy ta ch
cn i gii phng trnh dng : x 3 ax 2 bx c 0 (2) .
a
t x y , khi (2) tr thnh : y3 py q 0 (3)
3

a2
2a 3 9ab 27c
b; q
Trong : p
.
3
27
t 27q 2 4p3 . xt s nghim ca (3), ta kho st s tng giao
ca hm s f (y) y3 p.y q vi trc Ox.
Ch hm bc ba ct Ox ti

Mt im hm lun n iu hoc f CD .f CT 0

Hai im f CD .f CT 0

Ba im f CD .f CT 0
Xt hm s f (y) y3 py q , ta c: f '(y) 3y 2 p .
* Nu p 0 f '(y) 0 f (y) l hm ng bin f (y) 0 c mt
nghim .
p p
p
* Nu p 0 f '(y) 0 y
v f CD .f CT f
.
.f

3
3 3 27
T y ta c cc kt qu sau:
* Nu 0 (3) c nghim duy nht. tm nghim ny ta lm nh sau :
t y u v , khi (3) tr thnh: u 3 v3 (3uv p)(u v) q 0
p
Ta chn u,v sao cho: 3uv p 0 uv , lc u 3 v3 q ta c h:
3

Nguyn Tt Thu

 3 3 p3
p3
u v
2
3 3
0 (4)
27 u , v l nghim phng trnh: X qX

27
3
3
u v q

q
27 ;
27
X1
2
2

(4) c hai nghim: X1

q
3
27
27
y u v 3 X1 3 X 2
(*)
2
2
Cng thc (*) gi l cng thc Car dano.
3

* Nu 0 , khi (3) c hai nghim, mt nghim kp ( y 3

q
hoc
2

q
q
y3
q

y 3
3
y
) v mt nghim n. Tc l:
hoc
2
2 (**).
2
y 3 4q
y 3 4q

* Nu 0 , khi (3) c ba nghim phn bit v ba nghim ny nm

trong khong (2

p
p
p
; 2 ) . tm ba nghim ny ta t y 2
cos t ,
3
3
3

vi t (0; ) ta a (3) v dng: cos 3t m (5), trong m

3 3q
2p p

Gii (5) ta c ba nghim t1 , t 2 , t 3 0; , t y suy ra ba nghim ca

phng trnh (3) l :
p
p
p
y1 2
cos t1 ; y 2 2
cos t 2 ; y3 2
cos t 3 (***).
3
3
3
Ch : Trong mt s trng hp gii phng trnh bc ba ta i tm mt
nghim ri thc hin php chia a thc v chuyn phng trnh cho v
phng trnh tch ca mt nh thc bc nht v m t tam thc bc hai.

Nguyn Tt Thu

II. Cc v d
V d 1: Gii phng trnh : 4x 3 3x 9 0 .
3
(dng MTBT) nn ta
2
3
bin i phng trnh : (2x 3)(2x 2 3x 3) 0 x .
2

Gii: Ta thy phng trnh c mt nghim x

V d 2: Gii phng trnh : x 3 3x 1 0 .

Gii: Ta c: 27q 2 4p3 27 4(3)3 135 0 nn phng
trnh c duy nht nghim:

3
27 3
27 3 1 5 3 1 5
x
.
2
2
2
2
V d 3: Gii phng trnh : x 3 3x 1 0 (1).
Gii:
Ta c: 27q 2 4p3 27.1 4.33 81 0 nn phng trnh c ba
nghim thuc khong (2; 2) . t x 2 cos t vi t (0; )
1
(2) tr thnh: 8cos3 t 6 cos t 1 4 cos3 t 3cos t
2
1

2
.
cos 3t cos t k
2
3
9
3

7
5
V t (0; ) nn ta c: t1 ; t 2
.
; t3
9
9
9

5
7
Vy phng trnh c ba nghim: x 2 cos ; x 2 cos ; x 2 cos .
9
9
9
V d 4: Tm m phng trnh sau c ba nghim phn bit
x 3 (2m 1)x 2 (3m 2)x m 2 0 (1).

Gii: V tng cc h s ca phng trnh bng 0 nn phng trnh c nghim

x 1 nn :

Nguyn Tt Thu

x 1
(1) (x 1)(x 2 2mx m 2) 0 2
x 2mx m 2 0
Phng trnh (1) c ba nghim phn bit f (x) x 2 2mx m 2 c
' m 2 m 2 0
hai nghim phn bit khc 1
m 1 .
f (1) m 1 0
Vy m 1 l gi tr cn tm.

Ch : S nghim ca PT : (x )(ax 2 bx c) 0 ph thuc vo s

nghim ca tam thc: f (x) ax 2 bx c (a 0) . C th
0
* Nu f (x) c hai nghim phn bit , tc l:
th phng
f ( ) 0
trnh c ba nghim phn bit.
* Nu f (x) c hai nghim phn bit, trong mt nghim bng , tc l:

0
c
th phng trnh c hai nghim: x , x
.

a
f ( ) 0
0

* Nu f (x) c nghim kp khc , tc l: b

th phng trnh c

2a
b
hai nghim x v x .
2a
0

* Nu f (x) c nghim kp x , tc l: b
th phng trnh c

2a
mt nghim x .
* Nu f (x) v nghim th phng trnh c ng mt nghim x .
V d 5: Tm m th hm s sau ct trc Ox ti hai im phn bit:

y 2mx 3 (1 2m)x 2 (3 8m)x 4m 2

Gii:
Ta c phng trnh honh giao im:

2mx 3 (1 2m)x 2 (3 8m)x 4m 2 0 (2)

Nguyn Tt Thu

 (x 1) 2mx 2 (1 4m)x 4m 2 0

x 1

2
f (x) 2mx (1 4m)x 4m 2 0
Yu cu bi ton (2) c hai nghim phn bit.
TH 1: f (x) c hai nghim phn bit, trong c mt nghim
m 0

1
bng 1 . iu ny c 48m 2 24m 1 0 m .
2
f (1) 2m 1 0

TH 2: f (x) c mt nghim khc 1. Khi xy ra hai kh nng

m 0

3 6
Kh nng 1: 0
.
m
12
1 4m

1
4m
m 0
Kh nng 2:
m 0.
f (1) 0
1
3 6
Vy cc gi tr ca m cn tm l: m ; m 0; m
.
2
12

V d 6: Chng minh rng phng trnh : x 3 ax 2 bx c 0 a 0

c 3 nghim 27c 2a 3 9ab 2

a 2 3b

(1).

Gii: Gi s phng trnh c ba nghim. Ta chng minh (1).

* Nu ba nghim ca phng trnh trng nhau th p q 0 (1) ng.
* Nu ba nghim phng trnh ch c hai nghim trng nhau hoc ba
nghim l phn bit. Khi ta c: 27q 2 4p3 0 ,
( trong : p

a2
2a 3 9ab 27c
b; q
)
3
27

4p3
p3
2a 3 9ab 27c
(a 2 3b)3
p
| q | 2
|
| 2
.
27
27
27
27 2
2

Nguyn Tt Thu

 27c 2a 3 9ab 2

a 2 3b

pcm.

T cch chng minh trn ta suy ra c nu c (1) th phng trnh c ba

nghim .
V d 7: Cho phng trnh x 3 ax 2 bx c 0 a 0 (1) c ba
nghim phn bit. Chng minh phng trnh sau ch c hai nghim thc
phn bit. 4(x 3 ax 2 bx c)(3x a) (3x 2 2ax b) 2 (2).
Gii:
Gi f (x) x 3 ax 2 bx c . Khi (2) c vit di dng:

2f (x).f ''(x) f '(x) g(x) 2f (x)f "(x) f '(x) 0 .

2

Ta c: g '(x) 2f (x)f (3) (x) ( f (3) l o hm cp ba ca hm f).

Gi x1 x 2 x 3 l ba nghim phn bit ca f(x), ta c:
g '(x) 12(x x1 )(x x 2 )(x x 3 ) g '(x) c ba nghim x1 , x 2 , x 3
Bng bin thin.
x

g '(x)

x1
0

g(x)

g(x1 )

x2
+ 0

g(x 2 )

x3
0

g(x 3 )

2
V f (x i ) 0 g(x i ) f '(x i ) 0 i 1, 2,3 , nn t bng bin thin
suy ra phng trnh g(x) 0 ch c hai nghim phn bit pcm.

Nguyn Tt Thu

Bi 2. Phng trnh bc cao

Phng trnh bc cao y ta xt l phng trnh c bc cao hn 3. Phng
php chung gii phng trnh bc cao l ta tm cch chuyn v phng
trnh c bc thp hn, thng chng ta chuyn v ph ng trnh bc hai.
lm iu ny ta thng s dng cc phng php sau:
1. Phng php a v dng tch : Tc l ta bin i phng trnh :
f (x) 0
.
F(x) 0 f (x).g(x) 0
g(x) 0
a v mt phng trnh tch ta thng dng cc cch sa u:
Cch 1: S dng cc hng ng thc a v dng

a 2 b 2 0, a 3 b3 0,...
Cch 2: Nhm nghim ri chia a thc: Nu x a l mt nghim ca
phng trnh f (x) 0 th ta lun c s phn tch: f (x) (x a)g(x) . d
on nghim ta da vo cc ch sau:
Ch : * Nu a thc f (x) a n x n a n 1x n 1 ... a1x a 0 c nghim
nguyn th nghim phi l c ca a 0 .
* Nu a thc f (x) a n x n a n 1x n 1 ... a1x a 0 c tng cc h s
bng 0 th a thc c mt nghim x 1
* Nu a thc f (x) a n x n a n 1x n 1 ... a1x a 0 c tng cc h s
chn bng tng cc h s l th a thc c mt nghim x 1 .
Cch 3: S dng phng php h s bt nh. Ta thng p dng cho
phng trnh trnh bc bn.

