INDEX

382,
281,

282,

446,

383,

362
428, 432
445
317
282, 295
435
403
426
447
428, 435
427
364
295, 300
403
349, 366
393
440
452
411
429
429
429
442
439
296, 297
450
360
417
441
427
433
427
364
426
324
407
309
331
336
416
419
412
450
296
287, 288
396
396
404, 409
446, 448

Baeyers' reagent
Bakelite
Barbiturates
Benzylic alcohols
Benzylic halides
Biodegradable polymers
Biomolecules
Branched chain polymers
Broad spectrum antibiotics
Buna - N
Buna - S
Cannizzaro reaction
Carbocation
Carbohydrates
Carboxylic acids
Carbylamine reaction
Catalytic action of enzymes
Cationic detergents
Cellulose
Chain initiating step
Chain propagating step
Chain terminating step
Chemical messengers
Chemotherapy
Chirality
Cleansing agents
Clemmensen reduction
Coagulation
Competitive inhibitors
Condensation polymers
Copolymerisation
Copolymers
Cross aldol condensation
Cross linked polymers
Cumene
Cyclic structure
DDT
Dehydrogenation
Denaturation
Denaturation of protein
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Deoxyribose
Detergents
Dextrorotatory
Diazonium salt
Diazonium salts
Diazotisation
Disaccharides
Disinfectants

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315, 317,
349, 350,

297
327
328
440
392
427
323
321
352
363
363
412
390
288
282
392
368
354
441
316
295
292
381
412
384
410
410
444
369
411
452
408
443
445
444
448
443
446
445
448
317
449
283
391
445
297
400
447
447

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Achiral
Acidity of alcohols
Acidity of phenols
Active site
Acylation
Addition polymers
Adduct
Alcohols
Aldehydes
Aldol condensation
Aldol reaction
Aldopentose
Alkanamines
Alkenes
Alkyl halides
Alkylation
Alkylbenzenes
Alkynes
Allosteric site
Allylic alcohols
Allylic halides
Ambident nucleophiles
Amines
Amino acids
Ammonolysis
Amylopectin
Amylose
Analgesics
Anhydrides
Animal starch
Anionic detergents
Anomers
Antacids
Antibiotics
Antidepressant drugs
Antifertility drugs
Antihistamines
Antimicrobial drugs
Antipyretic
Antiseptics
Aromatic ring
Artificial sweetening agents
Aryl halides
Arylamines
Aspirin
Asymmetric carbon
Azo dyes
Bactericidal
Bacteriostatic

Terms

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Terms

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317,

296,

Hinsberg's reagent
393
Histamines
443
Hoffmann bromamide reaction
386
Hydroboration
322
Hyperacidity
443
Intermolecular bonding
333
Intramolecular bonding
333
Inversion of configuration
293
Invert sugar
409
Ketones
349, 352, 353
Kolbe electrolysis
375
Kolbe's reaction
334
Lactose
410
Laevorotatory
296
Laundry soaps
451
Lewis bases
399
Limited spectrum antibiotics
447
Linear polymers
426
Low density polythene
429
Lucas test
330
Maltase
417
Maltose
409
Markovnikov's rule
321, 322
Medicated soaps
451
Medicines
439
Melamine - formaldehyde polymer
431
Messenger - RNA
421
Molecular asymmetry
296
Molecular targets
440
Monosaccharides
404
Narrow spectrum antibiotics
447
Natural polymers
426
Natural rubber
433
Neoprene
428, 434
Network polymers
426
Nitration
395
Nomenclature
283
Non-biodegradable
454
Non-ionic detergents
452
Non-narcotic analgesics
445
Novolac
431
Nucleic acids
419
Nucleophilic substitution
291
Nucleosides
420
Nucleotides
419
Nylon 6
431
Nylon 6, 6
425, 427, 431
Oligosaccharides
404
Optical isomerism
296
Optically inactive
299
Organo-metallic compounds
301

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333,
287,

441
440
439
427
372
372
341
305
415
291
449
298
454
441
417
329
322
355
319
418
366
361
428
414
289
307
286
429
309
356
408
408
386
355
397
284
415
405
405
406
411
410
301
291
324
341
408
375
359
419
430

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Drug - enzyme interaction

Drug - target interaction
Drugs
Elastomers
Electron donating group
Electron withdrawing group
Electrophilic aromatic substitution
Electrophilic substitution
Electrostatic forces
Elimination reaction
Emulsifiers
Enantiomers
Environmental pollution
Enzyme inhibitors
Enzymes
Esterification
Esters
Etard reaction
Ethers
315,
Fat soluble vitamins
Fatty acids
Fehling's test
Fibres
Fibrous proteins
Finkelstein reaction
Fittig reaction
Free radical
Free radical mechanism
Freon refrigerant
Friedel-Crafts reaction
Fructose
Furanose
Gabriel phthalimide synthesis
Gatterman - Koch reaction
Gatterman reaction
Geminal halides
Globular proteins
Gluconic acid
Glucose
Glyceraldehyde
Glycogen
Glycosidic linkage
Grignard reagent
Haloalkane
Haloarene
Halogenation
Haworth structures
Hell - Volhard Zelinsky reaction
Hemiacetal
Heterocyclic compounds
High density polythene

