Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Calculations
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Definitions
The AIChE
Student
Pocket
Handbook
The AIChE
Pocket Handbook
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
6
10
14
18
23
26
29
34
40
44
48
48
51
53
Foreword
The purpose of this handbook is to make readily available in a limited number of pages some of the more important chemical, biological, physical, safety, and mathematical data and concepts that are fundamental to the
practice of the chemical engineering profession.
With these principles you should be able to solve many
chemical engineering problems.
Good Luck!
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
I.
COMMON DEFINITIONS
[C ]c[D]d
[A]a[B]b
([ ] refers to molarity)
p cC p dD
p aA p bB
( p partial pressure)
II.
Name
Actinium
Aluminum
Americium
Antimony
Symbol
Atomic
Number
Atomic
Weight
Common
Valence
Ac
Al
Am
Sb
89
13
95
51
(227)
26.9815
(243)
121.75
3
3
6,5,4,3
3,5
Name
Argon
Arsenic
Astatine
Barium
Berkelium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Californium
Carbon
Cerium
Cesium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Curium
Dysprosium
Einsteinium
Erbium
Europium
Fermium
Fluorine
Francium
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Gold
Hafnium
Helium
Holmium
Symbol
Atomic
Number
Atomic
Weight
Common
Valence
Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
Be
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cs
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Cm
Dy
Es
Er
Eu
Fm
F
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
He
Ho
18
33
85
56
97
4
83
5
35
48
20
98
6
58
55
17
24
27
29
96
66
99
68
63
100
9
87
64
31
32
79
72
2
67
39.948
74.9216
(210)
137.34
(247)
9.0122
208.980
10.811
79.904
112.40
40.08
(249)
12.01115
140.12
132.905
35.453
51.996
58.9332
63.546
(247)
162.50
(254)
167.26
151.96
(253)
18.9984
(223)
157.25
69.72
72.59
196.967
178.49
4.0026
164.930
0
3,5
1,3,5,7
2
4,3
2
3,5
3
1,5
2
2
3
4,2
3,4
1
1,3,5,7
6,2,3
2,3
2,1
3
3
3
3,2
1
1
3
3
4
3,1
4
0
3
Name
Symbol
Atomic
Number
Atomic
Weight
Common
Valence
Hydrogen
Indium
Iodine
Iridium
Iron
Krypton
Lanthanum
Lawrencium
Lead
Lithium
Lutetium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mendelevium
Mercury
Molybdenum
Neodymium
Neon
Neptunium
Nickel
Niobium
Nitrogen
Nobelium
Osmium
Oxygen
Palladium
Phosphorus
Platinum
Plutonium
Polonium
Potassium
Praseodymium
Promethium
H
In
I
Ir
Fe
Kr
La
Lw
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Md
Hg
Mo
Nd
Ne
Np
Ni
Nb
N
No
Os
O
Pd
P
Pt
Pu
Po
K
Pr
Pm
1
49
53
77
26
36
57
103
82
3
71
12
25
101
80
42
60
10
93
28
41
7
102
76
8
46
15
78
94
84
19
59
61
1.00797
114.82
126.9044
192.2
55.847
83.80
138.91
(257)
207.19
6.939
174.97
24.312
54.9380
(256)
200.59
95.94
144.24
20.183
(237)
58.71
92.906
14.0067
(254)
190.2
15.9994
106.4
30.9738
195.09
(242)
(210)
39.102
140.907
(147)
1
3
1,5,7
2,3,4,6
2,3
0
3
4,2
1
3
2
7,6,4,2,3
2,1
6,5,4,3,2
3
0
6,5,4,3
2,3
5,3
3,5,4,2
2,3,4,6,8
2
2,4
3,5,4
2,4
6,5,4,3
2,4
1
3,4
3
Symbol
Atomic
Number
Protactinium
Radium
Radon
Rhenium
Pa
Ra
Rn
Re
91
88
86
75
Rhodium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfur
Tantalum
Technetium
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Uranium
Vanadium
Xenon
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium
Rh
Rb
Ru
Sm
Sc
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Tc
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Xe
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
45
37
44
62
21
34
14
47
11
38
16
73
43
52
65
81
90
69
50
22
74
92
23
54
70
39
30
40
Name
Atomic
Weight
(231)
(226)
(222)
186.2
102.905
85.47
101.07
150.35
44.956
78.96
28.086
107.870
22.9898
87.62
32.064
180.948
(98)
127.60
158.924
204.37
232.038
168.934
118.69
47.90
183.85
238.03
50.942
131.30
173.04
88.905
65.37
91.22
Common
Valence
5,4
2
7,6,4,
2,1
2,3,4
1
2,3,4,6,8
3,2
3
2,4,5
4
1
1
2
2,4,6
5
7
2,4,6
3,4
3,1
4
3,2
4,2
4,3
6,5,4,3,2
6,5,4,3
5,4,3,2
0
3,2
3
2
4
III.