Nguyn Tt Thu

V d 1: Gii phng trnh : x 4 4x 2 12x 9 0 (1) .

Gii:
Ta c phng trnh x 4 (2x 3) 2 0 (1.1)

x 2 2x 3 0
(x 2x 3)(x 2x 3) 0
x 2 2x 3 0
x 1, x 3 . Vy phng trnh c hai nghim: x 3; x 1 .
2

Nhn xt: Mu cht ca cch gii trn l chng ta nhn ra hng ng thc
v bin i v phng trnh (1.1). Trong nhiu phng trnh vic lm xut
hin hng ng thc khng cn d dng nh vy na, lm iu ny i
hi chng ta phi c nhng nhy cm nht nh v phi thm bt nhng
hng t thch hp.
V d 2: Gii phng trnh : x 4 13x 2 18x 5 0 .
Gii: Phng trnh (x 4 4x 2 4) (9x 2 18x 9) 0

(x 2 2) 2 (3x 3) 2 0 (x 2 3x 5)(x 2 3x 1) 0

3 29
x
x 2 3x 5 0
2

x 2 3x 1 0
3 5
x

2
3 29
3 5
Vy PT cho c 4 nghim: x
; x
.
2
2
Ch :
1) Chc hn cc bn s thc mc lm sao m ta bit cch tch nh trn ?!.
Tht ra th chng ta lm nh sau:
Phng trnh (x 2 m)2 (13 2m)x 2 18x 5 m 2 0 .

Ta chn m sao cho biu thc trong du phn tch c hng ng thc,
c iu ny ta phi c:

' 92 (5 m 2 )(13 2m) 0 2m3 13m 2 10m 16 0 , phng

trnh ny c mt nghim m 2 , do ta c th phn tch nh trn.
Vi phng trnh bc bn tng qut x 4 ax 3 bx 2 cx d 0 (I) ta cng
Nguyn Tt Thu

c th bin i theo cch trn nh sau:

a
x 4 ax 3 bx 2 cx d 0 x 4 2 x 3 bx 2 cx d
2

Ta cng thm hai v ca phng trnh mt lng: (

a2
2)x 2 ax 2
4

a
a2
x )2 ( 2 b)x 2 (a c)x 2 d (1.I).
2
4
By gi ta ch cn chn sao cho VT ca (1.I) phn tch thnh hng ng
(x 2

a2
thc, tc l : 0 (a c) 4( 2 b)( 2 d) 0
4
2

83 4b 2 2(ac 4d) c 2 a 2 d 4bd 0 (2.I)

y l phng trnh bc ba nn bao gi cng c t nht mt nghim. Khi
ta s a phng trnh (1.I) v phng trnh tch ca hai tam thc bc hai, t
y ta gii hai tam thc ny ta c nghim phng trnh (I).
2) V mt l thuyt th ta c th gii c mi phng trnh bc bn theo
cch trn. Tuy nhin trn thc t th nhiu lc vic gii khng c d dng
vy, v mu cht quan trng nht ca cch gii trn l tm . Mc d (2.I)
c cch gii nhng khng phi gi tr lc no cng p, nn s kh
khn cho cc php bin i ca chng ta.
V d 3: Gii phng trnh : 2x 4 10x 3 11x 2 x 1 0 (4).
Gii: Ta c phng trnh:

83 4b 2 2(ac 4d) c 2 a 2 d 4bd 0

5
1
83 22 2 0 , phng trnh ny c nghim: .
4
4
5
1
1
3
9
1
3
Do vy (4) (x 2 x ) 2 x 2 x
( x )2
2
4
4
4
16
2
4
2x 2 4x 1 0
1
(x 2 2x )(x 2 3x 1) 0
,
2
x 2 3x 1 0
x

2 2
3 13
v x
.
2
2

Nguyn Tt Thu

Ch : a v phng trnh tch ngoi cch to ra hng ng thc trn, ta

cn c cch khc l s dng phng tr nh h s bt nh. Chng hn xt v
d trn. Ta phn tch:

2x 4 10x 3 11x 2 x 1 (x 2 ax b)(2x 2 mx n)

Khai trin ri ng nht cc h s ta c c h phng trnh :
2a m 10
2b n am 11

. T phng trnh cui ta chn: n 1; b 1 , thay vo ba

an

bm

nb 1

2a m 10

phng trnh u ta c: am 10
ta thy h ny v nghim, do ta
a m 1

chn n 1; b 1 , thay vo ta gii c m 4 v a 3

Vy: 2x 4 10x 3 11x 2 x 1 (x 2 3x 1)(2x 2 4x 1) .
V d 4: Tm m phng trnh sau c bn nghim phn bit.

x 4 x 3 (3m 4)x 2 5x 2m 2 m 3 0 (5).

Gii: Khi gp bi ton ny c l cc bn s suy ngh khng bit nn x l
theo hng no? V phng trnh ny khng c nghim c bit, nu s
dng phng trnh phn tch bnh phng th vic gii phng trnh (2.I) e
rng s khng i n kt qu ! Vy phng php h s bt nh th sao? Ch
n h s t do ca phng trnh ta thy: 2m 2 m 3 (m 1)(2m 3) ,
iu ny dn ti ta ngh n phn tch VT ca phng t rnh v dng:

(x 2 ax m 1)(x 2 bx 2m 3) (mc c l lm gim s n cn tm

xung cn 2 n). ng nht h s ta c h phng trnh :
a b 1
a 1

.
2m 3 m 1 ab 3m 4
b

a(2m 3) b(m 1) 5

Vy (5) (x 2 x m 1)(x 2 2x 2m 3) 0

Nguyn Tt Thu

 x 2 x m 1 0 (a)

x 2 2x 2m 3 0 (b)
(5) c bn nghim phn bit (a) v (b) u c hai nghim phn bit v
chng khng c nghim chung.
* (a) v (b) cng c hai nghim phn bit
a 4m 3 0
3

m
4
'b 2m 2 0
* Gi s (a) v (b) c nghim chung l x 0 , khi x 0 l nghim ca h:
m4

x 2 x m 1 0
x0
3x 0 m 4 0
0
0
3

,
2
2
x

2
m 4m 13 0
0
0
x 0 2x 0 2m 3 0

h ny v nghim (a) v (b) khng c nghim chung.

3
Vy m l nhng gi tr cn tm.
4
Nhn xt : Vic nhn thy 2m 2 m 3 (m 1)(2m 3) l mu cht hn
ch kh khn trong vic phn tch ra tha s. y l mt tnh cht ca a
thc rt hay c s dng trong vic phn tch mt a thc thnh cc nhn
t. C th : Nu tam thc bc hai (tng t cho a thc)

f (x) ax 2 bx c c hai nghim x1 , x 2 th ta lun c s phn tch

f (x) a(x x1 )(x x 2 ) . Vi phng trnh trn ta khng s dng c tnh
cht ny v v tri l mt a thc bc 4 khng c nghim c bit. Tuy nhin
nu chng ta nhy bn th ta thy VT ca phng trnh li l mt tam thc
bc hai i vi n l tham s m. Tc l ta c:
(5) 2m 2 (3x 2 1)m x 4 x 3 4x 2 5x 3 0 (5)
Tam thc ny c :
(3x 2 1)2 8(x 4 x 3 4x 2 5x 3) (x 2 4x 5) 2

(5) c hai nghim m1

3x 2 1 x 2 4x 5 x 2 2x 3

4
2

v m 2 x 2 x 1 . Do vy ta c:

Nguyn Tt Thu

(5') 2(m x 2 x 1)(m

x 2 2x 3
)0
2

(x 2 x m 1)(x 2 2x 2m 3) 0 . y l phng trnh m ta va

bin i trn.

V d 5: Gii phng trnh : x 3 3x 2 3x 16.3 x 9 0 .

Gii: t y 3 x , ta c : y9 3y6 3y3 16y 9 0

(y 1)(y 2 y 1)(y6 2y 4 2y3 4y 2 2y 9) 0

(y 1)(y 2 y 1) (y3 1)2 2y 4 3y 2 (y 1)2 7 0

y 1
2
(y 1)(y y 1) 0
.
y 1 5

2
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l:
x 1; x 2 5; x 2 5 .
V d 6: Gii phng trnh : 5x 6 16x 4 33x 3 40x 2 8 0 .
Gii:
Ta c phng trnh (5x 2 10x 4)(x 4 2x 3 5x 2) 0

(5x 2 10x 4)(x 2 3x 1)(x 2 x 2) 0

(5x 2 10x 4)(x 2 3x 1) 0
x 2 3x 1 0

5x 2 10x 4 0

3 5
x1,2
5

5 5
x 3,4

Vy phng trnh cho c bn nghim: x

Nguyn Tt Thu

3 5
5 5
.
;x
2
5

V d 7: Tm m phng trnh x 4 x 2 2mx m 2 0 c bn nghim

phn bit.
Gii:
PT: x 4 (x m) 2 0 (x 2 x m)(x 2 x m) 0

x2 x m 0
(a)

.
x 2 x m 0
(b)
Phng trnh cho c bn nghim phn bit (a) v (b) u c hai
nghim phn bit v chng khng c nghim chung.
1 4m 0
1
1
(a) v (b) c hai nghim phn bit
m .
4
4
1 4m 0
Gi s (a) v (b) c nghim chung l x 0
x 2 x m 0
x 0
0
0
.

