Chng 4 Truyn tin s qua knh bng thng di

4.1 Phn loi k thut iu ch

4.2 iu ch ng b nh phn
4.3 iu ch ng b vung pha
4.4 iu ch khng ng b
4.5 So snh iu ch nh phn v vung pha
4.6 iu ch hng M
4.7 Ph cng sut
4.8 Hiu sut rng bng
4.9 nh hng ca ISI v m phng trn my tnh
4.10 K thut ng b
4.1 Phn loi k thut iu ch sng mang s.
Sng mang vi tn s thch hp c th tryn i xa trong mi trng truyn dn
(nh dy ng, cp ng trc, hay khong khng) Da trn vic bin i cc tham s
ca sng mang (bin , tn s hay pha) m thng tin c th truyn i xa theo yu cu
truyn tin gi l k thut iu ch sng mang. Cc k thut iu ch sng mang s c
phn loi c bn nh sau:
iu ch ng b gm:
- ng b nh phn c: ASK (t c dng), PSK, FSK
- ng b hng M c: ASK hng M, PSK hng M, FSK hng M.
V d: QPSK,QAM
iu ch khng ng b c:
- Khng ng b nh phn: ASK khng ng b, FSK khng ng b. Vi PSK
khng c khng ng b (v khng ng b c nghi l khng c thng tin v pha nn
cng khng c PSK), nhng thay vo ta c DPSK khng ng b
- Khng ng b hng M cng c vi ASK, DPSK v FSK, song phn tch ton hc
vi nhng kiu ny kh phc tp.
4.2 K thut iu ch ng b nh phn
4.2.1. PSK (Phase Shift Keying)
k thut ny pha ca sng mang l i lng mang thng tin. Cp tn hiu ng vi 1
v 0 l:
2 Eb
2 Eb
2 Eb
(4.1)
s1 (t ) =
cos(2f ct ) s2 (t ) =
cos(2f ct + ) =
cos(2f ct )
Tb
Tb
Tb
0t<Tb v Eb l nng lng tn hiu / bit. ng thi thi gian truyn mi bt phi
m bo cha mt s nguyn chu k ca sng mang nn tn s fc c chn =nc/Tb (hay
Tb/Tc=nc) vi nc l mt s nguyn c nh. Nu t
2
(4.2)
(t ) =
cos(2f ct )
Tb
Tb

l hm c s c nng lng n v: 2 (t )dt = 1

0

th:

41

s1 (t ) = Eb (t )
s2 (t ) = Eb (t )

(4.3)

0t<Tb
0t<Tb

(4.4)

Da trn l thuyt v khng gian tn hiu th h nh phn PSK (vit tt l BPSK) ng b

c khng gian tn hiu mt chiu (N=1) v 2 im bo hiu (dng sng bo hiu) (M=2).
Ta ca 2 im bo hiu tng ng vi 1 v 0 s l:
Tb

s11 = s1 (t ) (t )dt = + Eb
0

Tb

s21 = s1 (t ) (t )dt = Eb

(4.5)

S to dng sng PSK v tch tn hiu nh sau (hnh 4.2)

Hnh 4.2 S khi cho a) Pht BPSK v b) B thu BPSK ng b

quyt nh v tnh xc sut li, ta chia khng gian thnh 2 vng:
1) vng gn + Eb 2) Vng gn Eb
T tnh c xc sut li loi 1 (pht 0 li quyt nh l 1 ti ni thu), ch vng
quyt nh k hiu l 1 (tn hiu s1(t)) l
Z 1: 0<x1<
Tb

Vi

x1 = x(t ) (t )dt

(4.6)

x(t) l tn hiu thu c sau knh th hm xc sut iu kin l

1

1
f x1 ( x1 / 0) =
exp
( x1 s 21 ) 2
N 0
N0

1
exp
( x1 + Eb ) 2
N 0
N0

(4.7)
(4.8)

42

Hnh 4.1 S khng gian tn hiu cho h thng BPSK ng b

Do

Pe (0) = f x1 ( x1 / 0)dx1 =
0

1
exp
( x1 + Eb ) 2 dx1

N 0 0
N0

(4.9)

i bin tch phn

1
( x1 + Eb )
N0

z=
Ta c

Pe (0) =

exp( z

Eb / N 0

)dz =

(4.8)
Eb
1

erfc

2
N
0

(4.9)

Tng t c th tnh c xc sut li pht 1 m thu c 0 c gi tr cng nh vy.

4.2.2. FSK ng b nh phn :
Trong k thut ny i lng mang thng tin 1, 0 l 2 tn s f1 v f2 ca sng mang. Cp
sng sin biu din c m t l:
2 Eb
cos(2f it ) 0 t Tb

vi i=1,2
(4.10)
si (t ) = Tb

conlai
0

n +i
Tn s sng mang l f i = c
vi mt s gi tr nguyn nc (Tc l Tb/Ti=nc+i)
Tb
Ngoi ra hiu 2 tn s sng mang c tnh l f2-f1=1/Tb= tn s bit
Tn hiu FSK m t y l tn hiu pha lin tc (khi chuyn bit t tn s ny sang tn s
khc, khng c s nhy pha v chu k bit lun l bi ca chu k sng mang, y l trng
hp ring ca dch tn pha lin tc - CPFSK). Tp hm c s s l

43

 2
cos(2f it ) 0 t Tb

(4.11)
i (t ) = Tb

conlai
0

Do 2 tn s l trc giao vi nhau (c th kim tra bng php ly tch phn tch 2 hm ny
trong khong thi gian bit s bng zero) v cc h s sij tng ng l

E i= j
2 Eb
2
(4.12)
cos(2f it )
cos(2f it )dt = b
Tb
Tb
i j
0
0
0
Nn khng ging nh PSK, h FSK c trng bng khng gian tn hiu 2 chiu v 2 im
bo hiu (N=2,M=2)
E
0
(4.13)
s1 = b v s2 =

Eb
0
T

sij = si (t ) j (t )dt =

Ch khong cch Euclid gia 2 vec to l 2 Eb

S to v tch tn hiu FSK cho trn hnh 4.4

Hnh 4.4 S khi cho a) Pht BFSK v b) thu BFSK ng b

Ch l trong s to BFSK b m ha on-off i vi 1 hoc 0 nhnh trn th qui tc
off-on ngc li nhnh di
Vect quan st c (sau khi tn hiu qua knh) c 2 thnh phn l:

44

Tb

x1 = x(t )1 (t )dt
0

Tb

v x2 = x(t )2 (t )dt

(4.14)

Khng gian quan st c chia thnh 2 vng (hnh v) c x1>x2 v vng x2>x1

Hnh 4.3 S khng gian tn hiu cho h thng BFSK ng b

Ta a vo mt bin mi l l=x1-x2 khi

E[l/1]=E[x1/1]-E[x2/1]= + Eb v E[l/0]=E[x1/0]-E[x2/0]= Eb
(4.15)
V x1 v x2 l cc bin c lp thng k (do gn vi 2 hm trc giao) c phng sai
=N0/2 nn
var[l]=var[x1]+var[x2]=N0. Gi s 0 c truyn, hm kh nng sau knh s l:
(l + Eb ) 2
1
(4.16)
f L (l / 0) =
exp