COMMON ANIONS
Name
Arsenite
Arsenate
Acetate
Bicarbonate
Bisulfate
Bromate
Bromide
Carbonate
Chlorate
Chloride
Chromate
Cyanamide
Cyanide
Dichromate
Dithionate
Ferricyanide
Ferrocyanide
Formate
Symbol
AsO3
AsO4
C2H3O2
HCO3
HSO4
BrO3
Br
CO3
ClO3
Cl
CrO4
CN2
CN
Cr2O7
S2O6
Fe(CN)6
Fe(CN)6
CHO2
Name
Symbol
Hydroxide
Hypochlorite
Iodide
Iodate
Molybdate
Nitrate
Nitrite
Oxalate
Perchlorate
Peroxide
Permanganate
Phosphate
Sulfate
Sulde
Sulte
Thiocyanate
Thiosulfate
OH
OCl
I
IO3
MoO4
NO3
NO2
C2O4
ClO4
O2
MnO4
PO4
SO4
S
SO3
CNS
S2O3
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Type or Name
General Formula
1. Alkane or parafn
(also saturated
hydrocarbons)
2. Alkene or olen
(unsaturated
hydrocarbons)
3. Alkyne
4. Alcohol
5. Ether
6. Aldehyde
7. Ketone
8. Carboxylic Acid
9. Grignard reagent
Type or Name
General Formula
11. Anhydride
12. Ester
13. Amide
15. Nitrile
B. Cyclic Compounds
1. Cycloparafn
Type or Name
General Formula
2. Cycloalkene
3. Aromatic
4. Naphthalenic
II.
PERTINENT NOTES
B. Mechanisms
1. Free radical (unshared electron)
(no charge)
2. Carbonium ion (decient in electrons)
( positive charge)
(carbon with six electrons)
3. Carbanion
(excess of electrons)
(negative charge)
(carbon with eight electrons)
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
R(Tbp)2Ma
Hv(1000)
con-
R ideal-gas constant
Tbp solvent boiling point, absolute temperature
3. Clausius Equation
Hm
dp
dT
(V v) T
where
p pressure
T absolute temperature
Hm molal heat of vaporization
V molar vapor volume
v molal liquid volume
Hm
1 dp
p dT
RT 2
p2
p1
Hm T2 T1
c
d
R
T1T2
6. Faradays Laws
First Law: The mass of a substance reacting
at the electrodes is directly proportional to the
quantity of electricity passed through the solution.
Second Law: The masses of different substances produced during electrolysis are directly
proportional to their equivalent weights; 96,496
coulombs of electricity 1 faraday electricity to
yield 1 gram equivalent of any substance.
7. Freezing Point Depression (Tf)The following equations hold for a dilute solution of a
nonionic solute in which the solid phase is pure
solvent.