0
2
m

0
0
0
m 0

Vy 1
1 l nhng gi tr cn tm.

4
4

V d 8: Tm m phng trnh : x 4 2x 2 2mx m 2 2m 1 0 .

1) C nghim ln nht ?
2) C nghim nh nht ?
Gii:
Gi s x 0 l nghim ca phng trnh cho, khi phng trnh:
m 2 2(x 0 1)m x 04 2x 02 1 0 lun c nghim m
' (x 0 1) 2 (x 02 1) 2 0 (x 02 x 0 2)(x 0 x 02 ) 0
0 x0 1 .

* x 0 0 m 2 2m 1 0 m 1
* x 0 1 m 2 4m 4 0 m 2
Vy nghim nh nht ca phng trnh l x 0 c c khi m 1
nghim ln nht ca phng trnh l x 1 c c khi m 2 .

Nguyn Tt Thu

2. Phng php t n ph:

t n ph l phng php kh hu hiu i vi cc bi ton i s , trong
gii phng trnh bc cao cng vy , ngi ta thng t n ph chuyn
phng trnh bc cao v phng trnh c bc thp hn. Mt s dng sau y
ta thng dng t n ph.
Dng 1: Phng trnh trng phng:

ax 4 bx 2 c 0 (a 0) (1).
Vi dng ny ta t t x 2 , t 0 ta chuyn v phng trnh :
at 2 bt c 0 (2).
Ch : S nghim ca phng trnh (1) ph thuc vo s nghim khng m
ca (2).

Dng 2: Phng trnh i xng (hay phng trnh hi quy):

a x 4 b x 3 c x 2 k b x k 2 a 0 (k 0) .
Vi dng ny ta chia hai v phng trnh cho x 2 (x 0) ta c phng trnh :

t t x

k
vi
x

k2

k
) b(x ) c 0 .
x
x
k2
k
t 2 k ta c : x 2
(x ) 2 2k t 2 2k
x
x2
a(x 2

thay vo ta c phng trnh: a(t 2 2k) bt c 0 .

Dng 3 : Phng trnh : (x a)(x b)(x c)(x d) e , trong
ab cd
Phng trnh [x 2 (a b)x ab].[x 2 (c d)x cd] e .
t t x 2 (a b)x ta c: (t ab)(t cd) e .
Dng 4 : Phng trnh (x a)(x b)(x c)(x d) ex 2 , trong ab cd .
Vi dng ny ta chia hai v phng tr nh cho x 2 (x 0) ,
phng trnh [x 2 (a b)x ab].[x 2 (c d)x cd] ex 2
ab
cd
ab
cd
[x
a b].[x
c d] e . t t x
x .
x
x
x
x
Ta c phng trnh : (t a b)(t c d) e .
Dng 5 : Phng trnh (x a) 4 (x b) 4 c .
Nguyn Tt Thu

ab
ta a v phng trnh trng phng.
2
ab 4
Ch : phng trnh c no c 2(
)
2
Ngoi nhng dng trn trong mt s phng trnh bc cao ta c th s dng
phng php lng gic ha nh vo cng thc biu din cos nx qua cos x .

t x t

V d 9: Gii cc phng trnh:

1) 2x 4 5x 3 6x 2 5x 2 0

2) (x 1) 4 (x 3) 4 2

4) (x 2)(x 3)(x 4)(x 6) 6x 2 0

3)x(x 1)(x 2)(x 3) 24
Gii:
1) Ta thy x 0 khng l nghim phng trnh nn chia hai v phng
1
1
trnh cho x 2 ta c: 2(x 2
) 5(x ) 6 0 .
x
x2
1
1
1
t t x , (| t | 2) x 2
(x ) 2 2 t 2 2
x
x
x2
t 2
2
2
Ta c : 2(t 2) 5t 6 0 2t 5t 2 0
t 1 (l)

2
1
* t 2 x 2 x 2 2x 1 0 x 1 l nghim duy nht ca
x
nh.
phng tr
2) t x t 2 ta c:

(t 1) 4 (t 1) 4 2 t 4 6t 2 0 t 0 x 2
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x 2 .
Ch : Vi bi 2 ta c th gii bng cch khc nh sau: Trc ht ta c
4

a 4 b4 a b
BT:

vi a b 0 .
2
2
p dng BT ny vi : a x 1, b x 3 VT VP . ng thc
xy ra khi x 2 .
3) Ta c phng trnh (x 2 3x)(x 2 3x 2) 24 .
t t x 2 3x ta c :
Nguyn Tt Thu

t(t 2) 24 t 2 2t 24 0 t 6, t 4 .
* t 6 x 2 3x 6 0 Phng trnh v nghim.
* t 4 x 2 3x 4 0 x 1, x 4 .
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x 1; x 4 .
4) Phng trnh (x 2 4x 12)(x 2 x 12) 6x 2 0
V x 0 khng l nghim c a phng trnh nn chia hai v phng trnh
12
12
cho x 2 ta c: (x 4)(x 1) 6 0
x
x
12
t t x , ta c:
x
t 1
(t 4)(t 1) 6 0 t 2 3t 2 0
.
t 2
x 4
12
* t 1 x 1 x 2 x 12 0
.
x
x 3
* t 2 x 2 2x 12 0 x 1 13
Vy phng trnh c bn nghim: x 3; x 4; x 1 13 .
V d 10: Tm m phng trnh : (x 2 1)(x 3)(x 5) m (1) c nghim.
Gii:
Phng trnh (x 1)(x 5)(x 1)(x 3) m

(x 2 4x 5)(x 2 4x 3) m
t t x 2 4x (x 2) 2 4 4 ,ta c phng trnh :

(t 5)(t 3) m t 2 2t 15 m (2) .
Phng trnh (1) c nghim (2) c nghim t 4 .
Vi t 4 t 2 2t 15 (t 1) 2 16 16 (2) c nghim
t 4 m 16 .
V d 11: Tm m phng trnh : x 4 4x 3 8x m (1) c bn nghim
phn bit.

Nguyn Tt Thu

Gii:
Phng trnh (x 2 2x) 2 4(x 2 2x) m
t t x 2 2x (x 1) 2 1 1 . Phng trnh tr thnh: t 2 2t m (2).
Phng trnh (1) c bn nghim phng trnh (2) c hai nghim phn
bit t 1 .
Xt hm s : f (t) t 2 2t vi t 1 , ta c bng bin thin:
t

-1
3

f(t)
-1
Da vo bng bin thin 1 m 3 .
V d 12: Gii phng trnh :

3(x 2 x 1)2 2(x 1) 2 5(x 3 1) .

Gii: V x 1 khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia hai v cho

x 3 1 ta c: 3

x2 x 1
x 1
2
5.
2
x 1
x x 1

x2 x 1
2
1
3t 5 3t 2 5t 2 0 t 2, t .
x 1
t
3
3 13
* t 2 x 2 3x 1 0 x
2
1
* t 3x 2 2x 4 0 phng trnh v nghim.
3
t t

V d 13: Gii phng trnh :

x 6 3x 5 6x 4 21x 3 6x 2 3x 1 0 .

Gii:
y l phng trnh bc 6 v ta thy cc h s i xng do ta c th
p dng cch gii m ta gii i vi phng trnh bc bn c h s
i xng.

Nguyn Tt Thu

Ta thy x 0 khng l nghim ca phng trnh . Chia hai v ca phng

1
1
1
trnh cho x 3 , ta c: x 3
3(x 2
) 6(x ) 21 0 .
x
x3
x2
1
1
1
t t x , | t | 2 . Ta c : x 2
t 2 2; x 3
t(t 2 3) .
2
3
x
x
x
Nn phng trnh tr thnh : t(t 2 3) 3(t 2 2) 6t 21 0
t 3
t 3 3t 2 9t 27 0 (t 3) 2 (t 3) 0
.
t 3
1
3 5
.
3 x 2 3x 1 0 x
x
2
3 5
* t 3 x 2 3x 1 0 x
.
2
3 5
3 5
Vy phng trnh c bn nghim x
.
;x
2
2

* t 3 x

V d 14: Gii phng trnh : (x 1)(x 2)(x 3) 2 (x 4)(x 5) 360 .

Gii:
Phng trnh (x 2 6x 5)(x 2 6x 8)(x 2 6x 9) 360
t t x 2 6x , ta c phng trnh : (y 5)(y 8)(y 9) 360
x 0
y(y 2 22y 157) 0 y 0 x 2 6x 0
x 6
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim: x 0; x 6 .
V d 15: Gii phng trnh :

(64x 3 112x 2 56x 7) 2 4x 4

(1).

