Test and Score Data Summary for

TOEFL Computer-Based
and Paper-Based Tests

July 2005June 2006 Test Data

Test of English as a Foreign Language

TM

This edition of the TOEFL Test And Score Data Summary contains data on the
performance of examinees who took the computer-based TOEFL test and those who
took the paper-based TOEFL test between July 2005 and June 2006. Data from
previous testing periods can be found on the TOEFL website at www.ets.org/toe.
This edition does not contain performance data for the TOEFL Internet-based test
(TOEFL iBT) which was introduced in September 2005 and gradually implemented
worldwide in 2006. A separate edition with performance data for the TOEFL iBT can
be found on the TOEFL website at www.ets.org/toe.

TOEFL Scores
Open More Doors.

www.ets.org/toe

Table of Contents

History of the TOEFL Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

The Computer-Based TOEFL Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Computer-Based Test Data for 2005-06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Table 1. Observed Minimum and Maximum Scores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Table 2. Percentile Ranks Total Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Table 3. Percentile Ranks Graduate-Level Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Table 4. Percentile Ranks Undergraduate-Level Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Table 5. Percentile Ranks Other Students. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Table 6. Percentile Ranks Applicants for Professional License. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Table 7. Means and Standard Deviations Males. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Table 8. Means and Standard Deviations Females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Table 9. Total and Section Score Means All Examinees by Native Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Table 10. Total and Section Score Means Nonnative English-Speaking
Examinees by Geographic Region and Native Country. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Table 11. Percentile Ranks Writing Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

The Paper-Based TOEFL Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Paper-Based Test Data for 2005-06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Table 12. Observed Minimum and Maximum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 13. Percentile Ranks Total Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 14. Percentile Ranks Graduate-Level Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 15. Percentile Ranks Undergraduate-Level Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 16. Percentile Ranks Other Students. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 17. Percentile Ranks Applicants for Professional License. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 18. Means and Standard Deviations Males. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 19. Means and Standard Deviations Females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 20. Total and Section Score Means All Examinees by Native Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 21. Total and Section Score Means Nonnative English-Speaking
Examinees by Geographic Region and Native Country. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 22. Percentile Ranks for TWE Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
15
16
17

For additional information about the Test of English as a Foreign Language, see the TOEFL Score User Guide,
TOEFL iBT at a Glance, and the TOEFL Internet-based Test Score Comparison Tables. Order these publications in print form or download them at www.ets.org/toefl. Visit the TOEFL programs Download Library for
a complete list of downloadable publications.
Copyright 2007 by Educational Testing Service. All rights reserved.
ETS, the ETS logos, GRADUATE RECORD EXAMINATIONS, POWERPREP, TOEFL, the TOEFL logo, and TWE are registered trademarks of Educational Testing Service (ETS) in
the United States of America and other countries throughout the world. TEST OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE and TEST OF WRITTEN ENGLISH are trademarks of
Educational Testing Service. COLLEGE BOARD is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board. Prometric is a registered trademark of Thomson Learning.
A single copy of this publication may be downloaded for individual use. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
or by any means without permission in writing from Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ, USA. Violators will be prosecuted
in accordance with all applicable copyright and trademark laws.
Permission requests may be made online at www.ets.org or sent to Educational Testing Service, Office of the General Counsel,
Attn: Permissions Administrator, Rosedale Road, MS 04C, Princeton, NJ 08541, USA.

History of the TOEFL Program

The Test of English as a Foreign Language, better
known as TOEFL, is designed to measure the English
proficiency of people whose native language is not
English. TOEFL scores are accepted by more than 6,000
colleges, universities, and licensing agencies in 110
countries. The test is also used by governments, and
scholarship and exchange programs worldwide.
The TOEFL Program A national council on the testing of English as a foreign language was formed in 1962;
its members were representatives of more than 30 private organizations and government agencies concerned
with the English proficiency of nonnative speakers of
English who wished to study at colleges and universities
in the United States. The council supported the development of the TOEFL test for use starting in 196364.
Financed by grants from the Ford and Danforth Foundations, the TOEFL program was first administered by the
Modern Language Association. In 1965, the College
Board and Educational Testing Service (ETS) assumed joint responsibility for the program. Because
many who take the TOEFL test are potential graduate
students, a cooperative arrangement for the operation
of the program was entered into by ETS, the College
Board, and the Graduate Record Examinations Board
in 1973. Under this arrangement, ETS is responsible for
administering the TOEFL program with guidance from
the TOEFL Board.
The TOEFL Board is comprised of 15 members. Some
are affiliated with such institutions and agencies as
undergraduate and graduate schools, community colleges, nonprofit educational exchange organizations, and
other public and private agencies with an interest in
international education. Other members are specialists
in the field of English as a foreign or second language.

Development of the Test The test originally contained

five sections. As a result of extensive research, a threesection test was developed and introduced in 1976. In
July 1995, the test item format was modified somewhat
within the same three-section structure. In recent years,
various constituencies called for a new TOEFL test that
would (1) be more reflective of communicative competence models; (2) include more constructed-response
tasks and direct measures of writing and speaking; (3)
include tasks that integrate the language modalities
tested; and (4) provide more information than the paperbased TOEFL test (TOEFL pBT) about the ability of
international students to use English in an academic
environment. Accordingly, the TOEFL Board initiated
a broad effort under which language testing will evolve
in the twenty-first century. The introduction of the
computer-based TOEFL test (TOEFL cBT) in 1998 was
the first incremental step in this broad test-improvement
effort.
The next step was the introduction of an Internetbased version of the TOEFL test (TOEFL iBT) in September 2005. The test was first launched in the United
States, and has been gradually rolled out worldwide.
TOEFL iBT assesses all four language skills (speaking,
listening, reading, and writing) that are important for
effective communication. TOEFL iBT emphasizes
integrated skills and provides better information to
institutions about students ability to communicate in
an academic setting and their readiness for academic
coursework.
As TOEFL iBT was introduced in an area, TOEFL cBT
was discontinued after a period of overlap to ensure a
smooth transition to TOEFL iBT. The final administration of TOEFL cBT was held in September 2006. TOEFL
pBT will continue to be offered on a limited basis to
support the TOEFL iBT testing network. The Test and
Score Data Summary for TOEFL iBT will be available
on the TOEFL Web site in March 2007.

The Computer-Based TOEFL Test

In July 1998, ETS introduced the computer-based version
of the TOEFL test (TOEFL cBT) in many areas of the
world. This move was the first critical step toward a
long-term goal of enhancing assessments by using electronic technology to test more complex skills.
A primary goal of the TOEFL program is to provide
more extensive information than it has in the past
about candidates
English proficiency.
In response to institutions requests to
include a productive
measure of writing,
the program added
a Writing section
(essay) as part of each
TOEFL cBT test
administration. This addition was one step toward a
more communicative test. Essay ratings were integrated
into section and total scores, but were also reported
separately on official score reports for informational
purposes. New types of questions were added to the
Listening and Reading sections; these new question
types moved beyond multiple-choice questions. Visuals
were also added to the Listening section, providing a
significant enhancement to that portion of the test.
Two sections of the test Listening and Structure
were computer adaptive, meaning the test was tailored to
each examinees performance level. The test started with
questions of moderate difficulty. As an examinee answered
each question, the computer scored the question and
used that information, as well as the responses to previous questions, to determine the question it would present next. As long as examinees responded correctly, the
computer typically selected questions of greater or equal
difficulty. In contrast, if examinees answered questions
incorrectly, the computer typically selected questions
of lesser or equal difficulty. The computer was programmed to continuously find questions of an appropriate difficulty for test takers of all performance levels.