2 N 0
2N 0

V x1>x2 tng ng l>0, nn

(l + Eb ) 2
1
Pe 0 = P(l > 0 / 0) = f L (l / 0) =
exp
(4.17)

dt
2 N 0
2N 0 0

0
l + Eb
(4.18)
i bin tch phn sang z vi: z =
2N 0
Ta c

Pe 0 =

2
exp( z )dz =

Eb / 2 N 0

Eb
1
erfc
2
2N0

(4.19)

45

Cui cng khi xt thm Pe1 mt cch tng t ta c

Eb
1

Pe = erfc

2
2
N
0

(4.20)

4.3 iu ch ng b vung pha

4.3.1. Kha dich vung pha ng b (QPSK)
Khi thit k h truyn thng ngoi mc tiu quan trong l xc sut li bit phi thp
cn c mc tiu l s dng c hiu sut rng bng. Kha dch vung pha l trng
hp ring ca hp knh sng mang vung gc, mi dng sng mang thng tin 2 bit
nn cn tt c 4 dng sng ng vi 4 pha c hiu sut bng tn cao. Dng sng ca k
hiu l:
2E

cos 2f ct + (2i 1) 0 t T
i=1,2,3,4
(4.21)
si (t ) = T
4

conlai
0

Khai trin ra ta c:
2E

2E

si (t ) =
cos (2i 1) cos(2f ct )
sin (2i 1) sin( 2f ct )
(4.22)
T
4
T
4

Vi 4 dng sng trn, 2 hm c s c xc nh l:

2
0tT
(4.24)
1 (t ) =
cos(2f ct )
T
2
1 (t ) =
sin( 2f ct )
0tT
(4.25)
T

Hnh 4.5 S khng gian tn hiu cho h QPSK ng b

v 4 im bo hiu, mi im c 2 thnhphn l:

46

E cos(2i 1) 4
si =

E sin( 2i 1)
4

(N=2, M=4)

(4.26)

Nu dng m Gray theo bng tng ng

si2
si1
10
/4
+ E/2
- E/2
- E/2
00 3/4
- E/2
01
11

5/4
7/4

- E/2
+ E/2

+ E/2
+ E/2

Ta c khng gian tn hiu nh hnh 4.5

Dng sng ng vi tn hiu 01 10 10 00 s c to nn nh sau:
Dy c chia thnh 2 dy con: Nhng bit c nh s chn gp vo mt dy v nhng
bit nh s l vo mt dy. ng vi 2 dy ny l cc dng sng ng vi tn hiu PSK t
trn sng cosin v sin ring r. Khi cng li chng s cho QPSK

Hnh 4.6 a) dy nh phn vo. b) Bt l li vo v dng sng BPSK lien

kt. c) Bt chn li vo v dng sng BPSK lin kt.d) Dng sng QPSK

47

Cch to v tch tn hiu QPSK c cho trn hnh 4.7

Hnh 4.7 S khi cho a) Pht QPSK v b) Thu QPSK

Xc sut li trung bnh s c tnh nh sau:
Tn hiu nhn c : x(t)=si(t)+w(t) i=1,2,3,4 s cho
T
E

+ w1
x1 = x(t )1 (t )dt = E cos (2i 1) + w1 =
4
2

(4.27)

(4.28)
x2 = x(t )2 (t )dt = E sin (2i 1) + w2 = m
+ w2
4
2

0
H QPSK ng b c th coi l 2 h PSK lm vic song song dng 2 sng mang vung
pha. Xc sut li trung bnh ca mt h PSK l

E/2 1
1
= erfc E
P ' = erfc
(4.29)

2
2N0
N0 2
Cc knh ng pha v vung pha l c lp vi nhau. Knh ng pha quyt nh mt bit,
knh vung pha quyt nh bit th 2. xc sut quyt nh ng c 2 bit l:
T

48

E
= 1 erfc E + 1 erfc 2 E
Pc = (1 P ' ) 2 = 1 erfc
2N 4
2N

0
0

2 N 0
2
Xc sut trung bnh li k hiu s l:

E 1
erfc 2 E
Pe=1-Pc= erfc
2N

2N0 4
Khi E/2N0>>1 c th b qua s hng th 2 v ta c:

(4.30)

(4.31)

Eb
1

(4.32)
erfc

2
N
0

Cng thc ny c th rt ra bng cch khc:

Do s khng gian tn hiu l i xng, nn
d
1 4
(4.33)
Pe
erfc ik

2 k =1, k i 2 N 0
i l im bo hiu mi. V d chn m1, cc im gn n nht l m2 v m4 v d12=d14= 2 E
Gi s E/N0 ln b qua ng gp ca m3 i vi m1. Khi c li nhm m1 thnh m2
hoc m4 s cho mt li bit n, cn nhm m1 thnh m3 s c 2 bit li. Khi E/N0 ln ,
hm kh nng ca 2 bit trong k hiu mc li nh hn i vi bit n nn c th b qua
m3 trong vic tnh P3 khi m1 c gi. Do k hiu trong QPSK c 2 bit nn E=2Eb
Eb

Hay
Pe erfc
(4.34)

N
0

Pe

Khi dng m Gray i vi 2 bit n tc chnh xc ca bit li trung bnh l:

Eb
1

BER = erfc
(4.35)

2
N0
4.3.2 OQPSK:
Yu cu ca tn hiu QPSK l bin khng i song i khi dch pha xy ra
lm bin i qua im zero, iu ny gy nn nhng bp ph trong phn khuch i
phi tuyn, cn nu ch dung phn khuch i tuyn tnh th s km hiu sut. Mt s ci
tin chng li hin tng ny l k thut offset QPSK (OQPSK). S ci tin ch trong
QPSK khi sp hng dng bit l v bit chn th s chuyn bit xy ra ng thi trn 2 dng,
song OQPSK 2 dng bit ny c t lch nhau mt bit (mt na chu k k hiu), nn
dch pha ca tn hiu truyn ch c th l 900 (song nhp dch pha nhanh hn, sau mi Tb
ch khng phi 2Tb). Do khng gy nn nhng bp ph ca ph khi i qua im zero nn
ph ca OQPSK rt gn hn trong khi cho b khuch i RF hot ng hiu sut hn.