Gii:
Mt trong nhng cng c gii quyt phng trnh bc cao l t n ph
bng cc hm lng gic. C c s thun li l da vo cng thc
biu din cos nx qua cos x . C th: cos nx

n
[ ]
2

a n,k .cosn 2k x .

k 0

Nguyn Tt Thu

Trong a n,k (1) k

n
2n 1 2k Ckn k .
nk

T cng thc ta c:
cos 7x 64 cos7 x 112 cos5 x 56 cos3 x 7 cos x , iu ny gi
cho chng ta t x cos 2 t . Tuy nhin t c nh vy th phi
chng minh c phng trnh ch c nghim trong [0;1] ?.
Tht vy: T phng trnh (1) 4x 4 x 1 .
Ta xt x 0 . t x y y 0 , ta c phng trnh :

(64y3 112y 2 56y 7) 2 4 4y (2).

Nu 0 y 1 VP(2) 8 7 2 VT(2) (2) v nghim.
Vi y 1 (64y3 112y 2 56y 7) 2 4 4y (2) v nghim.
Vy ta chng minh c (1) nu c nghim x th x [0;1] .

t x cos 2 t; t [0; ] , khi (1) tr thnh:

2

(64 cos6 t 112 cos 4 t 56 cos 2 t 7) 2 4(1 co s 2 t)

(64 cos7 t 112 cos 4 t 56 cos3 t 7 cos t) 2 4sin 2 t cos 2 t (Do
cos t 0 khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn ta nhn hai v phng
trnh vi cos 2 t )
cos 2 7t sin 2 2t cos14t cos( 4t)
k

14t 4t k2
18 9

.
14t 4t k2
t k

10
5

5
7

3
V t [0; ) nn ta c: t1 , t 2 , t 3
.
, t4
, t5 , t6
2
18
6
18
181
10
10
Vy phng trnh cho c 6 nghim: x i cos 2 t i (i 1, 2,..., 6) vi
t i (i 1, 2,.., 6) l cc nghim va tm trn.

V d 16: Gii phng trnh : (x 3 5x 5)3 5x 3 24x 30 0 .

Gii:
Ta c: 5x 3 24x 20 5(x 3 5x 5) x 5 nn phng trnh
Nguyn Tt Thu

 (x 3 5x 5)3 5(x 3 5x 5) 5 x . t u x 3 5x 5

u 3 5u 5 x
(u x)(u 2 ux x 2 6) 0 u x
Ta c h:
3
x 5x 5 u
x 3 4x 5 0 (x 1)(x 2 x 5) 0 x 1 l nghim duy nht
ca phng trnh cho.
V d 17: Cho phng trnh : 2x 5 x 4 10x 3 2x 2 8x 2 0
1) Chng minh rng phng tr nh (1) c ng 5 nghim.
2) Gi x i (i 1,5) l 5 nghim ca (1). Tnh tng :
5

xi 1

5
i 1 2x i

x i4 2

Gii:
1) Xt f (x) 2x 5 x 4 10x 3 2x 2 8x 2 l hm lin tc
3
1
5
f (2) 5 0;f ( ) 2 0;f (0) 1 0;f ( ) 0;
2
2
8
1
175
f (1) 0;f (3)
0.
2
2
T suy ra ph ng trnh (1) c 5 nghim thuc cc khong:
3
3
1
1
(2; ), ( ;0), (0; ), ( ;1), (1;3) .
2
2
2
2
2) V x i l nghim ca (1) nn ta c:

2x 5i

x i4

2(5x 3i

x i2

xi 1
1 5
4x i ) S
.
3
2 i 1 5x x i2 4x i
i

x 1
1
2
5
Mt khc:

x(x 1)(5x 4)
4x 9(x 1) 36(5x 4)
1 5 1 1 5 1
1 5
1

4
8 i 1 x i 9 i 1 x i 1 72 i 1
xi
5
Ta c: f (x) (x x1 )(x x 2 )(x x 3 )(x x 4 )(x x 5 )
S

f '(x) 5
1
v f '(x) 10x 4 4x 3 30x 2 4x 8 .

f (x) i 1 x x i

Nguyn Tt Thu

5
5
5
f '(0)
1
1
f '(0)
1
f '(1)

4;

12 ;
f (0)
x
x
f (0)
x 1
f (1)
i 1 i
i 1 i
i 1 i
4
f '( )
5
1
12900
77406
4 45 4789 S 43101 .
i 1 x i
f( )
5
5

V d 18: Chng minh rng nu a thc bc n f (x) c n nghim phn bit

th a thc g(x) f (x) f '(x) cng c n nghim phn bit.
Gii: Xt hm s h(x) f (x).ex h(x) c n nghim phn bit
x1 x 2 ... x n (y chnh l nghim ca f(x)).
Ta c: h '(x) (f (x) f '(x))ex .
Theo nh l Lagrang ta suy ra h' x c n 1 nghim

x1 y1 x 2 y 2 ... x n 1 y n 1 x n .
M nghim ca h' x chnh l nghim ca g(x) f (x) f '(x) .
g(x) l a thc bc n c n -1 nghim nn g(x) s c n nghim.
Ch : S dng tnh cht trn ta c th sng tc ra nh ng bi ton khc.
Chng hn
1) p dng tnh cht trn i vi a thc g(x), ta c:
a thc: g(x) g '(x) f (x) 2f '(x) f "(x) c n nghim phn bit.
1
2) p dng tnh cht trn i vi a thc F(x) x n f ( )
x
1
1
a thc: F(x) F '(x) x n f ( ) nx n 1 x n 2 f '( ) c n nghim
x
x
1
t t th ta c phng trnh : f (t) nt t 2 f '(t) 0 c n nghim.
x
Bi tp
Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau
1) 2x 3 3x 2 1 0

2) x 3 x 2 1 0

3) x 3 3x 1 0
4) x 3 6x 2 2x 1 0
Bi 2: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
Nguyn Tt Thu

1) x 4 4 x 3 8 x 5
3) (x 4) 4 (x 6) 4 82
4

5)x 4x 1

2) (x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4) 3

4)(x 2 x 1) 2 3x 2 3x 1 0
2

x2 4
x 2
x 2
6) 2
0
2
5 2
x 1
x 1
x 1

7) x 4 2x 3 4x 4 0

8) (32x 3 48x 2 18x 1) 2 x 1

128x 2 (4x 2 1)(8x 2 1) 2 1 2x 0

9) x 2 (x 4 1)(x 2 2) 1 0 10) 1
.
x 0
2
Bi 3: Tm m phng trnh :
1) x 3 (2m 1)x 2 (m 3)x 3m 3 0 c 3 nghim phn bit.
2) x 3 2mx 2 m 2 x m 1 0 c hai nghim phn bit.
Bi 4: Cho phng trnh x 3 ax 2 bx c 0 c ba nghim phn bit.
Chng minh rng phng trnh sau cng c ba nghim phn bit:

x 3 (a 6)x 2 (b 4a 3)x a c 2b 0 .
Bi 5: Chng minh rng nu a,b,c,d tha mn 8a 2 d 4abc b3 0 th ta
c th chuyn phng trnh ax 4 bx 3 cx 2 dx e 0 v phng trnh
trng phng.
Bi 6: Tm m phng trnh sau c 4 nghim phn bit.

2) x 4 m 2 x 2 2mx 1 0 .
1)(x 1)(x 3)(x 5)(x 7) m
Bi 7:Gii v bin lun cc phng trnh sau
1) x 4 4x 3 (m 4)x 2 2mx 2m 0

2) x 4 2x 3 x m .

Bi 8: Cho phng trnh bc n: a n x n a n 1x n 1 ... a1x a 0 0 trong

a
a
a
a n 0, a n 1 ,..., a1 , a 0 l s thc tha : n n 1 ... 1 a 0 0
n 1
n
2
Chng minh phng trnh cho c t nht mt nghim thuc 0;1 .
Bi 9: Chng minh phng trnh c 4 nghim phn bit x i ;i 1, 4

f x 2x 4 6x 3 10x 2 5x 3 0 v hy tnh tng

4

2x i 2 1

i 1 x i

Nguyn Tt Thu

Bi 3 . nh l Vit i vi phng trnh bc cao

1. nh l Viet cho phng trnh bc ba
Cho phng trnh : ax 3 bx 2 cx d 0 (a 0)
(1).
a) nh l Viet thun: Nu (1) c ba nghim x1 , x 2 , x 3 th ta c:
b

x1 x 2 x 3 a

.
x1x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x1
a

x1x 2 x 3 a

b) nh l o ca nh l Viet: Nu ba s x, y, z tha mn :
x y z a

xy yz zx b th x, y, z l ba nghim ca phng trnh :

xyz c
t 3 at 2 bt c 0 .

2. nh l Viet cho phng trnh bc cao

Nu a thc f (x) a 0 x n a1x n 1 ... a n 1x a n ( a 0 0) c n
nghim x1 , x 2 ,..., x n th ta c:

a
x1 x 2 ... x n 1

a0

a2

x1x 2 x1x 3 ... x n 1x n

a0 .

...

x x ...x 1n a n
1 2 n
a0

n
a
Ta k hiu : S1 x1 x 2 ... x n x i 1 ;
a0
i 1

S2

a
x i x j 2 ; Sk
x i1 x i 2 ...x i k (1) k

a0
1i j n
1i1 i 2 ...i k

Nguyn Tt Thu

ak
a0

Sk l tng cc tch chp k ca n s x i v c gi l cc a thc i xng

s cp ca cc nghim.
V d 1: Gi x1 , x 2 , x 3 l nghim ca PT : x 3 5x 1 0 . Tnh:
A x12 x 22 x 32 ; B x12 x 22 x 22 x 32 x 32 x12 ; C x14 x 42 x 34
D x1x 2 (x12 x 22 ) x 2 x 3 (x 22 x 32 ) x 3 x1 (x 32 x12 ) .