Test PreparationThe TOEFL program took steps to

ensure that an individuals test performance was not
influenced by a lack of computer experience. A set of
tutorials, designed especially for nonnative speakers of
English, was developed to teach the skills needed to take
the test on computer. The interactive tutorials, presented
at the beginning of each test session, provided instruction
and practice in using a mouse, scrolling text, answering
the various types of questions in the four test sections,
and typing the essay using a standard word processing
system for those examinees who elected to type their
essay instead of handwriting it.
Everyone registered to take the TOEFL test receives
test preparation materials free of charge. Examinees
who registered to take TOEFL cBT received TOEFL
POWERPREP software, which contained two complete
cBT tests.
The final administration of TOEFL cBT was held in
September 2006. TOEFL cBT scores are valid for two
years from the testing date. During this period, examinees can send their TOEFL cBT score reports to institutions of their choice. Procedures to request score reports
are available on the TOEFL Web site.

Visit the TOEFL Web site at www.ets.org/toefl

for the most up-to-date information.

Computer-Based Test Data for 2005-06

The data presented in the tables below are based on

574,192 examinees who took TOEFL cBT between
July 2005 and June 2006.
Table 1 gives actual ranges of observed scores for
the period from July 2005 through June 2006. The

percentile ranks for section and total scale scores are

shown in Table 2 for the total group. In Tables 36,
examinees have been classified by their reason for
taking the test (information supplied by them at the
test center).

Table 1. Observed Minimum and Maximum

TOEFL cBT Section and Total Scores
Min.

Section
1. Listening

30

2. Structure/Writing

30

3. Reading

30

Total

300

Section 2
Structure/Writing

Section 3
Reading

Total Scale Score

Percentile Rank

Scale Score

Section 1
Listening

Section 2
Structure/Writing

Section 3
Reading

Total Scale Score

30
28
26
24
22

99
93
82
68
53

99
93
81
62
47

98
92
80
63
46

300
280
260
240
220

100
96
84
67
50

30
28
26
24
22

99
92
80
65
49

99
92
78
57
41

98
90
74
55
39

300
280
260
240
220

100
94
80
62
44

20
18
16
14
12

40
29
20
14
9

34
23
15
9
5

32
21
13
7
4

200
180
160
140
120

34
22
14
8
4

20
18
16
14
12

35
24
16
10
6

28
18
11
6
3

25
15
9
5
2

200
180
160
140
120

28
17
10
5
3

10
8
6
4
2

5
3
1

3
1
1

2
1

100
80
60
40
20

2
1

10
8
6
4
2

4
2
1

2
1

100
80
60
40
20

Mean
S.D.

20.7
5.6

21.5
5.1

21.8
4.8

Mean
S.D.

Mean
S.D.

21.3
5.3

22.3
4.8

22.7
4.5

Mean
S.D.

214
47

*Based on the total group of 574,192 examinees tested between July 2005 and June 2006
in cBT test centers. (Total group includes 101,282 examinees not included in Tables 36
who did not indicate a reason for taking the TOEFL test or who indicated reasons other
than those given in Tables 36.)

Percentile Rank

Section 1
Listening

Table 3. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL cBT Scores

Graduate-Level Students*

Scale Score

Table 2. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL cBT Scores

Total Group*

Max.

221
44

*Based on 279,225 examinees who indicated that they were applying for admission to
colleges or universities as graduate students.

Section 2
Structure/Writing

Section 3
Reading

Total Scale Score

Percentile Rank

Scale Score

Section 3
Reading

Total Scale Score

Percentile Rank

30
28
26
24
22

99
93
82
68
54

99
93
81
65
51

99
95
85
70
55

300
280
260
240
220

100
96
85
70
55

30
28
26
24
22

99
95
85
72
60

100
96
86
70
57

99
96
88
75
60

300
280
260
240
220

100
98
89
75
60

20
18
16
14
12

42
31
22
15
10

38
27
18
11
7

40
28
17
10
5

200
180
160
140
120

40
27
17
10
5

20
18
16
14
12

49
39
30
23
17

45
35
27
19
13

46
34
24
16
10

200
180
160
140
120

47
36
26
18
12

10
8
6
4
2

6
3
1

3
2
1

2
1

100
80
60
40
20

2
1

10
8
6
4
2

11
7
3

8
5
3
1

5
3
1

100
80
60
40
20

7
3
1

Mean
S.D.

20.5
5.8

21.0
5.4

20.8
5.0

Mean
S.D.

19.7
6.2

19.8
5.5

Mean
S.D.

208
49

Section 1
Listening

Mean
S.D.

*Based on 152,329 examinees who indicated that they were applying for admission to
colleges or universities as undergraduate students.

Section 2
Structure/Writing

Section 1
Listening

Table 5. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL cBT Scores

Other Students*

Scale Score

Table 4. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL cBT Scores

Undergraduate-Level Students*

19.2
6.4

196
56

*Based on 24,514 examinees who indicated that they were applying for admission to schools
other than colleges or universities, e.g., secondary schools.

Percentile Rank

Total Scale Score

Section 1
Listening

30
28
26
24
22

99
95
84
68
51

100
95
84
64
48

99
95
85
69
51

300
280
260
240
220

100
98
88
70
51

20
18
16
14
12

37
27
19
13
9

34
23
15
10
6

34
21
12
7
4

200
180
160
140
120

34
21
14
8
5

10
8
6
4
2

6
3
1

3
2
1

2
1

100
80
60
40
20

2
1

Mean
S.D.

20.7
5.5

21.3
5.1

21.4
4.6

Mean
S.D.

Section 3
Reading

Scale Score

Section 2
Structure/Writing

Table 6. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL cBT Scores

Applicants for Professional License*

211
46

*Based on 16,842 examinees who indicated that they were taking the TOEFL test to become
licensed to practice their professions in the United States or Canada.

Tables 7 and 8 present means and standard deviations of section and total scores
separately for male and female examinees tested between July 2005 and June 2006.

Table 7. Means and Standard Deviations for TOEFL cBT Section and Total Scores, Males*

Group

Number

Section 1
Listening

Section 2
Structure/
Writing

Section 3
Reading

Total
Scale
Score

Total Group**

293,494

20.9
5.6

21.7
5.1

22.2
4.8

216
47

Graduate Level

160,039

21.5
5.3

22.4
4.7

23.1
4.5

223
43

Undergraduate Level

74,510

20.6
5.9

21.0
5.5

21.0
5.0

209
49

Other Students

11,373

19.4
6.4

19.8
6.2

20.2
5.5

198
56

6,519

20.7
5.6

21.1
5.2

21.5
4.8

211
47

Applicants for
Professional License

*Based on examinees tested from July 2005 through June 2006 who responded to a question about gender group membership.
**Total group includes 41,053 examinees not included in the four succeeding groups.

