1.

(2+4+4 points) Let y1 (x) and y2 (x) be two particular solutions of the dierential equation
y + p(x)y + q(x)y = 0

(1)

where p(x) and q(x) are analytic functions on an interval I. Show the following:
(a) If y1 (x) and y2 (x) are linearly dependent, then the Wronskian W (y1 , y2 ) = 0 on I.
(b) If W (y1 , y2 ) = 0 at some point x0 I, then y1 (x) and y2 (x) are linearly dependent.
(c) If W (y1 , y2 ) = 0 at some point x0 I (i.e. y1 (x) and y2 (x) are linearly independent) and
y3 (x) is another particular solution of (1), then show that y3 (x) can be expressed as a
linear combination of y1 (x) and y2 (x).

2. (7 points) Solve the initial value problem

y (x) + 2y (x) + y(x) = ex

y(0) = 0, y (0) = 1.

(2)

Comment on the nature of the solution as x .

3. (3+3+4+5 points) Show the following

(a) Consider the set of all 2
matrices. Note that this forms a Vector space
2 real-valued

with dimension
4.
Let
|
V
and
|
W
be
any
two elements (2 2 matrices) of this Vector

space. Is V | W = det(V ) det(W ) a valid inner product denition? Why or why not?
(det denotes the determinant of a matrix)
(b) Show that the determinant of a matrix is unchanged under unitary change of basis. In
other words, if is any n n matrix and U is any n n unitary matrix, show that
det() = det(U U )

(3)

[Hint: For any two n n matrices A and B, det(AB) = det(A) det(B)].

{
}
(c) Consider an n dimensional vector space Vn with a basis | 1 , | 2 , . . . , |
n . Let :
Vn Vn1 be an operator such that its action on any vector | V = ni=1 vi | i is

dened by | V = n1
i=1 vi | i .
Does 1 exist? Justify your answer clearly.
(d) Show that the eigenvalues of a non-degenerate (has no repeated eigen-values) anti-Hermitian
operator are purely imaginary.

4. (4+6+8 points) Answer the following with clear justications:

(a) Evaluate the contour integral

z dz

where C is given by the parametrization z(t) = 2i + eit t [ 2 , 2 ].

(b) Identify the branch points and branches for the function

f (z) = e[log(z)+cos(
for (i) = 3; (ii) = 31 .
(c) Evaluate the following integral

cos(x)
dx.
1 + x4

Use Cauchy principal value where necessary.

z)]