Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Basic of Lubricants Lubrication
Basic of Lubricants Lubrication
Meaning of lubrication
Friction - is created when there is
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Methods of lubrication
Two main methods
Hydrodynamic lubrication
Boundary lubrication
Hydrodynamic lubrication
Also called complete or full flow
Occurs when two surfaces are
completed separated by a fluid film
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Methods of lubrication
cont..
Hydrodynamic lubrication
Boundary lubrication
Boundary lubrication
Occurs when Hydrodynamic lubrication
fails.
By adsorption or chemical reaction
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Solid
Graphite, MoS2
Semi solid
Greases
Gases
Atomised 2 stroke oils
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Lubricant - Components
Base Oils
Mineral by-products of crude oil refining
process.
Base oils are polymerized or
synthesized further and called synthetic
Additives
Natural
Synthetic
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Function of a lubricant
Lubricate - Reduce friction
Cooling - Heat transfer
Cleaning - Detergency
Noise pollution - dampening
Sealing prevent leakage
Protection prevent wear
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
forming a film
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Cooling
When fuel is burnt in an engine
33% is useful power
33% removed by cooling water
33% by lube oil and radiation
Lube oil removes heat from all areas and
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Cleaning
Cleans carbon and varnish deposits
Flushes the entire system removing
Soot
Deposits
Acids
Wear products
Moisture
moisture (external)
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Noise reduction
Reduce noise
By preventing metal to metal contact
Dampens noise
As between camshaft and tappet
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Sealing
Oil film
Between piston ring and liner
Helps in creating a gas tight seal
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Protection
Protection against acids and
moisture
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Properties of lubricants
Kinematic viscosity
Viscosity index
Pour Point
Flash Point
Total Base Number (TBN)
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Properties of lubricants
Kinematic viscosity
Measure of internal resistance to flow
Thickness of fluid (in laymen terms)
Decreases with increase in temperature
Important in lubricant selection
Increase in used oil indicates oxidation
Specified at 40C and 100C
Measured in Centi Stokes (CSt)
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Properties of lubricants
Viscosity index
Measure of fluids change of viscosity
with temperature.
Empirical number
Higher the VI lower will be the
change of viscosity with temperature
Indicator of temperature range of
operations
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Properties of lubricants
Pour Point
Lowest temperature at which the fluid
will flow
Indicates lowest operating
temperature
Measured in C
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Properties of lubricants
Flash Point
Lowest temperature at which the vapor
above the liquid will ignite under flame
Indicated safe maximum temperature of
operation.
Indicator of volatility
Test method - COC and PMCC
Measured in C
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Properties of lubricants
Total Base Number (TBN)
Measured the acid neutralizing reserve
in oil.
Important for deciding discard of oil
Decreases due to
Oxidation of oil
Water contamination
Fuel contamination
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Kinematic viscosity
Viscosity index
Pour Point
Flash Point
Total Base Number
(TBN)
Hussam Adeni
ASTM
ASTM
ASTM
ASTM
ASTM
ASTM
D
D
D
D
D
D
445
2250
97
92 (COC)
93 (PMCC)
664
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
compounds
Function
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
compounds
Function
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
compounds
Function
Detergents
Keep surface free of deposits
Metallo organic compounds of Sodium,
Calcium and Magnesium phenolates
Phosphonates and sulphonates
Chemical reaction with sludge and
varnish percursors to neutralize them
and keep them soluble
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
compounds
Function
Dispersant
Keep insoluble contaminants dispersed
in the lubricant
Alkylsuccinimides, alkylsuccinic esters
and mannich reaction products
Contaminants are bonded by polar
attraction to dispersant molecules.
Prevented from agglomerating
Kept in suspension due to solubility of
dispersant
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
compounds
Function
Friction modifier
Alters coefficient of friction
Organic fatty acids and amides.
Lard Oil, high molecular weight
organic phosphorus.
Phosphoric acid esters
Preferential adsorbtion of surface
active materials
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Performance additives
- Automotive Lubricants
Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Performance additives
- Automotive Lubricants
Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Performance additives
- Automotive Lubricants
Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Viscosity modifier
Reduce the rate of viscosity change
with temperature
Polymers and copolymers of olefins,
methacrylates, dienes
Alkylated styrenes.