49

Hnh 4.8
4.3.3 /4QPSK:
iu ch /4 QPSK l k thut dung ha OQPSK avf QPSK cho php dch pha ln
hn (chng n pha tt hn) v do vy c th gii iu ch mt ng b hay khng ng
b

Hnh 4.9
50

Dch pha cc i ca /4 QPSK l 1350 so vi 1800 QPSK v 900 OQPSK

do n bo ton tnh cht bin khng i tt hn QPSK song km hn OQPSK c
im hp dn ca /4 QPSK l n c th tch ng b c v lm n gin nhiu b thu
them na i ng truyn a ng v fading /4 QPSK hot ng tt hn. Thng /4
QPSK kt hp vi m vi phn chng li nhm ln pha khi khi phc sng mang, khi
ta gi l k thut /4 DQPSK.
Trong iu ch /4 QPSK, im bo hiu c chn t 2 gin chm sao QPSK c
vi nhau /4 (hnh). S chuyn gia 2 chm sao sau mi bit m bo c s chuyn pha
l bi ca /4 gia cc k hiu lin tip d dng cho vic khi phc thi gian (clock) v
ng b pha (khc vi QPSK 2 k hiu cnh nhau c th khng c s i pha)
(Tham kho k thut pht v thu /4 QPSK )
4.3.4. Kha dich ti thiu ng b (MSK)
y l k thut FSK c khong cch 2 tn s sng mang gn nht m vn m bo
tnh cht pha lin tc v 2 tn s trc giao. iu ny m bo knh thng tin c rng
bng tn hp nn tit kim ph.
Xt cch biu din tn hiu CPFSK theo iu ch gc:
2 Eb
(4.37)
s (t ) =
cos[2f ct + (t )]
Tb
(t) l hm lin tc tng hoc gim tuyn tnh theo thi gian trong mi khong bit:
h
(4.38)
0tTb
(t ) = (0) t
Tb
(0) l pha ti thi im t=0 , gi tr ny s ph thuc vo iu ch trc ( cho pha
lun lin tc gia 2 k hiu). nh ngha ny tng qut hn tn hiu trong FSK.
du + tng ng vi gi 1(tn s f1) cn du tng ng vi gi 0 (tn s f2). h l
mt gi tr no . Ta rt ra cp lin h:
h
h
(4.39)
fc +
= f1 f c
= f2
2Tb
2Tb
1
(4.40)
Gii ra ta c f c = ( f1 + f 2 ) v h = Tb ( f1 f 2 )
2

Hnh 4.10 a) Cy pha . b) Li pha: ng v m biu din dy 1101000

51

Ti t=Tb ta c:
h doivoi _ 1
(4.41)
(Tb ) (0) =
h doivoi _ 0
Tc l gi 1 lm tng pha ca CPFSK ln h radian v gi 0 s gim pha i h
radian. S thay i pha theo thi gian nh ng thng, nghing ca n din t s
tng hay gim mt lng tn s (nhy tn). Vi mt dy d liu vo, tin hiu c th
pha nh mt cy pha
C th chn nhiu gi tr h khc nhau m bo 2 tn s trc giao song h=1/2 din
t lch tn (hiu 2 tn s f1 v f2) bng mt na tc bit. y l khong cch tn s
ti thiu cho php 2 tn hiu FSK din t 1 v 0 trc giao vi nhau theo ngha l tch phn
2 k hiu trong khong thi gian ca chng bng zero (nh li l trong k thut FSK
ng b, 2 tn s lch nhau bng tc bit). Do nguyn nhn ny m tn hiu CPFSK vi
hiu s lch bng tc bt c gi l kha dch ti thiu (MSK)
Khai trin tn hiu s(t) (4.37) theo thnh phn ng pha v vung pha s c
2 Eb
2 Eb
(4.42)
s (t ) =
cos[ (t )] cos(2f ct )
sin[ (t )] sin( 2f ct )
Tb
Tb
Vi h=1/2 ta c:

(t ) = (0)

(4.43)
0tTb
t
2Tb
du cng tng ng vi 1 v du tr tng ng vi 0 v (0) bng 0 hay sau
khong 2Tb ty vo pha trc .
Xt thnh phn ng pha :


2 Eb
2 Eb
t m sin[ (0)] sin
t } =
sI (t ) =
cos[ (t )] =
{cos[ (0)] cos
Tb
Tb
2Tb
2Tb
=

2 Eb
t
cos
Tb
2Tb
(4.44)

Du cng ng vi (0) bng 0 v du tr khi (0)=.

iu ny c ngha l thnh phn ng pha b iu ch bi hm cosin na chu k v c
pha gi nguyn hoc o pha l do pha ban u l 0 hay trong sut khong 2Tb
(-Tb0Tb) m khng ph thuc bit ti t=0 l 1 hay 0
Tng t nh vy trong khong 0t2Tb. Thnh phn vung pha s l xung sin na chu
k, cc tnh ca n ch ph thuc (Tb)
sQ (t ) =

2 Eb
sin[ (t )] =
Tb

2 Eb
2 Eb
t =
t
sin[ (Tb )] sin
sin
Tb
Tb
2Tb
2Tb

(4.45)

du cng tng ng (Tb)=/2 cn du tr ng vi (Tb)=-/2

52

Hnh 4.11 S d khng gian tn hiu cho h MSK

T phn tch trn do (0) v (Tb) u c 2 gi tr c th nn c 4 trng hp xy ra:
(0)
(Tb)
bit pht
0
/2
1

/2
0

-/2
1
0
-/2
0
to ra tn hiu nh vy chn 2 hm c s trc giao nh sau:

1 (t ) =

2
cos
t cos(2f ct )
Tb
2Tb

0tTb

2
0tTb
sin
t sin( 2f ct )
Tb
2Tb
Tn hiu MSK vit li l: s (t ) = s11 (t ) + s22 (t ) vi

2 (t ) =

(4.46)

(4.47)
(4.48)

53

Hnh 4.12 Dy d liu v dng sng cho tn hiu MSK a) Dy nh phn

li vo b)Hm thi gian c t l s11(t). c) Hm thi gian c t l
s22(t). d) Tn hiu MKS l kt qu cng 2 hm trn theo kiu bit-bit

s1 =

Tb

s(t ) (t )dt =
1

Eb cos[ (0)]

-TbtTb

(4.49)

Tb

S nhn 2 gi tr
s2 =

2Tb

s(t ) (t )dt =
2

Eb sin[ (Tb )]

0tTb

(4.50)

Cng nhn 2 gi tr
Gin tn hiu c N=2, M=2 ging QPSK tuy nhin c im khc:
Trong QPSK mt tn hiu pht biu din 2 bit c tng ng c lp vi 1 trong 4 im
tn hiu v pha c th gin on sau khong 2Tb, ,2 hm c s trc giao l hm sin v
cosin. Cn MSK mt tn hiu pht biu din 1 bit trong khong Tb phi biu din bng
t hp 2 trong 4 im tn hiu, ng thi 2 hm c s trc giao l 2 hm sin, cosin b iu
ch to nn pha lin tc sau khong bit Tb.