Table 8. Means and Standard Deviations for TOEFL cBT Section and Total Scores, Females*

Group

Number

Section 1
Listening

Section 2
Structure/
Writing

Section 3
Reading

Total
Scale
Score

Total Group**

262,861

20.7
5.5

21.5
5.1

21.5
4.8

212
47

Graduate Level

115,855

21.2
5.3

22.1
4.8

22.4
4.6

219
44

Undergraduate Level

76,023

20.5
5.7

21.1
5.3

20.7
4.9

208
48

Other Students

12,758

19.0
6.4

19.6
6.1

19.6
5.5

194
56

Applicants for
Professional License

10,088

20.8
5.4

21.4
5.0

21.3
4.5

212
45

*Based on examinees tested from July 2005 through June 2006 who responded to a question about gender group membership.
**Total group includes 48,137 examinees not included in the four succeeding groups.

Tables 9 and 10 may be useful in comparing the performance on the TOEFL test of a particular student with that
of other students from the same native country and with that of students who speak the same language. It is
important to point out that the data do not permit the generalization that there are fundamental differences in the
ability of the various national and language groups to learn English or in the level of English proficiency they can
attain. The tables are based simply on the performance of those examinees native to particular countries and
languages who happened to take TOEFL cBT.
Table 9. TOEFL cBT Total and Section Score Means1 All Examinees Classified by Native Language2

21
21
20
19
21
24
21

209
213
198
200
216
242
210

2
29
82
9
3,276
13
1
54
2,721
134

*
*
23
*
24
*
*
24
24
20

*
*
23
*
25
*
*
25
24
21

*
*
23
*
25
*
*
25
24
21

*
*
232
*
246
*
*
246
243
206

297
735
24
48,443
7
609

23
24
*
20
*
24

23
24
*
22
*
24

25
23
*
22
*
24

240
238
*
210
*
239

Danish
Dutch

121
1,590

27
27

26
26

26
26

266
263

Efik - Ibibio
English
Estonian
Ewe

84
9,775
65
108

21
21
25
20

24
23
25
23

22
21
24
21

222
217
247
212

Farsi (Persian)
Fijian
Finnish
French
Fula (Peulh)

2,015
2
620
4,942
17

21
*
27
23
*

21
*
24
23
*

21
*
25
24
*

210
*
254
234
*

Galician
Ganda (Luganda)
Georgian
German
Greek
Guarani
Gujarati

13
44
403
6,367
6,100
6
6,105

*
22
22
26
23
*
22

*
25
22
25
23
*
23

*
23
22
25
23
*
22

*
235
220
252
233
*
225

106
1,505
17,082
604

22
27
25
24

23
24
25
23

21
25
25
24

220
250
249
238

Ibo (Igbo)
Icelandic
Ilocano
Indonesian
Italian

1,204
44
153
4,446
5,803

22
26
23
22
17

24
26
23
21
19

22
25
22
21
23

227
257
226
214
196

Japanese
Javanese

78,255
427

18
17

19
19

20
20

191
182

2,016
5
91
784
69
1,085
0
31
421
130,316
94
1
2

25
*
25
21
21
22
*
20
26
21
20
*
*

26
*
26
22
22
24
*
22
27
22
20
*
*

25
*
25
21
20
22
*
21
26
23
21
*
*

255
*
256
215
210
229
*
208
266
217
204
*
*

25
66
14
445
8
313

*
25
*
24
*
23

*
24
*
23
*
25

*
24
*
23
*
23

*
246
*
234
*
239

Bashkir
Basque (Euskara)
Belarusian
Bemba
Bengali
Berber
Bhili
Bikol
Bulgarian
Burmese
Catalan (Provencal)
Cebuano (Visayan)
Chichewa
Chinese
Chuvash
Czech

Hausa
Hebrew
Hindi
Hungarian (Magyar)

Kannada (Kanarese)
Kanuri
Kashmiri
Kazakh
Khmer
Kikuyu
Kinyarwanda
Kirundi
Konkani
Korean
Kurdish
Kurukh (Oraon)
Kusaiean
Lao
Latvian (Lettish)
Lingala
Lithuanian
Luba-Lulua
Luo

Macedonian
Madurese
Malagasy
Malay
Malayalam
Malinke-Bambara-Dyula
Maltese
Marathi
Marshallese
Mende
Minangkabau
Mongolian
More

154
74
2
909
2,132
15
3
3,931
1
20
2
134
18

24
19
*
23
25
*
*
25
*
*
*
20
*

22
19
*
23
26
*
*
26
*
*
*
20
*

22
19
*
23
25
*
*
25
*
*
*
20
*

228
191
*
231
251
*
*
254
*
*
*
200
*

Nauran
Nepali
Norwegian
Nyanja

0
4,738
114
1

*
21
27
*

*
23
25
*

*
21
25
*

*
219
258
*

311
7

23
*

26
*

25
*

246
*

Palauan
Panay-Hiligaynon
Pashtu
Pidgin
Polish
Ponapean
Portuguese
Punjabi

1
116
169
8
1,388
3
7,395
1,163

*
23
21
*
24
*
23
24

*
23
23
*
23
*
22
25

*
23
22
*
23
*
24
24

*
229
222
*
234
*
232
243

Romanian
Ruanda
Russian

1,528
22
4,907

25
*
23

25
*
23

25
*
23

251
*
227

Samar-Leyte
Samoan
Santali
Serbo-Croatian
Sesotho
Setswana
Shona
Sindhi
Sinhala
Siswati
Slovak
Slovenian
Somali
Spanish
Sundanese
Swahili
Swedish

31
2
1
559
11
190
129
309
102
6
243
82
62
25,293
9
691
271

22
*
*
25
*
22
24
25
24
*
25
26
21
23
*
22
27

24
*
*
23
*
25
26
26
23
*
24
25
21
22
*
24
25

22
*
*
24
*
23
24
25
23
*
24
25
20
24
*
22
25

225
*
*
237
*
230
249
251
235
*
244
252
210
229
*
228
257

Tagalog
Tajik
Tamil
Tatar
Telugu
Thai
Tibetan
Tigrinya
Tongan
Trukese
Tulu
Turkish
Turkmen
Twi

4,657
0
5,720
25
23,770
12,892
61
20
6
3
115
21,220
29
198

24
*
25
*
21
19
22
*
*
*
26
21
*
22

24
*
26
*
23
20
23
*
*
*
26
21
*
24

23
*
25
*
22
21
23
*
*
*
25
21
*
22

239
*
253
*
221
201
226
*
*
*
258
213
*
227

Ukrainian
Ulithian
Urdu
Uzbek

791
0
4,832
454

22
*
23
21

22
*
24
22

22
*
23
21

220
*
236
214

Oriya
Oromo

Vietnamese

Section 1
Listening

Total Score Mean

22
21
20
20
22
25
21

Section 3
Reading

20
22
20
21
21
23
21

Native Language

Number of
Examinees

Total Score Mean

Section 3
Reading

Section 2
Structure/Writing

239
262
171
22,986
377
135
261

Section 2
Structure/Writing

Afrikaans
Albanian
Amharic
Arabic
Armenian
Assamese
Azeri

Section 1
Listening

Native Language

Number of
Examinees

(Based on 574,192 examinees who took the test between July 2005 and June 2006.)3

685

19

22

21

209

Wolof

22

Xhosa

*
*
21

*
*
24

*
*
22

*
*
225

Yapese
Yiddish
Yoruba
Zulu

1
1
1,512
15

1. Because of the unreliability of statistics based on small samples, means are not reported for subgroups of less than 30.
2. Because of changes in region and/or country boundaries, certain languages may have been added or deleted since the previous table was published.
3. Includes 75,243 students whose native languages could not be determined.

