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Drept International Privat S.popescu
Drept International Privat S.popescu
FACULTATEA DE DREPT
, 3$57($ *(1(5$/
CAPITOLUL 1
RAPORTORTUL JURIDIC DE DREPT
,17(51$,21$/ 3,59$7
DFHD SDUWH FRPSRQHQW D UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF FDUH VH DIO vQ VWULQWDWH VDX VXE LQFLGHQ D XQHL OHJL
VWULQH
ElePHQWXO
DOWXUL GH VXELHFWH FRQ LQXW L RELHFW FL RULFDUH GLQWUH DFHVWHD SRDWH FRQVWLWXL XQ HOHPHQW GH
extraneitate.
ntr-un raport juridic pot fi unul sau mai multe elemente de extraneitate.
([LVWHQ D HOHPHQWXOXL GH H[WUDQHLWDWH vQWU-XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF IDFH FD vQ OHJWXU FX DFHO
UDSRUW MXULGLF V VH QDVF XQ conflict de legi.
&RQIOLFWXO GH OHJL HVWH VLWXD LD FDUH DSDUH vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH vQWU-un raport juridic exisW XQ
HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH L FDUH FRQVW vQ DFHHD F DFHO UDSRUW MXULGLF GHYLQH VXVFHSWLELO GH D L VH
DSOLFD GRX VDX PDL PXOWH VLVWHPH GH GUHSW DSDU LQkQG XQRU VWDWH GLIHULWH
(OHPHQWHOH HVHQ LDOH
a) izvorul conflictulXL
raport
MXULGLF D XQXL HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH IDFH FD vQ OHJWXU FX DFHO UDSRUW V VH QDVF XQ FRQIOLFW GH
OHJL LDU HO GHYLQH LPSOLFLW XQ UDSRUW GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
b) confOLFWXO
FHO VWULQ FX FDUH HOHPHQWXO GH H[WUDQHLWDWH DUH OHJWXU $FHDVWD GHRDUHFH MXGHFWRUXO URPkQ
DVFXOW QXPDL GH OHJHD
URPkQ
ULL
VDOH LDU FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL HVWH VROX LRQDW GH FWUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO
F UDSRUWXO MXULGLF FDUH FRQ LQH XQ HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH HVWH QXPDL VXVFHSWLELO GH D L VH
DSOLFD GRX VDX PDL PXOWH VLVWHPH GH GUHSW GLIHULWH L DQXPH FHO URPkQ L RULFDUH GLQWUH FHOH OD
care elementele de extraneitate trimit, deoarece, prin mecanismul normei conflictuale, acestuia i se
DSOLF XQ VLQJXU VLVWHP GH GUHSW L DQXPH FHO LQGLFDW GH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO FD lex causae - sistem
d) conflictul de legi
DSDUH vQWUH VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW DOH XQRU VWDWH GLIHULWH GHFL QR LXQHD GH
OHJH WUHEXLH OXDW vQ VHQVXO GH VLVWHP GH GUHSW DSDU LQkQG XQXL DQXPLW VWDW
drept ale VWDWHORU VXQW GHRVHELWH XQHOH GH DOWHOH FX SULYLUH OD DFHHDL SUREOHP GH GUHSW
3. Conflictele de legi pot apare numai n UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO
privat GHRDUHFH QXPDL vQ DFHVWH UDSRUWXUL LQVWDQ D URPkQ SRDW V DSOLFH R OHJH VWULQ VDX
DOWIHO VSXV FRPSHWHQ D OHJLVODWLY DGLF GUHSWXO DSOLFDELO GH FWUH LQVWDQ
FRPSHWHQ D MXGHFWRUHDVF DGLF GH QD LRQDOLWDWHD LQVWDQ HL FRPSHWHQWH
SRDWH GLIHUL GH
([SOLFD LD DFHVWHL VLWXD LL FRQVW vQ IDSWXO F vQ UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW SULYDW SU LOH VH
DIO XQD ID
GH FHDODOW SH SR]L LH GH HJDOLWDWH MXULGLF LDU HJDOLWDWHD MXULGLF D SU LORU DWUDJH
LPSOLFLW HJDOLWDWHD VLVWHPHORU GH GUHSW FURUD HOH OH DSDU LQ LDU vQWUH VLVWHPH GH GUHSW DIODWH SH
picior de egalitDWH VH SRDWH SXQH SUREOHPD FDUH GLQWUH HOH VH YD DSOLFD UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF vQ FDX]
privat
SUHYHGH vQ DUW DOLQ F UDSRUWXULOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VXQW Uaporturile
civile,
extraneitate.
3UHFL]UL
D (QXPHUDUHD OHJLL FDUH HVWH HYLGHQW H[HPSOLILFDWLY SRDWH IL FRPSOHWDW FX DOWH UDSRUWXUL
juridice, precum cele de IDPLOLH FHOH GLQ WUDQVSRUWXULOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH GH SURSULHWDWH LQWHOHFWXDO HWF
E 1X WRDWH UDSRUWXULOH GLQ UDPXULOH GH GUHSW HQXPHUDWH GH DUWLFROXO PHQ LRQDW DSDU LQ
GUHSWXOXL SULYDW 'H H[HPSOX GLQWUH UDSRUWXULOH GH PXQF VXQW GH GUHSW SULYDW vQ SUincipal,
cele
F 5DSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW SXEOLF QX SRW GD QDWHUH OD FRQIOLFWH GH OHJL vQ VHQVXO F vQ
DFHVWH UDSRUWXUL QX H[LVW vQ SULQFLSLX SRVLELOLWDWHD DSOLFULL GH FWUH MXGHFWRUXO URPkQ D XQHL OHJL
VWULQH ([SOLFD LD UH]LG vQ IDSWXO F OD DFHVWH UDSRUWXUL SU LOH VH DIO XQD ID
SR]L LH GH VXERUGRQDUH MXULGLF LQWHUYHQLQG HOHPHQWXO
DF LRQHD]
GH DXWRULWDWH DO
GH FHDODOW SH
de jure imperii.
4. Obiectul de reglementare al dreptului LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW FD UDPXU GH GUHSW vO FRQVWLWXLH
raporturile juridice de drept privat, cu elemente de extraneitate.
5DSRUWXUL MXULGLFH GH GUHSW SULYDW XQ HOHPHQW VWULQ SRW LQWUD vQ RELHFWXO GH UHJOHPHQWDUH L DO
DOWRU UDPXUL GH GUHSW VLWXD LD FHD PDL UHOHYDQW ILLQG DFHHD D UDSRUWXULORU FRPHUFLDOH FX HOHPHQW GH
H[WUDQHLWDWH FDUH IRUPHD] RELHFWXO GUHSWXOXL FRPHU XOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO GDU GHRVHELUHD HVHQ LDO
GLQWUH FHOH GRX UDPXUL GH GUHSW FRQVW vQ QDWXUD QRUPHORU MXULGLFH FDUH LQWU vQ FRQ LQXWXl
lor.
CAPITOLUL 2
UDPXU GH GUHSW
3ULQFLSDOD FODVLILFDUH D QRUPHORU GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW HVWH vQ QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH L
QRUPH PDWHULDOH VXEVWDQ LDOH
6HF LXQHD
Normele conflictuale
1. Normele conflictuale
care dintre
D QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO QX FkUPXLHWH UDSRUWXO MXULGLF SH IRQGXO VX FL QXPDL DUDW VLVWHPXO
GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO $DGDU VSUH GHRVHELUH GH FHD PDWHULDO QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO HVWH R QRUP GH
trimitere, de fixare.
UHDOL]DUH D GUHSWXOXL L DQXPH PDL vQWkL WUHEXLH GHWHUPLQDW SH ED]D QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH VLVWHPXO GH
drept aplicabLO
vQ VSH
WUHEXLH V GHWHUPLQH GLQ VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO FDUH HVWH QRUPD PDWHULDO SHQWUX VROX LRQDUHD
litigiului.
De asemenea,
QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO
LQIOXHQ HD]
QRUPD PDWHULDO
DSOLFDELO
deoarece
WULPLWHUHD GH FWUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO OD XQ DQXPLW VLVWHP GH GUHSW GXFH SH IRQG OD DSOLFDUHD
a)
b)
LQGLF VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO SHQWUX FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL $DGDU OHJWXUD WULPLWH OD VLVWHPul
GUHSW FDUH YD UHJOHPHQWD UDSRUWXO MXULGLF FDUH IRUPHD] FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH
de
/HJWXUD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH SRDWH IL IRUPXODW vQ PRG GLUHFW VDX vQ PRG DEVWUDFW
prin
SXQFWXO HOHPHQWXO GH OHJ WXU FDUH FRQVWLWXLH FULWHULXO FRQFUHW SULQ FDUH VH VWDELOHWH
OHJWXUD GLQWUH UDSRUWXO MXULGLF FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH L XQ DQXPLW VLVWHP GH GUHSW FDUH
a) FHW
HQLD
lex patriae.
lex societatis.
n materia statutului
SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH L D VWDWXWXOXL RUJDQLF DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH HVWH DFHHD GH OHJHD SHUVRQDO lex
personalis).
d) ORFXO VLWXULL EXQXOXL
e) YRLQ
GH OHJWXU VH
lex succesionis.
D S U LORU
lex
voluntatis.
f) locul ncheierii contractului
lex
5HJXOD SULYLQG DSOLFDUHD DFHVWXL SXQFW GH OHJWXU SHQWUX IRUPD DFWXOXL MXULGLF HVWH UHGDW
YDOLGLtatea
actului juridic
5HJXOD SULQ FDUH HVWH H[SULPDW DFHDVW OHJWXU HVWH UHGDW SULQ DGDJLXO
auctor regit
actum.
j) locul unde are loc faptul juridic (ilicit)
lex
laesionis.
l) iQVWDQ
lex loci
D VHVL]DW
lex
GH GUHSW
VXE LQFLGHQ D DOWXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW ,QWU vQ DFHDVW FDWHJRULH GH H[HPSOX ORFXO VLWXULL EXQXOXL
LPRELO ORFXO VYkULULL GHOLFWXOXL L DO SURGXFHULL SUHMXGLFLXOXL
E SXQFWH GH OHJWXU
,PSRUWDQ D DFHVWHL FODVLILFUL FRQVW vQ FRQVHFLQ HOH MXULGLFH GLIHULWH SH FDUH OH SURGXF
D Q IXQF LH GH FRQ LQXWXO ORU DGLF GH SULPXO HOHPHQW GH VWUXFWXU DO QRUPHL DFHVWHD VH
OH DSDU LQ UDSRUWXULOH
vQ FRQ LQXWXO ORU $FHDVWD HVWH vQ IRQG WRW R FODVLILFDUH vQ IXQF LH GH FRQ LQXWXO
3ULQ UDSRUWDUH OD DFHVW FULWHULX H[LVW QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH vQ GRPHQLXO GUHSWXOXL FLYLO IDPLOLHL
A. QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH XQLODWHUDOH VDX FX OHJWXU GLUHFW FDUH LQGLF vQ PRG GLUHFW F
ntr-un raport juridic cu element de extraneitate, sH DSOLF VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DO XQXL DQXPLW VWDW FDUH
HVWH vQWRWGHDXQD VWDWXO LQVWDQ HL VHVL]DWH DO IRUXOXL $FHVWH QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH DSDU LQkQG
n care
OHJWXUD HVWH IRUPXODW vQ PRG DEVWUDFW SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU HVWH JHQHUDO DVWIHO vQFkW QRUPD
FRQIOLFWXDO FLUFXPVWDQ LD] VIHUD GH DSOLFDUH DWkW D GUHSWXOXL IRUXOXL FkW L D GUHSWXOXL VWULQ Q
DFHVW FD] OHJWXUD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH HVWH QXPLW XQHRUL vQ OLWHUDWXUD GH VSHFLDOLWDWH IRUPXO GH
fixare".
LQVWDQ D VHVL]DW DSOLF vQ SULQFLSLX SURSULD VD QRUP FRQIOLFWXDO $FHDVW UHJXO HVWH H[SULPDW
prin formula "normele conflictuale sunt ale forului", n care "legea forului" (lex fori H[SULP VLVWHPXO
GH GUHSW DO LQVWDQ HL VHVL]DWH
H[FHS LD
FHORU GLQ PDWHULD FRQWUDFWHORU GH H[HPSOX L GHFL LQVWDQ D WUHEXLH V OH DSOLFH FD DWDUH
SURSULD ORU QRUP FRQIOLFWXDO
organe
DSOLFH
c) un argument logic n sprLMLQXO UHJXOLL F QRUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH VXQW DOH IRUXOXL FRQVW vQ
reducerea la absurd D LSRWH]HL DSOLFULL QRUPHORU FRQIOLFWXDOH DSDU LQkQG DOWXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW L
anume a celor din sistemul de drept care constituie lex causae vQ VSH QWU-DGHYU QRUPa
FRQIOLFWXDO QX SRDWH IL GHFkW D IRUXOXL GHRDUHFH QXPDL OHJHD IRUXOXL - FD OHJH D LQVWDQ HL
competente - DSDUH FD GHWHUPLQDW vQ PRG ORJLF vQ PRPHQWXO vQ FDUH VH SXQH SUREOHPD DSOLFULL
normei conflictuale; legea cauzei (lex causae QX HVWH VWDELOLW vQ DFHO PRPHQW FL XUPHD] D IL
VWDELOLW DELD XOWHULRU L DQXPH FD HIHFW DO DSOLFULL QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH
YRLQ D WDFLW
D S U LORU
GHWHUPLQDW FRPSHWHQ D LQVWDQ HORU URPkQH SRW IL VRFRWLWH F DX DOHV WRWRGDW GUHSWXO FRQIOLFWXDO
URPkQ FD DSOLFDELO OLWLJLXOXL UHVSHFWLY vQ WHPHLXO SUH]XP LHL UHODWLYH H[SULPDW SULQ DGDJLXO FLQH
DOHJH LQVWDQ D DOHJH L GUHSWXO
Spre deosebire de normele conflictuale, cele materiale crmuiesc n mod direct aceste
raporturi juridice.
1RUPHOH PDWHULDOH VH VXEFODVLILF OD UkQGXO ORU vQ QRUPH GH GUHSW PDWHULDO VDX VXEVWDQ LDO
cele care
2. n cadrul
GH GUHSW
LQWHUQ DO VWDWXOXL
IRUXOXL
FDUH
GDW
de
LPSHUDWLYLWDWH VH DSOLF FX SULRULWDWH LPHGLDW XQXL UDSRUW MXULGLF LQWHUQD LRQDO FX HOHPHQW GH
H[WUDQHLWDWH DWXQFL FkQG DFHO UDSRUW MXULGLF DUH XQ DQXPLW SXQFW GH OHJWXU FRQFUHW FX DUD IRUXOXL
H[FOX]kQG vQ DFHVW IHO FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL L GHFL DSOLFDUHD vQ FDX] D YUHXQHL QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH
Q FD]XO H[LVWHQ HL XQHL QRUPH GH DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW VH DSOLF DFHDVWD IU D VH LQH VHDPD
GH VROX LD GDW GH VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO FRQIRUP QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH FDUH vQ OLSVD QRUPHL GH
DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW DU IL IRVW LQFLGHQW vQ FDX]
A.
$VHP Q UL:
B.
WULPLWHUH FDUH GHFL QX GDX VROX LD SH IRQG FL QXPDL SODVHD] UDSRUWXO GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SUivat
VIHUD XQXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW QRUPHOH GH DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW VXQW QRUPH PDWHULDOH FDUH FRQ LQ HOH
constituie H[FHS
LQFLGHQW
1RUPHOH
GH
DSOLFD LH
LPHGLDW
SULYDW L HOH H[SULP R VLWXD LH DQRUPDO vQ DFHDVW UDPXU GH GUHSW VLWXD LD QRUPDO ILLQG DFHHD
D DSOLFULL QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH FDUH SULQ LSRWH] QX H[FOXGH GH OD DSOLFDUH XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW
VWULQ 'H DFHHD WHQGLQ D vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ HVWH FD QRUPHOH GH DSOLFD LH
LPHGLDW V VH UHVWUkQJ FD QXPU
CAPITOLUL 3
MXULGLFH FDUH IRUPHD] UDPXUD GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW L FDUH FRQVWLWXLH LPSOLFLW SULQFLSDOHOH
3ULQFLSDOHOH LQVWLWX LL FDUH LQWU vQ GRPHQLXO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW UH]XOW GLQ
I. Normele pentru determinarea legii aplicabile unui raport juridic material de drept
normele conflictuale FDUH VROX LRQHD] FRQIOLFWHOH GH OHJL
PDWHULDOH L UHSUH]LQW SULQFLSDOD PDWHULH GH VWXGLX D WLLQ HL GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
II.
1RUPHOH GH SURFHGXU
a) norme privind
UHJOHPHQWHD] FRQIOLFWHOH GH MXULVGLF LL FDUH DOWXUL GH FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL IRUPHD] SULQFLSDOHOH
GRPHQLL GH VWXGLX DOH WLLQ HL GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
Q PRG VSHFLILF QRUPHOH FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD] FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL vQ 5RPkQLD VXQW
PDWHULDOH URPkQH FD OHJH D IRUXOXL DGLF OHJHD ORFXOXL XQGH VWULQXO VH JVHWH
&RQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL GHL HVWH UHJOHPHQWDW H[FOXVLY GH QRUPH PDWHULDOH URPkQH
HVWH R LQVWLWX LH FDUH DSDU LQH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SHQWUX FHO SX LQ XUPWRDUHOH DUJXPHQWH
D DUH OHJWXU FX FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL H[LVW
privat;
F WLLQ D GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW HVWH vQ PVXU V DVLJXUH XQ VWXGLX XQLWDU DO LQVWLWX LHL
FRQGL LHL MXULGLFH D VWULQXOXL LQVWLWX LH FDUH vQ HOHPHQWHOH HL FRPSRQHQWH SRDWH IDFH RELHFWXO GH
VWXGLX L DO DOWRU UDPXUL GH GUHSW FRQVWLWX LRQDO ILQDQFLDU DGPLQLVWUDWLY HWF
Q FDGUXO LQVWLWX LHL FRQGL LHL MXULGLFH D VWULQXOXL vQ 5RPkQLD VH LQFOXG L QRUPHOH SULYLQG
UHJLPXO MXULGLF DO FHW HQLHL URPkQH GREkQGLUHD SLHUGHUHD UHWUDJHUHD FHW HQLHL URPkQH HWF GDU
QXPDL vQ PVXUD vQ FDUH VXQW SULYLWH SULQ SULVPD GUHSWXULORU L REOLJD LLORU VWULQLORU vQ DFHDVW
materie.