54

Hnh 4.13 S khi cho a) B pht MSK v b) B thu MSK

Cch to v tch MSK:
u im ca MSK l: ng b tn hiu v t s lch khng nh hng theo tc d
liu li vo. Hai tn hiu sin: mt tn s fc=nc/4Tb vi nc nguyn v mt tn s 1/4Tb
c cp ln b iu ch tch, s to nn 2 sng sin ng b ti tn s f1 v f2. hai song
sin ny c phn tch bng 2 b lc bng hep. Li ra b lc c t hp tuyn tnh
to nn cp sng mang vung pha v trc giao 1 (t ) v 1 (t )
Cui cng 2 sng mang ny c nhn vi 2 dng song nh phn a1(t) v a2(t) c tc
1/2Tb
Tnh xc sut trung bnh ca li:
Xt tn hiu truyn qua knh n:
x(t)=s(t)+w(t)
vi s(t) l tn hiu MSK. quyt nh xem 1 hay 0 c truyn trong khong 0tTb ta
cn phi tch trng thi pha ca (0) v (Tb). Trc ht ta phi tnh hnh chiu ca x(t)
ln 1 (t ) trn khong -TbtTb:

x1 =

Tb

x(t ) (t )dt = s
1

+ w1

(4.51)

Tb

55

T y nu x1>0 th chn (0)=0 ngc li chn ()=. Tng t tch (Tb)

Ta tnh:

x2 =

2Tb

x(t ) (t )dt = s
2

+ w2

(4.52)

Nu x2>0 chn (Tb)=-/2 ngc li l (Tb)=/2

Sau phi hp cc kt qu trn c quyt nh ng
Li xy ra khi knh I hoc knh Q b li. S dng thng k bit ca 2 knh ny ta xc
nh c tc bit li ca MSK l:
Eb
1

BER = erfc
(4.53)

2
N
0

chng ging nh PSK nh phn trong QPSK, tuy nhin hiu qu quan trng tch MSK
l tin hnh trn thi gian quan st 2Tb ch khng phi trong Tb
4.3.5 GMSK
GMSK l k thut iu ch nh phn n gin rt ra t MSK dng sng d liu NRZ
i qua b tin iuch l b lc to dng xung Gauss lm trn qu o pha ca MSK
v nh vy lm n nh s thay i tn s tc thi theo thi gian v lm gim bp song
ph trong ph. B lc Gauss gy nn ISI trong tn hiu pht song c th thy l nu tch
di bit v rng 3dB (BT) nh hn 0.5 thi s nh hng ISI khng ng k. GMSK
hy sinh t l li bit do bo hiu ng ng mt phn i ly hiu sut ph v tnh cht
bin khng i. p ng xung ca b lc l:

56

hG (t ) =

exp 2 t 2

V hm truyn:
HG(f)=exp(-2f2)
Thng s lien h vi rng ph B theo cngt hc:
2 ln 2
=
B
Do b lc GMSK c th nh ngha theo tch s BT. Trn hnh cho mt s dng ph
ca GMSK vi cc gi tr BT khc nhau (MSK ng vi tch BT bng v cng)

4.4 iu ch khng ng b
4.4.1. iu ch trc giao khng ng b
Ti bn thu nu khng bit pha ca sng mang khi truyn ti ni, c th s dng k thut
tch khng ng b. iu ny thng gp phi khi ng truyn khng xc nh
V nguyn tc iu ch nh phn khi dng 2 tn hiu trc giao s1(t) v s2(t) c nng
lng bng nhau. Gi s tn hiu qua knh nhn c l g1(t) v g2(t) vn gi tnh trc
giao v nng lng bng nhau. B thu s gm 2 b lc ph hp vi cc hm c s
1 (t ) v 2 (t ) l cc phin bn ca s1(t) v s2(t). V pha ca sng mang l khng bit, b
thu ch da trn s phn bit bin nn li ra b lc c tch ng bao, ly mu v
so snh vi nhau. Nu l1>l2 th quyt nh l s1(t), ngc li th l s2(t) (hnh 4.11a). Khi
57

 mi b lc ph hp khng ng b tng ng nh b thu vung gc (hnh 4.11b),

2 nhnh: nhnh trn l ng pha x(t) c tng quan vi i (t ) l phin bn ca
s1(t) hoc s2(t) vi pha sng mang zero, nhnh di l knh vung gc, x(t) c tng
quan vi i (t ) l phin bn ca i (t ) dch pha i -900 (vi i (t ) v i (t ) l trc giao vi
nhau, l bin i Hilbert ca nhau)
V d nu i (t ) = m(t ) cos(2f it ) th i (t ) = m(t ) sin( 2f it )
(4.54)
V pha sng mang l khng bit nn n ti li ra ca mi b lc ph hp c 2 bc t do:
ng pha v vung pha do b thu c 4 tham s n c lp, phn b u v b thu c
cu trc i xng.
Gi s s1(t) c pht. Ti knh di ta c ln ca ng bao
l2 =

xI22 + xQ2 2

do n l Gauss nn cc thnh phn cng c phn b Gauss:

x2
1
f X I 2 ( xI 2 ) =
exp I 2
N 0
N0

(4.56)

(4.57)

58

Hnh 4.11 a) B thu nh phn tng qut cho iu ch trc giao khng
ng b.b) B thu vung gc tng ng vi mt trong 2 b lc ph
hp trong s a): i=1,2
S dng mt kt qu ca l thuyt xc sut l: ng bao ca qu trnh Gauss l phn b
Rayleigh v c lp vi pha, tc l:
2l2
l2
exp 2 l2 0
(4.58)
f L2 (l2 ) = N 0
N0

0
con _ lai

Xc sut iu kin l2>l1 c nh ngha:

l2
(4.59)
P (l2 > l1 / l1 ) = f L2 (l2 )dl2 = exp 1
N0
l1
Khi tn hiu s1(t) c pht vi nng lng E ta c:
E
1

(4.60)
Pe = exp
2
2N0

Hnh 4.12 a) Biu din hnh hc ca 2 nhnh li ra l1 v l2 trong b thu

khng ng b tng qut. b) Tnh xc sut iu kin l2>l1 khi cho trc l1
4.4.2. Kha dich tn nh phn khng ng b:
Trong trng hp FSK nh phn:
2 Eb
cos(2f it ) 0 t Tb

vi fi=ni/Tb
si (t ) = Tb

0
con lai

(4.61)

59

2 hiu BFSK
thu khng
nghp
b
S thu nhHnh
hnh4.13
4.13,Bnhnh
trn ph
vitch tncos(
2f1t ) , li ra b tch ng
Tb
bao c ly mu ti t=Tb v cc gi tr c so snh. Tc li trung bnh i vi FSK
khng ng b l:
E
1
(4.62)
Pe = exp b
2
2N0
4.4.3. Kha dich pha vi phn (DPSK)
Mt cch iu ch khng ng b khc (tc l khng cn xc nh pha sng n) l s
dng m vi phn da trn tnh cht l hiu pha ca 2 k hiu lin tip khng ph thuc
vo pha sng ti (K hiu trc c pha ti l bao nhiu th k hiu ngay sau cng c
pha ti nh vy hay ni cch khc l pha sng ti coi l thay i chm trong khong thi
gian bit)
K thut ny gm 2 thao tc: m vi phn dy li vo ri thc hin PSK.
gi 0 cng thm pha 1800 vo dng sng, gi 1 ta gi dng sng khng i (nh
vy cn bit pha ca bt trc ). B thu c nh c th o sai pha gia 2 k hiu lin
tip.