Table 10. TOEFL cBT Total and Section Score Means1

Nonnative English-Speaking Examinees Classified by Geographic Region and Native Country2

20
21
23
19
22
22
*
*
*
*
21
*
20
*
*
*
20
*
*
22
*
*
22
*
*
*
*
*
*
26
*
*
18
22
*
21
*
21
*
*
20
25
*
20
20
22
23
*
24

196
185
230
174
216
220
*
*
*
*
202
*
187
*
*
*
203
*
*
225
*
*
227
*
*
*
*
*
*
259
*
*
179
224
*
205
*
203
*
*
200
258
*
210
187
217
229
*
247

23
4
1,468
13
3
0
10
0
494
6,708
0
754
0
1,353
6,065
62
145
0
672
190
166
2
1
7
1,136
7
113
62
15
5
6,215

*
*
24
*
*
*
*
*
23
23
*
24
*
24
21
24
20
*
24
22
23
*
*
*
22
*
20
24
*
*
24

*
*
24
*
*
*
*
*
22
22
*
24
*
23
21
23
19
*
23
21
22
*
*
*
21
*
20
22
*
*
23

*
*
25
*
*
*
*
*
23
24
*
23
*
25
23
24
22
*
23
22
23
*
*
*
22
*
19
23
*
*
24

*
*
246
*
*
*
*
*
230
230
*
235
*
239
216
237
202
*
234
217
229
*
*
*
216
*
197
233
*
*
234

AMERICA
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Aruba
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
Bolivia
Brazil
British Virgin Islands
Canada
Cayman Islands
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica, Commonwealth of
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
French Guiana
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Martinique
Mexico

Montserrat
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Puerto Rico
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
Turks and Caicos Islands
U.S. Virgin Islands
United States of America
Uruguay
Venezuela

Total Score Mean

20
20
25
17
22
23
*
*
*
*
21
*
19
*
*
*
20
*
*
24
*
*
24
*
*
*
*
*
*
27
*
*
18
24
*
22
*
20
*
*
20
26
*
22
19
22
25
*
26

Section 3
Reading

Total Score Mean

19
15
22
15
21
21
*
*
*
*
18
*
16
*
*
*
21
*
*
21
*
*
21
*
*
*
*
*
*
25
*
*
18
22
*
19
*
20
*
*
20
26
*
20
17
21
21
*
24

Section 2
Structure/Writing

Section 3
Reading

Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo - DRC Formerly Zaire
Congo Republic
Cote dIvoire Ivory Coast
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia, The
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Reunion
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe

0
8
29
62
49
2,389
439
0
0
0
7
2
5
2
1,890
101
1,224

*
*
*
23
22
22
25
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
24
25
23

*
*
*
22
21
23
24
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
23
25
22

*
*
*
22
22
24
23
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
22
26
23

*
*
*
223
219
229
239
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
231
250
229

99
226
1,287
11
4
74
9,017
5,947
72,973
4,641
78,635
1,198
4,203
128,445
108
26
241
1,998
11
132
138
5,027
4,258
6,389
456
162
33,327
27
13,162
27
675
705

18
21
22
*
*
21
20
21
23
21
18
22
19
21
23
*
19
23
*
21
20
21
23
24
26
24
19
*
19
*
21
19

19
22
23
*
*
21
23
22
24
21
19
22
19
22
23
*
20
23
*
20
21
23
25
24
26
23
21
*
20
*
22
22

18
21
23
*
*
20
22
22
23
21
20
22
20
23
23
*
20
23
*
20
21
21
23
23
25
23
21
*
21
*
22
21

182
214
228
*
*
206
216
216
236
214
192
217
193
218
232
*
196
232
*
202
206
218
238
238
255
234
206
*
200
*
218
207

230
46
213
300
3
251
338
105
2,796
375
397
581
38
130
38
79
0
688
3,213
437
5,415
5,918
2
541
38
15
0
5,827
0
106

21
19
22
26
*
23
26
24
24
25
23
24
24
27
23
25
*
27
23
22
26
23
*
24
27
*
*
17
*
25

21
20
23
26
*
23
25
22
24
23
23
24
22
26
23
24
*
24
24
22
25
23
*
23
26
*
*
19
*
24

21
21
21
26
*
23
26
23
24
24
22
24
23
26
23
24
*
25
25
22
25
23
*
24
26
*
*
22
*
24

211
204
219
258
*
232
257
229
242
241
225
239
230
265
233
243
*
255
238
220
251
233
*
237
262
*
*
196
*
245

Section 1
Listening

Section 2
Structure/Writing

79
74
203
56
37
140
6
4
4
2
52
23
194
8
12
24
150
25
14
573
18
7
3,118
7
29
10
9
30
19
136
17
4
31
4,467
7
64
1
37
1
19
48
159
7
384
81
72
238
23
172

AFRICA

Geographic Region
and Native Country

Number of
Examinees

Section 1
Listening

Geographic Region
and Native Country

Number of
Examinees

(Based on 574,192 examinees who took the test between July 2005 and June 2006.)3

ASIA
Afghanistan
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
China, Peoples Republic of
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Japan
Kazakstan
Korea DPR
Korea ROK
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Macau
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar Burma
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Vietnam

EUROPE
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azores
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Czechoslovakia and Slovenia
Denmark
England
Estonia
Faroe Island
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Greenland
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Isle of Man
Italy
Kosovo
Latvia

(continued)

24
*
*
23
*
27
*
26
24
26
25
22
*
*
25
26
23
27
26
21
22
25
*
*
24

23
*
*
24
*
26
*
25
23
24
25
23
*
*
24
25
23
25
25
21
22
25
*
*
22

22
*
*
23
*
26
*
25
23
26
25
23
*
*
24
25
24
25
25
21
22
23
*
*
23

230
*
*
235
*
262
*
257
234
251
251
227
*
*
243
256
233
254
252
212
222
242
*
*
230