Terms

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Terms

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306,

283,

409,

281,
281,
334,

404,
427,
449,

Sp3 hybridised
381
Starch
405
Stephen reaction
354
Stereo centre
297
Structure - basicity relationship
390
Structure of proteins
414
Substitution nucleophilic bimolecular
293
Substitution nucleophilic unimolecular
294
Sucrose
405, 409
Sulphonation
395
Swarts reaction
289
Sweeteners
449
Synthetic detergents
451
Synthetic polymers
426
Synthetic rubber
434
Teflon
430
Terylene
428
Thermoplastic polymers
428
Thermosetting polymers
428
Toilet soaps
451
Tollens' test
361
Tranquilizers
444
Transfer - RNA
421
Transparent soaps
451
Trisaccharides
404
van der Waal forces
290
Vasodilator
443
Vicinal halides
283, 284
Vinylic alcohol
317
Vinylic halides
283
Vitamins
417, 418
Vulcanisation
434
Water soluble vitamins
418
Williamson synthesis
337
Wolff - Kishner reduction
361
Wurtz reaction
302
Wurtz-Fittig reaction
307
Ziegler - Natta catalyst
430
Zwitter ion
414

he

315,

417
353
414
414
435
318
358
430
431
431
316
425
425
410
429
450
308
412
295
408
298
296
440
404
335
436
412
421
376
361
354
433
406
446
397
450
451
426
451
450

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Oxidoreductase
Ozonolysis
Peptide bond
Peptide linkage
PHBV
Phenols
Polarity
Polyacrylonitrile
Polyamides
Polyesters
Polyhydric compounds
Polymerisation
Polymers
Polysaccharides
Polythene
Preservatives
Propellants
Proteins
Protic solvents
Pyranose structure
Racemic mixture
Racemisation
Receptors
Reducing sugars
Reimer - Tiemann reaction
Resins
Ribose
Ribosomal - RNA
Ring substitution
Rochelle salt
Rosenmund reduction
Rubber
Saccharic acid
Salvarsan
Sandmayer's reaction
Saponification
Scouring soaps
Semi - synthetic polymers
Shaving soaps
Soaps

Terms

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Terms

428,

287,

463 Index

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SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

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Hormones are molecules that act as

intercellular messengers. These are produced
by endocrine glands in the body and are
poured directly in the blood stream which
transports them to the site of action.
In terms of chemical nature, some of these
are steroids, e.g., estrogens and androgens;
some are poly peptides for example insulin
and endorphins and some others are amino
acid derivatives such as epinephrine and
norepinephrine.
Hormones have several functions in the
body. They help to maintain the balance of
biological activities in the body. The role of
insulin in keeping the blood glucose level
within the narrow limit is an example of this
function. Insulin is released in response to
the rapid rise in blood glucose level. On the
other hand hormone glucagon tends to
increase the glucose level in the blood. The
two hormones together regulate the glucose
level in the blood. Epinephrine and
norepinephrine mediate responses to external
stimuli. Growth hormones and sex hormones
play role in growth and development.
Thyroxine produced in the thyroid gland is
an iodinated derivative of amino acid
tyrosine. Abnormally low level of thyroxine
leads to hypothyroidism which is
characterised by lethargyness and obesity.
Increased level of thyroxine causes
hyperthyroidism. Low level of iodine in the
diet may lead to hypothyroidism and
enlargement of the thyroid gland. This
condition is largely being controlled by
adding sodium iodide to commercial table
salt (Iodised salt).
Steroid hormones are produced by
adrenal cortex and gonads (testes in males
and ovaries in females). Hormones released
by the adrenal cortex play very important

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14.5 HORMONES

role in the functions of the body. For

example, glucocorticoids control the
carbohydrate
metabolism,
modulate
inflammatory reactions, and are involved in
reactions to stress. The mineralocorticoids
control the level of excretion of water and
salt by the kidney. If adrenal cortex does
not function properly then one of the results
may be Addisons disease characterised by
hypoglycemia, weakness and increased
susceptibility to stress. The disease is fatal
unless it is treated by glucocorticoids and
mineralocorticoids. Hormones released by
gonads are responsible for development of
secondary sex characters. Testosterone is the
major sex hormone produced in males. It is
responsible for development of secondary
male characteristics (deep voice, facial hair,
general physical constitution) and estradiol
is the main female sex hormone. It is
responsible for development of secondary
female characteristics and participates in the
control of menstrual cycle. Progesterone is
responsible for preparing the uterus for
implantation of fertilised egg.

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UNIT XIV: Biomolecules

Chemistry 464

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UNIT XVI: Chemistry in Everyday Life

16.4.3 Antioxidants in Food

These are important and necessary food
additives. These help in food preservation by
retarding the action of oxygen on food. These
are more reactive towards oxygen than the
food material which they are protecting. The
two most familiar antioxidants are butylated
hydroxy toluene (BHT) and butylated
hydroxy anisole (BHA). The addition of BHA
to butter increases its shelf life from months
to years.
Sometimes BHT and BHA along with
citric acid are added to produce more effect.
Sulphur dioxide and sulphite are useful
antioxidants for wine and beer, sugar syrups
and cut, peeled or dried fruits and vegetables.