60

Hnh 4.14 S khi cho a) B pht DPSK v b) B thu DPSK

DPSK cng c coi l trng hp ring ca iu ch trc giao khng ng b khi xt

trn khong 2 bit.
Khi pht 1, tn hiu tng ng l:
Eb
cos(2f ct ) 0 t Tb

2Tb
(4.63)
s1 (t ) =
E
b

cos(2f ct ) Tb t 2Tb
2Tb

V khi pht 0

Eb
cos(2f ct )
0 t Tb

2Tb

s1 (t ) =
Eb cos(2f t + ) T t 2T
c
b
b
2Tb

(4.64)

Ta s thy rng s1(t) v s2(t) trc giao vi nhau trn khong 2Tb=T v 2Eb=E
Do tc bit li ca DPSK s l:
E
1
(4.65)
Pe = exp b
2
N0
To tn hiu DPSK: Trc ht to dy m vi phn dk
- Nu bk l 1 ,dk gi li ging nh bit trc dk-1
- Nu bk=0 , dk s thay i so vi dk-1
d k = d k 1bk + d k 1bk (modulo2)

61

Hnh 4.15 S khng gian tn hiu ca tn hiu DPSK thu

c
Bng m ha nh sau:
{bk}
{bk }
{dk-1}
{d k 1}
{bkdk-1}
{bk d k 1}
Dy m vi phn dk
Pha c pht

1
0
1
0
1
0
1 1
0 0

0
1
1
0
0
0
0

0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0

1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0

0
1
1
0
0
0
0

0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0

1 1
0 0
1 1
0 0
1 1
0 0
1 1
0 0

B thu ti u:
Khi pha sng mang khng bit, b thu gm 2 knh ng pha v vung pha. S khng
gian tn hiu c cc im thu nhn c l: (Acos ,sin) v (- Acos,- sin), vi l
pha cha bit cn A th bit r. B thu s o ta ti t=Tb (xI0,xQ0)=x0 v ti t=2Tb
(xI1,xQ1)=x1. Vn l 2 im ny ng vi cng mt im tn hiu hay khc nhau. Mun
bit ta kim tra tch ni (v thng) ca 2 vc t ny nu x0Tx1 dng s ng vi 1 (pha
khng b thay i), v ngc li nu m s ng vi 0 (pha thay i). C th l
xI0xI1+xQ0xQ1 c so snh vi 0
Biu thc trn tng ng:
[(xI0+xI1)2+(xQ0+xQ1)2-(xI0-xI1)2-(xQ0-xQ1)2-]<>0
Qu trnh s ng vi im x0 l gn vi x1 hay nh ca x1 l x1
Nh vy b thu ti u tch ng b vi phn DPSK nh phn theo phng trnh tnh
tch v hng. Khi thc hin i hi phi nh gi tr mu do vy trnh phi lm ng
tr. B thu tng ng kim tra cc phn t bnh phng nh vy phc tp hn song d
phn tch hn khi 2 tn hiu c coi l trc giao trong khong (0,2Tb). V vy phn tch
gii iu ch trc giao khng ng b c p dng.
4.5 So snh s iu ch nh phn v gc phn t
S iu ch

Tc li bt

a) PSK ng b
QPSK ng b

Eb
1

erfc

2
N
0

(4.67)

MSK ng b

62

b) FSK nh phn ng b

Eb
1
erfc
2
2 N0

E
1
exp b
2
N0
E
1
d) FSK nh phn khng ng b
exp b
2
2N0

c) DPSK

(4.68)

(4.69)
(4.70)

Hnh 4.16 So snh tc ng n trn h PSK vi phn v h FSK

Nhn xt:
1. Tc bit li ni chung gim n iu khi tng Eb/N0

63

2. Vi cng mi gi tr Eb/N0 PSK,QPSK v MSK c tc li nh hn cc h iu ch

khc khc
3. PSK v DPSK ng b yu cu Eb/N0 3dB nh hn FSK v FSK khng ng b vi
cng tc li
4. Ti Eb/N0 ln,DPSK v FSK khng ng b s ging (trong khong 1dB) PSK v FSK
ng b, i vi cng tc bit v nng lng bit
5. Vi QPSK 2 sng mang c s dng, vi 2 dng bit c lp c pht v c thu
6. Trong MSK ng b, hai sng mang c iu ch bi 2 dng xung i cc trn
khang 2Tb
7. MSK khc cc s trc l b iu ch v b thu c nh.

4.6 K thut iu ch hng M

rng bng yu cu thng t l vi 1/Tb. Nu s dng iu ch hng M=2n th
rng bng ch cn 1/nTb. y chnh l k thut iu ch c hiu sut s dng bng tn
cao. Song gi phi tr y l t l li bt cao hn
1. PSK hng M
2E
2

cos 2f ct +
(i 1) i=1,2,M
Dng sng: si (t ) =
(4.71)
T
M

fc=nc/T.
Cc tn hiu trn l t hp ca 2 hm c bn:
2
1 (t ) =
cos(2f ct )
0tT
(4.72)
T
2
0tT
(4.73)
2 (t ) =
sin(2f ct )
T
S vi M=8

d12 = d18 = 2 E sin
8

64

Hnh 4.17 a) Khng gian tn hiu cho kha dch pha bc 8 (M=8). Bin
quyt nh l ng t m .b) S minh ha vic p dng bin ton
(4.74)
th cho kha dc pha bc 8
E

sin
Pe = erfc
M
N0

Cui cng

Vic tnh ton li cho PSK hng M vi phn l phc tp, ta ch c th xp x:

2E

(4.75)
sin
Pe erfc
vi M4
2 M
N0
So snh ta thy rng DPSK hng M c xc sut li ging nh PSK hng M ng b c
nng lng truyn trn k hiu tng thm mt nhn t:

sin 2
M
vi M4
(4.76)
k (M ) =
2
2 sin

2M
V d k(4) = 1,7 tc l QPSK vi phn xp x 2,3dB hiu qu thp hn QPSK ng b

2. QAM hng M:
2 E0
2 E0
ai cos(2f ct ) +
bi sin( 2f ct )
T
T
Hai hm c s ca cc dng sng ny cng l:
Dng sng:

si (t ) =

0tT

(4.77)

Hnh 4.18 Khng gian tn hiu cho QAM hng M vi M=4

65

2
cos(2f ct )
0tT
T
2
0tT
2 (t ) =
sin( 2f ct )
T
Cc ta ca dng sng th i l: ai E0 v bi E0

1 (t ) =

(4.78)
(4.79)

Vi (ai,bi) l cc phn t ca ma trn:

( L + 1, L 1) ( L + 3, L 1) .. ( L 1, L 1)
( L + 1, L 3) ( L + 3, L 3) .. ( L 1, L 3)

{ai , bi } =
(4.80)

..
..
..
..