IV
,QWHUHVHD]
GUHSWXO
LQWHUQD LRQDO
SULYDW
SHUVRDQHORU IL]LFH VDX MXULGLFH URPkQH vQ UDSRUWXULOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDt 'HL
DFHVWHD DSDU LQ SULQ FRQ LQXWXO ORU DOWRU UDPXUL GH GUHSW VWXGLHUHD ORU vQ FDGUXO GUHSWXOXL
LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VH MXVWLILF FHO SX LQ SHQWUX XUPWRDUHOH FRQVLGHUHQWH
juridice
E WLLQ D GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SRDWH DVLJXUD R VWXGLHUH XQLWDU D DFHVWRU QRUPH
FDUH DOWIHO VXQW GLVSHUVDWH vQ FDGUXO WLLQ HL DOWRU GLIHULWH UDPXUL GH GUHSW
FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL SURFHGXUD vQ OLWLJLLOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL
vQ 5RPkQLD LQFOXVLY DVSHFWHOH OHJDWH GH GREkQGLUHD SLHUGHUHD UHWUDJHUHD FHW HQLHL URPkQH HWF
SULYLWH SULQ SULVPD GUHSWXULORU L REOLJD LLORU VWULQLORU vQ DFHDVW PDWHULH SUHFXP L DVSHFWHOH GH
GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SULYLQG UHJLPXO SHUVRDQHORU IL]LFH L MXULGLFH URPkQH vQ UDSRUWXULOH FX
element de extraneitate.
CAPITOLUL 4
I. Izvoarele interne
PrincLSDOHOH L]YRDUH
LQWHUQH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VXQW DFWHOH QRUPDWLYH FDUH VH
VXEFODVLILF vQ GRX FDWHJRULL L]YRDUH VSHFLILFH L QHVSHFLILFH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
$
n marea majoritate,
QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH VDX PDWHULDOH GHVWLQDWH UHJOHPHQWULL UDSRUWXULORU MXULGLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO
privat.
&HO PDL LPSRUWDQW L]YRU VSHFLILF DO DFHVWHL UDPXUL GH GUHSW FDUH FRQ LQH vQ VSHFLDO QRUPH
Norme materiale sunt cuprinse n mai multe acte normative care constituie, n mod
privat, precum: Legea nr. 123/2001 privind regimul
B. Izvoarele nespecifice
UDPXUL GH GUHSW GDU FDUH FRQ LQ L QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH VDX PDWHULDOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
D 'LQ FDWHJRULD DFWHORU QRUPDWLYH FDUH SUHYG
QU
SULYLQG
DXWRUL]DUHD
IXQF LRQDUHD
vQ
5RPkQLD
UHSUH]HQWDQ HORU VRFLHW LORU FRPHUFLDOH L RUJDQL]D LLORU HFRQRPLFH VWULQH DUW OLW E DUW
2* QU SULYLQG VWDWXWXO L UHJLPXO UHIXJLD LORU vQ 5RPkQLD
E FHOH PDL QXPHURDVH VXQW DFWHOH QRUPDWLYH FDUH FRQ LQ
HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH GLQWUH FDUH PHQ LRQP ' QU FX SULYLUH OD QXPH /HJHD QU
SULYLQG VRFLHW LOH FRPHUFLDOH /HJHD FHW HQLHL URPkQH QU HWF
LQWHUQD LRQDOH D VWDWXOXL URPkQ FRQ LQH QRUPH FDUH LQWHUHVHD] L GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW 'LQWUH
DFHVWHD PHQ LRQP FHOH GLQ DUW &HW HQLD DUW 5RPkQLL GLQ VWULQWDWH DUW &HW HQLL
URPkQL vQ VWULQWDWH DUW &HW HQLL VWULQL L DSDWUL]LL DUW /LEHUD FLUFXOD LH DUW
3URWHF LD SURSULHW LL SULYDWH DUW ([HUFLWDUHD GUHSWXULORU L D OLEHUW LORU HWF
,, ,]YRDUHOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH
,]YRDUHOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VXQW WUDWDWHOH FRQYHQ LLOH
DFRUGXULOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH HWF EL L PXOWLQD LRQDOH
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW DFHVWH L]YRDUH VH FODVLILF GXS
FRQ LQXWXO ORU vQ GRX FDWHJRULL L DQXPH FHOH FDUH FRQ LQ QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH L UHVSHFWLY QRUPH
materiale (uniforme).
D &RQYHQ LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH FDUH FXSULQG
DFHDVW FDWHJRULH LQWU GH H[HPSOX &RQYHQ LD SHQWUX D UHJOHPHQWD FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJH vQ PDWHULH GH
FVWRULH L &RQYHQ LD SHQWUX D UHJOHPHQWD FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJH L MXULVGLF LH vQ PDWHULH GH GHVSU HQLH
L GH VHSDUD LXQH GH FRUS UDWLILFDWH GH 5RPkQLD SULQ '-L
nr. 873/1904.
E 5HJXOD R IRUPHD] FRQYHQ LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH FDUH FRQ LQ QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH L]RODWH,
princiSDOXO ORU FRQ LQXW IRUPkQGX-O vQV QRUPHOH PDWHULDOH vQ GRPHQLXO UHVSHFWLY GH UHJOHPHQWDUH
Dintre FRQYHQ LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH PXOWLODWHUDOH FDUH FRQ LQ QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH L]RODWH
PHQ LRQP FD H[HPSOX &RQYHQ LD 1D LXQLORU 8QLWH DVXSUD FRQWUDFWHORU GH YkQ]DUH LQWHUQD LRQDO
GH PUIXUL 9LHQD OD FDUH 5RPkQLD D DGHUDW SULQ /HJHD QU
1RUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH L]RODWH VH UHJVHVF vQV FHO PDL IUHFYHQW vQ FRQYHQ LL ELODWHUDOH,
precum:
nu
GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW FL UDPXULORU GH GUHSW VDX GLVFLSOLQHORU MXULGLFH GH FDUH VXQW OHJDWH SULQ
FRQ LQXWXO ORU FLYLO IDPLOLHL PXQFLL
3ULQ H[FHS LH SRW IL L]YRDUH L DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW FRQYHQ LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH
PXOWL L EL-ODWHUDOH FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD] LQVWLWX LLOH MXULGLFH FDUH IRUPHD] GRPHQLXO VSHFLILF DO
GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW PDL DOHV FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL L URPkQXOXL vQ GUHSWXO
LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SURFHVXO FLYLO LQWHUQD LRQal
conflictuale.
Q FD] GH FRQFXUV vQ DSOLFDUH vQWUH L]YRDUHOH LQWHUQH L FHOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH DOH GUHSWXOXL
LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SUHYDOHD] L]YRDUHOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH $FHDVW LGHH VH GHVSULQGH GLQ SUHYHGHrile
DUW GLQ /HJHD QU FRQIRUP FURUD GLVSR]L LLOH DFHVWHL OHJL VXQW DSOLFDELOH vQ PVXUD vQ
FDUH FRQYHQ LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH OD FDUH 5RPkQLD HVWH SDUWH QX VWDELOHVF R DOW UHJOHPHQWDUH
CAPITOLUL 5
1RUPD FRQIOLFWXDO vQ DPEHOH VDOH HOHPHQWH GH VWUXFWXU FRQ LQXWXO L OHJWXUD HVWH
GH IRQG L GH IRUP DOH FVWRULHL VDX DOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF PRWHQLUHD HWF
Q SURFHVXO DSOLFULL HL QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO WUHEXLH FRQIUXQWDW FX UDSRUWXO MXULGLF FRQFUHW
GLQWUH SU L FDUH FRQVWLWXLH VLWXD LD GH IDSW FX VFRSXO GH D YHGHD vQ FRQ LQXWXO VDX OHJWXUD FUHL
QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH LQWU UHVSHFWLYXO UDSRUW MXULGLF 3HQWUX D DGXFH OD DFHODL QXPLWRU vQ VFRSXO GH D
calificate.
Calificarea SRDWH IL GHILQLW vQ GRX PRGXUL L DQXPH SRUQLQGX-VH GH OD QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO
FWUH VLWXD LD GH IDSW VDX LQYHUV $VWIHO
QR LXQLORU MXULGLFH FDUH H[SULP FRQ LQXWXO L OHJWXUD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH SHQWUX D YHGHD GDF XQ
UDSRUW MXULGLF R VLWXD LH GH IDSW FRQFUHW VH LQFOXGH VDX QX vQ DFHVWH QR LXQL
pentru a vedea
1R LXQLOH MXULGLFH FDUH H[SULP FRQ LQXWXO L SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU DO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH SRW
Q FD]XO vQ FDUH DFHHDL QR LXQH MXULGLF DUH DFFHS LXQL GLIHULWH vQ VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW DSOLFDELOH XQXL
HVWH VLWXD LD FDUH DSDUH DWXQFL FkQG QR LXQLOH GLQ FRQ LQXWXO LVDX
,PSRUWDQ D VROX LRQULL FRQIOLFWXOXL GH FDOLILFUL HVWH GDW GH HIHFWXO FDOLILFULL (IHFWXO
FDOLILFULL HVWH GLIHULW vQ IXQF LH GH HOHPHQWXO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH FDUH VH FDOLILF DVWIHO
D DWXQFL FkQG RELHFWXO FDOLILFULL vO FRQVWLWXLH
VROX LRQDUH
FRQIOLFWXOXL
GH
FDOLILFUL
GHWHUPLQ
vQVL
QRUPD
FRQIOLFWXDO
DSOLFDELO
GHFL
LQIOXHQ HD] FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL L VFKLPE DVWIHO VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO L GHFL SRVLELO VROX LD
vQ VSH
b) cnd
FDOLILFUL QX LQIOXHQ HD] DVXSUD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH GDU GHWHUPLQ VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO L
GHFL SRVLELO VROX LD vQ VSH
FDOLILFUL
A. Ca UHJXO
GHVSULQGH GLQ SUHYHGHULOH DUW GLQ /HJHD QU FRQIRUP FURUD DWXQFL FkQG GHWHUPLQDrea
OHJLL DSOLFDELOH GHSLQGH GH FDOLILFDUHD FH XUPHD] V ILH GDW XQHL LQVWLWX LL GH GUHSW VDX XQXL UDSRUW
MXULGLF VH LD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH FDOLILFDUHD MXULGLF VWDELOLW GH OHJHD URPkQ
Argumente:
a) normele conflictuale sunt cuprinse n sistemul de drepW
QD LRQDOH vQ VHQVXO F LQVWDQ D DSOLF vQ SULQFLSLX SURSULXO VX VLVWHP GH QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH
$DGDU LQWHUSUHWDUHD DFHVWRU QRUPH WUHEXLH V VH IDF GXS VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW FDUH OH FRQ LQH
DGLF GXS OH[ IRUL FRQIRUP SULQFLSLXOXL DFHOXLD vL DSDU LQH LQWHUSUHWDUHD FDUH D HGLFWDW QRUPD
E XQ DO GRLOHD DUJXPHQW HVWH FHO DO UHGXFHULL OD DEVXUG D DOWHUQDWLYHL FDOLILFULL GXS
lex fori
causae). Astfel, nu se
lex causae), deoarece determinarea acesteia
HVWH R RSHUD LXQH ORJLFR-MXULGLF XOWHULRDU FDOLILFULL 6LQJXUD OHJH FXQRVFXW vQ PRPHQWXO FDOLILFULL
este lex fori - GHRDUHFH SULQ LSRWH] FRQIOLFWXO GH MXULVGLF LL D IRVW VROX LRQDW vQ SUHDODELO - DD vQFkW
FDOLILFDUHD VH SRDWH IDFH QXPDL GXS DFHDVW OHJH
fori
$WXQFL FkQG SU LOH DX GHWHUPLQDW HOH vQVHOH vQ HOHVXO QR LXQLORU GLQWU-un
act juridic,
D
2. FDOLILFDUHD OHJDO
Q XQHOH FD]XUL QR LXQLOH XWLOL]DWH GH QRUPHOH MXULGLFH FXSULQVH vQWU-R OHJH LQWHUQ VDX R
FRQYHQ LH LQWHUQD LRQDO VXQW LQWHUSUHWDWH vQ FKLDU WH[WXO DFWXOXL QRUPDWLY UHVSHFWLY Q VLWXD LD vQ FDUH
DFHVWH QRUPH VXQW FRQIOLFWXDOH VDX PDWHULDOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW FDOLILFDUHD OHJDO
LQWHUHVHD] UDPXUD GH GUHSW GH FDUH QH RFXSP
3. FDOLILFDUHD VHFXQGDU
Sub aspect terminologic, cDOLILFDUHD
&DOLILFDUHD VHFXQGDU HVWH DDGDU FHD FDUH VH IDFH GXS FH D RSHUDW FDOLILFDUHD
cauzei (lex causae $VWIHO FDOLILFDUHD VHFXQGDU - QX LQIOXHQ HD] OHJHD DSOLFDELO GDU DIHFWHD] VROX LD SH IRQG
'HRDUHFH VH IDFH GXS lex causae HD DSDUH FD R SUREOHP GH GUHSW LQWHUQ
&DOLILFDUHD VHFXQGDU SRDWH izvor GLQ OHJH GLQ SUDFWLFD MXGLFLDU VDX SRDWH IL UH LQXW GH
literatura de specialitate.
4. FDOLILFDUHD LQVWLWX LLORU MXULGLFH QHFXQRVFXWH GUHSWXOXL IRUXOXL
,QVWLWX LLOH MXULGLFH QHFXQRVFXWH GH OHJHD IRUXOXL VH FDOLILF vQ SULQFLSLX GXS VLVWHPXO de
GUHSW FDUH OH FXQRDWH 3UDFWLFD MXGHFWRUHDVF URPkQ D RIHULW H[HPSOH vQ DFHVW VHQV FX SULYLUH OD
LQVWLWX LLOH WUXVW L DJHQF\ GLQ GUHSWXO DQJOR-saxon.
CAPITOLUL 6
SUH]HQ
&RQIOLFWXO VH QXPHWH vQ VSD LX GHRDUHFH QRUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH GLQ VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW vQ
A. pozitiv DWXQFL FkQG ILHFDUH QRUP FRQIOLFWXDO WULPLWH OD SURSULXO VX VLVWHP GH GUHSW
prin aplicarea normei conflictuale a forulXL GH FWUH LQVWDQ D FRPSHWHQW vQ VROX LRQDUHD OLWLJLXOXL
8
B. negativ
QX GHFODU
DSOLFDELO SURSULXO VX VLVWHP GH GUHSW FL ILH WULPLWH ILHFDUH OD VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DO FHOXLODOW VWDW ILe
WULPLWHUHD VH IDFH OD GUHSWXO XQXL VWDW WHU
FRQGL LH
IRUXOXL WULPLWH OD XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW VWULQ vQ vQWUHJXO VX GHFL LQFOXVLY OD QRUPHOH VDOH FRQIOLFWXDOH
LDU DFHVWD GLQ XUP SULQ QRUPD VD FRQIOLFWXDO vQ PDWHULH QX SULPHWH WULPLWHUea,
OD GUHSWXO VWDWXOXL IRUXOXL ILH WULPLWH PDL GHSDUWH OD GUHSWXO XQXL VWDW WHU
Felurile retrimiterii:
a) retrimitere de gradul I UHWULPLWHUHD VLPSO VDX WULPLWHUHD vQDSRL FDUH H[LVW
FkQG QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO VWULQ retrimite la dreptul forului;
b) retrimitere de gradul al II-lea UHWULPLWHUH FRPSOH[ VDX WULPLWHUH PDL GHSDUWH
FkQG QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO VWULQ WULPLWH OD GUHSWXO XQXL VWDW WHU
DWXQFL
DWXQFL
3. Dreptul intern romn admite, FD UHJXO retrimiterea de gradul I. Conform art. 4 al. 1 din
/HJHD QU GDF OHJHD VWULQ GHWHUPLQDW SRWULYLW QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH URPkQH UHWULPLWH OD
GUHSWXO URPkQ VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ DIDU GH FD]XO vQ FDUH VH SUHYHGH vQ PRG H[SUHV DOWIHO
Argumente:
a) trimiterea de FWUH
constituie o
SULQ QRUPD VD FRQIOLFWXDO vQ PDWHULH QX SULPHWH WULPLWHUHD FL UHWULPLWH OD GUHSWXO IRUXOXL DFHDVW
UHWULPLWHUH WUHEXLH DFFHSWDW
OD XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW VWULQ DFHVWD WUHEXLH SULYLW vQ PRG XQLWDU GHFL LQkQGX-se
normele
seama inclusiv de
desprinde normele
VHQVXO F QRUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH DOH DPEHORU VLVWHPH GH GUHSW VXQW GHRSRWULY DSOLFDWH
4. Prin H[FHS LH UHWULPLWHUHD GH JUDGXO , QX HVWH DGPLV vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
romn, n cazurile n care legea prevede n mod expres astfel.
O asemenHD H[FHS LH HVWH UHJOHPHQWDW GH DUW GLQ /HJHD QU FRQIRUP FUXLD
/HJHD VWULQ DSOLFDELO FRQWUDFWXOXL FXSULQGH GLVSR]L LLOH VDOH GH GUHSW PDWHULDO vQ DIDU GH
normele ei conflictuale".