Gii:
Ta d dng chng minh c phng trnh cho c ba nghim phn bit.
x1 x 2 x 3 0

p dng nh l Vit ta c: x1x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x1 5 .

x x x 1
1 2 3
Ta c: A (x1 x 2 x 3 ) 2 2(x1x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x1 ) 0 2(5) 10
B (x1x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x1 ) 2 2x1x 2 x 3 (x1 x 2 x 3 ) 25 .
C (x12 x 22 x 32 ) 2 2(x12 x 22 x 22 x 32 x 32 x12 ) 102 2.25 50
V: x1x 2 (x1 x 2 ) 2 2x1x 2 x1x 2 x 32 2x12 x 22

D x1x 2 x 3 (x1 x 2 x 3 ) 2(x12 x 22 x 22 x 32 x 32 x12 ) 50

Ch : 1) Cc biu thc A, B, C, D trn gi l cc a thc i xng ba

bin. Mt tnh cht quan trng ca cc a thc i xng
ba bin l chng lun biu din c qua ba a thc i xng ba bin s
cp.
C th nu ta t p x y z; q xy yz zx; r xyz th ta c mt s
biu din sau:

x 2 y 2 z 2 p 2 2q
x 3 y3 z3 p3 3pq 3r
(xy) 2 (yz) 2 (zx) 2 q 2 2pr
x 4 y 4 z 4 p 4 2p 2 q 2q 2 4pr
xy(x y) yz(y z) zx(z x) pq 3r
xy(x 2 y 2 ) yz(y 2 z 2 ) zx(z 2 x 2 ) p 2 q 2q 2 pr

Nguyn Tt Thu

(xy)3 (yz)3 (zx)3 q3 3pqr 3r 2 .

2) Gi x1 , x 2 , x 3 l nghim PT : ax 3 bx 2 cx d 0 .
t Sn x1n x 2n x 3n , khi ta c h thc:
aSn bSn 1 cSn 2 dSn 3 0 .
V d 2: Tm iu kin phng trnh : x 3 ax 2 bx c 0 c ba
nghim, trong tng hai nghim gp k 1 nghim cn li.
Gii: * Gi s phng trnh c ba nghim x1 , x 2 , x 3 trong tng hai
nghim gp k nghim nghim cn li.
x1 x 2 x 3 a

Theo nh l Vi t, ta c: x1x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x1 b .
x x x c
1 2 3
Ta c: (x1 x 2 kx 3 )(x 2 x 3 kx1 )(x 3 x1 kx 2 ) 0

a (k 1)x1 a (k 1)x 2 a (k 1)x 3 0

a 3 a 2 (k 1)(x1 x 2 x 3 )

a(k 1) 2 (x1x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x1 ) (k 1)3 x1x 2 x 3 0

a 3 a 3 (k 1) ab(k 1) 2 c(k 1)3 0

ab(k 1)2 a 3 k c(k 1)3 (1).
Vi a,b,c tha mn (1), ta tm iu kin phng trnh c ba nghim l
k
ab
c. T (1) c
thay vo phng trnh ta c:
a3
k 1
(k 1) 2
x 3 ax 2 bx
(x

k
(k 1) 2

a3

ab
0
k 1

a 2
ka
ka
) x
x
b 0

k 1
k 1
(k 1) 2

phng trnh c ba nghim

Nguyn Tt Thu

k2a 2
(k 1) 2

4ka 2
(k 1) 2

4b 0

 (k 2 4k)a 2 4(k 1) 2 b 0 (2).

ab(k 1) 2 a 3 k c(k 1)3

Vy iu kin a,b,c l:
.
(k 2 4k)a 2 4(k 1) 2 b 0
Ch : 1) Vi k 2 th ba nghim ca phng trnh trn lp thnh cp s
cng.
Vy phng trnh x 3 ax 2 bx c 0 c ba nghim lp thnh cp s
9ab 2a 3 27c
cng nu v ch nu:
.
a 2 3b 0
2) n y chc cc bn s t t ra cu hi l a,b,c phi tha mn iu kin
g phng trnh c ba nghim lp thnh cp s nhn ? Cu tr li dnh
cho cc bn .

x y z 3

V d 3: Gii h p hng trnh : x 2 y 2 z 2 21 .

x 3 y3 z3 57

Gii: V h cho gm ba phng trnh l nhng a thc i xng ba bin

nn ta biu din ba phng trnh qua ba a thc i xng c bn .
t a x y z; b xy yz zx;c xyz , h tr thnh:
a 3
a 3
x y z 3
2

b 6 xy yz zx 6
a 2b 21

a 3 3ab 3c 57 c 8
xyz 8

x, y, z l ba nghim ca phng trnh : t 3 3t 2 6t 8 0

(t 1)(t 2 2t 8) 0 t 1; t 2; t 4 .
x 1

Vy nghim ca h cho l: y 2 v cc hon v.

z 4

Nguyn Tt Thu

V d 4: Gii h phng trnh sau :

1
1
1
8

x y z
x
y
z 3

1 1 1 118
(THTT).
x y z
x y z
9

1
1
1
728

x x y y z z
27
x x y y z z

Gii: t a x
Khi : x

x x

1
x

; b y

1
y

; c z

1
z

1
1 2
( x
) 2 a 2 2;
x
x
a(a 2 3) a 3 3a

x x
H cho tr thnh:
8

a b c 3
abc

118
2
2
2
ab bc ca 0
a b c 6
9

abc 0
728
3

3
3

a b c 3(a b c) 27

( y ta s dng cc ng th c:
a 2 b 2 c2 (a b c)2 2(ab bc ca)
v a 3 b3 c3 (a b c)(a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ca) 3abc )
t 0
8 2
a, b, c l nghim ca phng trnh : t t 0 8 .
t
3
3
1
Xt phng trnh : X
0 X 1
X
1
8
Phng trnh X
3X 8 X 3 0 X 9 .
X 3
T ta c nghim ca h cho l: (x; y; z) (1;1;9) v cc hon v.
3

Nguyn Tt Thu

V d 4: Cho phng trnh x 3 ax 2 bx c3 0 c ba nghim v b ac ,

c 0 . Chng minh rng phng trnh c ng mt nghim ln hn c.
Gii: Trc ht ta thy rng nu x1 c x1 c 0 . Do yu cu bi
ton tr thnh chng minh trong ba s x1 c; x 2 c; x 3 c c ng mt s
dng. iu ny dn n ta i xt tch: (x1 c)(x 2 c)(x 3 c) .
Gi x1 , x 2 , x 3 l ba nghim ca phng trnh cho.
x x x a
2
3
1
Theo nh l Vi t, ta c: x1x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x1 b .

3
x1x 2 x 3 c

Ta xt: (x1 c)(x 2 c)(x 3 c) x1x 2 x 3 c 2 (x1 x 2 x 3 )

c(x1x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x1 ) c3 c 2 a cb c(ac b) 0 (do gi thit)

Nu c ba nghim x1 , x 2 , x 3 c x1x 2 x 3 c3 v l (do x1x 2 x 3 c3 ),

vy trong ba s x1 c; x 2 c; x 3 c , tn ti ng mt s dng trong
ba nghim ca phng trnh c ng mt nghim ln hn c.
V d 5: Gi s phng trnh x 3 ax 2 bx c 0 (1) c ba nghim phn
bit khc 0. Chng minh rng phng trnh : x 3 bx 2 acx c2 0 (2)
cng c ba nghim phn bit.
Gii: Gi x1 , x 2 , x 3 0 l ba nghim ca phng trnh (1).

x1 x 2 x 3 a

Theo nh l Viet, ta c: x1x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x1 b .

x x x c
1 2 3
Gi s (2) c ba nghim y1 , y 2 , y3 , ta c:
y1 y 2 y3 b x1x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x1
Dn n ta d on ba nghim ca (2) l x1x 2 ; x 2 x 3 ; x 3 x1 .
t y1 x1x 2 ; y 2 x 2 x 3 ; y3 x 3 x1 , ta c:

Nguyn Tt Thu

y y y b
2
3
1
y1 y 2 y 2 y3 y3 y1 x1x 2 x 3 (x1 x 2 x 3 ) ac y1 , y 2 , y3 l ba

2
2
y1 y 2 y3 (x1x 2 x 3 ) c
nghim ca phng trn h : x 3 bx 2 acx c2 0 .
V l ba nghim phn bit nn y1 , y 2 , y3 cng l ba nghim phn bit

Vy phng trnh x 3 bx 2 acx c2 0 c ba nghim phn bit.