( L + 1, L + 1) ( L + 3, L + 1) .. ( L 1, L + 1)
L = M
tnh xc sut li ta lm nh sau:
a) V cc thnh phn ng pha v vung pha l c lp nn xc sut tch ng l:
Pc=(1-Pe)2
Vi Pe l xc sut li k hiu ca mi thnh phn
b) Gin sao trong cc thnh phn cng pha v vung pha tng t ging PAM hng
M, nn
E0
1
vi L = M
P 'e = 1 erfc
(4.81)

N
L
0

c) Xc sut li ca QAM hng M s l:

(v gi s Pe l nh so vi n v)
(4.82)
Pe=1-Pc=1-(1-Pe)22Pe
Kt hp vi cc phng trnh trn ta c:
E0
1

(4.83)
Pe 21
erfc

N
M

Hnh 4.18 Chm sao tn hiu cho a) QPSK hng M v b) QAM

hng M vi M=16

66

3. FSK hng M:

2E

cos (nc + i )t
0tT
(4.84)
T
T

V cc dng sng l i mt trc giao nn cng c M hm c s v b thu gm M b

tng quan hay M b lc ph hp. Bin trn ca xc sut li c xc nh l:
E
1

Pe ( M 1)erfc
(4.85)

2
2
N
0

Dng sng:

si (t ) =

4. So snh cc k thut iu ch hng M

So snh vi cng xc sut li k hiu l 10-4
Gi tr M ( rng bng hng M/
rng bng nh phn)
4
0.5
8
0.333
16
0.25
32
0.2

(Cng sut tb hng M/

cng sut tb nh phn)
0.34dB
3.91dB
8.52dB
13.52dB

4.7 Ph cng sut

Cc tn hiu thng di bng hp c th biu din:
(4.86)
s(t ) = sI (t ) cos(2f ct ) sQ (t ) si(2f ct ) = Re[~
s (t ) exp( j 2f ct )]
Vi ~
s (t ) = sI (t ) + jsQ (t ) l ng bao phc ca tn hiu thng di. K hiu SB(f) l
mt ph cng sut ca ng bao phc,(tc l mt ph cng sut bng c s). Ta
c th biu din mt ph cng sut ca tn hiu bng thng di nh su:
1
S S ( f ) = [ S B ( f f c ) + S B ( f + f c )]
(4.87)
4
Do vy vic tnh ph cng sutca tn hiu thong di c qui v tnh vi bng c s
1.Ph cng sut ca PSK v FSK nh phn
a) i vi PSK nh phn bin phc ch c mt thnh phn ng pha. Hm to dng l:
2 Eb
0 t Tb

(4.88)
g (t ) = Tb
0
con _ lai

Gi s dng sng nh phn ngu nhin cn bng gia 1 v 0. Khi mt ph cng sut
=mt ph cng sut ca hm to dng k hiu= bnh phng ln ca bin i
Fourier ca g(t). V vy
2 Eb sin 2 (Tb f )
(4.89)
SB ( f ) =
= 2 Eb sin c 2 (Tb f )
2
(Tb f )
Ph suy gim nghch o vi bnh phng tn s
b) i vi FSK nh phn:

t
t
t
2 Eb
2 Eb
2 Eb
s (t ) =
cos 2f ct =
cos cos(2f ct )
sin sin (2f ct )
Tb
Tb
Tb
Tb

Tb
Tb
67

(4.90)
t
t
2 Eb
2 Eb
cos cos(2f ct ) m
sin sin (2f ct )
Tb
Tb
Tb
Tb
- Thnh phn ng pha c lp vi sng nh phn, n bng
=

(4.91)

2 Eb / Tb cos(t / Tb ) ti mi
gi tr thi gian. Mt ph cng sut ca thnh phn ny gm 2 hm delta, trong s
Eb/2Tb v xy ra ti f=1/2Tb
- Thnh phn vung pha lin h trc tip vi sng nh phn li vo. Hm to dng :
2 Eb
t

sin 0 t Tb
(4.92)
g (t ) = Tb
Tb

con _ lai
0

8EbTb cos 2 (Tb f )

2 (4Tb2 f 2 1) 2
Do mt ph cng sut ca thnh phn vung pha l:

C ph mt nng lng l:

g(f ) =

(4.93)

g ( f ) / Tb

Tng hp li:

1
1 8Eb cos 2 (Tb f )

+
(4.94)

+
f
+

2Tb
2Tb 2 (4Tb2 f 2 1) 2

Thay cng thc vo ph bng thng di ta s c 2 thnh phn ri rc ti f1=fc+1/2Tb v
f2=fc-1/2Tb
Ch l mt ph cng sut ca FSK nh phn pha lin tc gim t l nghch bc 4 vi
tn s. Tuy nhin khi FSK c pha khng lin tc ti khong gia bit, mt ph cng
sut ch gim t l nghch bc 2 vi tn s v to ra nhiu giao thoa ra bn ngoi bng
2. Ph cng sut ca QPSK v MSK
a) i vi QPSK:
- Ty theo 2 bit gi trong khong -TbtTb cc thnh phn cng pha v vung pha c
cng hm mt ph cng sut:
SB ( f ) =

Eb
2Tb

Hnh 4.19 Ph cng sut ca tn hiu BPSK avf BFSK

68

(4.95)
g (t ) = T 0 t Tb
Esinc2(Tf)
0
con _ lai
- Thnh phn vung pha v cng pha l c lp nn mt ph cng sut ca QPSK s l
tng ca 2 thnh phn
SB(f)=2Esinc2(Tf)=4Ebsinc2(2Tbf)
(4.96)
b) i vi MSK:
- Ty theo gi tr ca trng thi pha (0) thnh phn ng pha s l: +g(t) hay g(t)
2 Eb
t
Tb t Tb
cos

(4.97)
g (t ) = Tb
2Tb

0
con _ lai

Mt ph nng lng ca hm to dng s l:

32 EbTb cos 2 (2Tb f )
(4.98)
g( f ) =
2 (16Tb2 f 2 1) 2
nn mt ph cng sut s l: g ( f ) / 2Tb
- Ty theo gi tr ca (Tb) thnh phn vung pha s alf +g(t) hay g(t) vi
2 Eb
t
0 t 2Tb
sin

(4.99)
g (t ) = Tb
2Tb

0
con _ lai

Mt ph nng lng cng c tnh ging nh thnh phn cng pha

- Ging nh QPSK Cc thnh phn cng pha v vung l c lp nn mt ph cng
sut ca MSK s l:

Hnh 4.20 Ph cng sut ca tn hiu QPSK avf MSK

69

 g ( f ) 16 Eb cos 2 (2Tb f )
S B ( f ) = 2
= 2
2 2
2
2Tb (16Tb f 1)

(4.100)

Hnh 4.21 Ph cng sut ca tn hiu PSK hng M vi M=2,4,8

3. Ph cng sut ca tn hiu hng M
PSK nh phn v QPSK l trng hp ring ca PSK hng M
T=Tblog2M. Phn tch ging nh lm vi QPSK c th thy mt ph cng sut
bng c s ca PSK hng M l;
(4.101)
SB(f)=2Esinc2(Tf)=2Eblog2Msinc2(Tbflog2M)
Hnh 4.21, 4.22