5. n dreptul romn, retrimiterea de gradul al II-leD
/HJHD QU FRQIRUP FUXLD 5HWULPLWHUHD IFXW GH OHJHD VWULQ OD GUHSWXO DOWXL VWDW HVWH
IU HIHFW
'LQ IRUPXODUHD WH[WXOXL UH]XOW F vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ WULPLWH OD XQ
sisteP
GH GUHSW VWULQ LDU DFHVWD SULQ QRUPD VD FRQIOLFWXDO vQ PDWHULH WULPLWH PDL GHSDUWH OD
GUHSWXO XQXL VWDW WHU VH YD DSOLFD GUHSWXO PDWHULDO DO VWDWXOXL OD FDUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ D
WULPLV $DGDU QX VH YD DSOLFD GUHSWXO PDWHULDO DO IRUXOXL
CAPITOLUL 7
1RUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ SRDWH WULPLWH ILH OD VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW URPkQ ILH OD XQXO VWULQ
Q SULPXO FD] MXGHFWRUXO DUELWUXO URPkQ YD DSOLFD SH IRQG GUHSWXO URPkQ FD L vQ FD]XO XQXL UDSRUW
MXULGLF IU HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH Q VLWXD LD vQ FDUH vQV QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO WULPLWH OD XQ VLVWHP GH
drept stULQ
$SOLFDUHD GUHSWXOXL VWULQ HVWH REOLJDWRULH GDF QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ WULPLWH OD HO vQ
caz contrDU
ILLQG vQFOFDW vQ SULPXO UkQG QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ 2EOLJDWLYLWDWHD DSOLFULL OHJLL
UHJXO LPSHUDWLY DO DFHVWRU QRUPH VDX vQ OLSVD DFHVWXL FDUDFWHU GLQ QHFHVLWDWHD UHVSHFWULL
SULQFLSLXOXL DXWRQRPLHL GH YRLQ
D SU LORU
OHJL VSHFLDOH VH SUHYHGH DOWIHO Q DFHVW FD] QR LXQHD GH UHFLSURFLWDWH HVWH SULYLW vQ VHQVXO GH
LGHQWLWDWH GH UHJOHPHQWDUH vQ FHOH GRX VLVWHPH GH GUHSW vQ SUH]HQ
URPkQ L VWULQ
/HJHD QU FHUH H[SUHV FRQGL LD UHFLSURFLW LL vQ XQHOH FD]XUL
a) art. 43 alin. 2 -
FD GH SLOG
b) art. 162 alin. 3 - Scutirea de supralegalizare a actelor oficiale ntocmite sau legalizate de
c) art. 176 alin. 1 lit. c) - +RWUkULOH MXGHFWRUHWL VWULQH SRW IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQ 5RPkQLD VSUH
a beneficia de puterea lucrului judecat, dac HVWH vQWUXQLW DOWXUL GH DOWHOH FRQGL LD FD V H[LVWH
UHFLSURFLWDWH vQ FH SULYHWH HIHFWHOH KRWUkULORU VWULQH vQWUH 5RPkQLD L VWDWXO LQVWDQ HL FDUH D
SURQXQ DW KRWUkUHD HWF
GLQ 2UGRQDQ D
*XYHUQXOXL QU FX SULYLUH OD DVRFLD LL L IXQGD LL SUHYHGH F SHUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH VWULQH IU
VFRS SDWULPRQLDO SRW IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQ 5RPkQLD VXE FRQGL LD UHFLSURFLW LL
GUHSWXUL SHQWUX HQWLW LOH MXULGLFH URPkQH VLPLODUH Q DFHVW FD] L]YRUXO UHFLSURFLW LL vO FRQVWLWXLH
LGHQWLWDWHD GLVSR]L LLORU OHJDOH LQWHUQH GLQ VWDWHOH vQ SUH]HQ
b) diplRPDWLF
c) de fapt DWXQFL FkQG HD HVWH DSOLFDW vQ SUDFWLFD DXWRULW LORU FRPSHWHQWH GLQ VWDWHOH
respective.
Conform art. 6 alin. 2 din Legea nU vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH SHQWUX DSOLFDUHD OHJLL VWULQH
HVWH FHUXW FRQGL LD UHFLSURFLW LL GH IDSW vQGHSOLQLUHD HL HVWH SUH]XPDW SkQ OD GRYDGD FRQWUDU
SUH]XP LH UHODWLY
juris tantum).
3. Spre deosebire de alte sisteme de drept (spre exemplu, cel englez, american), unde
GUHSWXO VWULQ HVWH FRQVLGHUDW XQ element de fapt vQ FRQFHS LD MXULGLF URPkQHDVF GUHSWXO VWULQ
OD FDUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ WULPLWH HVWH XQ element de drept $DGDU GUHSWXO VWULQ HVWH
DSOLFDW vQ 5RPkQLD FX DFHODL WLWOX FD L GUHSWXO QD LRQDO VLWXD LH GLQ FDUH UH]XOW PDL PXOWH
FRQVHFLQ H MXULGLFH LPSRUWDQWH &X WRDWH DFHVWHD GDW ILLQG QDWXUD OXL H[WUDQHH GUHSWXO VWULQ QX
SRDWH IL DVLPLODW WRWDO GUHSWXOXL IRUXOXL vQ FHHD FH SULYHWH HIHFWXO OXL vQ DU FHHD
UHJLPXO QD LRQDO DSOLFDELO DFHVWXLD V H[LVWH DQXPLWH H[FHS LL L DWHQXUL
$SOLFDUHD GUHSWXOXL VWULQ vQWU-un
ce face ca de la
LQYRFDW DWkW GLQ RILFLX GH FWUH LQVWDQ D GH MXGHFDW DUELWUDM FkW L GH SDUWHD LQWHUHVDW
5. n dreptul romn VDUFLQD SUREHL OHJLL VWULQH VH vPSDUWH vQWUH MXGHFWRU DUELWUX L SU L
FD]XO vQ FDUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ SUHYHGH DVWIHO SUHFXP L vQ WHPHLXO SULQFLSLXOXL UROXOXL
DFWLY DO MXGHFWRUXOXL YD WUHEXL V GHSXQ WRDWH GLOLJHQ HOH SHQWUX DIODUHD FRQ LQXWXOXL L vQ HOHVXOXL
FRUHFWH L FRPSOHWH DOH OHJLL VWULQH vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ
trimite la ea. n
DFHVW VFRS LQVWDQ D SRDWH GLVSXQH FKLDU L GLQ RILFLX WRDWH PLMORDFHOH GH SURE SH FDUH OH
FRQVLGHU DGHFYDWH
GHRVHELUH LPSRUWDQW
FRQVWkQG vQ DFHHD F SHQWUX FHO GLQWkL QX VH DSOLF SUH]XP LD F MXGHFWRUXO FXQRDWH OHJHD
DFHDVW VDUFLQ HVWH vPSU LW vQWUH DFHVWD L SU L $FHDVW LGHH HVWH H[SULPDW vQ DUW
/HJHD QU FRQIRUP FUXLD 3DUWHD FDUH LQYRF R OHJH VWULQ
IDF GRYDGD FRQ LQXWXOXL HL
poate fi
alin. 2 din
VQ REOLJDW V
n alegerea
PLMORDFHORU GH GRYDG D OHJLL VWULQH OD FDUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ WULPLWH $FHVW SULQFLSLX HVWH
FRQVDFUDW vQ DUW DOLQ GLQ /HJHD QU FRQIRUP FUXLD &RQ LQXWXO OHJLL VWULQH VH
VWDELOHWH GH LQVWDQ D MXGHFWRUHDVF SULQ DWHVWUL RE LQXWH GH OD RUJDQHOH VWDWXOXL FDUH DX HGLFWDW-o,
(VWH GH GRULW SHQWUX YHULGLFLWDWHD GRFXPHQWULL FD OHJLOH VWULQH V ILH SUREDWH SULQ VXUVH
Q SUDFWLFD MXGLFLDU L DUELWUDO URPkQ DX IRVW XWLOL]DWH vQV L DOWH PLMORDFH GH SURE XQHOH
indirecte SURFXUDWH ILH GH OD DXWRULW L FRPSHWHQWH GLQ VWDWXO VWULQ ILH GH OD GLIHULWH RUJDQLVPH
reprezentative ale acestuia din Romnia.
Astfel, de exemplu, ca PLMORDFH GH SURE SURYHQLWH GH OD DXWRULW LOH VWDWXOXL VWULQ, sDX XWLOL]DW FHUWLILFDWH HOLEHUDWH GH PLQLVWUXO MXVWL LHL DO VWDWXOXL VWULQ FHUWLILFDWH GH FXWXP VDX DOWH
DWHVWUL SURYHQLQG GH OD QRWDULL SXEOLFL GH OD &DPHUD GH &RPHU GLQ DFHO VWDW HWF
PHQ LRQP FHUWLILFDWHOH HOLEHUDWH GH DPEDVDGHOH VDX FRQVXODWHOH VWDWHORU UHVSHFWLYH vQ 5RPkQLD
LQIRUPD LL GH OD RUJDQL]D LLOH GH
Q FHHD FH SULYHWH
IRU D SUREDQW
SULQFLSLX HD WUHEXLH DVLPLODW FHOHL SUHY]XWH GH OHJHD URPkQ $VWIHO GDF SURED XWLOL]DW DUH
FDUDFWHU RILFLDO HD IDFH GRYDG LUHIUDJDELO GDU GDF vL OLSVHWH DFHVW FDUDFWHU HD YD IL FUH]XW
,QVWDQ HOH MXGHFWRUHWL URPkQH QX VXQW DELOLWDWH V LD OHJWXUD GLUHFW FX LQVWDQ HOH VWDWXOXL
WUHEXLH V FHDU VSULMLQXO vQ DFHVW VFRS DO 0LQLVWHUXOXL -XVWL LHL URPkQ FDUH YD FRQWDFWD GLUHFW
b) PriQ
VHPQDW OD /RQGUD OD LXQLH L OD 3URWRFROXO DGL LRQDO OD DFHDVW FRQYHQ LH VHPQDW OD
Strasbourg la 15 martie 1978 (H.G. nr. 153/1991), Romnia a intrat n circuitul european de
LQIRUPD LH DVXSUD GUHSWXOXL DOWRU VWDWH IDFLOLWkQGX-VH DVWIHO SRVLELOLW LOH GH SURE D OHJLL VWULQH
&RQIRUP FRQYHQ LHL VWDWHOH FRQWUDFWDQWH VH DQJDMHD] V WUDQVPLW LQIRUPD LL SULYLQG GUHSWXO ORU vQ
SRDWH IL IFXW QXPDL DWXQFL FkQG XQ SURFHV D IRVW GHMD SRUQLW 5VSXQVXO OD FHUHUH WUHEXLH V DLE
GUHSW VFRS LQIRUPDUHD DXWRULW LL VROLFLWDWH vQ PRG RELHFWLY L LPSDU LDO DVXSUD GUHSWXOXL VWDWXOXL
VROLFLWDW 5VSXQVXO YD FXSULQGH GXS FD] WH[WH GH OHJL UHJXODPHQWH L GHFL]LL MXGLFLDUH SXWkQG IL
vQVR LW GH OXFUUL GH GRFWULQ OXFUUL SUHJWLWRDUH L GH FRPHQWDULL H[SOLFDWLYH 6WDWXO VROLFLWDW SRDWH
UHIX]D V GHD FXUV FHUHULL GH LQIRUPD LL DWXQFL FkQG LQWHUHVHOH VDOH VXQW DIHFWDWH GH OLtigiul
RFD]LRQDW IRUPXODUHD FHUHULL VDX DWXQFL
care a
11
CAPITOLUL 8
6HF LXQHD
2UGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ
2UGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ
principiilor fundamentale de drept ale statului romn, aplicabile n raporturile juridice cu element de
extraneitate.
6XE DVSHFW SURFHGXUDO RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VH PDWHULDOL]HD] SULQ
FRQVWLWXLH SULQFLSLLOH
IXQGDPHQWDOH GH GUHSW DOH VWDWXOXL IRUXOXL DSOLFDELOH vQ UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQal
SULYDW $FHVWD HVWH FRQ LQXWXO DEVWUDFW DO QR LXQLL
moduri:
a) GH UHJXO
de la aplicare.
b) n anumite cazuri
vQFOFDUH FRQVWLWXLH XQ WHPHL GH LQYRFDUH D RUGLQHL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ L
GHFL GH vQOWXUDUH GH OD DSOLFDUH D OHJLL VWULQH FRQWUDUH
% ([FHS LD GH RUGLQH SXEOLF FDUH H[SULP SH SODQ SURFHGXUDO DFHDVW LQVWLWX LH MXULGLF
este o H[FHS LH GH IRQG FDUH SRDWH IL LQYRFDW GH RULFH SDUWH LQWHUHVDW VDX GH LQVWDQ GLQ RILFLX
& ([FHS LD GH RUGLQH SXEOLF vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH HVWH DGPLV vPSLHGLF SURGXFHUHD SH
ULL
WHULWRULXO
D HIHFWHORU XQHL OHJL VWULQH GDU DFHDVWD FD DWDUH QX SRDWH IL DIHFWDW GH DFHDVW
H[FHS LH
' /HJHD VWULQ DOH FUHL HIHFWH VXQW vPSLHGLFDWH V VH SURGXF SH WHULWRULXO
ULL DU IL IRVW
QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW V VH DSOLFH UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY GHRDUHFH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ D
trimis la ea.
2. &RPSDUD LH vQWUH RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQ L
DVHDPQ
SUHFL]DUHD F RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQ FHQ]XUHD] DFWHOH MXULGLFH DOH SU LORU FDUH FRQVWLWXLH
OHJHD DFHVWRUD 'H DVHPHQHD DFHVWH LQVWLWX LL vL DX L]YRUXO vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQ DO VWDWXOXL
QWUH FHOH GRX IHOXUL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF H[LVW vQV
juridice interne;
- RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW are scopul de a mpiedica aplicarea, pe
WHULWRULXO VWDWXOXL IRUXOXL D HIHFWHORU XQHL OHJL VWULQH GHL QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW V VH DSOLFH UDSRUWXO
juridiF UHVSHFWLY DDGDU HD H[SULP OLPLWHOH DSOLFULL OHJLL VWULQH vQ DUD IRUXOXL
b) au sfere de aplicare diferite vQ VHQVXO F RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQ HVWH PDL ODUJ
GUHSWXO LQWHUQ HVWH GH RUGLQH SXEOLF L vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW ([SOLFD LD DFHVWHL GLIHUHQ H GH
VIHU UH]LG vQ DFHHD F VWDWXO UHJOHPHQWHD] FX PDL PXOW IHUPLWDWH UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW
D $FWHOH QRUPDWLYH LQWHUQH DGRSW FX SULYLUH OD RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO
1. 'H UHJXO ele QX VWDELOHVF FRQ LQXWXO RUGLQLL SXEOLFH FL QXPDL SUHYG
pRVLELOLWDWHD DSOLFULL DFHVWHLD vQ GRPHQLLOH PDWHULLOH SH FDUH OH UHJOHPHQWHD]
vQ DEVWUDFW
'H H[HPSOX DUW GLQ /HJHD QU SUHYHGH F 'UHSWXULOH FkWLJDWH vQ DU VWULQ
VXQW UHVSHFWDWH vQ 5RPkQLD DIDU QXPDL GDF VXQW FRQWUDUH RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO
privat romn".
2. n unele cazuri
vQV
GRPHQLXO UHVSHFWLY GH UHJOHPHQWDUH vQ VHQVXO F LQGLF QRUPHOH MXULGLFH D FURU vQFOFDUH MXVWLILF
DSOLFDUHD H[FHS LHL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
6XQW GRX VLWXD LL $ OHJHD VWDELOHWH QXPDL FRQ LQXWXO RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO
SULYDW URPkQ % OHJHD RFURWHWH RUGLQHD SXEOLF D FUXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO vQ VSH
$ 3HQWUX SULPD VLWXD LH SRDWH IL GDW XUPWRUXO H[HPSOX
- DUW
DOLQ GLQ /HJHD QU FDUH FRQVDFU FDUDFWHUXO GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GH GUHSW
LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW DO SULQFLSLXOXL OLEHUW LL GH D vQFKHLD R FVWRULH SHQWUX FHW HQLL URPkQL
% /HJHD URPkQ RFURWHWH vQ DQXPLWH FD]XUL RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
GH RUGLQH SXEOLF FX DF LXQH GXEO SHQWUX GUHSWXO URPkQ L SHQWUX FHO VWULQ vQ FD]XO vQ FDre
este
aplicabil).
- testatorul poate
VXSXQH WUDQVPLWHUHD SHQWUX PRWHQLUH D EXQXULORU VDOH DOWHL OHJL GHFkW OHJHD VD QD LRQDO GDF HVWH
YRUED GH R VXFFHVLXQH PRELOLDU VDX OHJHD ORFXOXL VLWXULL EXQXOXL GDF HVWH YRUED GH R
VXFFHVLXQH LPRELOLDU
$DGDU vQ
DFHVW FD] GLVSR]L LLOH GH RUGLQH SXEOLF DOH RULFUXLD GLQWUH VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW DSOLFDELOH VXFFHVLXQLL
E Q FRQYHQ LL LQWHUQD LRQDOH FDUH FRQVWLWXLH L]YRDUH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
mod abstract.
'H H[HPSOX &RQYHQ LD GH OD 1HZ <RUN SHQWUX UHFXQRDWHUHD L H[HFXWDUHD VHQWLQ HORU
DUELWUDOH VWULQH GLQ OD FDUH 5RPkQLD D DGHUDW SULQ 'HFUHWXO QU vQ DUW 9 DOLQ OLW
E SUHYHGH F UHFXQRDWHUHD L H[HFXWDUHD XQHL VHQWLQ H DUELWUDOH VWULQH SRDWH IL UHIX]DW SULQWUH
DOWHOH GDF HVWH FRQWUDU RUGLQLL SXEOLFe
a statului solicitat.
2UGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SUH]LQW XUPWRDUHOH FDUDFWHUH HVHQ LDOH:
a)
GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH VSD LDO DUH XQ FDUDFWHU QD LRQDO vQ FRQ LQXWXO V X vQ VHQVXO F
RUGLQHD SXEOLF VH LQWHUSUHWHD] SULQ SULVPD GUHSWXOXL URPkQ 2 VLWXD LH VSHFLDO R FRQVWLWXLH WRWXL
QRUPHOH GH RUGLQH SXEOLF FX DF LXQH GXEO
LQVWDQ D GH MXGHFDW
SURQXQ
ULL
actual, vQ VHQVXO F
publice din momentul
KRWUkULL LDU QX FHO GLQ PRPHQWXO vQFKHLHULL UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF VDX GLQ PRPHQWXO vQ FDUH
VHQWLQ D VWULQ DOH FUHL HIHFWH VH FHU D IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQ 5RPkQLD D IRVW SURQXQ DW vQ
VWULQWDWH
GH OD UHJXOD F OHJHD VWULQ QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW WUHEXLH V VH DSOLFH UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF FX HOHPHQW
de extraneitate.
&RQVHFLQ HOH DFHVWXL FDUDFWHU VXQW vQ HVHQ
XUPWRDUHOH
romne), numai vQ
dreptului romn.
ULL
L SH FDOH GH FRQVHFLQ
vPSLHGLF
P VXUD VWULFW
efecte:
a) un efect negativ L DQXPH vQOWXUDUHD GH OD DSOLFDUHD OHJLL VWULQH FDUH UH]XOW GLQ
prevederile DUW DOLQ OLW D GLQ /HJHD QU FRQIRUP FURUD $SOLFDUHD OHJLL VWULQH VH
vQOWXU GDF vQFDOF RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ
Un exemplu de efect negativ este consacrat de art. 18 alin. 2 din Legea nr. 105/1992,
coQIRUP FUXLD GDF XQD GLQWUH OHJLOH VWULQH DSOLFDELOH FRQGL LLORU GH IRQG DOH FVWRULHL SUHYHGH
c) un efect pozitiv,
..."
13
SHQWUX D vQOWXUD
b) explicit (mai ferm vQ VHQVXO F OHJHD IRUXOXL HVWH DSOLFDW L vQ PDWHULDOLWDWHD HL vQ JROXO
6. 6IHUHOH QR
6IHUD QR LXQLL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW HVWH GLIHULW vQ IXQF LH GH FDGUXO
$VWIHO RUGLQHD SXEOLF SRDWH IL LQYRFDW ILH vQ FDGUXO FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ VSD LX ILH DO
FHOXL vQ WLPS L VSD LX 'HFL QX WRDWH SULQFLSLLOH MXULGLFH FDUH VXQW GH RUGLQH SXEOLF
sunt invoFDWH
DWXQFL FkQG
vQ FDGUXO FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ VSD LX VXQW GH RUGLQH SXEOLF L DWXQFL FkQG SULYHVF
7.
DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW
L QRUPHOH GH
ocrotirea
XQXL SULQFLSLX LQWHUHV IXQGDPHQWDO DO OHJLL IRUXOXL L WRWRGDW DX DFHODL HIHFW L DQXPH DSOLFDUHD
OHJLL IRUXOXL vQ ORFXO FHOHL VWULQH
Deosebirea HVHQ LDO GLQWUH HOH UH]LG vQ PHFDQLVPXO ORJLF DO DSOLFULL L DQXPH
- QRUPD GH DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW vQOWXU GH OD vQFHSXW QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO FRPSHWHQW
L GHFL
vQ FD]XO HL QX VH SXQH SUREOHPD DSOLFULL XQHL OHJL VWULQH QRUPD GH DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW FRQ LQkQG
VROX LD MXULGLF vQ
RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VH ULGLF QXPDL GXS FH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO
URPkQ D IRVW DSOLFDW SHQWUX D vQOWXUD HIHFWHOH OHJLL VWULQH QRUPDO FRPSHWHQWH FDUH FRQWUDYLQ
IRORVLQG vQ VFRS IUDXGXORV LOLFLW XQ PLMORF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW DX IFXW DSOLFDELO DFHOXL
UDSRUW MXULGLF XQ DOW VLVWHP GH GUHSW GHFkW FHO QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW V VH DSOLFH
)UDXGDUHD OHJLL vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VH SRDWH IDFH GH UHJXO vQ GRX
PRGDOLW
L
H[WUDQHLWDWH FDUH GHFODQHD] DUWLILFLDO XQ FRQIOLFW GH OHJL LDU SULQ DSOLFDUHD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH
QRUPDO FRPSHWHQWH SHQWUX LSRWH]D FUHDW VH WULPLWH OD XQ DOW VLVWHP GH GUHSW GHFkW GUHSWXO LQWHUQ
IUDXGXORV SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU IFkQG DSOLFDELO DFHOXL UDSRUW MXULGLF SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO QRUPHL
3HQWUX D H[LVWD IUDXG OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW WUHEXLH vQWUXQLWH FXPXODWLY
OHJ WXU
licit.
5H]XOWDWXO UHDOL]DW GH SU L SULQ DSOLFDUHD vQ UDSRUWXO MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY D XQXL DOW VLVWHP GH
, 6LWXD LD vQ FDUH HVWH IUDXGDW GUHSWXO URPkQ vQ IDYRDUHD XQXL GUHSW VWULQ
3HQWUX DFHDVW VLWXD LH DUW DOLQ OLW E L DOLQ GLQ /HJHD QU SUHYHGH H[SUHV
$SOLFDUHD OHJLL VWULQH VH vQOWXU E GDF D GHYHQLW FRPSHWHQW SULQ IUDXG Q FD]XO vQOWXUULL
OHJLL VWULQH VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ
LPSOLF
'LQ DFHVW WH[W UH]XOW F VDQF LXQHD IUDXGULL GUHSWXOXL QD LRQDO vQ IDYRDUHD XQHL OHJL VWULQH
GRX HIHFWH
PDWHULDOL]HD] SULQ
b) fie constDWDUHD GHFODUDUHD QXOLW LL DFWXOXL GH FWUH LQVWDQ HOH MXGHFWRUHWL URPkQH
Q FD]XO QXOLW LL DFWXO MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY QX PDL SRDWH SURGXFH HIHFWH vQ DU L vQ SULQFLSLX
QLFL vQ VWULQWDWH
VWULQH
B. un efect pozitiv
,, 6LWXD LD vQ FDUH HVWH IUDXGDW GUHSWXO VWULQ QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW FRQIRUP QRUPHL
conflictuale romne, n favoarea dreptului romn (sau D GUHSWXOXL XQXL VWDW WHU
&X SULYLUH OD DFHVW DVSHFW QLFL /HJHD QU L QLFL R DOW OHJH URPkQ QX FRQ LQH
SUHYHGHUL GDU VH RSLQHD] F IUDXGD OHJLL VWULQH WUHEXLH VDQF LRQDW vQ DFHODL PRG FD L IUDXGD
legii romne.
Argumente:
a) dreptul VWULQ
URPkQH FRQVWLWXLH GH IDSW R vQFOFDUH D QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH URPkQH FDUH GH UHJXO DUH FDUDFWHU
imperativ;
F FHHD FH VH VDQF LRQHD] vQ WRDWH FD]XULOH HVWH LQWHQ LD IUDXGXORDV D SU LORU fraus
omnia corrumpit).
&D L vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQ IUDXGD OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SRDWH IL
GRYHGLW prin
3UDFWLF H[LVW GLILFXOW L vQ GRYHGLUHD IUDXGHL OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW GHRDUHFH
FHHD FH WUHEXLH GRYHGLW HVWH LQWHQ LD IUDXGXORDV D SU LORU DGLF XQ HOHPHQW VXELHFWLY
Domeniile n caUH SRDWH DSDUH IUDXG OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VXQW vQ SULQFLSDO
XUPWRDUHOH
a) VWDUHD FLYLO FDSDFLWDWHD L UHOD LLOH GH IDPLOLH DOH SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH (statutul
persoanei fizice).
Q JHQHUDO IUDXGD OD OHJH vQ PDWHULD VWULL FLYLOH FDSDFLW LL L UHOD LLORU GH IDPLOLH DOH
URPkQH HVWH VWULFW UHJOHPHQWDW SULQ OHJHD FHW HQLHL URPkQH QU LDU SUHYHGHUL vQ PDWHULH
GH FHW HQLH H[LVW SUDFWLF vQ WRDWH VWDWHOH OXPLL
Q DFHVW FD] IUDXGD OD OHJH FRQVW GH FHOH PDL PXOWH RUL vQ PXWDUHD VHGLXOXL VRFLDO GH SH
teritoriul statului forului pe cel al unui stat considerat "paradis fiscal" (precum Liechtenstein,
Monaco, Panama, Liberia etc.), n scopul evaziunii legilor ILVFDOH DOH IRUXOXL FX SUHFL]DUHD F
SHUVRDQD MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY FRQWLQX V IXQF LRQH]H SH WHULWRULXO VWDWXOXL IRUXOXL FD SHUVRDQ
MXULGLF VRFLHWDWH FRPHUFLDO VWULQ Q DFHVW FD] DDGDU QRXO VHGLX VRFLDO QX HVWH VHULRV DGLF
DOLQ GLQ /HJHD QU FRQIRUP FURUD VHGLXO VRFLDO FDUH
105/1992, pentru
LSRWH]D vQ FDUH SHUVRDQD MXULGLF DUH VHGLXO vQ PDL PXOWH VWDWH GHRDUHFH vQ
DFHDVW LSRWH] GHWHUPLQDQW SHQWUX D VH LGHQWLILFD QD LRQDOLWDWHD DFHVWHLD HVWH VHGLXO UHDO SULQ
15
FDUH VH vQ HOHJH ORFXO XQGH VH DIO FHQWUXO SULQFLSDO GH FRQGXFHUH L GH JHVWLXQH D DFWLYLW LL
statutare.
c) regimul juridic al bunului mobil
Q DFHDVW PDWHULH IUDXGD FRQVW vQ IDSWXO F VH VFKLPE ORFXO VLWXULL EXQXOXL PRELO vQWU-un
DOW VWDW ,QWU vQ DFHDVW VLWXD LH L VFKLPEDUHD SDYLOLRQXOXL QDYHL VDX DHURQDYHL GH SULQFLSiu,
VWDW FRQVLGHUDW SDUDGLV ILVFDO FD L vQ FD]XO SHUVRDQHORU MXULGLFH OD FDUH QH-am
ntr-un
referit mai sus).
Q DFHVW FD] IUDXGD OD OHJH FRQVW GH UHJXO vQ IDSWXO F VH vQFKHLH DFWXO vQWU-XQ DOW VWDW L
pULQ
regit actum
OHJH PDL IDYRUDELO SHQWUX SU L GHFkW FHD QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW V VH DSOLFH vQ FDX] GH H[HPSOX
SU LOH EHQHILFLD] GH FRQGL LL PDL XRDUH OD vQFKHLHUHD FVWRULHL vQFKHLHUHD DFWXOXL VH IDFH VXE
VHPQWXU SULYDW vQ ORF GH DFW DXWHQWLF HWF
n prezent, DFHDVW IRUP GH IUDXG HVWH H[FOXV vQ OXPLQD SUHYHGHULORU DUW GLQ /HJHD
nr. 105/1992.
e) FRQ LQXWXO FRQWUDFWHORU IRQGXO REOLJD LLORU FRQWUDFWXDOe)
Acesta este unul dintre domeniile cele mai predispuse fraudei la lege n dreptul
LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW vQWUXFkW vQ DFHDVW PDWHULH IXQF LRQHD] SULQFLSLXO FRQIRUP FUXLD FRQWUDFWXO
FHHD FH IDYRUL]HD] IUDXGD OD OHJH FX DWkW PDL PXOW FX FkW OHJHD DGRSW FRQFHS LD
VXELHFWLYLVW SULYLQG OLPLWHOH OLEHUW LL SU LORU vQ DOHJHUHD OHJLL DSOLFDELOH vQ VHQVXO F QX LPSXQH FD
OHJHD DOHDV GH SU L V DLE R OHJWXU PDWHULDO RELHFWLY FX FRQWUDFWXO &X WRDWH DFHVWHD
VLPSOXO IDSW F SU LOH DOHJ R OHJH DSOLFDELO FRQWUDFWXOXL FDUH QX DUH QLFL R OHJWXU RELHFWLY FX
DFHVWD QX WUHEXLH FRQVLGHUDW GH SODQR FD ILLQG R IUDXG OD OHJH DWkWD WLPS FkW SU LOH
YHGHUH DQXPLWH DYDQWDMH OLFLWH SH FDUH OHJHD DOHDV OH SUH]LQW SHQWUX HOH
au avut n
6. &RPSDUD LH vQWUH IUDXGD OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW L XQHOH LQVWLWX LL
juridice apropiate
ExiVW
IUDXG OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQ DWXQFL FkQG SU LOH OD XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF IU HOHPHQW
VWULQ DSOLF R GLVSR]L LH OHJDO SULQ GHWXUQDUHD HL GH OD VFRSXO ILUHVF SHQWUX FDUH D IRVW HGLFWDW GH
DVHPQUL
LPSHUDWLYH
FDUH
OH
HVWH
vQV
XQ VFRS LOLFLW XQ
QWUH HOH H[LVW vQV LPSRUWDQWH GHRVHELUL FDUH VH PDQLIHVW vQ SULQFLSDO VXE XUPWRDUHOH
aspecte:
a) obiectul fraudei
GHFL VH UPkQH vQ FDGUXO DFHOXLDL VLVWHP GH GUHSW vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VH IUDXGHD]
b) PHFDQLVPXO IUDXGULL
La frauda la lege n dreptul intern
GXFH OD DSOLFDUHD vQ PRG IUDXGXORV D XQHL DOWH OHJL GHFkW FHD FRUHFW DSOLFDELO Q FD]XO IUDXGHL OD
ce duce la
IUDXGDUHD VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW SULQ XQD GLQ FHOH GRX PRGDOLW L GH IUDXGDUH
QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW GHFL DPEHOH FRQVWLWXLH H[FHS LL GH OD DSOLFDUHD OHJLL ILUHVF DSOLFDELOH vQ UDSRUWXO
juridic respectiv.
Deosebirile GLQWUH HOH SRDUW vQ SULQFLSDO DVXSUD XUPWRDUHORU DVSHFWH
a) FDX]D QHDSOLFULL OHJLL QRUPDO Fompetente
Astfel:
- OD RUGLQHD SXEOLF FDX]D HVWH GH QDWXU RELHFWLY L DQXPH OHJHD VWULQ
VX vQFDOF SULQFLSLLOH IXQGDPHQWDOH GH GUHSW DOH VWDWXOXL IRUXOXL
16
(sau legea
- OD RUGLQHD SXEOLF VDQF LXQHD FRQVW vQ vQOWXUDUHD HIHFWHORU OHJLL VWULQH L DSOLFDUHD vQ
locul acesteia, a legii forului;
- OD IUDXGD OD OHJH VDQF LXQHD UH]LG vQ IDSWXO F VH vQOWXU OHJHD URPkQ VDX VWULQ SH
FDUH SU LOH DX IFXW-R DSOLFDELO SULQ IUDXG L vQ ORFXO HL VH DSOLF OHJHD FRUHFW FRPSHWHQW 3H
SODQXO DFWXOXL MXULGLF IUDXGXORV VDQF LXQHD FRQVW vQ LPSR]DELOLWDWHD DFWXOXL vQ ID D DXWRULW LORU
URPkQH VDX QXOLWDWHD DFWXOXL GXS FD]
Q FD]XO LQYRFULL H[FHS LHL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW LQVWDQ D WUHEXLH
V FXQRDVF FRQ LQXWXO OHJLL VWULQH QRUPDO FRPSHWHQWH SHQWUX F QXPDL DVWIHO SRDWH V-L GHD
VHDPD GDF HD vQFDOF VDX QX SULQFLSLLOH IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH GUHSWXOXL IRUXOXL
Q VFKLPE OD IUDXGD OD OHJH QX HVWH QHDSUDW QHFHVDU DFHVW OXFUX GHRDUHFH FHHD FH VH
7. &RPSDUD LH FX VLPXOD LD
$VHPQUL
GH DFHWLD
Deosebiri:
D IUDXGD OD OHJH SUHVXSXQH H[LVWHQ D XQXL VLQJXU DFW MXUidic
VLPXOD LD LPSOLF SULQ GHILQL LH GRX DFWH MXULGLFH L DQXPH DFWXO DVFXQV GDU UHDO FRQWUDvQVFULVXO
L DFWXO DSDUHQW GDU PLQFLQRV
de
OHJWXU GLQWU-XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW XQ VWDW vQ DOWXO Q VFKLPE OD VLPXOD LH RSHUD LXQHD HVWH ILFWLY
DGLF HVWH H[SULPDW SULQ DFWXO DSDUHQW GDU FRQWUD]LV SULQ FRQWUDvQVFULV
F IUDXGD OD OHJH SUHVXSXQH H[LVWHQ D XQXL VFRS LOLFLW L D XQXL UH]XOWDW LOLFLW /D VLPXOD LH
VFRSXO SRDWH IL L OLFLW
WLWOX XQLYHUVDO GDF QX V-DX IUDXGDW GUHSWXUL QVFXWH GH OHJH GLUHFW SH FDSXO ORU GH H[ UH]HUYD
VXFFHVRUDO
CAPITOLUL 9
CONFLICTUL DE LEGI N 7,03 , 63$,8
5(63(&7$5($ '5(3785,/25 &7,*$7( 1
$5 675,1
([LVW FRQIOLFW GH OHJL vQ WLPS L VSD LX vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH HIHFWHOH XQXL UDSRUW MXULGLF QVFXW
VXE LQFLGHQ D VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW DO XQXL VWDW VH FHU XOWHULRU D IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQWU-un
alt stat.
3ULYLW SULQ SULVPD GUHSWXOXL URPkQ FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL vQ WLPS L VSD LX SXQH SUREOHPD
- respectiv
FHO VWULQ VXE LQFLGHQ D FUXLD V-D QVFXW GUHSWXO L FHO URPkQ vQ FDGUXO FUXLD GUHSWXO VH FHUH D IL
juridic
GHFL D GUHSWXOXL VXE LQFLGHQ D OHJLL VWULQH L PRPHQWXO FkQG HIHFWHOH DFHVWXLD VH FHU D IL
UHFXQRVFXWH vQ 5RPkQLD H[LVW XQ LQWHUYDO GH WLPS
&RQIOLFWXO GH OHJL vQ VSD LX HVWH FHO FDUH DSDUH vQ PRPHQWXO QDWHULL PRGLILFULL VDX VWLQJHULL
XQXL UDSRUW MXULGLF DWXQFL FkQG GDWRULW HOHPHQWXOXL GH H[WUDQHLWDWH SH FDUH UHVSHFWLYXO UDSRUW vO
FRQ LQH DVXSUD OXL VXQW VXVFHSWLELOH GH DSOLFDUH
GUHSW DSDU
vQ DFHODL WLPS
DVHDPQ
deosebesc
F SH FkQG OD FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL vQ VSD LX FHOH GRX VLVWHPH VXQW GHRSRWULY SDVLELOH GH DSOLFDUH
simultan
DVXSUD UHVSHFWLYXOXL UDSRUW MXULGLF OD FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL vQ WLPS L VSD LX HOH VH DSOLF
17
succesiv,
vQ WLPS L VSD LX VH VROX LRQHD] vQ SULQFLSLX SULQ DSOLFDUHD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH D IRUXOXL
$ UDSRUWXO MXULGLF GUHSWXO VH QDWH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQ DO XQXL VWDW VWULQ L DSRL VH LQYRF vQ
RoPkQLD
Q DFHVW FD] OD PRPHQWXO QDWHULL OXL vQ VWULQWDWH GUHSWXO QX DYHD QLFL R OHJWXU FX
FX GUHSWXO URPkQ
'H H[HPSOX GRL FHW HQL JUHFL VH FVWRUHVF vQ *UHFLD LDU DSRL YLQ vQ 5RPkQLD L FHU V OL
Q DFHVW FD] FX SULYLUH OD UHVSHFWLYXO UDSRUW MXULGLF H[LVW VXFFHVLY XQ FRQIOLFW GH OHJL vQ
VSD LX vQ PRPHQWXO QDWHULL VDOH L XQ FRQIOLFW GH OHJL vQ WLPS L VSD LX DWXQFL FkQG HIHFWHOH VDOH VH
$FHDVW IRUP D FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ WLPS L VSD LX SUH]LQW OD UkQGXO HL GRX
VXEVLWXD LL:
D vQ PRPHQWXO QDWHULL VDOH UDSRUWXO MXULGLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW QX DYHD QLFL R
'H H[HPSOX XQ FHW HDQ JUHF L XQXO IUDQFH] VH FVWRUHVF vQ *UHFLD LDU DSRL YLQ vQ
FKLDU GLQ PRPHQWXO QDWHULL VDOH UDSRUWXO MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY DYHD OHJWXU FX DUD IRUXOXL
SULQ IDSWXO F FHO SX LQ XQXO GLQWUH HOHPHQWHOH VDOH GH H[WUDQHLWDWH SULYHDX GUHSWXO URPkQ
'H H[HPSOX VH SURQXQ
FHW HDQ URPkQ L XQXO VWULQ LDU DSRL VH FHUH UHFXQRDWHUHD VDX H[HFXWDUHD DFHVWHL KRWUkUL vQ
Romnia.