Tf Kf m
Kf
R (Tf p)2Ma
Hf (1000)
12
H
RT 2
at constant pressure
H heat of reaction
K reaction equilibrium constant
R ideal-gas constant
T absolute temperature
If H is constant,
where
ln a
K2
K1
b
H T2 T1
c
d
R
T1T2
ya
1 ya
13
pa
P pa
Ma
Mb
pa
Pa
pa (P Pa)
Y
100
Ysat
Pa (P pa)
FLUID FLOW
I.
Mass velocity
G V
14
g
gc
( a b)
32 L V
gc D 2
Average velocity, V
V
DV
DV
g
gc
Za
V 2a
2gc a
Ws
Pb
b
g
gc
Zb
V 2b
2gc b
s, cross-sectional area
Lp, the wetted perimeter
Equivalent diameter, De
De 4 (hydraulic radius, rH)
15
Hf
II.
FRICTION
Skin friction
Hfs
2 f LV 2
Dgc
f
1
f. .5
16
DV
16
NRe
Equivalent
resistance,
pipe diameters
45-degree elbows
90-degree elbows (standard radius)
90-degree square elbows
180-degree close return bends
Ts (used as elbow, entering run)
Ts (used as elbow, entering branch)
Couplings
Unions
Gate valves (open)
Globe valves (open)
Angle valves (open)
15
32
60
75
60
90
Negligible
Negligible
7
300
170
V 2a
2 gc
a1
16
sa
sb
KcV 2b
2 gc
Venturi meter
2V sb V 2a Cv
2gc ( pa pb)
0.61
21 4 B
IV.
2gc ( ps P)
B
SYMBOLS USED
Cu , Cp coefcients of velocity
D diameter
g acceleration of gravity 32.2 ft /s 2 9.81 m/s2
gc Newtons conversion factor 32.2 ft-lbm /(lbf -s2)
1 m-kg/(N-s 2 )
Hf head loss due to friction
Hfs head loss due to skin friction
Hfc head loss due to contraction of cross section
17
CONDUCTION
kAT
T
x
R
18
unsteady state
T
k
2T
x 2
t
Cp x
Resistance in Series
T
xC
xB
kA A kB A kC A
T
RA RB RC
q
xA
II.
k AmT
r
CONVECTION
q hAT
where
III.
q UAavg (T )
where
Ar
1
U
UAr
hi
Ar
xm
Am
km
Ar
1
Ao
ho
Ar
1
Ai
hFi
Ar
1
Ao
hFo
Ar
where
IV.
1
Ai
RADIATION
q12 AF (T 41 T 42)
q12 net radiation between surfaces 1 and
2, Btu/hr
T1, T2 absolute temperature of surfaces 1,
2, R.
A area of either surface, sq ft
Stefan-Boltzman Constant 1.712
109 Btu/hr-sq ft-R 4
F geometric view factor
where
V.
0.023(NRe)0.8(NPr)0.33(w)0.14[1 (DL)0.7]
NRe the Reynolds Number DG
NPr the Prandtl Number Cp k
where
1.86(NRe)0.33(NPr)0.33( w)0.14(DL)0.33
20
ho Do
kf
where
0.35 0.56(NRe)0.52
havg Do
kf
where
VIII.
Vertical Tubes
havg 1.13 c
k 3f 2f g
To L f
0.25
Horizontal Tubes
havg 0.725 c
k 3f 2f g
To Do f
21
0.25
IX.
NOTATION
Subscripts
avg average
f lm
i inside
o outside
r reference
22
w wall
m mean or log mean
DISTILLATION
I.