16
23
*
*
*
*

18
24
*
*
*
*

19
22
*
*
*
*

179
229
*
*
*
*

PACIFIC REGION
American Samoa
Australia
Cook Islands
Fiji
French Polynesia
Guam

54
99
2
4
8
1

Total Score Mean

*
234
*

Section 3
Reading

*
23
*

Section 2
Structure/Writing

Total Score Mean

Liechtenstein
5
Lithuania
491
Luxembourg
26
Macedonia
(Former Yugoslav Republic of)
168
Madeira Islands
0
Malta
3
Moldova
183
Monaco
6
Netherlands
1,484
Northern Ireland
1
Norway
123
Poland
1,389
Portugal
716
Romania
1,501
Russia
3,454
San Marino
0
Scotland
1
Slovakia
260
Slovenia
82
Spain
3,508
Sweden
229
Switzerland
1,292
Turkey
21,720
Ukraine
1,251
United Kingdom
110
Vatican City
1
Wales
0
Yugoslavia
411

Section 1
Listening

Section 3
Reading

*
23
*

EUROPE (contd)

Geographic Region
and Native Country

Number of
Examinees

Section 2
Structure/Writing

*
24
*

Section 1
Listening

Geographic Region
and Native Country

Number of
Examinees

Table 10 (continued)

2
4
2
1
2
21
6
1
3
4
1
1
5
2
0
0

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

21
21
22
19
21
21
26
21
20
23
20
22
19
17
20
21
21
19
*
20

21
21
22
18
21
20
23
20
18
23
19
22
17
16
18
20
21
18
*
19

21
18
21
17
21
19
24
20
17
21
19
22
17
14
17
19
20
16
*
17

211
202
216
179
209
202
242
204
182
223
192
219
178
158
183
201
205
174
*
186

Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Federated States of
Nauru
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Niue Island
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tahiti
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu

MIDDLE EAST/NORTH AFRICA

Algeria
Bahrain
Egypt
Gaza Strip
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
Morocco
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Sudan
Syria
United Arab Emirates
West Bank
Yemen

118
245
4,382
70
2,163
443
1,931
3,061
2,395
4,358
186
186
85
534
3,880
260
835
2,791
0
140

1. Because of the unreliability of statistics based on small samples, means are not reported for subgroups of less than 30.
2. Because of changes in region and/or country boundaries, certain countries may have been added or deleted since the previous table was published.
3. Includes 62,947 students whose native country could not be determined or who reported English as their native language.

Table 11 presents the overall percentile ranks of TOEFL

cBT essay scores based on examinees who took TOEFL
cBT between July 2005 and June 2006. Writing was a
mandatory section of TOEFL cBT. The essay in the Writing

section was holistically scored using a criterion-referenced

6-point score scale. This score was incorporated into the
Structure/Writing scale score. Further information can be
found in the TOEFL Score User Guide.

Table 11. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL cBT Writing Scores

(Based on 574,192 examinees who took the test between July 2005 and June 2006.)

10

Writing Score

Percentile Rank

6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.0

98
93
84
70
48
27
14
6
3
1
1

Mean
S.D.

4.0
0.97

The Paper-Based TOEFL Test

The paper-based version of
the TOEFL test (TOEFL pBT)
continues to be administered
on specified dates in some
countries, particularly in
areas where accessibility to
the Internet-based test (e.g.,
TOEFL iBT) is a concern.
Each form of TOEFL pBT
consists of three separately
timed sections; the questions
in each section are multiplechoice, with four possible answers or options per question. All responses are gridded on answer sheets that are
scored by computer.
Section 1 of the test, Listening Comprehension,
measures the ability to understand English as it is
spoken in North America. The oral features of the
language are stressed, and the problems tested
include vocabulary and idiomatic expression as well
as special grammatical constructions frequently used
in spoken English. The stimulus material and oral
questions are recorded in standard North American
English; the response options are printed in the
test books.
Section 2, Structure and Written Expression, measures recognition of selected structural and grammatical points in standard written English. The
language tested is formal, rather than conversational. The topics of the sentences are of a general
academic nature so that individuals in specific fields
of study or from specific national or linguistic groups
have no particular advantage.

The total test time is approximately two and one-half

hours; however, approximately three and one-half hours
are needed for a test administration to admit examinees
to the testing room, to allow them to enter identifying
information on their answer sheets, and to distribute
and collect the test materials.
Language specialists prepare the material for the
TOEFL test. The TOEFL Committee of Examiners
establishes overall guidelines for the test content and
specifications. All item specifications, questions, and
final test forms are reviewed for cultural and racial bias
and content appropriateness, according to established
ETS procedures.
For test date information, see
the Information and Registration
Bulletin for TOEFL pBT and TSE
testing or visit the TOEFL Web site
at www.ets.org/toefl.
Test Preparation Everyone registered to take the TOEFL test receives test preparation materials
free of charge. Examinees registered to take TOEFL pBT receive
TOEFL Practice Tests, Volume 1, which includes two
complete pBT tests. In addition, sample questions
are downloadable from the TOEFL Web site.
Other TOEFL test preparation products are
available for purchase. For more information about
these products and ordering information, go to the
Learners and Test Takers section of the TOEFL Web
site at www.ets.org/toefl.

Section 3, Reading Comprehension, measures the

ability to read and understand short passages that are
similar in topic and style to those that students are
likely to encounter in North American colleges and
universities. Examinees read a variety of short passages
on academic subjects and answer several questions
about each passage. The questions test information
that is stated in or implied by the passage, as well as
knowledge of some of the specific words as they are
used in the passage.

11

Paper-Based Test Data for 2005-06

In 200506 TOEFL pBT was administered six times at

preestablished testing centers throughout the world.
The data presented below are based on 147,816 candidates who took the paper-based TOEFL test between
July 2005 and June 2006.

Table 12 gives actual ranges of observed scores for

the period from July 2005 through June 2006. The
percentile ranks for section and total scale scores are
shown in Table 13 for the total group. In Tables 1417,
examinees are classified by their reason for taking the
test (information supplied by them at the test center).

Table 12. Observed Minimum and Maximum

TOEFL pBT Section and Total Scores
Section

Min.

Max.

1. Listening Comprehension

31

68

2. Structure and Written Expression

31

68

3. Reading Comprehension

31

67

313

677

Total

68
66
64
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32

Mean
S.D.

99
98
93
86
77
66
56
44
34
23
16
9
5
3
1
1

98
91
84
77
67
56
47
37
29
22
17
11
7
4
3
1
1

54.7
6.4

55.9
7.5

98
93
86
76
65
54
43
31
23
16
11
7
5
3
2
1
1
1

54.7
6.8

660
640
620
600
580
560
540
520
500
480
460
440
420
400
380
360
340
320

99
94
86
76
64
51
40
30
21
14
9
5
3
2
1

Mean
S.D.

551
63

*Based on the total group of 147,816 examinees tested between July 2005 and June 2006
in TOEFL pBT centers. (Total group includes 13,430 examinees not included in Tables
1417 who did not indicate a reason for taking the TOEFL test or who indicated reasons
other than those given in Tables 1417.)

12

68
66
64
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32

Mean
S.D.