'LIHULWHOH IRUPH DOH FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ WLPS L VSD LX SUH]LQW DQXPLWH FRQVHFLQ H MXULGLFH
7HPHLXO MXULGLF DO DFHVWHL UHFXQRDWHUL vO FRQVWLWXLH DUW GLQ /HJHD QU FRQIRUP
'LQ DFHVWH SUHYHGHUL UH]XOW LGHHD F XQ GUHSW GREkQGLW vQ VWULQWDWH HVWH UHFXQRVFXW vQ
$ 'UHSWXO V ILH FRUHFW QVFXW VXE LQFLGHQ D OHJLL VWULQH FDUH vL HVWH DSOLFDELO
$FHDVW FRQGL LH VH PDQLIHVW DWkW vQ GRPHQLXO GUHSWXOXL PDWHULDO FkW L DO FHOXL SURFHVXal.
UHFXQRVFXW vQ 5RPkQLD GDF V-D QVFXW YDODELO GXS OHJHD VWULQ FRPSHWHQW V L VH DSOLFH
FRQIRUP QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH D VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW VWULQ $FHDVW LGHH FX FDUDFWHU GH UHJXO VH
GHGXFH GLQ SUHYHGHULOH DUW DOLQ GLQ /HJHD QU FDUH GHL VH vQFDGUHD] vQ
categoria normelor cu caracter procedural ale legii, privesc un aspect de drept material. Astfel,
FRQIRUP WH[WXOXL UHFXQRDWHUHD XQHL KRWUkUL VWULQH QX SRDWH IL UHIX]DW SHQWUX VLQJXUXO PRWLY F
LQVWDQ D FDUH D SURQXQ DW KRWUkUHD VWULQ D DSOLFDW R DOW OHJH GHFkW FHD GHWHUPLQDW GH GUHSWXO
LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ
$FHDVW FRQGL LH UH]XOW H[SOLFLW GLQ PDL PXOWH SUHYHGHUL DOH /HJLL QU L DQXPH vQ
VSHFLDO GLQ DUW DOLQ OLW D L E FRQIRUP FUXLD KRWUkULOH VWULQH SRW IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQ
5RPkQLD GDF KRWUkUHD HVWH GHILQLWLY SRWULYLW OHJLL VWDWXOXL XQGH D IRVW SURQXQ DW OLW D L
LQVWDQ D FDUH D SURQXQ DW-R D DYXW SRWULYLW OHJLL PHQ LRQDWH FRPSHWHQ D V MXGHFH SURFHVXO OLW E
&RQGL LD OD FDUH QH UHIHULP $ LPSOLF FHO SX LQ GRX FRQVHFLQ H MXULGLFH, care au caracter
de UHJXOL DSOLFDELOH HIHFWHORU XQXL GUHSW GREkQGLW SRWULYLW OHJLL VWULQH
- XQ GUHSW YDODELO GREkQGLW SRWULYLW OHJLL VWULQH FDUH vL HVWH DSOLFDELO SURGXFH vQ 5RPkQLD
(de principiu WRDWH HIHFWHOH DGPLVH GH OHJHD VWULQ UHVSHFWLY 'H H[HPSOX R FVWRULH UHOLJLRDV
vQWUH GRL FHW HQL VWULQL YDODELO vQFKHLDW vQWU-R DU vQ FDUH DFHVWHLD L VH UHFXQRVF HIHFWHOH MXULGLFH
va produce n Romnia toate efectele juridice pe care legea VWULQ L OH UHFXQRDWH
- XQ GUHSW GREkQGLW vQ VWULQWDWH QX SRDWH SURGXFH vQ 5RPkQLD PDL PXOWH HIHFWH GHFkW vQ
DUD VWULQ vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX D FUHL OHJH D IRVW FUHDW
&RQGL LD VH DSOLF LQGLIHUHQW GH IRUPD FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ WLPS L VSD LX DGLF DWkW DWXQFL
cnd dreptul s-D QVFXW vQ FDGUXO LQWHUQ DO XQXL VWDW FkW L DWXQFL FkQG HO V-D QVFXW vQ FDGUXO
inWHUQD LRQDO LDU DSRL HVWH LQYRFDW vQ 5RPkQLD 'H H[HPSOX R KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ SULQ
FDUH VH IDFH R GLVFULPLQDUH vQWUH VR L SH FULWHULL GH UDV QD LRQDOLWDWH HWF QX SRDWH IL UHFXQRVFXW vQ
5RPkQLD LQGLIHUHQW GDF SULYHWH VDX QX XQ FHW Han
romn.
/HJHD URPkQ UHJOHPHQWHD] vQV vQ PRG VSHFLDO DQXPLWH FD]XUL GH vQFOFDUH D RUGLQLL
SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ vQ LSRWH]D vQ FDUH UDSRUWXO MXULGLF GUHSWXO V-D QVFXW vQ
VWULQWDWH vQ FDGUX LQWHUQD LRQDO
SULQ IDSWXO F FHO SX LQ XQXO GLQWUH HOHPHQWHOH VDOH GH H[WUDQHLWDWH SULYDX GUHSWXO URPkQ
CAPITOLUL 10
CONFLICTUL MOBIL DE LEGI
([LVW
VXFFHVLY OD GRX
aplicabile.
'H H[HPSOX GRL VR L FHW HQL IUDQFH]L vL VFKLPE FHW HQLD GHYHQLQG FHW HQL URPkQL
coH[LVWHQ D
DVHPQDUH
vQ VSD LX D GRX VLVWHPH GH GUHSW SUHFXP L LQFLGHQ D VXFFHVLY vQ WLPS D DFHVWRUD
Deosebirea HVHQ LDO UH]LG vQ DFHHD F vQ WLPS FH FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL vQ WLPS L VSD LX nu
- L GHFL QLFL D OHJLL DSOLFDELOH -, ci numai se cer a fi
recunoscute ntr-R DU GUHSWXULOH GREkQGLWH vQ VWULQWDWH conflictul mobil de legi presupune o
GHSODVDUH D HOHPHQWXOXL GH H[WUDQHLWDWH FDUH FRQVWLWXLD SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU DO Qormei conflictuale
LPSOLF R VFKLPEDUH D SXQFWXOXL GH OHJWXU
DSOLFDELOH vQ VSH
Deosebiri:
D FRQIOLFWXO PRELO H[LVW vQWUH GRX VLVWHPH GH GUHSW DSDU LQkQG XQRU VWDWH GLIHULWH SH FkQG
FRQIOLFWXO vQ WLPS OD FDUH QH UHIHULP VH SRDUW vQWUH GRX OHJL GLQ FDGUXO DFHOXLDL VLVWHP GH GUHSW
E OD FRQIOLFWXO PRELO DPEHOH VLVWHPH GH GUHSW UPkQ vQ YLJRDUH VXQW VLPXOWDQH FKLDU GDF
HOH VH DSOLF vQ PRG VXFFHVLY FX SULYLUH OD DFHO UDSRUW MXULGLF OD FRQIOLFWXO vQ WLPS DO OHJLORU LQWHUQH
FHOH GRX OHJL QX VXQW vQ YLJRDUH VLPXOWDQ FL OHJHD DQWHULRDU HVWH DEURJDW L vQORFXLW FX R OHJH
QRX
&RQIOLFWXO PRELO SRDWH LQWHUYHQL QXPDL vQ OHJWXU FX UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH OD FDUH VXQW
aplicabile norme conflictuale FX SXQFWH GH OHJWXU PRELOH YDULDELOH FDUH SRW IL GHSODVDWH vQ WLPSXO
H[LVWHQ HL UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY
$VWIHO FRQIOLFWXO PRELO SRDWH DSDUH vQ FD]XO XUPWRDUHORU SXQFWH GH OHJWXU vQ SULQFLSDO
D FHW HQLD L GRPLFLOLXO UHHGLQ D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH $DGDU FRQIOLFWXO PRELO SRDWH DSDUH vQ
WRDWH UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH vQ FDUH DFHVWHD VXQW SXQFWH GH OHJWXU L DQXPH VWDUHD FLYLO
FDSDFLWDWHD L UHOD LLOH GH IDPLOLH DOH SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH PRWHQLUHD EXQXULORU PRELOH HWF
b) sediul persoaQHL
F ORFXO VLWXULL EXQXOXL PRELO $SDUH FRQIOLFW PRELO vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH EXQXO PRELO DVXSUD
FUXLD V-au
Principalele prevederi ale dreptului romnesc n materie sunt cuprinse n Legea nr.
L DQXPH
a) art. 16 -
&RQGL LLOH HIHFWHOH L DQXODUHD XQHL KRWUkUL SULQ FDUH VH FRQVWDW PRDUWHD
SUH]XPDW DEVHQ D VDX GLVSDUL LD SUHFXP L SUH]XP LLOH GH VXSUDYLH XLUH VDX GH PRDUWH VXQW
legea
UHVSHFWLY OHJHD XOWLPHL FHW HQLL D SHUVRDQHL GLVSUXWH ILLQG vQOWXUDWH GH OD DSOLFDUH OHJLOH
QD LRQDO FRPXQ VDX OHJHD GRPLFLOLXOXL FRPXQ DO VR LORU FRQWLQX V UHJOHPHQWH]H HIHFWHOH
c) art. 22 alin. 2 -
vQ FD]XO
- n.n.), nu
SHUPLWH GLYRU XO RUL vO DGPLWH vQ FRQGL LL GHRVHELW GH UHVWULFWLYH VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ vQ FD]XO vQ
OD GDWD FHUHULL GH GLYRU VQ FHW HDQ URPkQ /HJHD GH OD GDWD FHUHULL
OHJHD YHFKH VDX FHD QRX GXS FXP VR XO vQ FDX] D DYXW anterior sau a
SRDWH IL
B. n unele cazuri, dreptul romn DSOLF SULQFLSLXO OHJLL PDL IDYRUDELOH PHOLRU OH[
a) art. 15 -
b) art. 28 -
ILOLD LD FRSLOXOXL GLQ DIDUD FVWRULHL VH VWDELOHWH SRWULYLW OHJLL QD LRQDOH D FRSLOXOXL
GH OD GDWD QDWHULL VDOH GDU Q FD]XO vQ FDUH FRSLOXO FHW HDQ VWULQ DUH L R DOW FHW HQLH VWULQ
VH DSOLF OHJHD FDUH vL HVWH PDL IDYRUDELO
CAPITOLUL 1
1250( &21)/,&78$/( 35,9,1' 67$5($ , &$3$&ITATEA
PERSOANEI FIZICE
6WDUHD L FDSDFLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH FDUH vPSUHXQ FX UHOD LLOH GH IDPLOLH IRUPHD]
,QWHUSUHWDUHD QR LXQLL GH OHJH QD LRQDO HVWH IFXW GH DUW GLQ /HJHD QU
&RQIRUP WH[WXOXL OHJHD QD LRQDO HVWH OHJHD VWDWXOXL D FUXL FHW HQLH R DUH SHUVRDQD vQ FDX] lex
patriae
&HW HQLD FRQVWLWXLH DDGDU SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU SHQWUX QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO vQ DO FUHL
FRQ LQXW LQWU VWDUHD L FDSDFLWDWHD SUHFXP L UHOD LLOH GH IDPLOLH DOH SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH
$SOLFDUHD OHJLL QD LRQDOH
FRQVWLWXLH
regula
b) caracterul de certitudine
VWDW L
GH DXWRULW LOH VWDWXOXL GHVSUH D FUXL FHW HQLH HVWH YRUED 'LQ DFHVW SXQFW GH YHGHUH FHW HQLD
adaptate vQ IXQF LH
GH SDUWLFXODULW LOH SHUVRDQHORU IL]LFH QD LRQDOH RELFHLXUL QHYRL WHPSHUDPHQW DO DFHVWRUD HWF
'DWRULW DFHVWXL FDUDFWHU OHJLOH VWDWXOXL GH FHW HQLH DVLJXU vQ SULQFLSLX FHD PDL EXQ RFURWLUH D
intereselor persoanelor fizice resortisante, indiferent unde acestea s-ar afOD $FHDVW
H[SULPDW SULQWU-R IRUPXODUH GH PD[LP JHQHUDOLWDWH vQ DUW GLQ &RQVWLWX LD 5RPkQLHL
LGHH HVWH
SUHFXP L
vQ DUW DOLQ GLQ /HJHD FHW HQLHL URPkQH QU FRQIRUP FURUD FHW HQLL URPkQL VH EXFXU
vQ VWULQWDWH GH SURWHF LD VWDtului
romn.
20
Elementul determinant vQ DOHJHUHD OHJLL FHW HQLHL FD OHJH SULPRUGLDO DSOLFDELO VWDWXWXOXL
persoanei fizice este interesul statului GH D DVLJXUD R FkW PDL ODUJ L FRPSOHW H[WLQGHUH D OHJLORU
sale asupra persoanelor fizice resortisante, oriunde s-ar afla acestea. Astfel, n principiu, statele de
HPLJUDUH DGRSW QRUPD FRQIOLFWXO DYkQG FD SXQFW GH OHJWXU FHW HQLD vQ WLPS FH VWDWHOH GH
DFHVWHL
VLWXD LL
QRUPD
FRQIOLFWXDO
lex patriae
HVWH
WUDGL LRQDO
vQ
GUHSWXO
LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ HD ILLQG SUHY]XW L vQ DUW DOLQ &FLY DEURJDW SULQ /HJHD QU
ILLQG vQ SUH]HQW vQVFULV vQ DUW GLQ /HJHD QU /HJLOH UHODWLYH OD VWDUHD FLYLO
L OD FDSDFLWDWHD SHUVRDQHORU XUPUHVF SH URPkQL FKLDU FkQG HL vL DX UHHGLQ D vQ VWULQWDWH
'HWHUPLQDUHD L SURED FHW HQLHL VH IDF vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX OHJHD VWDWXOXL D FUXL FHW HQLH
VH LQYRF DUW DOLQ WH]D GLQ /HJHD QU $FHDVW SUHYHGHUH FRQVDFU R H[FHS LH
/HJHD QD LRQDO D FHW HDQXOXL URPkQ FDUH SRWULYLW OHJLL VWULQH HVWH FRQVLGHUDW F DUH R
DOW FHW HQLH HVWH OHJHD URPkQ DUW DOLQ GLQ /HJHD QU $DGDU OHJHD URPkQ VH
DSOLF SHQWUX FHW HQLL URPkQL FKLDU GDF DFHWLD DX GREkQGLW L R DOW FHW HQLH VLWXD LD GXEOHL VDX
PXOWLSOHL FHW HQLL DWkWD WLPS FkW HL QX DX SLHUGXW FHW HQLD URPkQ vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX GUHSWXO
romn.
2. Conform prevederilor art. 11 din Legea nr. 105/1992, VWDUHD L FDSDFLWDWHD SUHFXP L
VXSXVH OHJLL QD LRQDOH (OHJLL FHW HQLHL QXPDL GDF
SULQ GLVSR]L LL VSHFLDOH QX VH SUHYHGH DOWIHO 2 DVHPHQHD GLVSR]L LH VSHFLDO HVWH FXSULQV vQ DUW
DOLQ FRQIRUP FUXLD GDF R SHUVRDQ QX DUH QLFL R FHW HQLH DSDWULG VH DSOLF OHJHD
/HJHD QD LRQDO lex patriae L OHJHD GRPLFLOLXOXL lex domicilii VDX D UHHGLQ HL VH
suEVXPHD] QR LXQLL PDL JHQHUDOH GH OHJH SHUVRQDO lex personalis) a persoanei fizice.
3. Normele conflictuale privind statutul persoanei fizice au un caracter imperativ, n sensul
F SU LOH QX SRW GHURJD GH OD HOH SULQ PDQLIHVWDUHD DFRUGXO ORU GH YRLQ
FRQIOLFWXDO SULYLQG VWDUHD L FDSDFLWDWHD FHW HQLORU URPkQL HVWH GH RUGLQH SXEOLF L vQ GUHSWXO
LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ FRQFOX]LH GHVSULQV GLQ SUHYHGHULOH DUW DOLQ GLQ /HJHD QU
105/1992.
4. Domeniul de aplicare al legii statutului persoanei fizice
PDWHULLORU MXULGLFH LQVWLWX LLOH GH GUHSW L UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH FDUH LQWU vQ FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL
conflictuale privind statutul persoanei fizice. Determinarea acestor materii constituie o SUREOHP GH
calificare D QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH UHVSHFWLYH L DQXPH D SULPXOXL HOHPHQW GLQ VWUXFWXUD DFHVWHLD
FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL
/HJHD SULYLQG VWDWXWXO SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH FkUPXLHWH vQ PDWHULD GUHSWXOXL FLYLO XUPWRDUHOH
LQVWLWX LL MXULGLFH
FDUH L]YRUVF GLQ DFWH L IDSWH GH VWDUH FLYLO GH FDUH OHJHD OHDJ DQXPLWH HIHFWH MXULGLFH VSHFLILFH
L FDUH VHUYHVF SHQWUX LGHQWLILFDUHD SHUVRDQHL vQ IDPLOLH L VRFLHWDWH
$VWIHO VXQW VXSXVH QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH SULYLQG VWDWXWXO SHUVRQDO vQ SULQFLSDO XUPWRDUHOH
FDOLW L FDUH LQWU vQ FRQ LQXWXO VULL FLYLOH ILOLD LD FVWRULD DGRS LD UXGHQLD DILQLWDWHD HWF
fizice.