FzF yV xL
FVL
II.
ln
W
Wo
xo
dx
yx
x(1 xo)
1 xo
W
1
ln c
d ln c
d
Wo
( 1)
xo(1 x)
1x
(yx)a
(yx)b
pa
pb
Operating Lines
1. Rectifying Section
Total material: Vn1 Ln D
Component A: Vn1 yn1 Ln xn DxD
yn1
Ln
Ln D
xn
DxD
Ln D
2. Stripping Section
Total material: Lm Vm1 B
Component A: Lm1 xm Vm1 ym1 BxB
ym1
Lm
Lm B
xm
BxB
Lm B
3. Reux Ratio
Ratio of reux to overhead product
RD
L
VD
D
D
Superheated vapor
Saturated vapor
Liquid and vapor
Saturated liquid
Cold liquid
(downward to left)
0 (horizontal)
(upward to left)
(vertical)
(upward to right)
yn yn1
y*n yn1
24
where
IV.
NOTATION
relative volatility
B moles of bottoms product
D moles of overhead product
F moles of feed
L molar liquid downow
RD ratio of reux to overhead product
V molar vapor upow
W weight in still pot
x mole fraction of the more volatile component in
the liquid phase
y mole fraction of the more volatile component in
the vapor phase
zD mole fraction of the more volatile component in
the feed
Subscripts
B bottoms product
D overhead product
F feed
m any plate in stripping section of column
m 1 plate below plate m
n any plate in stripping section of column
n 1 plate below plate n
o original charge in still pot
25
MASS TRANSFER
I.
DIFFUSION
1. Molecular Diffusion
NA
A
pA NA
NB
D pA
c
d
P A
A
RT z
( pA2 pA1)
DP
RT ( pB)lm
x2 x1
( pA2 pA1)
D
RT
z2 z1
II.
D
2pA
z 2
CONVECTION
1. Two-Film Theory
NA
A
2. Overall Coefcients
1
1
H
KG
kG
kL
1
1
1
KL
HkG
kL
3. Transfer Unit
HTUheight of a transfer unit
HTG
G
KG a
HTL
L
KL a
y2
x2
y1
NTL
x1
dy
y* y
1 y2
1
ln
2
1 y1
1 x1
dx
1
ln
x x*
2
1 x2
y1 y2
(y y*)lm
III.
0.5 f jH jD
where
IV.
h Cp 0.667 w 0.14
c
c
d
d
CpG k
kc
G
(NSc)0.667
NOTATION
THERMODYNAMICS
I.
DEFINITIONS
II.
FIRST LAW
In an isolated system E E2 E1 0
In a closed system
E Q W
In an open system
E g(H Ep Ek) Q W
where the summed terms refer to leaving () and entering () streams
In a steady state open system
Esystem 0
Hence for the entering and leaving streams
H Ek Ep Q W
III.
SECOND LAW
Denition of entropy
S
dQrev
T
TdS VdP
PERFECT-GAS RELATIONSHIPS
T2
T2
Cp dT or (HP)T 0
T1
Cv dT or (UV )T 0
T1
RT1
1
ca
P2
P1
(1)
1 d (per mole)
31
V1
V2
W RT ln
VI.
V2
V1
P1
RT ln
P2
( per mole)
CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
(constant-temperature path)
and the limit of fP as P approaches 0 1.00
a ff0
B. Equilibrium
Standard free energy at temperature T for the
reaction
aA bB rR sS
G rGR sGS aGA bGB
RT ln
a rR a sS
a aA a bB
RT ln Ka
C. Cells
At standard conditions
G nF RT ln Ka
32
At actual conditions
G nF nF RT ln
VIII.
a rR a sS
a aA a bB
NOTATION
RATE OR REACTION
1 dNa
V dt
dCA
dt
rA kC aA C bB . . .
the reaction is ath order with respect to A and
nth order overall; n a b
k2
k1
1
1
c d
R T1
T2
E
dCA
dt
kCA or
dXA
dt
k(1 XA)
CA
CA0
ln (1 XA) kt
35
dCA
kCACB
dt
CB CA0
CB0 CA
ln
M XA
M(1 XA)
(CB0 CA0) kt
dCA
dt
kC nA
dCA
dt
dCR
dt
k1CA k2CR
XAe XA
XAe
ln
CA CAe
CA0 CAe
36
(k1 k2)t
XA
dCA
dt
k f (CA, CB , . . .),
dXA
(rA )
CA
CA0
dCA
k f (CA, CB , . . .)