99
98
94
86
76
64
53
40
29
19
12
7
3
2
1

98
89
82
74
62
50
40
30
23
16
12
7
4
3
1
1

55.3
6.0

57.1
7.0

98
92
83
71
59
47
35
24
16
11
7
4
3
2
1
1

56.0
6.2

Percentile Rank

Total Scale Score

Section 3
Reading
Comprehension

Section 2
Structure and
Written Expression

Section 1
Listening
Comprehension

Table 14. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL pBT Scores

Graduate-Level Students*

Scale Score

Percentile Rank

Total Scale Score

Section 3
Reading
Comprehension

Section 2
Structure and
Written Expression

Section 1
Listening
Comprehension

Scale Score

Table 13. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL pBT Scores

Total Group*

660
640
620
600
580
560
540
520
500
480
460
440
420
400
380
360
340
320

99
94
84
72
58
45
33
23
15
9
6
3
2
1

Mean
S.D.

561
57

*Based on 92,329 examinees who, on their TOEFL answer sheets, indicated that they were
applying for admission to colleges or universities as graduate students.

54.3
6.9

54.1
8.0

Scale Score

Mean
S.D.

*Based on 37,741 examinees who, on their TOEFL answer sheets, indicated that they were
applying for admission to colleges or universities as undergraduate students.

100
97
95
92
87
82
77
70
62
53
46
36
27
19
12
7
4
2
1

50.6
7.3

49.6
8.3

99
98
95
91
86
81
73
64
54
45
35
26
19
13
9
6
4
3

49.0
7.9

Percentile Rank

537
67

100
98
96
92
88
83
76
69
60
49
38
28
19
11
6
3
2
1

Total Scale Score

Mean
S.D.

52.5
7.1

68
66
64
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32

Section 3
Reading
Comprehension

99
95
89
81
71
61
51
40
30
21
14
8
5
2
1

Section 2
Structure and
Written Expression

660
640
620
600
580
560
540
520
500
480
460
440
420
400
380
360
340
320

Section 1
Listening
Comprehension

99
96
91
84
76
67
57
45
35
25
18
12
8
5
3
2
1
1

Table 16. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL pBT Scores

Other Students*

Percentile Rank

Section 2
Structure and
Written Expression

99
92
88
82
74
65
57
47
39
31
24
17
11
7
4
2
1
1

Total Scale Score

Mean
S.D.

99
97
92
85
77
67
58
48
38
28
20
12
7
4
2
1
1

Section 3
Reading
Comprehension

68
66
64
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32

Section 1
Listening
Comprehension

Scale Score

Table 15. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL pBT Scores

Undergraduate-Level Students*

660
640
620
600
580
560
540
520
500
480
460
440
420
400
380
360
340
320

99
98
96
91
85
80
72
63
53
43
33
24
15
9
4
1

Mean
S.D.

497
71

*Based on 2,016 examinees who, on their TOEFL answer sheets, indicated that they were
applying for admission to schools other than colleges or universities, e.g., secondary
schools.

13

53.4
7.7

52.8
6.8

99
97
92
86
78
66
54
41
30
21
15
10
7
5
3
2
1
1

660
640
620
600
580
560
540
520
500
480
460
440
420
400
380
360
340
320

99
97
93
85
77
68
54
42
31
21
14
9
6
4
1

Mean
S.D.

530
64

Percentile Rank

Total Scale Score

52.7
6.8

99
95
91
86
79
70
62
51
43
33
25
18
11
8
5
3
2
1
1

Section 3
Reading
Comprehension

Mean
S.D.

100
98
96
91
84
76
67
57
48
35
25
16
10
5
3
1
1

Section 2
Structure and
Written Expression

68
66
64
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32

Section 1
Listening
Comprehension

Scale Score

Table 17. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL pBT Scores

Applicants for Professional License*

*Based on 2,300 examinees who, on their TOEFL answer sheets, indicated that they were
taking the TOEFL test to become licensed to practice their professions in the United States
or Canada.

Tables 18 and 19 present means and standard deviations of section and total scores
separately for male and female examinees tested between July 2005 and June 2006.

Table 18. Means and Standard Deviations for TOEFL pBT Section
and Total Scores, Males*
Section 2
Section 1
Structure and
Section 3
Listening
Written
Reading
Comprehension Expression Comprehension

Total
Scale
Score

Group

Number

Total Group**

70,206

54.4
6.5

55.8
7.7

54.8
7.0

550
64

Graduate Level

44,994

54.9
6.1

57.1
7.1

56.1
6.3

560
58

Undergraduate Level

17,408

54.0
7.0

54.0
8.2

52.5
7.4

535
69

Other Students

915

50.2
7.7

49.4
8.6

48.9
8.4

495
76

Applicants for
Professional License

826

52.0
7.0

52.5
8.3

52.2
7.8

523
70

*Based on examinees tested from July 2005 through June 2006 who responded to a question about gender group membership.
**Total group includes 6,063 examinees not included in the four succeeding groups.

Table 19. Means and Standard Deviations for TOEFL pBT Section
and Total Scores, Females*
Section 2
Section 1
Structure and
Section 3
Listening
Written
Reading
Comprehension Expression Comprehension

Total
Scale
Score

Group

Number

Total Group**

76,377

55.1
6.3

56.0
7.4

54.5
6.6

552
61

Graduate Level

46,812

55.7
5.9

57.2
6.9

55.8
6.1

563
57

Undergraduate Level

19,836

54.5
6.8

54.3
7.8

52.5
6.9

538
65

Other Students

1,077

50.8
6.9

49.7
7.9

49.0
7.4

498
67

Applicants for
Professional License

1,441

53.1
6.6

53.8
7.4

53.1
6.2

533
60

*Based on examinees tested from July 2005 through June 2006 who responded to a question about gender group membership.
**Total group includes 7,211 examinees not included in the four succeeding groups.

14

Tables 20 and 21 may be useful in comparing the performance on the TOEFL test of a particular student with that
of other students from the same native country and with that of students who speak the same language. It is
important to point out that the data do not permit the generalization that there are fundamental differences in
the ability of the various national and language groups to learn English or in the level of English proficiency they can
attain. The tables are based simply on the performance of those examinees native to particular countries and
languages who happened to take the paper-based TOEFL test.
Table 20. TOEFL pBT Total and Section Score Means1 All Examinees Classified by Native Language2

55
53
54
50
*
*
52

567
545
553
512
*
*
535

Bashkir
Basque (Euskara)
Belarusian
Bemba
Bengali
Berber
Bhili
Bikol
Bulgarian
Burmese

0
8
46
37
211
5
0
3
231
1,002

*
*
57
57
56
*
*
*
60
51

*
*
56
61
56
*
*
*
59
53

*
*
55
56
55
*
*
*
56
51

*
*
561
577
555
*
*
*
586
518

Catalan
Cebuano (Visayan)
Chichewa
Chinese
Chuvash
Czech

6
71
40
99,025
2
10

*
58
56
55
*
*

*
57
59
57
*
*

*
57
55
55
*
*

*
573
568
557
*
*

Danish
Dutch

476
272

63
62

62
60

60
58

618
600

Efik - Ibibio
English
Estonian
Ewe

7
683
124
82

*
57
62
47

*
59
60
50

*
55
59
49

*
568
607
488

Farsi (Persian)
Fijian
Finnish
French
Fula (Peulh)