FDSDFLW LL GH IRORVLQ
VWULQH vQ 5RPkQLD OHJHD QD LRQDO D VWULQXOXL FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD] FRQ LQXWXO FDSDFLW LL VDOH GH
IRORVLQ
VH DSOLF FXPXODWLY FX OHJHD PDWHULDO URPkQ FDUH VWDELOHWH FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL
SHUVRDQD IL]LF GH DSWLWXGLQHD GH D DYHD QXPDL DQXPLWH GUHSWXUL L REOLJD LL FLYLOH LDU SH SODQXO
GUHSWXOXL LQWHUDQD LRQDO SULYDW HOH VXQW VXSXVH XQRU QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH GLIHULWH vQ IXQF LH GH
FDOLILFDUHD FDUH OL VH DFRUG GH OD FD] OD FD]
GUHSWXULOH SULQWHWL DUW &IDP VXQW VXSXVH OHJLL QD LRQDOH D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH vQ FDX]
21
absolute
FDUH RSHUHD]
relative
GRQD LH vQ IDYRDUHD WXWRUHOXL VX DUW &FLY L DUW &IDP
D SHUVRDQHL
fizicH HVWH VWDELOLW GH DUW GLQ /HJHD QU &RQIRUP WH[WXOXL FRQGL LLOH HIHFWHOH L DQXODUHD
XQHL KRWUkUL SULQ FDUH VH FRQVWDW PRDUWH SUH]XPDW DEVHQ D VDX GLVSDUL LD SUHFXP L SUH]XP LLOH
GH VXSUDYLH XLUH VDX GH PRDUWH VXQW FkUPXLWH GH XOWLPD OHJH QD LRQDO D SHUVRDQHL GLVSUXWH 'DF
DFHDVW OHJH QX SRDWH IL LGHQWLILFDW VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ
b) &DSDFLWDWHD GH H[HUFL LX D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH HVWH VXSXV OHJLL QD LRQDOH DD FXP UH]XOW
din prevederile art. 11 din Legea nr. 105/1992, care voUEHWH vQ JHQHUDO GH FDSDFLWDWHD
persoanei fizice".
toate sau la
FDWHJRULL GH DFWH MXULGLFH DOH LQFDSDELOXOXL VXQW VXSXVH OHJLL QD LRQDOH D DFHVWXLD PLQRU VDX LQWHU]LV
pe care acesta
LQFDSDFLW LL L DQXPH QXOLWDWHD DFWXOXL FD]XULOH GH QXOLWDWH L IHOXULOH DFHVWHLD SHUVRDQHOH FDUH R
SRW LQYRFD L vQ FH FRQGL LL HWF
Q FHHD FH SULYHWH PDMRUDWXO DSOLFkQG SULQFLSLXO OHJLL PDi
PRELO GH OHJL DUW GLQ /HJHD QU SUHYHGH F DSDUWHQHQ D XQHL SHUVRDQH OD R QRX OHJH
QD LRQDO QX DGXFH DWLQJHUH PDMRUDWXOXL GREkQGLW SRWULYLW OHJLL FDUH vL HUD DQWHULRU DSOLFDELO
DUWLFRO SHUVRDQD FDUH SRWULYLW OHJLL QD LRQDOH VDX OHJLL GRPLFLOLXOXL VX HVWH OLSVLW GH FDSDFLWDWH
VDX DUH FDSDFLWDWH GH H[HUFL LX UHVWUkQV QX SRDWH V RSXQ DFHDVW FDX] GH QHYDOLGLWDWH FHOHL
FX EXQ FUHGLQ
9 VSH D
Lizardi)
FRQGL LL
MXULGLF DGLF LQFDSDFLWDWHD VWULQXOXL SRWULYLW OHJLL VDOH QD LRQDOH 3HQWUX FD DFHDVW FRQGL LH V ILH
ntrunit
HVWH QHFHVDU FD FHW HDQXO QD LRQDO V IL vQFKHLDW XQ DFW FXUHQW DO SURIHVLXQLL VDOH SHQWUX
FDUH SULQ QDWXUD RSHUD LXQLL UHVSHFWLYH QX VH FHU D IL IFXWH YHULILFUL VSHFLDOH
G DQXODUHD DFWXOXL V ILH GH QDWXU D SURGXFH XQ
QD LRQDO
22
n literatura de specialitate s-au invocat mai multe temeiuri pentrX IXQGDPHQWDUHD WHRUHWLF
D WHRULHL LQWHUHVXOXL QD LRQDO L DQXPH D RFURWLUHD RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW D
IRUXOXL WHPHL VXJHUDW GH DOWIHO GH vQVL GHQXPLUHD DFHVWHL WHRULL FDUH XUPUHWH SURWHMDUHD
LQWHUHVXOXL QD LRQDO E QHFXQRDWHUHD VFX]DELO D OHJLL VWULQH GH FWUH FHW HDQXO QD LRQDO F
vPERJ LUHD IU MXVW WHPHL D VWULQXOXL vQ GHWULPHQWXO FRFRQWUDFWDQWXOXL QD LRQDO G HURDUHD
CAPITOLUL II
NORME CONFLICTUALE PRIVIND PERSOANELE JURIDICE
1RUPD FRQIOLFWXDO DSOLFDELO vQ PDWHULD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH HVWH SUHY]XW vQ DUW DOLQ
1 din Legea nr. 105/1992: "Statutul organic al persoanei juridice este crmuit de legea sa
QD LRQDO...".
Statutul orJDQLF DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH FRQVWLWXLH FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH LDU OHJWXUD
DFHVWXLD FX XQ DQXPLW VLVWHP GH GUHSW HVWH GDW GH QD LRQDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH UHVSHFWLYH
6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH IRUPHD] OHJHD SHUVRQDO
(lex personalis)
lex societatis.
1RUPD FRQIOLFWXDO SULYLQG VWDWXWXO RUJDQLF DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH HVWH LPSHUDWLY GHRDUHFH
SU LOH vQ SULQFLSLX QX SRW GHURJD GH OD HD )RQGDWRULL SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SRt
SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH GDU QX SRW IDFH DSOLFDELO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SHVWH YRLQ D ORU R DOW OHJH GHFkW
)LLQG HOHPHQWXO FDUH SODVHD] SHUVRDQD MXULGLF vQ VIHUD XQXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW
QD LRQDOLWDWHD
este cea
SHQWUX SHUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH UROXO SH FDUH vO MRDF FHW HQLD SHQWUX SHUVRDQHOH IL]LFH
LL
'HWHUPLQDUHD QD LRQDOLW
intHUQD LRQDO
LPSRUWDQ
SH SODQXO GUHSWXOXL
HVWH QD LRQDO URPkQ VDX VWULQ 'H FDUDFWHUXO QD LRQDO VDX VWULQ D
D SHUVRDQD MXULGLF VWULQ vQ FHHD FH SULYHWH IXQF LRQDUHD VD SH WHULWoriul Romniei, este
VXSXV QRUPHORU PDWHULDOH URPkQH SULYLQG FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL SHUVRDQ MXULGLF
E vQ IXQF LH GH QD LRQDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH VH VWDELOHWH vQ FH PVXU L VH DSOLF
MXULGLF
este parte;
GRPHQLL GH DFWLYLWDWH SH FDUH XQ VWDW OH DGRSW FX SULYLUH OD SHUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH FDUH vL DSDU LQ VDX
GLPSRWULY V VXSRUWH FRQVHFLQ HOH XQXL UHJLP UHVWULFWLY SH FDUH VWDWXO vO LQVWLWXLH FX SULYLUH OD
VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW DOH VWDWHORU 'H DFHHD VH SXQH SUREOHPD GXS FDUH VLVWHP GH GUHSW VH YRU
VWDELOL FULWHULLOH QD LRQDOLW LL )LLQG R SUREOHP GH FDOLILFDUH QD LRQDOLWDWHD FULWHULLOH QD LRQDOLW LL XQHL
lex fori.
FD SXQFW GH OHJWXU SHQWUX VWDWXWXO SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH FDUH FRQVWLWXLH R H[FHS LH GH OD FDOLILFDUHD
GXS
lex fori.
&ULWHULXO GH GHWHUPLQDUH D QD LRQDOLW LL HVWH SH SODQXO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SXQFWXO
materie.
A. Criteriul de drept comun
GHWHUPLQDUHD QD LRQDOLW LL
UHJOHPHQWUL DSOLFDELOH vQ
DOLQ GLQ OHJH VWDWXWXO RUJDQLF DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH HVWH FkUPXLW GH OHJHD VD QD LRQDO
GHWHUPLQDW vQ PRGXO SUHY]XW GH DUW LDU DFHVW GLQ XUP DUWLFRO vQ DOLQ SUHYHGH F
3HUVRDQD MXULGLF DUH QD LRQDOLWDWHD VWDWXOXL SH DO FUXL WHULWRULX L-a
URPkQ VDX VWULQ GXS FXP DUH VHGLXO vQ DU VDX vQ VWULQWDWH
23
Sediul social este stabilit, "potrivit actului constitutiv" - astfel spus, este sediul statutar -,
FHHD FH GHQRW F vQ GHWHUPLQDUHD VHGLXOXL SULPRUGLDO HVWH YRLQ D IRQGDWRULORU SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH
UHVSHFWLYH 3ULQ DFHDVW VROX LH OHJHD URPkQ IDFH R DSOLFDUH D SULQFLSLXOXL DXWRQRPLHL GH YRLQ
SU LORU vQ IL[DUHD VHGLXOXL SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SULQFLSLX JHQHUDO DGPLV vQ DFHDVW PDWHULH
6HGLXO VRFLDO WUHEXLH V ILH
pUREOHPD
serios
IUDXGHL OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW 'H DVHPHQHD VHGLXO WUHEXLH V ILH
FD] FRQWUDU HO DYkQG FDUDFWHU ILFWLY DGLF H[LVW VLPXOD LH SULQ ILFWLYLWDWH
RUL GH FkWH RUL QX H[LVW R UHJOHPHQWDUH FDUH V SUHYDG XQ FULWHULX VSHFLDO vQ PDWHULH
B. Criterii speciale
D
real, n
este aplicabil
vQ UDUH FD]XUL vQ GUHSWXO URPkQ L DFHDVWD PDL DOHV vQ FRQYHQ LL LQWHUQD LRQDOH SHQWUX VLWXD LL
GHRVHELWH &HO PDL DGHVHD vQ FD]XULOH vQ FDUH DSDU DVHPHQHD FULWHULL QX SULYHVF QD LRQDOLWDWHD vQ
DQVDPEOX D SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH FL QXPDL DSDUWHQHQ D HL OD XQ DQXPLW VWDW SULYLW SULQ SULVPD XQRU
H[HUFLW DVXSUD HL GH FWUH LQWHUHVH VWULQH 'H UHJXO FRQWUROXO VH DSUHFLD] GXS FHW HQLD
QD LRQDOLWDWHD DVRFLD LORU GXS SURYHQLHQ D FDSLWDOXOXL VRFLDO LVDX GXS FHW HQLD SHUVRDQHORU
persoane juridice.
/HJHD QU FRQ LQH SUHYHGHUL VSHFLDOH SHQWUX VLWXD LD vQ FDUH SHUVRDQD MXULGLF
DUH VHGLL vQ PDL PXOWH VWDWH &RQIRUP DUW DOLQ vQ DFHDVW VLWXD LH GHWHUPLQDQW SHQWUX D
LGHQWLILFD QD LRQDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFe
6HGLXO UHDO HVWH GHILQLW vQ DUW DOLQ FD ILLQG ORFXO XQGH VH DIO FHQWUXO SULQFLSDO GH
FRQGXFHUH L GH JHVWLXQH D DFWLYLW LL VWDWXWDUH FKLDU GDF KRWUkULOH RUJDQXOXL UHVSHFWLY VXQW
6WDWXWXO RUJDQLF GHQXPLW XQHRUL L VWDWXWXO SHUVRQDO DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH FDUH HVWH
FkUPXLW GH OHJHD QD LRQDO D DFHVWHLD FRQVWLWXLH R LQVWLWX LH MXULGLF FRPSOH[ FDUH VXEVXPHD]
WRWDOLWDWHD HOHPHQWHORU
D FDSDFLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH 'HRDUHFH OHJHD QX GLVWLQJH YRU IL VXSXVH OHJLL QD LRQDOH D
SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH DWkW FDSDFLWDWHD GH IRORVLQ
YD GHWHUPLQD vQ
special:
- elementele constitutive ale persoanelor juridice;
- PRGDOLW LOH GH FRQVWLWXLUH vQILLQ DUH D DFHVWRUD vQFHSXWXO FDSDFLW LL GH IRORVLQ
- FDSDFLWDWHD GH D vQFKHLD DFWH MXULGLFH GH D FRQWUDFWD SUHFXP L OLPLWHOH DFHVWHL FDSDFLW L
vQ VSHFLDO FRQVWLWXLUHD L DWULEX LLOH RUJDQHORU GH FRQGXFHUH DOH SHUVRDQHORU MXULGLFH UHOD LD Gintre
RUJDQHOH GH FRQGXFHUH L SHUVRDQD MXULGLF vQVL SUHFXP L GLQWUH DFHVWH RUJDQH L WHU LL FX FDUH
SHUVRDQD MXULGLF vQFKHLH DFWH MXULGLFH HWF
calitatea de asociat;
G PRGXO GH DOHJHUH FRPSHWHQ HOH L IXQF LRQDUHD RUJDQHORU GH FRQGXFHUH DOH SHUVRDQHL
juridice;
e) reprezentarea acesteia prin intermediul organelor proprii;
24
GH WHU L
CAPITOLUL 3
UNELE NORME CONFLICTUALE N MATERIA DREPTULUI FAMILIEI
1. 5HOD LLOH GH IDPLOLH FDUH vPSUHXQ FX VWDUHD FLYLO L FDSDFLWDWHD IRUPHD] VWDWXWXO
persoanei fizice sunt crmuite, n principal, de OHJHD QD LRQDO OHJHD FHW HQLHL LDU GDF
SHUVRDQD QX DUH QLFL FHW HQLH GH OHJHD GRPLFLOLXOXL VDX vQ OLSV GH FHD D UHHGLQ HL SHUVRDQHL
IL]LFH FRQIRUP SUHYHGHULORU DUW L GLQ /HJHD QU
Sec LXQHD
/HJHD DSOLFDELO FVWRULHL
1. &RQGL
&DOLILFDUHD FRQGL LLORU SULYLQG vQFKHLHUHD FVWRULHL FD ILLQG GH IRQG LQFOXVLY LPSHGLPHQWH OD
fori), confRUP
&RQGL LLOH GH IRQG FHUXWH SHQWUX vQFKHLHUHD F V WRULHL VXQW GHWHUPLQDWH GH OHJHD QD LRQDO
D ILHFUXLD GLQWUH YLLWRULL VR L DUW DOLQ 'HFL SHQWUX YDODELOLWDWHD vQFKHLHULL FVWRULHL WUHEXLH V
ILH vQGHSOLQLWH vQ PRG FXPXODWLY FRQGL LLOH GH IRQG SUHY]XWH GH OHJLOH QD LRQDOH DOH DPELORU VR L
,PSHGLPHQWHOH OD F V WRULH ILLQG FRQGL LL GH IRQG QHJDWLYH VXQW VXSXVH DFHOHLDL FRQGL LL D
Q FHHD FH SULYHWH LPSHGLPHQWHOH OD FVWRULH DUW DOLQ FRQ LQH R SUHYHGHUH GH RFURWLUH
D RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ &RQIRUP WH[WXOXL GDF OHJHD QD LRQDO D
RULFUXLD GLQWUH YLLWRULL VR L HVWH R OHJH VWULQ LDU DFHDVWD SUHYHGH XQ LPSHGLPHQW OD FVWRULH FDUH
SRWULYLW GUHSWXOXL URPkQ HVWH LQFRPSDWLELO FX OLEHUWDWHD GH D vQFKHLD R FVWRULH DFHO LPSHGLPHQW YD
IL vQOWXUDW FD LQDSOLFDELO vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH XQXO GLQWUH YLLWRULL VR L HVWH FHW HDQ URPkQ L FVWRULD VH
DOH FVWRULHL
)RUPD vQFKHLHULL FVWRULHL HVWH VXSXV OHJLL VWDWXOXL SH WHULWRULXO FUXLD VH FHOHEUHD]
DUW DOLQ (VWH DSOLFDELO DDGDU SULQFLSLXO
&VWRULD XQXL FHW HDQ URPkQ DIODW vQ VWULQWDWH SRDWH IL vQFKHLDW vQ ID D DXWRULW LORU
ORFDOH GH VWDW FRPSHWHQWH RUL vQ ID D DJHQWXOXL GLSORPDWLF VDX IXQF LRQDUXOXL FRQVXODU ILH DO
5RPkQLHL ILH DO VWDWXOXL FHOXLODOW YLLWRU VR DUW DOLQ 'HRDUHFH WH[WXO SUHYHGH SRVLbilitatea
unui
FHW HDQ URPkQ vQ VWULQWDWH GH D VH FVWRUL QXPDL vQ ID D DXWRULW LL GH VWDW VDX D DJHQWXOXL
GLSORPDWLF RUL FRQVXODU FDUH HVWH WRW XQ IXQF LRQDU GH VWDW UH]XOW
per a contrario F
R FVWRULH
DU
'LVSR]L LLOH DUW DOLQ FRQVWLWXLH R QRUP GH DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW FDUH vQOWXU GH OD DSOLFDUH QRUPD
'HRDUHFH DUW DOLQ QX GLVWLQJH R FVWRULH UHOLJLRDV D XQXL FHW HDQ URPkQ DIODW vQ
MXULGLFH FVWRULHL UHOLJLRDVH L FKLDU GDF DFHDVW OHJH DU IL OHJHD QD LRQDO D FHOXLODOW VR
Q FD]XO vQ FDUH FVWRULD VH vQFKHLH vQ ID D DJHQWXOXL GLSORPDWLF VDX IXQF LRQDUXOXL FRQVXODU
DO 5RPkQLHL HD HVWH VXSXV FRQGL LLORU GH IRUP DOH OHJLL URPkQH DUW DOLQ
3. 5HOD
$UW DOLQ L GLQ /HJHD QU SUHYHGH F UHOD LLOH SHUVRQDOH L SDWULPRQLDOH GLQWUH
succesiv L DQXPH
D OHJLL QD LRQDOH FRPXQH D VR LORU 3HQWUX D VH DSOLFD DFHDVW OHJH HVWH QHFHVDU FD DPELL
VR L V ILH FHW HQL URPkQL VDX FHW HQL VWULQL DL DFHOXLDL VWDW
E OHJLL GRPLFLOLXOXL FRPXQ DO VR LORU vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH HL DX FHW HQLL GHRVHELWH 'HRDUHFH
OHJHD DGRSW FD SXQFW GH OHJWXU GRPLFLOLXO FRPXQ HVWH LQGLIHUHQW GDF VR LL ORFXLHVF vQ IDSW
vPSUHXQ VDX VHSDUDW
F vQ OLSV GH FHW HQLH FRPXQ VDX GH GRPLFLOLX FRPXQ OHJLL VWDWXOXL SH WHULWRULXO FUHLD
VR LL DX RUL DX DYXW UHHGLQ D FRPXQ VDX FX FDUH vQWUH LQ vQ FRPXQ FHOH PDL VWUkQVH OHJWXUL
4. 'LYRU
XO
'XS FXP UH]XOW GLQ SUHYHGHULOH DUW GLYRU XO HVWH FkUPXLW GH OHJHD DSOLFDELO HIHFWHORU
FVWRULHL UHOD LLORU SHUVRQDOH L SDWULPRQLDOH GLQWUH VR L GXS GLVWLQF LLOH GLQ DUW DOLQ L
$DGDU GLYRU XO YD IL VXSXV OHJLL QD LRQDOH FRPXQH D VR LORU VDX vQ VXEVLGLDU OHJLL GRPLFLOLXOXL ORU
25
GHRDUHFH HVWH YRUED GH XQ SURFHV FH SULYHWH VWDUHD FLYLO D XQXL FHW HDQ URPkQ LQVWDQ D VWULQ
WUHEXLH V UHVSHFWH GH SULQFLSLX QRUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH GLQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ DGLF
FHOH GLQ DUW vQ FD] FRQWUDU KRWUkUHD GH GLYRU VWULQ QHSXWkQG IL UHFXQRVFXW vQ 5RPkQLD
conform diVSR]L LLORU DUW DOLQ GLQ /HJHD QU
$UW DOLQ FRQIHU FDUDFWHU GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GLVSR]L LLORU OHJLL URPkQH SULYLQG
DGPLVLELOLWDWHD GLYRU XOXL SH ED]D XQRU PRWLYH WHPHLQLFH FDUH QX VXQW vQV H[FHVLY GH UHVWULFWLYH
Astfel, textul SUHYHGH F GDF OHJHD VWULQ GHWHUPLQDW FRQIRUP DUW DOLQ QX SHUPLWH GLYRU XO
RUL vO DGPLWH vQ FRQGL LL GHRVHELW GH UHVWULFWLYH VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH XQXO GLQWUH
VR L HVWH OD GDWD FHUHULL GH GLYRU FHW HDQ URPkQ
5. NulitDWHD FVWRULHL
&RQIRUP DUW DOLQ OHJHD FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD] FHULQ HOH OHJDOH SHQWUX vQFKHLHUHD
FVWRULHL VH SURQXQ
1);
E QXOLWDWHD FVtoriei
pentru nerespectarea
la ncheierea ei se
regit
actum) sau cu legea agentului diplomatic ori consular care a instrumenta-o (auctor regit actum).