Hnh 4.22 Ph cng sut ca tn hiu FSK hng M, vi M=2,4,8

70

4.8 Hiu sut rng bng

rng knh v cng sut pht l 2 ti nguyn c bn ca truyn thng. S dng hiu
sut cc ti nguyn ny l l do ca cc nghin cu s tit kim ph. Trong cc i
hiu sut rng ph nh ngha l t s tc d liu v rng knh(n v l
bit/giy/Hz). i tng th 2 l t c tit kim bng vi mt cng sut tb tn hiu ti
thiu hay l minimum t s tn hiu /n. Vi tc d liu Rb v rng bng knh l B.
Hiu sut s dng bng l:
R
= b b/s/Hz
(4.102)
B
1. Hiu sut rng bng ca PSK hng M
Ph cng sut ca PSK hng M l bup chnh gii hn bi 2 im zero
rng knh cho qua PSK hng M (chnh xc hn l cho qua bup chnh)l:
B=2/T T l di k hiu , i ra di bit
2 Rb
(4.103)
B=
log 2 M
R
log 2 M
= b =
(4.104)
Nn
B
2
Bng

Hiu sut rng bng ca PSK hng M

M
2 4 8 16 32 64
(bit/s/Hz)
0.5 1 1.5 2
2.5 3

2. Hiu sut rng bng ca FSK hng M

Xt FSK hng M gm tp M tn hiu trc giao. Cc tn hiu cnh nhau c th cch nhau
tn s=1/2T duy tr tnh trc giao. Do rng knh truyn FSK hng M l:
Rb M
(4.105)
B=M/2T=
2 log 2 M
R
2 log 2 M
(4.106)
V
= b =
B
M
Bng hiu sut bng ca FSK hng M
M
2
4 8
16
32
64
(bit/s/Hz)
1
1 0.75 0.5 0.3125 0.1875

4.9 nh hng ca ISI

Do bng truynt n hiu gii hn nn bncnh ngun gy li Gauss cn c ngun ISI. Khi
c ISI b lc tng quan ng b (b lc ph hp) khng cn ti u. iu ny cng
ng vi bt hu khng ng b. Mt s phng php s c dng tnh xc sut
li tb khi c c 2 ngun gy li ny (da trn tnh tuyn tnh ca qu trnh tch PSK ng
b). Tuy nhin vi DPSK qu trnh tch l khng tuyn tnh, rt kh phn tch hot ng
li di iu kin thu khng ng b ny. phn tch ngi ta dung pp m phng my
tnh vi mt s dadc im chnh nh sau:
1. Tn hiu pht s(t) c biu din bng ng bao phc ~
s (t ) thng thp vi lin h
~
(4.107)
s (t ) = Re[ s (t ) exp( j 2f ct )]

71

Hnh 4.23S minh ha s lien h gia thnh phn ng

pha v vung phaca p ng b lc bng c s vi tn hiu

Fc l tn s song mang c coi l ln so vi mt na rngt n hiu truyn. tnh cht

s (t ) nn loi
ca dng song d liu avf ca phng php bo hiu c m t y qua ~
b tnh cnt hit m phng vi song mang tn s cao
s (t ) vi
2. m phng hiu ng n trc v sau bt hut a cng ~
~
(4.108)
w(t ) = wI (t ) + jwQ (t )
L hm mu ca qu trnh n , tb zero v mt cng sut n N0/2 (w/Hz)
3. B lc ph hp (hay tng quan) cng c thay bng b lc thong thp tng ng
~
~
(4.109)
h(t ) = 2 Re[h (t ) exp( j 2f ct )] vi h (t ) = hI (t ) + jhQ (t )

4. ng bao phc ca tn hiu cao tn li ra cng c tnh theo cng thc

~
~
y (t ) = h (t ) * ~
x (t )
Biu din theo thnh phn ng pha v vung pha s l:
(4.110)
yI (t ) = hI (t ) * xI (t ) hQ (t ) * xQ (t )
yQ (t ) = hQ (t ) * xI (t ) hI (t ) * xQ (t ) m phng , cn gi s trc phn b cc k hiu l
bng nhau v c lp. iu ny hay c s dng qua dy M cc i hay PN. Gi s
trong khi chy m phng c N k hiu cn pht. L k hiu trong c th b b thu hiu
sai, th N phi ln xc sut li tb c tnh bng:
Pe=L/N

72

Cng thc ny cng chnh xc khi N cng ln. nh gi xc sut li c 10-5, N tit
hiu phi l 107 tc l 100 ln ngch i ca xc sut li. iu ny lm lc chun (cn
ca phng sai) khng ln hn 10 phn trm.
Trong ht uyn tnh c th trnh vic chy m phng lu bng cch dung qui trnh gin
tip nh gi nh hng ca tn hiu pht v n tch bit. Ta minh ha qui trnh ny
bng bng vic xt h bo hiu vunggc. Dng m hnh tng ng bngc s ca b
thu trc ht tnh bin li ra b tng quan (hay li vo b quyt nh) knh ng
pha. Gi s aI,n l bin ca k hiu mn. Tip tnh varian ca n ti cng im
thu(tng ng vi nhnh ngpha) I2 . Do i vi tn hiu mn xc sut iu kin ca
li l:

1
(4.111)
PeI (n) = erfc i , n n=1,2,N
2
2
i , n = aI2, n / I2 N l s tng cng k hiu c truyn
Vic tnh ton ni trn c lp li cho nhnh vung gc. V xc sut li iu kin ct
nh y l:
(4.112)
Pe(n)=PeI(n)+PeQ(n)-PeI(n)PeQ(n)
Trung bnh kt qu ny trn tng s k hiut ruyn:
1 N
Pe Pe (n)
(4.113)
N n =1
Trong trng hp bo hiu nhj phn chng ta ch c mt knh ng pha n PeQ(n) l zero
avf xc sut tb li ky hiu rt li thnh:
1 N
(4.114)
Pe PeI (n)
N n =1
Bng ch dng qui trnh gin tip ni trn di ca qu trnh m phng gim i vi bc
so vi qui trnht rct ip, ch yu cu l dy gi ngu nhin c dung to thnh phn
ng pha v vung pha phi c di ln hn 100, tc l tt c cc k hiu trong bng
c dung xp x nh nhau
4.10 K thut ng b
Hai dy s kin ( b thu v b pht) gi l ng b khi chng xy ra ng thi. K
thut thu ng b cn thc hin 2 vn :
- Xc nh tn s v pha sng mang. oc lng tn s v pha ti b thu cn gi l khi
phc sng mang hay ng b sng mang
- Xc nh thi im b iu ch thay i trng thi (bt u v kt thc mt k hiu),
t xc nh thi im ly mu v kt thc tch-tch phn . c lng thi gian ny gi
l khi phc ng h hay ng b k hiu
Hai kiu ng b ny c th thc hin ng thi hay ln lt. Vi k thut tch khng
ng b th khng cn ng b sng mang.
ng b sng mang
Phng php n gin nht l iu ch sao cho tn hiu c iu ch cha thnh
phn ri rc c tn s sng mang. Sau PLL bng hp c th bm thnh phn ny ri
cung cp tn hiu tham chiu cho b thu