5,682
4
16
2,237
53

53
*
*
54
47

54
*
*
55
50

54
*
*
54
48

532
*
*
544
484

Galician
Ganda (Luganda)
Georgian
German
Greek
Guarani
Gujarati

3
1
3
1,355
1,227
3
46

*
*
*
61
55
*
59

*
*
*
60
52
*
58

*
*
*
59
50
*
55

*
*
*
603
522
*
575

Hausa
Hebrew
Hindi
Hungarian (Magyar)

23
11
120
18

*
*
60
*

*
*
62
*

*
*
58
*

*
*
599
*

Ibo (Igbo)
Icelandic
Ilocano
Indonesian
Italian

88
500
5
389
688

52
63
*
54
52

56
60
*
52
54

53
59
*
54
56

537
609
*
535
541

Japanese
Javanese

3,403
32

51
49

50
49

49
50

497
492

Kannada (Kanarese)
Kanuri
Kashmiri
Kazakh
Khmer
Kikuyu
Kinyarwanda
Kirundi
Konkani
Korean
Kurdish
Kurukh (Oraon)
Kusaiean

8
0
2
33
19
10
100
6
9
1,227
92
2
2

*
*
*
58
*
*
50
*
*
56
51
*
*

*
*
*
54
*
*
54
*
*
53
49
*
*

*
*
*
53
*
*
52
*
*
52
50
*
*

*
*
*
551
*
*
518
*
*
539
501
*
*

2
170
23
10
11
19

*
60
*
*
*
*

*
56
*
*
*
*

*
56
*
*
*
*

*
576
*
*
*
*

Lao
Latvian (Lettish)
Lingala
Lithuanian
Luba-Lulua
Luo

Total Score Mean

Total Score Mean

58
55
56
50
*
*
55

Section 3
Reading
Comprehension

Section 3
Reading
Comprehension

57
56
56
54
*
*
53

Section 2
Structure and
Written Expression

Section 2
Structure and
Written Expression

46
629
489
5,344
17
1
219

Section 1
Listening
Comprehension

Section 1
Listening
Comprehension

Afrikaans
Albanian
Amharic
Arabic
Armenian
Assamese
Azeri

Number of
Examinees

Native Language

Number of
Examinees

(Based on 147,933 examinees who took the test between July 2005 and June 2006.)3

Macedonian
Madurese
Malagasy
Malay
Malayalam
Malinke-Bambara-Dyula
Maltese
Marathi
Marshallese
Mende
Minangkabau
Mongolian
More

147
3
29
97
101
83
2
10
37
15
0
152
20

59
*
*
59
57
43
*
*
55
*
*
51
*

57
*
*
56
58
46
*
*
52
*
*
49
*

55
*
*
58
57
44
*
*
49
*
*
49
*

570
*
*
573
571
446
*
*
519
*
*
496
*

Nauran
Nepali
Norwegian
Nyanja

0
275
758
21

*
54
62
*

*
54
59
*

*
53
58
*

*
535
600
*

0
24

*
*

*
*

*
*

*
*

Palauan
Panay-Hiligaynon
Pashtu
Pidgin
Polish
Ponapean
Portuguese
Punjabi

126
5
41
12
281
3
468
21

57
*
52
*
58
*
55
*

54
*
52
*
56
*
54
*

51
*
49
*
57
*
55
*

540
*
512
*
571
*
544
*

Romanian
Russian

292
996

60
56

60
56

58
55

594
556

Samoan
Santali
Serbo-Croatian
Sesotho
Setswana
Shona
Sindhi
Sinhala
Siswati
Slovak
Slovenian
Somali
Spanish
Sundanese
Swahili
Swedish

4
1
322
2
0
14
11
1,030
5
66
24
9
4,831
3
64
601

*
*
58
*
*
*
*
57
*
60
*
*
58
*
51
62

*
*
54
*
*
*
*
54
*
59
*
*
56
*
53
57

*
*
54
*
*
*
*
55
*
57
*
*
56
*
52
57

*
*
551
*
*
*
*
552
*
585
*
*
566
*
522
588

Tagalog
Tajik
Tamil
Tatar
Telugu
Thai
Tibetan
Tigrinya
Tongan
Trukese
Tulu
Turkish
Turkmen
Twi

237
53
267
3
50
1,229
11
148
1
6
1
1,028
34
6

57
54
53
*
57
50
*
55
*
*
*
52
56
*

56
52
52
*
57
49
*
57
*
*
*
52
55
*

56
49
53
*
56
51
*
55
*
*
*
50
53
*

563
517
530
*
567
500
*
556
*
*
*
514
547
*

33
1
175
14

59
*
58
*

56
*
58
*

56
*
55
*

571
*
569
*

Native Language

Oriya
Oromo

Ukrainian
Ulithian
Urdu
Uzbek
Vietnamese
Wolof

5,194

51

56

54

535

117

49

50

49

495

Xhosa

Yapese
Yiddish
Yoruba

8
0
42

*
*
51

*
*
56

*
*
53

*
*
535

Zulu

1. Because of the unreliability of statistics based on small samples, means are not reported for subgroups of less than 30.
2. Because of changes in region and/or country boundaries, certain languages may have been added or deleted since the previous table was published.
3. Includes 1,523 students whose native languages could not be determined.

15

Table 21. TOEFL pBT Total and Section Score Means1

Nonnative English-Speaking Examinees Classified by Geographic Region and Native Country2

*
*
58
60
*
*
*
*
58
54
*
57
*
57
57
60
*
*
*
57
60
*
*
*
*
*
51
60
*
*
58
*

*
*
58
56
*
*
*
*
55
54
*
56
*
54
55
58
*
*
*
54
58
*
*
*
*
*
50
58
*
*
55
*

*
*
57
55
*
*
*
*
55
55
*
55
*
55
56
58
*
*
*
55
57
*
*
*
*
*
49
56
*
*
56
*

*
*
576
567
*
*
*
*
560
544
*
562
*
553
564
586
*
*
*
556
582
*
*
*
*
*
498
582
*
*
564
*

54
153
370
107
147
23
18
1
3
81
8
0
230
84
0
63

61
57
59
58
54
*
*
*
*
60
*
*
59
59
*
56

60
57
55
56
53
*
*
*
*
58
*
*
57
58
*
53

56
57
56
56
54
*
*
*
*
55
*
*
54
58
*
55

592
570
564
568
540
*
*
*
*
575
*
*
563
583
*
546

146
75
16
1
20
98,327
81
493
398
3,432
30
1,188
2
185
173
2
145
1,007
267
145
329
9
1,297
292
1,237
5,197
230
43
65
68
60
19

52
56
*
*
*
55
56
59
54
51
58
56
*
53
59
*
51
51
54
57
57
*
56
56
50
51
54
58
57
54
57
*

50
56
*
*
*
57
53
59
52
50
53
53
*
52
56
*
49
53
54
57
56
*
54
52
49
56
55
56
56
53
55
*

48
55
*
*
*
55
52
57
54
49
52
52
*
52
57
*
49
51
53
55
56
*
54
51
51
54
53
55
54
50
53
*