SURQXQ
FRQGL LLORU GH IRUP SRDWH IL DGPLV vQ 5RPkQLD QXPDL GDF VDQF LXQHD QXOLW LL HVWH SUHY]XW L GH
OHJHD URPkQ DUW DOLQ
2EVHUYD LL
a) textXO QX SXQH FRQGL LD FD FHO SX LQ XQXO GLQWUH VR L V ILH FHW HDQ URPkQ
QXOLWDWHD SURQXQ DW SULQ KRWUkUHD VWULQ QX VH UHFXQRDWH vQ 5RPkQLD GHL vQ VWULQWDWH
FVWRULD HVWH OHJDO DQXODW
FRQGL LLORU GH IRQG SUHY]XWH GH OHJHD VWULQ FKLDU GDF DFHVWH FRQGL LL QX VXQW DGPLVH L GH OHJHD
URPkQ
(IHFWHOH QXOLW LL FVWRULHL VXQW VXSXVH FD L FD]XULOH GH QXOLWDWH OHJLL FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD]
FHULQ HOH OHJDOH SHQWUX vQFKHLHUHD FVWRULHL GXS FXP SUHYHGH DUW DOLQ
CAPITOLUL 4
1.
ale DFWXOXL
IRQG SULYLQG vQFKHLHUHD IRUPDUHD DFWXOXL MXULGLF HIHFWHOH H[HFXWDUHD WUDQVPLWHUHD L VWLQJHUHD
REOLJD LLORU UH]XOWDWH GLQ DFWXO MXULGLF VXQW VXSXVH OHJLL DFWXOXL lex
'H UHJXO OHJHD DFWXOXL FRQWUDFWXOXL HVWH DOHDV GH SU L SULQ YRLQ D ORU FD] vQ FDUH HVWH
lex voluntatis
privind
OHJHD DSOLFDELO IRQGXOXL DFWXOXL MXULGLF FRQWUDFWXOXL DFHVWD HVWH ORFDOL]DW vQ VIHUD XQXL VLVWHP GH
GUHSW vQ IXQF LH GH FULWHULL RELHFWLYH VWDELOLWH GH OHJH
2. Lex voluntatis
D SU LORU VDX SULQFLSLXOXL OLEHUW LL FRQWUDFWXDOH FDUH JXYHUQHD] FRQGL LLOH GH
IRQG DOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF vQ JHQHUDO DUW &FLY Q WHPHLXO DFHVWXL SULQFLSLX DD FXP SU LOH VXQW
OLEHUH V SUHFL]H]H FRQ LQXWXO DFWXOXL MXULGLF HOH SRW WRWRGDW V GHWHUPLQH VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW FDUH
DXWRQRPLHL GH YRLQ
/HJHD YRLQ HL SU LL SU LORU VH DSOLF WXWXURU DFWHORU MXULGLFH DWkW XQLODWHUDOH FkW L ELODWHUDOH
FRQWUDFWHORU $VWIHO FRQIRUP GLVSR]L LLORU DUW DOLQ GLQ /HJHD QU &RQGL LLOH GH IRQG
DOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF XQLODWHUDO VXQW VWDELOLWH GH OHJHD DOHDV GH FWUH DXWRUXO VX LDU vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH
FX FHOH DOH DUW &RQWUDFWXO HVWH VXSXV OHJLL DOHVH SULQ FRQVHQV GH SU L
26
n ceea
FH SULYHWH FRQWUDFWHOH
lex voluntatis
SULPRUGLDO WXWXURU FRQWUDFWHORU VSHFLDOH OD FDUH VH UHIHU /HJHD QU $VWIHO vQ FD]XO
FRQWUDFWXOXL VH DSOLF QXPDL vQ OLSVD XQHL OHJL FRQYHQLWH GH SU L VDX R DOW IRUPXO HFKLYDOHQW
3RVLELOLWDWHD SU LORU GH D GHVHPQD SULQ YRLQ D ORU OHJHD DSOLFDELO DFWXOXL MXULGLF
izvorul
FRQWUDFWXOXL vL DUH
SUHY]XW GH DUW DOLQ L GLQ /HJHD QU FDUH SHUPLWH FD YRLQ D SU LORU V
FRQVWLWXLH SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU vQ PDWHULD FRQGL LLORU GH IRQG DOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF ,PSOLFLW
L OLPLWHOH vQ FDGUXO FURUD YRLQ D SU LORU GH SRDWH PDQLIHVWD vQ PRG YDODELO
lex fori
LQGLF
2ELHFWXO YRLQ HL S U LORU vO FRQVWLWXLH vQV L OHJHD DSOLFDELO UHVSHFWLY VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DO
D SU LOH SULQ DFRUGXO ORU QX SRW WULPLWH GHFkW OD XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW QD LRQDO SHQWUX D IL
E GHRDUHFH RELHFWXO YRLQ HL SU LORU vO FRQVWLWXLH vQVL OHJHD DSOLFDELO DFWXOXL LQVWDQ D
WUHEXLH V UHVSHFWH DOHJHUHD SU LORU GDF GHVLJXU QX H[LVW DOWH PRWLYH OHJDOH GH D R FHQ]XUD
vQFOFDUHD RUGLQLL SXEOLFH IUDXGD OD OHJH HWF 'HFL ORFDOL]DUHD FRQWUDFWXOXL SH FULWHULL RELHFWLYH QX
SRDWH RSHUD GHFkW vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH QX H[LVW
4. ModalLW
lex voluntatis.
D Q DFHDVW PDWHULH VXQW DSOLFDELOH GLVSR]L LLOH DUW GLQ /HJHD QU FRQIRUP
FURUD $OHJHUHD OHJLL DSOLFDELOH FRQWUDFWXOXL WUHEXLH V ILH H[SUHV RUL V UH]XOWH QHvQGRLHOQLF GLQ
H[SULPDUH D YRLQ HL SU LORU SULYLQG DOHJHUHD OHJLL DSOLFDELOH L DQXPH DOHJHUHD H[SUHV L WDFLW
b)
FRQVW
$OHJHUHD H[SUHV
sensul
DOHJHULL OHJLL DSOLFDELOH FRQWUDFWXOXL DFHDVWD ILLQG VLWXD LD UHJXO vQ SUDFWLF ILH vQ vQFKHLHUHD GH
&ODX]D FRQWUDFWXDO FXSULQV vQ FRQWUDFWXO SULQFLSDO VDX FRQYHQ LD VHSDUDW SULQ FDUH SU LOH
/HJHD DSOLFDELO
electio juris.
FODX] GH
PkQWXOXL
SU LORU UHIHULWRU OD OHJHD DSOLFDELO FRQWUDFWXOXL VXQW GHWHUPLQDWH GH vQVL OHJHD SH FDUH DX DOHV-o".
2 H[FHS LH GH OD DFHDVW UHJXO HVWH SUHY]XW vQ DOLQ GLQ DUW GDF OHJHD DOHDV GH
SU L GHFODU QHYDODELO DOHJHUHD DVWIHO FRQYHQLW FRQWUDFWXO YD IL FkUPXLW GH OHJHD FDUH UH]XOW GLQ
interpretare a actelor juULGLFH FRQVDFUDW GH DUW &FLY FRQIRUP FUXLD DFWXO VH LQWHUSUHWHD] vQ
sensul de a produce efecte juridice, iar nu n acela de a nu produce.
$OHJHUHD H[SUHV GH FWUH SU L D OHJLL DSOLFDELOH FRQWUDFWXOXL ORU poate fi, la rndul ei, de
GRX IHOXUL GLUHFW DWXQFL FkQG SU LOH L-DX H[SULPDW YRLQ D H[SOLFLW vQ FKLDU FRQWUDFWXO SULQFLSDO
VDX VHSDUDW L LQGLUHFW vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH SU LOH DX IFXW UHIHULUH vQ FRQWUDFWXO ORU OD XQ FRQWUDFW WLS
FRQGL LL JHQHUDOH X]DQ H FRGLILFDWH HWF SH FDUH
FODX] GH DOHJHUH D OHJLL DSOLFDELOH
c) Alegerea
le-DX
L FDUH FXSULQG R
n cazul n care
DFHDVW DOHJHUH UH]XOW QHvQGRLHOQLF ILH GLQ FXSULQVXO FRQWUDFWXOXL ILH GLQ FLUFXPVWDQ H DUW
'LQ
DFHVW WH[W VH GHGXFH LGHHD F RUJDQXO GH MXULVGLF LH SRDWH DSUHFLD YRLQ D WDFLW D
SU LORU GXS HOHPHQWH VXELHFWLYH ILH LQWULQVHFL FRQWUDFWXOXL ILH H[WHULRDUH DFHVWXLD FX R VLQJXU
FRQGL LH JHQHUDO FD GLQ DFHVWHD V UH]XOWH QHvQGRLHOQLF YRLQ D SU LORU GH GHVHPQDUH D XQXL DQXPLW
- LQYRFDUHD GH FWUH R SDUWH UHFODPDQW FD WHPHL MXULGLF DO DF LXQLL VDOH D OHJLL XQXL DQXPLW
VWDW L DFFHSWDUHD LPSOLFLW D DFHVWXLD GH FWUH FHDODOW SDUWH SkUkW FDUH ILH F QX VH RSXQH ILH
F LQYRF HD vQVL vQ DSUDUH SUHYHGHULOH DFHOHLDL OHJL
5. /LPLWHOH OLEHUW
'LQ DUW DO /HJLL QU FDUH SUHYHGH IU QLFL R GLVWLQF LH F DVSHFWHOH GH IRQG DOH
FRQWUDFWXOXL VXQW VXSXVH OHJLL DOHVH GH SU L SULQ FRQVHQV UH]XOW F vQ SULQFLSLX DFHVWHD DX
GHSOLQ OLEHUWDWH vQ DOHJHUHD OHJLL FDUH V OH JXYHUQH]H FRQWUDFWXO $VWIHO SU LOH SRW VWDELOL FD
DSOLFDELO QX QXPDL XQD GLQWUH OHJLOH FDUH DX R OHJWXU RELHFWLY PDWHULDO UHDO FX FRQWUDFWXO FL
L RULFH DOW OHJe.
/LEHUWDWHD SU LORU vQ DOHJHUHD OHJLL DSOLFDELOH FRQWUDFWXOXL QX HVWH WRWXL QHOLPLWDW /LPLWHOH
generale
L DQXPH vQFOFDUHD RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW L IUDXGD OD OHJH L E
FDUH FRQVWDX vQ H[FHS LL GH OD SULQFLSLXO OLEHUW LL GH YRLQ
n ceHD
limitele generale
FH SULYHWH
FDUH QH UHIHULP L DQXPH DFHHD FkQG OHJHD DSOLFDELO HVWH H[SUHVLD YRLQ HL SU LORU lex
voluntatis). Cu toate acestea, Legea nr. 105/1992, n art. 101, prevede un caz special de limitare a
YRLQ HL SU LORU vQ PDWHULD FRQWUDFWXOXL GH PXQF FDUH FRQVWLWXLH R H[SUHVLH D DSOLFULL H[FHS LHL GH
RUGLQH SXEOLF vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW &RQIRUP WH[WXOXL PHQ LRQDW OHJHD FRQYHQLW GH SU L
RFURWLULL SH FDUH R DVLJXU VDODULDWXOXL GLVSR]L LLOH LPSHUDWLYH DOH OHJLL DSOLFDELOH vQ OLSVD XQHL DWDUH
alegeri.
Limitele speciale
contractului sunt:
voluntatis
aplicabile fondului
QHYDODELO DFHDVW OHJH YD IL vQOWXUDW GH OD DSOLFDUH LDU FRQWUDFWXO YD IL ORFDOL]DW GXS FULWHULL
E R OLPLWDUH FRQVDFUDW GH SUDFWLFD MXULVGLF LRQDO FDUH RSHUHD] vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH VLVWHPXO
GH GUHSW DOHV GH SU L HVWH DEVROXW LPSURSULX GH D UHJOHPHQWD FRQWUDFWXO GHRDUHFH QX FRQ LQH
UHJOHPHQWUL DGHFYDWH
6.
D DFWXOXL MXULGLF
RELHFWLY
D 2UJDQXO GH MXULVGLF LH SRDWH SURFHGD OD ORFDOL]DUHD XQXL DFW MXULGLF GXS FUiterii
obiective,
vQ VIHUD XQXL DQXPLW VLVWHP GH GUHSW QXPDL vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH SU LOH QX DX GHVHPQDW HOH vQVHOH OHJHD
DSOLFDELO DFWXOXL MXULGLF FD
lex voluntatis
FDUDFWHU VXEVLGLDU ID
Q FHHD FH SULYHWH FRQWUDFWHOH DUW DOLQ SUHYHGH F DFHVWHD VXQW VXSXVH ORFDOL]ULL
stabilite de lege,
lex voluntatis
vQ IXQF LH GH FDUH DFWXO MXULGLF HVWH SODVDW vQ VIHUD XQXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW vQ OLSVD XQHL
DOHVH GH SU L
DQXPH H[LVWHQ D OHJWXULORU FHOH PDL VWUkQVH vQWUH DFWXO MXULGLF L XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW - SUHFXP L PDL
PXOWH FULWHULL VXEVLGLDUH FDUH VXQW ORFXO vQFKHLHULL DFWXOXL ORFXO H[HFXWULL FRQWUDFWXOXL DD FXP YRP
FX FDUH DFWXO MXULGLF SUH]LQW OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH $FHDVW OHJH HVWH DSOLFDELO vQ OLSVD XQHL
OHJL DOHVH GH SU L DWkW vQ FD]XO DFWHORU MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH FkW L DO FRQWUDFWHORU
d) No LXQHD
GH OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH HVWH FDOLILFDW vQ GRX DOLQHDWH FDUH H[SULP
A. n primul rnd
F XQ FRQWUDFW SUH]LQW
OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH FX OHJHD VWDWXOXL vQ FDUH GHELWRUXO SUHVWD LHL FDUDFWHULVWLFH DUH OD GDWD
vQFKHLHULL FRQWUDFWXOXL GXS FD] GRPLFLOLXO VDX vQ OLSV UHHGLQ D RUL IRQGXO GH FRPHU VDX VHGLXO
statutar".
OHJHD GHILQHWH QR LXQHD GH OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH QXPDL SHQWUX FRQWUDFWH DUW
alin. 2 referindu-VH
unilaterale;
28
SXQFWHOH GH OHJWXU UHOHYDQWH SHQWUX GHELWRUXO SUHVWD LHL FDUDFWHULVWLFH VXQW GXS FD]
GRPLFLOLXO VDX vQ OLSV UHHGLQ D SHQWUX SHUVRDQHOH IL]LFH VHGLXO SHQWUX SHUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH L ORFXO
XQGH VH DIO IRQGXO GH FRPHU SHQWUX FRPHUFLDQ L SHUVRDQH IL]LFH VDX MXULGLFH Q VLWXD LD vQ FDUH
SHQWUX DFHODL GHELWRU VXQW LQFLGHQWH PDL PXOWH SXQFWH GH OHJWXU DFHVWHD VXQW DOWHUQDWLYH
RUJDQXO GH MXULVGLF LH XUPULQG V VWDELOHDVF FX FDUH GLQWUH HOH FRQWUDFWXO DUH vQ FRQFUHW
OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH
QR LXQHD GH SUHVWD LH FDUDFWHULVWLF HVWH GHILQLW vQ DUW SH ED]D XQHL SUH]XP LL
legale relative.
B. n al doilea rnd,
WHPSRUDU
DVXSUD XQXL LPRELO DUH OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH FX OHJHD VWDWXOXL XQGH DFHVWD VH DIO VLWXDW
$DGDU SHQWUX WRDWH DVSHFWHOH SULYLQG FRQGL LLOH GH IRQG L HIHFWHOH XQXL DVHPHQHD FRQWUDFW
numai pentru regimul juridic al imobilului care IDFH RELHFWXO VX - VH YD DSOLFD OHJHD ORFXOXL
bunului (lex rei sitae).
n acest caz, legea instituie o SUH]XP LH OHJDO DEVROXW vQ VHQVXO F XQ FRQWUDFW
- iar nu
VLWXULL
SULYLQG
XQ GUHSW UHDO LPRELOLDU HVWH FHO PDL VWUkQV OHJDW SULQ QDWXUD RELHFWXOXL VX FX OHJHD VLWXD LHL
bunului.
H 6H FRQVLGHU F XQ FRQWUDFW DUH OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH FX OHJHD VWDWXOXL vQ FDUH
debitorul SUHVWD
3UHVWD LD SU LL FDUH vQ WHPHLXO XQXL FRQWUDFW WUDQVODWLY SUHFXP YkQ]DUHD VDX DOWHOH
GLVSR]L LD XQHL SHUVRDQH SH R GXUDW GH WLPS GHWHUPLQDW IRORVLQ D XQXL EXQ HWF
I 3UHYHGHULOH DUW DOLQ GLQ /HJHD QU FDUH FDOLILF QR LXQHD GH SUHVWD LH
caracteriVWLF
DX FDUDFWHUXO XQHL SUH]XP LL OHJDOH UHODWLYH FDUDFWHU FH UH]XOW GLQ DUW DOLQ
FRQIRUP FUXLD 3UH]XP LLOH VWDELOLWH vQ DOLQHDWXO SUHFHGHQW SRW IL vQOWXUDWH GDF SDUWHD LQWHUHVDW
IDFH GRYDGD F GLQ FLUFXPVWDQ H UH]XOW F H[LVW OHJWXUL Pai
stat".