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Hnh 4.24 Vng cng sut th M

PLL gm mt b VCO, mt b lc vng v mt b nhn ni vi nhau theo h phn hi

m (hnh 3.12). Nhc im ca phng php ny l thnh phn ri rc khng mang
thng tin no khc ngoi pha v tn s sng mang, vic truyn n lm tn thm cng sut
K thut iu ch tit kim cng sut lun c quan tm. Trn thc t ngi ta hay
dng cch sau: Khi khng c thnh phn mt chiu trong ph cng sut ca tn hiu
mang d liu, b thu dng vng bm sng mang con tham chiu (sng c tn s bi ca
tn s sng mang). V d s khi phc sng mang PSK hng M (M=2). Mch ny gi
l vng ly tha bc M (M=2 gi l vng bnh phng). Tuy nhin mt vn km theo
ca phng php ny l s nhm ln v pha. V d vi PSK nh phn c b bnh phng
nn khi tn hiu li vo thay i du th du ca sng mang khi phc khng i hay n
cch khc vng bnh phng nhm ln 180 0 v pha. Tng t vi vng PSK hng M s
c M pha nhm ln trong khong (0, 2)
Mt phng php khc khi phc sng mang l dng vng Costa gm 2 nhnh : Mt
nhnh ng pha v mt nhnh vung pha. C hai nhnh thng qua mt b VCO to
nn vng phn hi m. Khi ng b t c dng sng d liu c gii iu ch xut
hin ti li ra nhnh cng pha cn li ra ca nhnh vung pha l zero vi iu kin l
tng. phng php ny cng nhm ln pha v tn nhiu b lc.

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Cch gii quyt s nhm ln pha l dng m vi phn. D liu c m vi phn trc
khi iu ch v c gii m vi phn sau khi tch ti b thu.(gim cp nh khi c n).
phng php ny gi l tch ng b PSK hang M vi m vi phn. y khc vi
DPSK hng M. i vi tch ng b DPSK nh phn xc sut li ca k hiu l:
Eb 1

erfc 2 Eb
Pe = erfc
(4.115)

N0 2
N0

Hnh 4.25 a) Xung ch nht g(t), b) Li ra ca b lc ph hp

vi g(t)

Khi Eb/N0>>1 s hngt h 2 c th b qua nn c kt qu ging nh s iu ch

QPSK ng b hay MSK. i vi tch ng b ca QPSK vi phn :
Eb

2erfc 2 Eb + erfc 3 Eb 1 erfc 4 Eb

(4.116)
Pe = 2erfc

N0
N0
N0 4
N0
Vi Eb/N0 ln xc sut li s xp x nh QPSK ng b
ng b k hiu
ng b k hiu c th song song hay trc hoc sau ng b sng mang ty theo
ng dng. C th pht Clock cng vi tn hiu mang d liu theo cch hp knh. Sau
ti b thu clock c tch bng b lc thch hp ca dng sng c iu ch. Cch ny
ti thiu thi gian khi phc sng mang v clock, tuy nhin nhc im ca n l mt
phn cng sut pht c chia x cho ng h.
Mt phng php khc (tt) l trc tin dng b tch khng ng b tch clock.
y s dng mt c im l thi gian clock l n nh hn pha ca sng mang. Sau
sng mang c khi phc bng s l li ra b tch khng ng b trong mi chu k
clock.

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Trong mt phng php khc, khi phc clock sau khi khi phc sng mang, clock c
tch bng cch s l dng sng bng c s (khng cn tch) c gii iu ch v vy
trnh c lng ph cng sut truyn.
Sau y chng ta xy dng mt b ng b k hiu tha mn yu cu ny.

Bi tp
Hnh 4.26 Loi cng sm-mun ca b ng b k hiu

Xt mt xung ch nht:
a 0 t T
(4.117)
g (t ) =
0 con _ lai
Li ra ca b lc chp vi g(t) ch trn hnh b) ta thy c cc i ti t=T v i xng hai
bn im nay. Nn thi gian chnh xc cho ly mu ti li ra b lc chp lt=T. Nu ly
mu sm hn hay chm hn mt lng 0T hai gi tr mu ny l bng nhau (tnh trung
bnh khi c n) v im ly mu chnh xc l chnh gia 2 im sm hn v mun hn.
Gi tr khc bit ca 2 gi tr mu sm v mun s iu chnh b VCO hiu chnh chnh
xc thi gian ly mu k hiu
iu ch ng b nh phn
1.D liu nh phn truyn qua knh vi ba vi tc 106 bit/giy. Mt ph cng sut n
ti li vo thu l 10-10w/Hz. Tm cng sut sng mang trung bnh yu cu xc sut li
tb l Pe10-4 i vi FSK ng b nh phn. rng knh c yu cu l bao nhiu

76

2. tn hiu PSK nh phn cp ln b tng quan c cung cp tham chiu pha khc vi
pha song mang chnh xc _ rad . Xc nh nh hngc a li pha ln xc sut li tb
cua h thng
iu ch dng b vung gc
3. Xt tn hiu QPSK c gin chm sao trn hnh
a) V dng sng ca cc thnh phn ng pha v vungpha ca QPSK ny khi dy li
vo l 11 00 100010
b) V dng sng ca QPSK , cho rng tn s song mang l bi nguyn ca tc k hiu
1/T
4. Bi tp trn p dng cho MSK
iu ch nh phn khng ng b
5. Dy 11 00100010 c cp ln b pht DPSK (hnh 7.19a)
a) V dng song li ra b pht
b) Cp dng sng ny ln b thu DPSK. Chng t rng khi khng c n dy nh phn
c ti to li
iu ch hng M
6. Trong iu ch hng M di mi tn hiu c c nh c lp vi M (tp tn hiu).
S dng gin chm sao nh gi cc nhn xt sau:
- tng M s dn n tng xc sut li tb cn tng nng lng ca mi tn hiu pht s
gim li tb k hiu
-Tng M gim cp hot ng ca K, trong khi gim mt it PSK cn FSK li c ci
thin
7. Xt QPSK hng 4 v hng 8 (hnh v)
(2 chm sao c cng bn knh)
a) chng t rng khi t s tn/tp ln s khc nhau tim cn trheo Eb/N0 gia 2 chm sao
c th biut h l 10log10(3d02/d42) vi cc khang cch v trn hnh
b) Chng t rng sai khc tim cn biu th mt mt mt 3.57dB
Hiu sut rng bng
8. rng n tng ng ca tn hiut hng di dc nh ngha tha mn:
4BS(fc)=P
2B rng n tng ng c tn s trung tm fc

S(fc) l gi tr cc i mt ph cng sut cuae tn hiu ti f=fc.

P l cng sut ca tn hiu

77

Chng t rng rng n tng ng c chun ha vi tc d liu (o bng b/s)

nh sau
iu ch
rng n/tc bit
PSK nh phn
1.0
QPSK
0.5
MSK
0.62
S dng rng n ny tnh hiu sut rng bng ca PSK nh phn QPSK v MSK

78