Polymers expand with increasing
temperatures
This counteract oil thinning
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Performance additives
- Automotive Lubricants
Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Antifoamant
Prevent lubricant from forming a
persistent foam
Silicone polymers
Organic copolymers
Reduce Surface tension to speed
collapse of foam
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Performance additives
- Automotive Lubricants
Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Antioxidant
Retard oxidative decomposition
ZDDP,
Hindered phenols, Aromatic Amines,
sulfurized phenols
Decompose peroxides
Terminates free-radical reactions
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Performance additives
- Automotive Lubricants
Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Metal deactivator
Reduce catalytic effect of metals on
oxidation rate
Organic complexes containing nitrogen
or sulfur
Amines, sulphides and Phosphates
Forms inactive film on metal surfaces
by complexing with metallic ions
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Lubricant - Nomenclature
and Specifications
Nomenclature
Crankcase oils - SAE numbers
Viscosity classification ISO 3448
Grease NLGI Numbers
Performance
Crankcase oils - Performance levels
Crankcase oils OEM Specifications
US Military US-MIL-2104
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
ISO VG
AGMA
SAE
Engine
Oils
SAE
Gear
Oils
10000
5000
3000
2000
1000
500
400
300
200
cP @ -10C to -40C
100
60
Lubricant - Specifications
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Major specifying
organizations
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
(USA)
API - American Petroleum Institute
US Military Specs US - MIL 2104 CCMC European Specification
ISO International Standard Organization
ISO 3348
NLGI National Lubricating Grease Institute
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Winter Service
6200@ -35
0W
-40
3.8
5W
6200@ -30
-35
3.8
10W
7000@ -25
-30
4.1
15W
7000@ -20
-25
5.6
20W
9500@ -15
-20
5.6
25W
13000@ -10
-15
9.3
Hussam Adeni
--
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Summer Service
20
--
5.6
<9.3
2.6
30
--
9.3
<12.5
2.9
40
--
12.5
<16.3
3.5
40
--
12.5
<16.3
3.7
50
--
16.3
<21.9
3.7
60
--
21.9
<26.1
3.7
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
SA
Related Ind
Definitions
Straight Min None
SB
Sequence IIA
Sequence IIIA
SC
1964 Models
CRC L-38
Sequence IV
Sequence IIA
Sequence V
Sequence IIIA
Fuel -1% S
SD
1968 Models
CRC L-38
Sequence IIB
Sequence IV
Sequence VB
Caterpillar L-1 Caterpillar IH
Sequence IIIB
Falcon Rust
SE
1972 Models
CRC-L-38
Sequence IIB
Sequence IIID Sequence VC
Sequence IIIC
Sequence VD
SF
1980 Models
CRC-L-38
Sequence IID
Sequence IIIE Sequence VD
Sequence IIID
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
SG
SH
Related Ind
Engine Test Requirements
Definitions
1989 Models CRC-L-38
Sequence IID
Sequence IIIE
Sequence VE Caterpillar IH2
1994 Models
CRC-L-38
Sequence VE
Sequence IID
Sequence IIIE
Category SA, SB, SC, SD, SE,SF,SG,SH have been declared as obsolete.
SJ
1997 Models
CRC-L-38
Sequence VE
Sequence IID
SL
2001 Models
Sequence VG
SM
2004 Models
Sequence VG
Sequence IIIE
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
CA
CB
CC
CD
CD-II
Related
US Mil spec
MIL-L-2104A
MIL-L-2104A
CRC
Supplement 1
MIL-L-2104B
CRC
MIL-L-46152B
MIL-L-2104C/D/E, CRC
MIL-L-45199B,
Series 3
MIL-L-2104D/E
CRC
2 stroke Hvy Dty
Caterpillar L-1
Fuel 0.4% S
L-38
Caterpillar L-1
Fuel 0.4% S
L-38
Sequence IID
Caterpillar IH2
L-38
Caterpillar I G2
L-38
CE
None
CRC L-38
Mack T-6
CF
None
CRC L-38
Hussam Adeni
Caterpillar 1M-PC
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
CF-2
Related Ind
Engine Test Requirements
Spec
None
CRC L-38 Detroit Diesel 6V92TA Caterpillar 1M-PC
CF-4
None
Caterpillar 1K
CG-4
None
CH-4
None
CI-4
None
RFWT
EOAT
Caterpillar 1R, 1K
Sequence IIIF
CI-4Plus
None
RFWT
EOAT
Caterpillar 1N
Caterpillar 1P, 1K
Cummins M 11
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Minimum
VG 2
2.2
1.98
2.42
VG 3
3.2
2.88
3.52
VG 5
4.6
4.14
5.06
VG 7
6.8
6.12
7.48
VG 10
10
11
60
VG 15
15
13.5
16.5
75
VG 22
22
19.8
24.2
105
VG 32
32
28.8
35.2
150
VG 46
46
41.4
50.6
215
Hussam Adeni
Maximum
SUS 100F
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Minimum
Maximum
SUS 100F
68
61.2
74.8
315
VG 100
100
90
110
465
VG 150
150
135
165
700
VG 220
220
198
242
1000
VG 320
320
288
352
1500
VG 460
460
414
506
2150
VG 680
680
612
748
3150
VG 1000
1000
900
1100
4650
VG 1500
1500
1350
1650
7000
VG 68
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
000
445
475
00
400
430
355
385
310
340
265
295
220
250
175
205
130
160
85
Hussam Adeni
115
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Thank you
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com