Ch : Khi gp bi ton cho phng trnh : x 3 ax 2 bx c 0 (1) c ba
nghim v yu cu chng minh phng trnh x 3 mx 2 nx p 0 (2)
cng c ba nghim ta thng lm nh sau:
Gi x1 , x 2 , x 3 l ba nghim ca (1), ta chng minh f (x1 , x 2 , x 3 );
g(x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) ; h(x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) l ba nghim ca (2) bng cch chng minh:

f (x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) g(x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) h(x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) m

f (x1 , x 2 , x 3 )g(x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) h(x1 , x 2 , x 3 )f (x1 , x 2 , x 3 )

g(x1 , x 2 , x 3 )h(x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) n

f (x1 , x 2 , x 3 )g(x1 , x 2 , x 3 )h(x1 , x 2 , x 3 ) p

V d 6: Cho a, b 0 dng v phng trnh x 3 x 2 ax b 0 c ba
nghim. Chng minh rng:
10
7
1) a b
2) a 2b
.
27
27
Gii:
Gi thit bi ton cho phng trnh c ba nghim v yu cu chng ta chng
minh BT gia cc h s nn ta ngh n chuyn
cc BT thnh cc BT ca ba nghim . Gi x1 , x 2 , x 3 l ba nghim
ca phng trnh . V a, b 0 x1 , x 2 , x 3 0

x1 x 2 x 3 1

Ta c: x1x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x1 a
x x x b
1 2 3
Bi ton tr thnh cho ba s x1 , x 2 , x 3 0 v c tng bng 1. Chng minh:

Nguyn Tt Thu

1) x1x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x1 x1x 2 x 3

10
.
27
3

1
x x 2 x3
p dng BT Csi ta c: x1x 2 x 3 1

3
27

1
1
x1x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x1 (x1 x 2 x 3 ) 2
3
3
1 1 10
.
x1x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x1 x1x 2 x 3

3 27 27
7
2) x1x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x1 2x1x 2 x 3
.
27
7
(1 2x1 )x 2 x 3 x1 (x 2 x 3 )
27
7
P (1 2x1 )x 2 x 3 x1 (1 x1 )
27
1
Gi s x1 min{x1 , x 2 , x 3 } x1 1 2x1 0
3
2

x x3
1 x1
P (1 2x1 ) 2
x1 (1 x1 ) (1 2x1 )
x1 (1 x1 )

2
2

2x13 x12 1 7 (3x1 1) 2 (6x1 1) 7

(pcm).
4
27
108
27
1
ng thc xy ra x1 x 2 x 3 .
3
Ch : Khi gp cc BT v h s ca phng trnh bc ba (cng nh bc
cao) ta c th s dng nh l Viet chuyn BT cn chng minh v BT
cc nghim ca phng trnh . Hn na ta thy cn ng sng tc ra
nhng bi ton dng ny l xut pht t mt BT i xng ba bin, s dng
nh l Viet ta chuyn BT v BT gia cc h s ca phng trnh bc
ba. Chng hn t bi ton:
Cho x, y, z 0 tha m n xy yz zx xyz 4 . Chng minh
x y z xy yz zx .
Ta chuyn thnh bi ton nh sau
P

Cho phng trnh : x 3 ax 2 bx b 4 0 c ba nghim khng m.

Chng minh a b . V d sau y cng l mt sn phm ca cc h lm trn.

Nguyn Tt Thu

V d 7: Cho phng trnh x 3 ax 2 bx c 0 c ba nghim . Chng

minh: 12ab 27c 6a 3 10 (a 2 2b)3 (HSG QG 2001 ).
Gii:
Gi x1 , x 2 , x 3 l ba nghim ca phng trnh cho. Theo Viet, ta c:
x1 x 2 x 3 a

2
2
2
2
x1x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x1 b a 2b x1 x 2 x 3

x1x 2 x 3 c
BT cn chng minh tr thnh: 6a(a 2 2b) 27c 10 (a 2 2b)3

6(x1 x 2 x 3 )(x12 x 22 x 32 ) 27x1x 2 x 3 10 (x12 x 22 x 32 )3 (1).

* Nu x12 x 22 x 32 0 (1) ng.
* Nu x12 x 22 x 32 0 . V (1) l BT thun nht nn ta ch cn chng
minh (1) khi x12 x 22 x 32 9 . V (1) tr thnh:
2(x1 x 2 x 3 ) x1x 2 x 3 10 (2)

x 22 x 32 9 x12
3 x 2 x3
Gi s | x1 || x 2 |

3.
2
2
Gi P l VT(2) P x1 (2 x 2 x 3 ) 2(x 2 x 3 )
P 2 x12 (x 2 x 3 ) 2 (2 x 2 x 3 ) 2 4

2
(9 2x 2 x 3 ) (2 x 2 x 3 ) 4

t t x 2 x 3 3 t 3 v

x 3 x12

P 2 (9 2t)(8 4t t 2 ) (t 2) 2 (2t 7) 100

x1 x 2 2
P 2 10 P 10 . ng thc xy ra
.
x 3 1

Hay (a;b;c) l hon v ca b (2t; 2t; t),

t 0.

V d 8 Cho phng trnh ax 3 x 2 bx 1 0 vi a 0;a b , c ba

nghim dng. Tm gi tr nh nht ca P

Nguyn Tt Thu

5a 2 3ab 2
a 2 (b a)

(HSG QG 1999).

Gii:
Gi m, n, p l ba nghim thc dng ca phng trnh cho.
p dng nh l Viet ta c:
1

m n p a

mn np pm a, b 0 .
a

mnp a

1 3b
1

b
2 a

(m n p) 2 3(mn np pm)
3a
a

Ta c:

.
1
3
1
1
m

3
mnp

33
a
a

3 3
a
Cch 1:
Xt hm s: f (b)
f '(b)

2a 2 2
2

a (b a)

5a 2 3ab 2
2

a (b a)

vi b (0;

1
] . Ta c:
3a

0 f (b) gim trn b (0;

1
]
3a

2
1 3(5a 1)
f (b) f
3.g(a)
3a a(1 3a 2 )
1
Xt hm g(a) vi a (0;
] , ta c:
3 3

g '(a)

15a 4 14a 2 1
a 2 (3a 2 1)2

0 a (0;

1
3 3

1
1
g(a) g
;b 3
4 3 f (b) 12 3 .ng thc c a
3 3
3 3
Khi m n p 3 . Vy Pmin 12 3 .
b
1
1
2
53 2
5

2
a
1
a2 1
a 2 a 2 3(5a 1)
Cch 2: Ta c P
b
1
a
a
a(1 3a 2 )
1
1
a
3a 2
Nguyn Tt Thu

 P 12 3

36 3a 3 15a 2 12 3a 3

a(1 3a 2 )

(3 3a 1)(12a 2 3 3a 3)

a(1 3a 2 )
1
1
14
Do 0 a
12a 2 3 3a 3 12. 1 3 0 v
27
9
3 3

a
3 3
3 3a 1 0 P 12 3 0 P 12 3 . ng thc xy ra
b 3

V d 9: Cho phng trnh x n a1x n 1 ... a n 1x a n 0 c n

nghim dng. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau:
a
n
1) n 1 a nn 1
n

2)

a1a n 1
n2 .
an

Gii:
Gi x1 , x 2 ,..., x n 0 l nghim ca phng trnh. Theo nh l Viet ta c:
0 (1) n 1 a

n 1 x1x 2 ...x n 1 ... x 2 x 3 ...x n

n
.
0 (1) a n x1x 2 ...x n

0 a1 x1 x 2 ... x n

p dng BT Csi , ta c:
n 1

(1)n 1 a n 1 x1x 2 ...x n 1 ... x 2 x 3 ...x n n n x1x 2 ...x n

a
n
n 1
n(n 1) n 1
(1)n(n 1) n 1 x1x 2 ...x n
1
an
n
a
n
n 1 a nn 1 .
n

2)

(x x 2 ... x n )(x1x 2 ...x n 1 ... x 2 x 3 ...x n

a1a n 1
1

an
x1x 2 ...x n
n 1

n n x1x 2 ...x n .n n x1x 2 ...x n

Nguyn Tt Thu

x1x 2 ...x n

n2 .

V d 10: Cho phng trnh x n a1x n 1 ... a n 1x a n 0 c n

n 1
nghim, trong a1 1 , a 2
. Chng minh rng cc nghim ca
2
phng trnh nm trong on a1 ;a1 2 .
Gii: Gi x1 , x 2 ,.., x n l n nghim ca phng trnh cho. Khi yu cu
bi ton cn chng minh: a1 x i a1 2 a1 1 x i 1 a1 1
(x i 1) 2 (a1 1) 2 . iu ny dn ti ta c cch gii nh sau:
n

i 1

i, j1
i j

Theo nh l Viet ta c: x i a1 ; x i x j a 2

a12

n
n
n 2
x i x i2 2a 2 x i2 a12 2a 2
i 1
i 1
i 1

n
n
n
(x i 1) 2 x i2 2 x i n a12 2a 2 2a1 n
i 1

i 1
i 1
a12 2a1 1 [2a 2 (n 1)] (a1 1) 2 .

(Do a 2

n 1
) a1 x i a1 2 pcm.
2

V d 11: Cho phng trnh sau c n nghim ( n 3 ). Hy tm cc nghim

?

x n nx n 1

n 2 n n 2
x
a 3 x n 3 ... a n 1x a n 0 .
2

Gii: Ta thy phng trnh ch c ba h s ca x n , x n 1 , x n 2 l nhng

gi tr c th cn nhng h s khc chng ta cha xc nh c. Do
gii phng trnh ny ta phi da vo mi quan h gia cc h s ca
x n , x n 1 , x n 2 , iu ny g i cho chng ta s dng nh l Viet. Tht vy:
Gi x1 , x 2 ,.., x n l n nghim ca phng trnh cho.
n2 n
Theo nh l Viet ta c: x i n ; x i x j
.
2
i 1
i, j1
n

i j

Nguyn Tt Thu

i 1

x i2

n
n 2
x i 2 x i x j n .

i 1
i, j1
i j

n
n
n
(x i 1)2 x i2 2 x i n n 2n n 0
i 1

i 1

i 1

x i 1 i 1, n . Vy phng trnh c n nghim trng nhau: x 1 .