Where density change is proportional to the fractional conversion of any reactant A (isothermal systems),
CA
CA0
1 XA
1 A XA
where
A
VXA 1 VXA 0
VXA 0
1 dNA
V dt
CA0
dXA
(1 A XA) dt
k f (CA, CB , . . .)
XA
dXA
(1 A XA)(rA)
37
IV.
FLOW REACTORS
A. Capacity Measures
Space time: time required to process one reactor
volume of entering feed
mean residence time
VCA0
FA0
(units of time)
XA
dXA
(rA)
or
V
FA0
XA
dXA
(rA)
A XA
N
N A
N2
ln (1 NXA)
where
N1
C. Design
Equation
for
k2
k2
(1 A)
Back-Mix
38
(Ideal
Stirred
Tank) Reactor
CA0 XA
(rA)
or
XA
V
FA0
(rA)
(1 k per reactor) j
D. NOTATION
A, B, R, etc. substance A, etc.
a, b, . . . exponents on concentration term of
empirical rate expression
CA concentration of A, moles A/volume
CA0 initial concentration of A, moles A/
volume
FA0 feed rate of A or ow rate of A entering
the reactor, moles A/time
K equilibrium constant
k reaction rate constant, (conc1n)(time1)
n order of reaction
NA moles of A
rA rate of reaction of any comoponent A,
moles A formed/time-volume
T temperature
t time
V volume of uid in batch reactor, volume of uid in a ow reactor, or reactor
volume
39
CONVERSION FACTORS
Acceleration
1 ft/s2 0.3048 m/s2
0.6318 (mile/hr)/sec
1.097 km/hr-s
30.48 cm /s2
1 rev/min2 2.778 104 rev/s2
0.001745 rad/s2
0.01667 rev/min-s
Density
1 lbm /ft3 16.02 kg/m3
5.787 104 lbm /in3
0.01602 g/cc
Flow
1 ft3/min 4.719 104 m3/s
0.1247 gal/s
40
0.4720 liter/s
472 cc/s
Length
1 ft 0.3048 m
1.894 104 mile
13 yd
12 in
30.48 cm
3.05 105 microns ()
1 1010 m
108 cm
1 104 microns ()
Angle
1 rad 12 circle
0.1592 rev
0.637 quad
57.3 deg
3,438 min
2.063 105 s
Mass
1 lbm 0.4536 kg
4.464 104 long ton
5 104 short ton
4.536 104 metric ton
0.4536 kg
453.6 g
0.0311 slug
Pressure
1 lbf /in2 abs 6.895 103 N/m2
6.895 103 Pascal
41
0.06805 atm
0.07031 kg/cm2
2.036 in Hg @ 32F
2.307 ft H2O @ 39F
70.307 g/cm2
51.72 mm Hg @ 32F
51.72 torr
Power
1 ft-lb/min. 0.0226 W
2.26 105 kW
3.03 105 hp
3.24 104 kg-cal/min
0.001285 Btu/min
Temperature
F 1.8(C) 32
K C 273
R F 459
Time
1 nanosecond 1 109 s
Velocity
1 ft/s 0.3048 m/s
0.011364 mile/min
0.6818 mile/hr
1.0973 km./hr
18.29 m/min
30.48 cm/s
1 rev/min 0.1047 rad/s
6 deg/s
42
Viscosity
1 centipoise 0.001 Pa-s
0.001 N-s/m2
0.01 g/cm-s
6.72 104 lbm /ft-s
2.42 lbm /ft-hr
Volume
1 ft3 0.02832 m3
0.03704 yd3
0.80357 bushel (U.S.)
7.481 gal (U.S.)