500
557
*
*
*
557
539
586
535
497
543
538
*
524
572
*
497
518
535
562
566
*
548
530
500
534
539
562
559
525
553
*

444
0
3
303
1
154
230
68
235
9
1,760
10
475
2
156
28
19
1,133
2
789
45
1
7
499
3
0
685
135
248
3
12
36

56
*
*
62
*
58
62
57
60
*
54
*
63
*
61
*
*
56
*
61
57
*
*
63
*
*
52
56
60
*
*
62

56
*
*
61
*
58
61
53
59
*
52
*
62
*
59
*
*
57
*
60
53
*
*
60
*
*
54
53
56
*
*
62

54
*
*
60
*
57
61
54
56
*
50
*
60
*
58
*
*
57
*
59
53
*
*
59
*
*
56
51
56
*
*
59

551
*
*
609
*
574
611
546
585
*
521
*
619
*
596
*
*
565
*
599
542
*
*
609
*
*
541
532
573
*
*
607

Total Score Mean

0
1
213
83
3
2
15
0
174
422
0
313
0
46
626
368
9
1
5
911
228
0
1
8
11
6
232
345
18
7
472
0

ASIA
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
China, Peoples Republic of
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Japan
Korea (DPR)
Korea (ROK)
Laos
Macau
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar (Burma)
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Taiwan
Thailand
Vietnam
Azerbaijan
Kazakstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan

EUROPE

AMERICA
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Aruba
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
Bolivia
Brazil
British Virgin Islands
Canada
Cayman Islands
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica, Commonwealth of
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
French Guiana
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Martinique
Mexico
Montserrat

Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Puerto Rico
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
Turks and Caicos Islands
United States of America
Uruguay
US Virgin Islands
Venezuela

Section 3
Reading
Comprehension

*
513
*
514
*
527
*
*
*
*
490
*
*
*
*
556
551
*
524
*
463
*
558
*
484
529
564
454
*
*
*
*
502
542
*
521
*
484
*
535
*
602
*
*
485
529
*
576
*

Section 2
Structure and
Written Expression

Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo - DRC (Formerly Zaire)
Congo Republic
Cote dIvoire (Ivory Coast)
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia, The
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Reunion
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe

Section 1
Listening
Comprehension

*
52
*
50
*
52
*
*
*
*
49
*
*
*
*
55
54
*
50
*
46
*
54
*
46
52
55
45
*
*
*
*
50
53
*
52
*
48
*
51
*
59
*
*
49
52
*
55
*

AFRICA

Geographic Region
and Native Country

Number of
Examinees

*
53
*
54
*
55
*
*
*
*
50
*
*
*
*
57
55
*
54
*
47
*
58
*
50
55
59
46
*
*
*
*
51
57
*
54
*
49
*
57
*
61
*
*
50
53
*
61
*

Total Score Mean

Section 3
Reading
Comprehension

*
49
*
50
*
51
*
*
*
*
48
*
*
*
*
55
56
*
54
*
46
*
55
*
49
51
56
44
*
*
*
*
49
53
*
51
*
48
*
52
*
61
*
*
47
53
*
57
*

Section 1
Listening
Comprehension

11
57
1
44
7
726
8
4
19
0
124
12
9
3
3
149
521
4
41
15
39
1
68
1
45
38
38
108
16
4
14
8
30
209
5
116
0
164
0
39
6
47
5
28
126
181
5
111
18

Number of
Examinees

Geographic Region
and Native Country

Section 2
Structure and
Written Expression

(Based on 147,933 examinees who took the test between July 2005 and June 2006.)3

Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azores
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
England
Estonia
Faroe Islands
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Greenland
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Isle of Man
Italy
Kosovo
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg

(continued)

16

163
0
3
149
4
33
0
759
281
66
188
598
0
1
67
23
427
595
321
432
55
24
0
2
199

59
*
*
57
*
63
*
62
58
54
62
55
*
*
60
*
56
62
61
52
59
*
*
*
57

57
*
*
56
*
61
*
60
56
55
61
55
*
*
59
*
56
57
60
50
56
*
*
*
53

55
*
*
55
*
58
*
58
57
55
60
54
*
*
57
*
57
57
59
50
57
*
*
*
54

570
*
*
561
*
607
*
600
571
546
611
550
*
*
587
*
562
588
600
507
573
*
*
*
548

30
358
171
108
5,585
316
14

54
55
56
53
53
54
*

52
53
55
52
54
51
*

51
51
53
51
54
52
*

523
530
544
518
533
523
*

MIDDLE EAST
Algeria
Bahrain
Egypt
Gaza Strip
Iran
Iraq
Israel

Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
Morocco
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Sudan
Syria
United Arab Emirates
West Bank
Yemen

56
*
57
50
52
52
52
53
53
55
55
*
55

53
*
56
47
53
49
47
49
51
54
52
*
51

51
*
52
47
51
49
46
49
50
52
50
*
49

532
*
551
482
518
497
484
504
512
536
524
*
518

7
3
0
22
10
3
1
0
42
1
0
11
0
4
121
1
1
1
5
0
0
0

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
54
*
*
*
*
*
57
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
52
*
*
*
*
*
54
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
49
*
*
*
*
*
51
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
516
*
*
*
*
*
538
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Total Score Mean

168
22
204
54
301
291
734
1,943
54
440
30
8
141

Section 1
Listening
Comprehension

Section 3
Reading
Comprehension

Macedonia
(Former Yugoslav Republic of)
Madeira Islands
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Scotland
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Vatican City
Wales
Yugoslavia

Section 2
Structure and
Written Expression

EUROPE (contd)

Geographic Region
and Native Country

Number of
Examinees

Total Score Mean

Section 3
Reading
Comprehension

Section 2
Structure and
Written Expression

Section 1
Listening
Comprehension

Geographic Region
and Native Country

Number of
Examinees

Table 21 (continued)

PACIFIC ISLANDS
American Samoa
Australia
Cook Islands
Micronesia, Federated States of
Fiji
French Polynesia
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Nauru
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Niue Island
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tahiti
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu

1. Because of the unreliability of statistics based on small samples, means are not reported for subgroups of less than 30.
2. Because of changes in region and/or country boundaries, certain countries may have been added or deleted since the previous table was published.
3. Includes 774 students whose native country could not be determined or who reported English as their native language.

Table 22 presents the overall percentile ranks of

TWE (Test of Written English) scores. In 200506,
the TWE test was administered with TOEFL pBT on
all test dates. The TWE test is holistically scored using

a criterion-referenced 6-point score scale. Further

information can be found in the Test of Written
English Guide.

Table 22. Percentile Ranks for TWE Scores

(Based on 146,383 examinees who took the test between July 2005 and June 2006.)

TWE Score

Percentile Rank

6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.0

100
98
93
83
57
31
16
6
3
1

Mean
S.D.

17

3.8
0.8

00326-10496 WEBPDF67

Copyright 2007 by Educational Testing Service. All rights reserved. ETS, the ETS logo and TOEFL are registered trademarks of Educational Testing Service (ETS)
in the United States of America and other countries throughout the world. TEST OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE is a trademark of ETS. 5378