Nhn xt: Bi ton trn l mt trng hp c bit ca bi ton trong v d
10. Vi cch lm tng t hoc t s nh gi gia cc tng cc tch chp k
Sk ta c th sng tc ra nhng bi ton tng t.
V d 12: Cho a thc f (x) c bc 2007 v c 2007 nghim dng. Chng
minh rng phng trnh sau cng c 2007 nghim dng.

(1 2007x)f (x) (x 2 2007x 1)f '(x) x 2 f "(x) 0 (1).

Gii: Gi x1 , x 2 ,..., x 2007 0 l 2007 nghim ca f(x).
Trc ht ta chng minh b sau
B : Phng trnh f (x) f '(x) 0 cng c 2007 nghim dng .
Chng minh:Xt hm s g(x) f (x).ex g(x) c 2007 nghim
dng (chnh l nghim ca f(x))
(Nu a thc f(x) c nghim bi th cng chnh l nghim ca f(x), do
ta ch cn i xt cc nghim khng la nghim bi nn ta ch xt f(x) c
2007 nghim dng phn bit)
Theo nh l Roll g '(x) c 2006 nghim y1 , y 2 ,..., y 2007 tha mn :
x1 y1 x 2 y 2 ... x 2006 y 2006 x 2007

yi 0 i 1, 2006 .
M g '(x) ex (f (x) f '(x)) nghim ca g '(x) chnh l nghim ca
phng trnh : f (x) f '(x) 0 (2)
(2) l phng trn h bc 2007 li c 2006 nghim nn (2) s c 2007 nghim ,
gi nghim l y 2007 . Ta chng minh c y 2007 0 . Tht vy:
t f (x) x 2007 a1x 2006 a 2 x 2005 ... a 2006 x a 2007 .
V f(x) c cc nghim dng nn a i 0 i 1, 2007 .

Nguyn Tt Thu

 f '(x) 2007x 2006 2006a1x 2005 ... 2a 2005 x a 2006

f (x) f '(x) x 2007 ... a 2007 a 2006 .

Theo Viet y1 y 2 ...y 2007 a 2007 a 2006 0 y 2007 0

B c chng minh.
Tr li bi ton:
t h(x) f (x) f '(x) h(x) c 2007 nghim dng phn bit v
1
h '(x) f '(x) f "(x) . F(x) x 2007 h( ) cng c 2007 nghim dng.
x
p dng b trn cho F(x) , ta suy ra phng trnh F(x) F '(x) 0 c
2007 nghim dng. Hay phng trnh :
1
1
1
F(x) F '(x) x 2007 h 2007x 2006 h( ) x 2005 h '( ) 0 (3) c 2007
x
x
x
1
nghim dng . t t . Khi (3) tr thnh:
x
1
2007
1

h(t)

h '(t) 0 (1 2007t)h(t) t 2 h '(t) 0 (4)

2005
t 2007 t 2006
t
Thay h(x) bi f(x) vo (4), th phng trnh sau c 2007 nghim dng:

(1 2007t)[f (t) f '(t)] t 2 f '(t) f "(t) 0

(1 2007t)f (t) (t 2 2007t 1)f '(t) t 2 f "(t) 0
Ta c pcm.

Nguyn Tt Thu

Bi tp:
Bi 10: Tm m phng trnh : x 3 3x 2 (5m 1)x 3m 0 c ba
nghim lp thnh cp s cng.
Bi 11: Cho phng trnh x 3 px 2 qx p 0 c ba nghim thc khng
q3
nh hn 1 v p, q 0 . Tm gi tr ln n ht ca biu thc F
.
p
Bi 12: Cho phng trnh x 3 ax 2 bx c 0 (1) c ba nghim thc
phn bit. Chng minh phng trnh sau cng c 3 nghim thc phn bit :

x 3 (b 2 2ac)x 2 (a 2 c 2 2bc 2 )x c 4 0 (2).

Bi 13: Gi s c ABC nhn tan A, tan B, tan C l ba nghim ca
phng trnh: x 3 px 2 qx p 0 (q 1) . Chng minh: p 3 3 v
q 9.
Bi 14: Cc s a,b,c phi tha mn iu kin g phng trnh sau c ba
nghim lp thnh cp s nhn: x 3 ax 2 bx c 0 .
Bi 15: Cho phng trnh x 3 ax 2 bx c 0 c ba nghim m, n, p . Vi
nhng gi tr no ca a,b,c m3 , n 3 , p3 l ba nghim ca phng trnh :
x 3 a 3 x 2 b 3 x c3 0 .

Bi 16: Gi , , l 3 nghim ca phng trnh : x 3 x 1 0 . Tnh gi

1 1 1
tr ca biu thc: P
.

1 1 1
x 2 y2 z2 9

Bi 17: Gii h : x 4 y 4 z 4 33
xyz 4

Bi 18: Chng minh phng trnh: 9x 3 36x 2 45x 17 0 c ba nghim

l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic t.
Bi 19: Cho phng trnh : x n a n 1x n 1 ... a1x a 0 0 (1) c n
nghim, bit a i 1 i 0,1, 2,..., n 1 . Chng minh n 3 .

Nguyn Tt Thu

Hng dn gii v p s chng II

1
Bi 1: 1) x ; x 1
2
1 25 3 69 3 25 3 69

2) x 3

3
2
2

2
4
8
3) x 2 cos ; x 2 cos ; x 2 cos
9
9
9

4) x

13

563
563
13
3
27
27
.
2
2

Bi 2:
1) PT (x 2 2x) 2 4(x 2 2x) 5 0 . S: x 1 ; x 1 6
5 13
.
2
3) t x t 5 . S: x 3; x 7 .

2) t t x 2 5x . S: x

4) t t x 2 x 1 .

S: x 1; x 2; x

1 5
.
2

5) PT x 4 2x 2 1 2(x 2 2x 1) 0
2
2 4 22
.
(x 2 1)2 2x 2 0 x 1; x
2
x2
x2
6) t a
.
;b
x 1
x 1
9 73
Ta c: 2a 2 5ab 2b 2 0 (2a b)(a 2b) 0 S: x
.
2
7) PT

(x 2 x) 2 (x 2) 2 0 (x 2 2)(x 2 2x 2) 0 x 2

8) T phng trnh 0 x 1 . t x cos 2 t , t [0; ] .

2
Phng trnh tr thnh: cos 2 6t sin 2 t .

3
5

3
S: x cos 2 ; x cos 2 ; x cos 2
; x cos 2 ; x cos 2 ; x 0 .
14
14
14
10
10
9) PT x 2 (x 2 1)(x 2 1)(x 2 2) 1 0
Nguyn Tt Thu

 (x 4 x 2 )(x 4 x 2 2) 1 0
(x 4 x 2 1) 2 0 x

1 5
.
2

10) T iu kin x 0 , gi ta t: 2x cos t, t ( ; ) . Khi ta

2
2

c: 32 cos 2 t(cos 2 t 1)(2 cos 2 t 1) 2 1 cos t 0

128cos8 t 256 cos6 t 160 cos 4 t 32 cos 2 t 1 cos t
4
6
2
8
cos8t cos t t1
; t2
; t3
; t4
7
7
3
9
1
Vy phng trnh c bn nghim: x cos t i (i 1, 4)
2
Bi 3:
x 1
1) PT (x 1)(x 2 2mx 3m 3) 0 2
x 2mx 3m 3 0
4

5
S:
.
m (; 3 21 ) ( 3 21 ; )

2
2

2) PT xm 2 (2x 2 1)m x 3 1 0 ,

x2 x 1
)0
x
x m 1
(x m 1) x 2 (1 m)x 1 0 2

x (1 m)x 1 0 (*)
TH1: (*) c hai nghim phn bit trong mt nghim x m 1
m 2 2m 3 0
3

m
2
(1 m)2 (1 m)(1 m) 1 0
TH2: (*) c nghim kp x m 1
m 2 2m 3 0
m 1
3

m 1

S: m 1; m ; m 3 .
2
m 1
m 3

2
phng trnh c (2x 1)2 (m x 1)(m

Nguyn Tt Thu

Bi 4: t f (x) x 3 ax 2 bx c , ta chng minh c phng trnh

f (x) 2f '(x) f "(x) 0 c ba nghim phn bit (p dng v d 21),t ta
c pcm.
Bi 5: t x y m thay vo phng trnh ta c:

ay 4 (4am b)y3 (6m 2 a 3mb c)y 2 (4am3 3bm 2 2mc d)y

am 4 bm3 cm 2 dm e 0 (1).
(1) l phng trnh trng phng khi h sau c nghim m
4am b 0

3
2
4am 3bm 2mc d 0
b

4a

3
2
4a b 3b b 2c b d 0

4a
4a
4a
b

m
4a

pcm.
b3 4abc 8a 2 d 0

Bi 6:

1)Phng trnh (x 2 8x 7)(x 2 8x 15) m .

t t x 2 8x 7 (x 4) 2 9 9
PT tr thnh: t 2 8t m 16 m 9 .
2) PT x 4 (mx 1)2 0 (x 2 mx 1)(x 2 mx 1) 0
S: | m | 2
Bi 7:
1) Phng trnh (x 2 2x) 2 m(x 1) 2 m 0 .
t t (x 1) 2 0 x 1 t . Phng trnh tr thnh:

(t 1) 2 mt m 0 t 2 (m 2)t m 1 0 (*)
(*) c m(m 8)
Nu 0 m 8 (*) v nghim phng trnh v nghim
Nu m 0 Phng trnh c hai nghim x 0; x 2
Nu m 8 Phng trnh v nghim

Nguyn Tt Thu

Nu m 0 (*) c hai nghim tri du phng trnh cho c hai

nghim

m 2 m(m 8)
.
2
Nu m 8 (*) c hai nghim m phn bit PT cho v nghim.
x 1

2) PT (x 2 x) 2 (x 2 x) m .