6.229 gal (British)
25.714 qt (dry, U.S.)
29.92 qt (liq., U.S.)
1.728 103 in3
28.32 liters
2.832 104 cm3
2.832 104 ml
59.8 pt (U.S. liq.)
Work and Energy
1 Btu 1054 J
2.93 104 kW-hr
3.93 104 hp-hr
0.252 kg cal
0.293 W-hr
10.41 liter-atm
252 g cal
778 ft-lb f
0.3676 ft3-atm
1.054 1010 ergs
43
xA MA
xA MA xB MB
wAMA
wAMA wBMB
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
Gas constants
R 0.0821 atm-liter/g-mole-K
1.987 g-cal/g-mole-K
1.987 Btu/lbm-mole-
R
8.314 joules/g-mole-K
1546 ft-lbf / lbm -mole-
R
10.73 (psi)-ft 3/lbm-mole-
R
0.7302 atm-ft 3/lbm-mole-
R
Acceleration of gravity (standard)
g 32.17 ft/s2 980.7 cm /s2
Avogadros number
N 6.023 1023 molecules/g-mole
Boltzmanns constant
K 1.3805 1016 erg/molecule-K
Newtons conversion constant
gc 32.17 lbm-ft / lb f -s 2 1.000 kg-m/N-s 2
44
Plancks constant
h 6.624 1027 erg-s
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
1.355 1012 cal/s-cm2-K4
1.712 109 Btu /hr-sq ft-R4
Velocity of light
c 186,000 miles/s 3 1010 cm /s
Velocity of sound in dry air, 0C and 1 atm
33,136 cm /s 1,089 ft /s
Heat of fusion of water at 1 atm, 0C
79.7 cal /g 144 Btu /lbm
Heat of vaporization of water at 1 atm, 100C
540 cal /g 972 Btu/lbm
Ton of refrigeration 12,000 Btu /hr
1 lbm-mole of perfect gas occupies 359 ft 3 at standard conditions (32F, 14.7 psi abs)
1 g-mole of perfect gas occupies 22.4 liters at 0C and
760 mm Hg
Thermochemistry
F 96,500 coulombs/gram equivalent
joules volts coulombs
coulombs amperes seconds
45
Dimensionless Groups
Name
Fanning friction factor
Heat transfer factor
Mass transfer factor
Froude number
Graetz number
Grashof number
Nusselt number
Peclet number
Power number
Prandtl number
Reynolds number
Schmidt number
Sherwood number
Symbol
f
jH
jM
NFr
NGz
NGr
NNu
NPe
NPo
NPr
NRe
NSc
NSh
Formula
pgcd2LV 2
(hcpG)(Cpk)23
(kc G)(D)23
V 2gL
wcpkL
L32gT2
hdk
LV cpk
Pgcn3d5
cpk
LV
D
Kc LD
Notation
cp specic heat, Btu/lbm-F
D molecular diffusivity, sq ft/hr
d diameter, ft
G mass velocity, lbm /sq ft-hr
g acceleration of gravity, 32.2 ft/s2
gc conversion factor 32.2 ft-lbm /(lbf-s 2 )
1 m-kg/(N-s2)
h heat transfer coefcient, Btu/sq ft-hr-F
k thermal conductivity, Btu/sq ft-(F/ft)-hr
kc mass transfer coefcient, ft/hr
L characteristic dimension, ft
n rate of rotation, s1
P power to agitator, ft-lbf /s
p pressure drop, lbf /sq ft
T temperature, F
V uid velocity, ft /s
46
GREEK ALPHABET
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
!,
#,
%,
,
,
,
,
,
M,
,
,
,
",
$,
&,
alpha
beta
gamma
delta
epsilon
zeta
nu
xi
omicron
pi
rho
sigma
eta
theta
iota
kappa
lambda
mu
tau
upsilon
phi
chi
psi
omega
MATHEMATICS
a b (a b)(a b)
2
a3 b3 (a b)(a2 ab b2)
a3 b3 (a b)(a2 ab b2)
a x 2 bx c 0 x
b 2b2 4ac
2a
Area of circle r 2
Circumference of circle 2r
Surface of sphere 4r 2
Volume of sphere (43) r 3
Volume of cone or pyramid 13 (base area)(height)
dax adx
dx n nx n1 dx
48
d(u v) du dv
d(uv) udv vdu
dc
u
vdu udv
d
v
v2
deax aeax dx
dax ax logea dx
d sin x cos x dx
d cos x sin x dx
d tan x sec 2 x dx
(u v) dx udx vdx
udv uv vdu
x n dx x n1(n 1) for n 1
dx
loge x ln x
eax dx
eax
a
Binomial series
(x y)n x n n x n1y
n(n 1)
2!
