Topic : Variation

Aim

: To study the variation of leaves.

Hypothesis : Different leaves have different lengths.

Variables
Constant : Type of plant (species of
Manipulated
: Number of leaves
Responding
: Length of leaves
Apparatus and materials

plant)

: Leaves, ruler

Procedure :

1.
2.
3.
4.

10 leaves from the same plants are collected by the students.

The length of a leaf is measured.
The length of leaves is recorded in the table.
The experiment is repeated with another leaf.

Result

:
Number of
leaves
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Length of leaves
( cm )

Discussion : Variations in the length of the leaves show normal distribution. There is a whole
range of intermediates between the shortest and the longest.
Hypothesis is accepted.
Conclusion : Different leaves have different length. The length of the leaves show continuous
variation.

Topic : Effect of impurities on the boiling point of a pure liquid.

Aim

: To study the effect of impurities on the boiling point of distilled water.

Hypothesis : The present of salt increases the

Variables
Constant
Manipulated
Responding

boiling point of distilled water.

: Volume of distilled water

: The present of salt
: Boiling point of distilled water

Material / apparatus : Distilled water, salt, 100 cm3 beaker, wire gauze, tripod stand,
Bunsen burner, thermometer
Procedure :

1. Distilled water is poured into a beaker until it is half full.

2. The water is heated until it boils. The temperature when the water boils (boiling
temperature ) is recorded.
3. Two spatulas of salts are added into distilled water and the mixture is heated again.
4. The temperature of the boiling mixture of water and salt is recorded.
Result

:
The presence of
salt
Absent

Boiling point of distilled

water ( C)

Present

Discussion : Without impurities the boiling point of distilled is 100 C but with the present of
impurities, the boiling point of water is increased. The boiling point of distilled
water is increased with the present of impurities

Hypothesis is accepted.
Conclusion : The presence of impurities increases the boiling point of distilledwater.