1
1
1
1
1
t t x 2 x (x ) 2 x t .
2
4
4
2
4
PT tr thnh: f (t) t 2 t m 0
(*).
T bng bin thin ca f(t) ta suy ra
1
* Nu m (*) v nghim Pt cho v nghim
4
1 3
1
* Nu m PT cho c hai nghim x
2
4
1
5
1
* Nu m
(*) c hai nghim t Phng trnh cho c
4
16
4
bn nghim: x
Nu m

1
3 2 1 4m

.
2
4

5
1
(*) c ng mt nghim t Phng trnh cho c
16
4

1
3 2 1 4m

.
2
4
a
a
a
Bi 8: Xt hm s f (x) n x n 1 n 1 x n ... 1 x 2 a 0 ,
n 1
n
2
ta thy f(x) tha mn iu kin nh l Lagrang trn [0;1] v f (0) f (1) 0

hai nghim : x

f '(x) a n x n a n 1x n 1 ... a1x a 0 c mt nghim (0;1) pcm.

Bi 9: Ta c f (2) 33; f (1) 4; f (0) 3; f (1) 6; f (5) 278
f (x) c bn nghim. Ta c:

x i2 2x i 1 2x i4 6x 3i 9x i2 3x i 4 (2x i2 1)(x i2 3x i 4)

2x i2 1
(x i 1) 2

1
1 1
1

(x i 1)(x i 4) 5 x i 4 x i 1

Nguyn Tt Thu

1 1
1

5 1 x i 4 x i
4

i 1, 2,3, 4

2x i2 1

1 4
1
1 4 1

2
5 i 1 1 x i 5 i 1 4 x i
i 1 (x i 1)
1 f '(1) f '(4) 1 1
9 37

5 f (1) f (4) 5 4 149 569

Bi 10: Gi s phng trnh c ba nghim x1 , x 2 , x 3 lp thnh cp s cng

x1 x 2 x 3 3
x 2 1 , thay vo phng trnh ta
th ta c:
x1 x 3 2x 2
1
c: m .
2
1
Vi m , phng trnh tr th nh: (x 1)(2x 2 4x 3) 0 x 1 .
2
Vy khng tn ti m tha mn iu kin bi ton.
Bi 11: Gi 1 x1 x 2 x 3 l ba nghim ca phng trnh cho. Khi
x1 x 2 x 3 x1x 2 x 3 p (1)
theo Viet, ta c:
..
(2)
x1x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x1 q
T (1) tn ti tam gic ABC x1 tan A; x 2 tan B; x 3 tan C ,

vi
ABC .
4
2
F co t A cot B cot C 3cot A cot B cot C
2sin A
cos(B C) cos A
cot A
3cot A
cos(B C) cos A
cos(B C) cos A
1
A 3
A 1
3
F
3 tan tan 3 3t t 3 f (t) .
A
2 2
2 2t
2
2 tan
2
A
1
A
(Trong t tan v t [ 2 1;
] , do ; ).
2
2 8 6
3
1
9
Ta c: f '(t)
3 t 2 0 f (t) f ( 2 1) 8 4 2
2
2
2t

3
Vy max F 8 4 2 , t c khi A ; B C
.
4
8
Nguyn Tt Thu

Bi 12: Gi x1 , x 2 , x 3 l ba nghim ca (1). Theo Viet, ta c:

x1 x 2 x 3 a

x1x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x1 b .
x x x c
1 2 3
t y1 x1x 2 ; y 2 x 2 x 3 ; y3 x 3 x1 . Ta chng minh c
y1 , y 2 , y3 l ba nghim ca (2).
Bi 13: Theo nh l Viet:
p (t anA tan B tan C) tan AtanB tan C

q tan A tan B tan B tan C tan C tan A

2

V ABC nhn nn ta c: tan A tan B tan C 3 3 p 3 3

q 33 tan A tan B tan C 9 .

2

Bi 14: Gi s phng trnh c ba nghim x1 , x 2 , x 3 lp thnh cp s nhn:

x1x 2 x 3 c

x2 3 c .
2
x1x 3 x 2
Thay vo phng trnh ta c:
3

a c2 b 3 c 0 a 3c2 b3c 0 c(ca 3 b3 ) 0 (*).

2
Nu c 0 (1) x(x ax b) 0 d thy phng
trnh ny c ba nghim lp thnh cp s nhn a b 0 .

Nu c 0 (*) c

b3
a3

( a 0 ), khi (1) tr thnh:

a3x3 a 4 x2 a3bx b3 0 (ax b) a 2 x2 a 2 (a 2 b)x b2 0

b

x a

(**) c hai nghim

2
b2
2
x (a b)x 2 0 (**)
a

(a b)

4b 2
2

0 (a 3 ab 2b)(a 3 ab 2b) 0 .

a
Khi ta thy (1) c ba nghim v ba nghim ny lp thnh cp s nhn.

Nguyn Tt Thu

a b c 0

Vy iu kin ca a,b,c cn tm l: a 3c b3 0
.
2 2
2
2
a (a b) 4b 0
Bi 15: Theo Viet: m n p a; mn np pm b; mnp c

V m3 n 3 p3 a 3 ; m3 n 3 n 3 p3 p3 m3 b3 ; m3 n 3 p3 c3
Mt khc:
m3 n 3 p3 (m n p)3 3(m n p)(mn np pm) 3mnp

a 3 (a)3 3ab 3c c ab . Khi :

x 3 ax 2 bx c 0 x 3 ax 2 bx ab 0 (x a)(x 2 b) 0
x a
2
phng trnh c ba nghim th b 0 .
x b
c ab
Vy iu kin cn tm l:
.
b 0
1
1
1
Bi 16: Ta c: P 3 2

1 1 1
t x t 1 ,phng trnh tr thnh: t 3 3t 2 1 0 .
Gi t1 , t 2 , t 3 l ba nghim ca phng trnh ny :
1 1 1
t t t t t t
P 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 1 0 P 3 .
t1t 2 t 3
t1 t 2 t 3
Bi 17: Ta c:

2(x 2 y 2 y 2 z 2 z 2 x 2 ) (x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2 (x 4 y 4 z 4 )
x 2 y 2 y 2 z 2 z 2 x 2 24
x 2 y2 z2 9

Do : x 2 y 2 y 2 z 2 z 2 x 2 24 x 2 ; y 2 ; z 2 l nghim ca phng
2 2 2
x y z 16

trnh : t 3 9t 2 24t 16 0 (t 1)(t 4) 2 0 t 1; t 4 .

Th li ta thy nghim ca h l: (1; 2; 2),
(1; 2; 2), (1; 2; 2) v cc hon v ca ba cp nghim .

Nguyn Tt Thu

Bi 18: Gi f(x) l a thc v tri ca phng trnh

Trc ht ta chng minh phng trnh c ba nghim phn bit dng. Tht
9
19
vy: f (0) 17; f (1) 1; f ( )
; f (2) 1 f (x) c ba nghim
5
125
9
9
dng phn bit x1 (0;1), x 2 (1; ), x 3 ( ; 2) .
5
5
Theo Viet ta c: x1 x 2 x 3 4 x1 x 2 4 x 3
x1 x 2 x 3 4 2x 3 0 x1 , x 2 , x 3 l di ba cnh ca mt tam
gic, ta gi tam gic l ABC.
34
Mt khc: x12 x 22 x 32 (x1 x 2 ) 2 2x1x 2 x 32 16 8x 3
9x 3
Xt hm s g(t) 16 8t

g '(t) 8

34
2

34
9
vi t ; 2 , c
9t
5

72t 2 34
2

9
0 t ; 2
5

9t
9t
9
202
g(t) g( )
0 x12 x 22 x 32 0 tam gic ABC l tam
5
405
gic t.
Bi 19: Gi x1 , x 2 ,..., x n l n nghim ca (1). Theo Viet, ta c:
n

xi a n 1 1; xi x j a n 2 1

i 1

i j

n
n

x i 2 x i x j 3 (Do x i2 0 ).

i 1
i j
i 1
i 1
1
V x i 0 i 1, n
(i 1, n) l phng trnh :
xi

x i2

a 0 x n a1x n 1 ... a n 1x 1 0 .

n 1

Tng t, theo Viet :
2
i 1 x i
i 1 x i
p dng bt ng thc Csi, ta c:
n

Nguyn Tt Thu

1
3
2

x
x
i j i j

 n
n 1
9 x i2
2

i 1 i 1 x i

Nguyn Tt Thu

n 2 n 3 (pcm).