x n2 y 2
(y 2 x 2)
Taylor series
(x a)
xa
f '(a)
1!
2!
2
49
MacLaurin series
f (x) f (0) f (0)
x
x2
f '(0)
1!
2!
Exponential series
ex 1 x
x2
x3
2!
3!
Py Q
II.
1
yi
a a LFL b
i
UFLMIXTURE
1
yi
a a UFL b
i
52
Moles
of
Oxygen
Moles
of
Fuel
BioreactorA vessel used for biological processes. Examples include growing microorganisms and animal
cells for the production of useful products.
BiotechnologyThe use or development of methods of
direct genetic manipulation for a socially desirable
goal. Examples include the production of a particular
chemical, production of better plants or seeds, and
gene therapy.
CatabolismMetabolism involved with the breakdown of
materials for the production of intermediates and energy.
EnzymeA catalytic protein (and in some cases RNA)
produced by living cells.
EukaryoteA cell or organism with a membrane-bound
nucleus and well-developed organelles. Examples include yeast, animals, and plants.
ProkaryoteA cell lacking a true nucleus. Examples include bacteria and blue-green algae.
VirusA noncellular entity that consists minimally of
protein and DNA or RNA and that can replicate only after entry into specic types of living cells.
II.
ChemostatA bioreactor in which the continuous addition of fresh medium and removal of efuent results in
constant nutrient, product, and cell concentrations
when operated under steady state conditions.
Death PhaseThe portion of the growth curve in culture
in which there is a net decline in the number of viable
(live) cells.
Exponential (Log) Growth PhaseA period of growth in
a culture in which the number of cells or cell mass increases exponentially, i.e., the growth rate is proportional to the population density:
dX
X,
dt
where X cell number (cells /mL) or cell biomass
(mg/mL), t is time, and is the specic growth rate (h1).
Fed-Batch CultureA culture to which nutrients are periodically added during the operation of the culture.
Growth YieldYield of biomass based on substrate (e.g.,
glucose or oxygen) utilization:
YX/S
dX
,
dS
KLa(C * CL),
55
vmax[S]
KM [S]
where v is the reaction rate, vmax is the maximum reaction rate, KM is the Michaelis Constant and is equal to
the substrate concentration at v 12 vmax , and [S] is
the substrate concentration.
Perfusion CultureA bioreactor in which cells are
retained, medium is added continuously or semicontinuously, and spent medium containing toxic
metabolites is removed.
Population Doubling Time (PDT)The time required for
the viable cell population to double. This term is commonly used for animal cell cultures, and is related to
the specic growth rate () by
PDT
ln(2)
Power Number (Np)A dimensionless number commonly used to determine the amount of power introduced to the bioreactor as a result of agitation. The
56
P
N 3D 5
where P is the power input, is the density of the solution being agitated, N is the rotational speed of the impeller, and D is the impeller diameter.
Monod EquationAn equation commonly used to model
the effect of the rate-limiting substrate concentration
on the specic growth rate. This equation is given by
m[S]
Ks [S]
57
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2014 AIChE 9865-14 04.14