Q FRQVHFLQ
SDUWHD LQWHUHVDW SRDWH SURED F GDWH ILLQG vPSUHMXUULOH FRQFUHWH DOH VSH HL
FRQWUDFWXO SUH]LQW OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH FX OHJHD DOWXL VWDW GHFkW FHO LQGLFDW OD DUW DOLQ
"CiUFXPVWDQ HOH
FRQWUDFWXOXL vQ VIHUD DOWXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW GHFkW FHO UH]XOWDW SULQ DSOLFDUHD DUW DOLQ XUPHD] D
IL VWDELOLWH GH FWUH RUJDQXO GH MXULVGLF LH vQ IXQF LH GH
GRPLFLOLXO RUL UHHGLQ D IRQGXO GH FRPHU VDX VHGLXO VRFLDO vQ DFHODL VWDW FHHD FH SRDWH
determina
RUJDQXO GH MXULVGLF LH V ORFDOL]H]H FRQWUDFWXO vQ VIHUD VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW DO DFHOXL VWDW Q DFHVW FD]
GHVLJXU FDUDFWHUXO LQWHUQD LRQDO DO FRQWUDFWXOXL WUHEXLH V UH]XOWH GLQ DOWH HOHPHQWH GH H[WUDQHLWDWH
GLQWUH
OHJLOH
vQ
FRQIOLFW
XQD
FXQRDWH
UHJOHPHQWHD] WLSXO UHVSHFWLY GH FRQWUDFW LDU FHDODOW QX VDX XQD YDOLGHD] FRQWUDFWXO vQ vQWUHJXO
VX LDU FHDODOW QX Q DFHVW FD] RUJDQXO GH MXULVGLF LH SRDWH DSUHFLD F H[LVW XQ LQGLFLX VHULRV GH
locDOL]DUH RELHFWLY D FRQWUDFWXOXL vQ VIHUD VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW FDUH FXQRDWH UHVSHFWLY YDOLGHD]
contractul.
ntre indiciile de localizare a contractului nu se poate face a priori o ierarhie de valoare
(sau de prioritate). Aplicarea unuia sau altuia dintrH DFHVWH LQGLFLL WUHEXLH OVDW H[FOXVLY OD OXPLQLOH
L vQ HOHSFLXQHD MXGHFWRUXOXL VDX DUELWUXOXL DUW &FLY
J /HJHD ORFXOXL vQFKHLHULL DFWXOXL VH DSOLF
h) &RQGL
a contractelor.
n subsidiar
D FRQWUDFWXOXL
Q SULQFLSLX OHJHD FRQWUDFWXOXL HVWH FHD FDUH VWDELOHWH FRQGL LLOH GH IRQG SHQWUX vQFKHLHUHD
YDODELO D XQXL FRQWUDFW DGLF HQXPHU DFHVWH FRQGL LL HOHPHQWH L LQGLF GDF UHVSHFWLYXO
FRQWUDFW VH FRQVLGHU vQFKHLDW L HVWH YDODELO
Lex contractus
fond a
fi
FRQWUDFWXOXL FRQWHVWDW GH FWUH XQD GLQWUH SU L VH GHWHUPLQ vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX OHJHD FDUH L V-ar
DSOLFDW GDF HUD VRFRWLW FD YDODELO $FHVW DUWLFRO VH UHIHU OD H[LVWHQ D L YDODELOLWDWHD GH IRQG D
29
&RQGL LLOH GH IRQG DOH FRQWUDFWXOXL SRW IL VXSXVH VDX QX OHJLL FRQWUDFWXOXL vQ IXQF LH GH
A. Capacitatea de a contracta
LQFLGHQ D OHJLL FRQWUDFWXOXL FL D OHJLL SHUVRQDOH D SU LL vQ FDX] vQ WHPHLXO DUW SHQWUX SHUVRDQHOH
HOHPHQWH UDSRUWXO GLQWUH YRLQ D LQWHUQ UHDO L FHD GHFODUDW FRQGL LLOH L YLFLLOH FRQVLP
PHFDQLVPXO IRUPULL FRQVLP
PkQWXOXL
PkQWXOXL
FRQWUDFW D XQRU FODX]H VSHFLILFH SUHFXP FHOH GH HYLWDUH D ULVFXULORU YDOXWDUH L QHYDOXWDUH D FODX]HL
GH LPSUHYL]LXQH KDUGVKLS HWF L UHJLPXO DFHVWRUD
& &RQGL LLOH de validitate ale obiectului FRQWUDFWXOXL L DOH cauzei acestuia sunt supuse
legii contractului.
Regimul juridic al bunului (care constituie "obiectul derivat" sau "obiectul obiectului"
FRQWUDFWXOXL HVWH vQV VXSXV OHJLL ORFXOXL VLWXULL EXQXOXL FRQIRUP art. 49 din Legea nr. 105/1992.
i) Executarea contractului FDGH GH UHJXO VXE LQFLGHQ D OHJLL IRQGXOXL FRQWUDFWXOXL 3ULQ
H[FHS LH SHQWUX DQXPLWH DVSHFWH SULYLQG H[HFXWDUHD VH DSOLF R DOW OHJH
GH GHVSULQGHUH GLQ SUHYHGHULOH DUW DOLQ OLW F FRQIRUP FURUD OHJHD DSOLFDELO IRQGXOXL OLWLJLXOXL
VH DSOLF FRQVHFLQ HORU QHH[HFXWULL WRWDOH VDX SDU LDOH D REOLJD LLORU L]YRUkWH GLQ FRQWUDFW SUHFXP L
CAPITOLUL V
NORMELE CONFLICTUALE PRIVIND FORMA
ACTULUI JURIDIC
/HJHD QU vQ DUW UHJOHPHQWHD] R QRUP FRQIOLFWXDO SULQFLSDO L PDL
IRUPHL GDF vQGHSOLQHWH FRQGL LLOH SUHY]XWH GH XQD GLQ XUPWRDUHOH OHJL
a) legea locului unde a fost ntocmit. n acest caz, se face aplicarea regulii locus regit
actum;
FRQVLP LW $FHDVW OHJH VH DSOLF QXPDL SHQWUX DFWHOH MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH
F OHJHD DSOLFDELO SRWULYLW GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW DO DXWRULW LL FDUH H[DPLQHD]
$WkW GLVSR]L LLOH DUW DOLQ OD FDUH WULPLWH DUW DOLQ FDUH VH UHIHU H[SUHV OD
FRQWUDFWH FkW L FHOH DOH DUW DOLQ FX H[FHS LD SUHYHGHULL GH OD OLW E FDUH VXQW FRPSDWLELOH
QXPDL FX DFWHOH MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH VH DSOLF DWkW DFWHORU MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH FkW L FHORU ELODWHUDOH
DOW SUHFL]DUH RU XQGH OHJHD QX GLVWLQJH QLFL FHO FDUH R LQWHUSUHWHD] QX WUHEXLH V GLVWLQJ
$UW GLQ /HJHD QU FRQ LQH SUHYHGHUL VSHFLDOH FX SULYLUH OD OHJHD DSOLFDELO
FRQGL LLORU GH IRUP DOH FRQWUDFWHORU DFWH MXULGLFH ELODWHUDOH L vQ DFHVW FD] OHJHD FRQVDFU R QRUP
&RQIRUP GLVSR]L LLORU DUW DOLQ FRQWUDFWXO HVWH VXSXV FRQGL LLORU GH IRUP VWDELOLWH GH
OHJHD SUHY]XW GH DUW DOLQ FDUH VH DSOLF vQ PRG FRUHVSXQ]WRU $DGDU vQ SULQFLSDO
FRQGL LLOH GH IRUP DOH FRQWUDFWXOXL VXQW JXYHUQDWH GH DFHHDL OHJH FD L DFWHOH MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH
L DQXPH FHD FDUH FkUPXLHWH L IRQGXO DFWXOXL
&D VXEVLGLDU DUW DOLQ SUHYHGH F XQ FRQWUDFW VH FRQVLGHU YDODELO GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH
DO IRUPHL GDF
D SU LOH FDUH VH JVHVF OD GDWD FkQG O-DX vQFKHLDW vQ VWDWH GLIHULWH DX vQGHSOLQLW FRQGL LLOH
E UHSUH]HQWDQWXO SU LL D vQGHSOLQLW FRQGL LLOH GH IRUP DOH VWDWXOXL XQGH V-a
aflat n
Ca o
UHPDUF
JHQHUDO YDODELO
FRQWUDFWH FRQVWDWP F GHL /HJHD QU DFRUG SULRULWDWH vQ DSOLFDUH FX SULYLUH OD IRUP
OHJLL FDUH JXYHUQHD] IRQGXO DFWXOXL
FD UHJXO DFWXO YD IL YDODELO GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH IRUPDO GDF vQGHSOLQHWH FRQGL LLOH RULFUHLD GLQ
OHJLOH PHQ LRQDWH GH DUW UHVSHFWLY Q DFHVW IHO VH IDFH DSOLFDUHD
CAPITOLUL VI
KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ QX SRDWH DYHD vQV HILFDFLWDWH vQ DFHOHDL FRQGL LL FD L R KRWUkUH
GDW GH R LQVWDQ
H[HFXWRULH L
DFHD KRWUkUH Q JHQHUDO vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH FHO FDUH D SLHUGXW SURFHVXO QX H[HFXW GH EXQYRLH
REOLJD LD KRWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF HVWH LQYHVWLW FX IRUPXO H[HFXWRULH L VH SURFHGHD] OD
exHFXWDUHD
VLOLW )RU D H[HFXWRULH D XQHL KRWUkUL MXGHFWRUHWL DUH XQ FDUDFWHU VWULFW WHULWRULDO
QHSXWkQG RSHUD GH SOLQ GUHSW SH WHULWRULXO DOWXL VWDW GHFkW DFHOD D FUXL LQVWDQ
D LQYHVWLW KRWUkUHD
H[HFXWRULH
H[HFXWDUHD GDF VH RE LQH
exequatur-ul.
+RWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ SURGXFH HIHFWH vQ DOW DU GDF VH vQGHSOLQHVF FHULQ HOH
stabLOLWH
GH OHJHD VWDWXOXL XQGH VH LQYRF DFHOH HIHFWH $FHVWH FHULQ H OHJDOH FRQVWDX GH UHJXO vQ
Q DQXPLWH FRQGL LL R KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ SRDWH V SURGXF XQHOH HIHFWH L
2. 1R
LXQHD GH UHFXQRDWHUH.
executarea acestora.
3H GH DOW SDUWH H[LVW GRX IHOXUL GH UHFXQRDWHUH D GH SOLQ GUHSW E SULQ KRWUkUH
QU SUHYHGH F KRWUkULOH MXGHFWRUHWL VWULQH SRW IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQ 5RPkQLD VSUH D
EHQHILFLD GH SXWHUHD OXFUXOXL MXGHFDW Q DFHVW FD] HVWH YRUED GH UHFXQRDWHUHD SULQ KRWUkUH
3.
5HFXQRDWHUHD GH GUHSW 5HFXQRDWHUHD KRW UkULORU MXGHF WRUHWL VWU LQH LQWHUYLQH GH
SOLQ GUHSW vQ XUPWRDUHOH FRQGL LL DUW GLQ /HJHD QU
D VH UHIHU OD VWDWXWXO FLYLO DO FHW HQLORU VWDWXOXL XQGH DX IRVW SURQXQ DWH
E VDX KRWUkULOH MXGHFWRUHWL VWULQH UHIHULWRDUH OD VWDWXWXO FLYLO DO FHW HQLORU VWDWXOXL GH
FHW HQLH ILLQG SURQXQ DWH vQWU-XQ VWDW WHU DX IRVW UHFXQRVFXWH PDL vQWkL vQ VWDWXO GH FHW HQLH DO
ILHFUHL SU L
GRPLFLOLXO vQ VWDWXO FDUH D SURQXQ DW-R SULQ DSOLFDUHD OHJLL GRPLFLOLXOXL DFHDVWD EHQHILFLD] GH
UHFXQRDWHUHD GH SOLQ GUHSW GDF HVWH PDL vQWkL UHFXQRVFXW GH VWDWXO FHW HQLHL DFHOHL SHUVRDQH
UHFXQRDWHUH GH GUHSW SRW IL UHFXQRVFXWH SULQ KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF URPkQ GDF VXQW
FXPXODWLY XUPWRDUHOH FRQGL LL
ndeplinite
D KRWUkUHD HVWH GHILQLWLY SRWULYLW OHJLL VWDWXOXL XQGH D IRVW SURQXQ DW
E LQVWDQ D FDUH D SURQXQ DW-R D DYXW SRWULYLW OHJLL
EVWH
YRUED DWkW GH FRPSHWHQ D GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW D LQVWDQ HL UHVSHFWLYH FkW L GH
aspecte;
la
31
B.
5HIX]XO
UHFXQRDWHULL
E KRWUkUHD VWULQ vQFDOF RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ XQ
DVHPHQHD WHPHL GH UHIX] vO FRQVWLWXLH L vQFOFDUHD GLVSR]L LLORU OHJDOH SULYLWRDUH OD FRPSHWHQ D
H[FOXVLY D MXULVGLF LHL URPkQH
F SURFHVXO D IRVW VROX LRQDW vQWUH DFHOHDL SU L SULQWU-R KRWUkUH FKLDU QHGHILQLWLY D
LQVWDQ HORU URPkQH VDX VH DIO vQ FXUV GH MXGHFDW vQ ID D DFHVWRUD OD GDWD VHVL]ULL LQVWDQ HL VWULQH
R DOW OHJH GHFkW DFHD DUWDW GH GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ DIDU QXPDL GDF SURFHVXO
SULYHWH VWDUHD FLYLO L FDSDFLWDWHD XQXL FHW HDQ URPkQ LDU VROX LD DGRSWDW GLIHU GH FHD OD FDUH
IRU
H[HFXWRULH vQWRFPDL FD L
Exequatur-XO
exequatur-ul.
KRWUkULL MXGHFWRUHWL VWULQH GH LQVWDQ HOH VWDWXOXL SH WHULWRULXO FUXLD VH FHUH H[HFXWDUHD KRWUkUHD
MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ HVWH GHFODUDW H[HFXWRULH /HJHD QU IDFH YRUELUH DUW DOLQ
GH
H[HFXWDUHD
KRWUkULL
VWULQH
SH
WHULWRULXO
URPkQ
SH
ED]D
vQFXYLLQ
ULL
GDWH
GH
LQVWDQ D
MXGHFWRUHDVF URPkQ FRPSHWHQW $FHDVW vQFXYLLQ DUH exequatur-XO LQWHUYLQH GDF KRWUkUHD
3H WHULWRULXO URPkQ QX SRW IL SXVH vQ H[HFXWDUH XUPWRDUHOH KRWUkUL VWULQH DUW DOLQ
exequatur-XO
SHQWUX RE LQHUHD
exequatur-ului.
acordarea
MXGHFWRUHWL VWULQH 3RWULYLW DUW GLQ /HJHD QU FRQGL LLOH SHQWUX DFRUGDUHD IRU HL
H[HFXWRULL XQHL KRWUkUL MXGHFWRUHWL VWULQH vQ DUD QRDVWU VXQW
D
KRWUkUHD
HVWH
GDW
GH
LQVWDQ
MXGHFWRUHDVF
FRPSHWHQW
KRWUkUH
MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ SURQXQ DW FX vQFOFDUHD FRPSHWHQ HL H[FOXVLYH D MXULVGLF LHL URPkQH QX
SRDWH IL H[HFXWDW vQ 5RPkQLD 6ROX LD HVWH H[SUHV SUHY]XW GH
E KRWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF HVWH H[HFXWRULH SRWULYLW OHJLL FDUH VH DSOLF SH WHULWRULXO XQGH D
IRVW SURQXQ DW 1X SRW IL H[HFXWDWH SH WHULWRULXO 5RPkQLHL KRWUkULOH VWULQH SULQ FDUH V-DX OXDW PVXUL
DVLJXUDWRULL L FHOH GDWH FX H[HFXWDUH SURYL]RULH DUW DOLQ GLQ /HJHD QU
privat;
SULYDW URPkQ ILH SULQ GLVSR]L LLOH HL ILH SULQ H[HFXWDUHD HL
H vQWUH
DUD QRDVWU L
executare;
I GUHSWXO GH D FHUH H[HFXWDUHD VLOLW V QX ILH SUHVFULV SRWULYLW OHJLL URPkQH DUW
VWULQH RUL R VHVL]DUH DQWHULRDU D XQHL LQVWDQ H URPkQH DUW L DUW
L V QX ILH YRUED GH R KRWUkUH vQ PDWHULH GH VWDUH FLYLO i
capacitate privind pe un
FHW HDQ URPkQ LDU VROX LD GDW SRWULYLW OHJLL GHWHUPLQDW GH GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW DO
s-D
ULL XQGH
SURQXQ DW KRWUkUHD GLIHU GH FHD OD FDUH V-DU IL DMXQV SRWULYLW OHJLL URPkQH DUW L DUW
'DF VROX LD QX GLIHU GH DFHHD SRWULYLW OHJLL URPkQH KRWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ VH SRDWH
executa n Romnia.
32
D.
exequatur.
+RWUkUHD
VDX UHFXQRDWHUH L
HVWH XQ DFW instrumentum) emanat de la o autoritate
locus regit actum, ea va avea puterea doveditoare pe care i-o confeU OHJHD
VXE LPSHULXO FUHLD D IRVW SURQXQ DW Q DFHVW VHQV DUW GLQ /HJHD QU SUHYHGH F
KRWUkUHD VWULQ GDW GH FWUH R LQVWDQ
b)
XOXL RUL UHFXQRDWHULL vQ PVXUD vQ FDUH QX FRPSRUW DFWH GH XUPULUH DVXSUD EXQXULORU VDX GH
+RWUkUHD
VWULQ
FRQVLGHUDW
ca
MXVW
FDX]
XQHOH
FD]XUL
MXGHFWRUHDVF GDW vQWU-XQ VWDW IU D FRQGXFH OD H[HFXWDUHD VLOLW vQ DOW VWDW DWUDJH
XUP
KRWUkUHD
- n acesta din
PRGLILFDUHD XQXL UDSRUW MXULGLF FDUH GDF Q-DU IL IRVW KRWUkUHD VWULQ DU IL IRVW DOWIHO
VROX LRQDW $VWIHO GH H[HPSOX GHELWRUXO FKHPDW vQ MXGHFDW SHQWUX QHSODW VH SRDWH DSUD DUWkQG
F D SOWLW XQHL DOWH SHUVRDQH GHFkW FUHGLWRUXOXL VX vQWUXFkW D IRVW REOLJDW OD DFHDVWD SULQ KRWUkUHD
VWULQ
33