Alkenes

1. General formulae : CnH2n

[ no alkene corresponding to n = 1 as CH2 is not exist]
Alkenes containing at least one carbon-carbon
double bond
2. Alkenes is unsaturated hydrocarbon because the presence of the
double bond.
3. Name of each members end with ene.

ethenes

No. of
carbon atom

Name

Physical
Molecular Molar mass /
state at room
formulae
g mol-1
condition

None

Ethene

C2H4

28

Gas

Propene

C3H6

42

Gas

Butene

C4H8

56

Gas

Pentene

C5H10

70

Liquid

Liquid

Liquid

Liquid

Liquid

10

Liquid

WHEN THE NUMBER OF CARBON IN HYDROCARBON

INCREASES/GREATER/HIGHER, THE SIZE OF HC
MOLECULE IS BIGGER.
THUS, THE INTERMOLECULAR FORCES/Van der Waals
FORCES IS STRONGER.
THUS, MORE ENERGY IS NEEDED TO OVERCOME THE
FORCES.

4. Structure formula for few members of alkenes

Name
Ethene
C2H4

Number
of isomer
0

Structure formula and name

H H

CC

H H

Propene
C3H6

0
H
H

CCCH

H H H

Butene,
C4H8

3
H
H H

CCCCH

H H H H
but -1- ene
H
H

HCCCCH

H H H H
but -2- ene

H
H

C C C H

H HCH H

H
2-methyl propene

Pentene,
C5H10

5
H
H H H

CCCCCH

H H H H H
pent -1- ene
H H
H

HCCCCCH

H H H H H
pent -2- ene

H
H H

C C C C H

H HCH H H

H
2-methylbut -1- ene
H H
H
H

C C C C H

H
HCH H

H
3-methyl but -1- ene

H
H H

H C C C C H

H HCH
H

H
2-methyl but -2- ene
Hexene,
C6H12

12
H
H H H H

CCCCCCH

H H H H H H

H
H H H

HCCCCCCH

H H H H H H

H H
H H


HCCCCCCH

H H H H H H

H
H H H

C C C C C H

H HCH H H H

H
H
H H

C C C C C H

H H HCH H H

H
H
H
H

C C C C C H

H H H HCH H

H
H H H

H C C C C C H

H HCH
H H

H
H H

H C C C C C H

H H HCH H H

H
H
H

HC C C C C H

H H H HCH H

H
H
H H H

C C C C C H

H HCH H H H

H
HCH H

C C C C H

H HCH
H
H

HCH
H
H

C C C C H

H
H
H
HCH H
HCH H
H
H

H C C C C H

H HCH
H

Can you named the molecules?

Steps to name branched alkenes;
i.
determined and named the long chains that has double
covalent bond
ii.
numbered the carbon atom from the nearest end to double
covalent bond
iii. determined and named the branch chain
CH3
: methyl
C2H5 or
CH2CH3
: ethyl
C3H7 or
CH2CH2CH3 : prophyl
iii.

iv.
v.

give number to branched chain

The number for carbon atom which branched emerged
from, must put before/infront the alkyl
The word di, tri is used if the branched chains is more
than one

Physical Properties
Physical properties of alkenes (similar to alkanes)
i. cannot conduct electrity
ii. less dense than water
iii. obeys like dissolve like;
dissolve in organic solvents
insoluble in water
iv. low melting and boiling points, gradually steady increase
as the number of carbon in alkene increases

Chemical Properties
Reactivity of alkenes
1. Alkenes is more reactive because the presence of double
covalent bond, (unsaturated hydrocarbon)
2. Alkenes decolourized purple solution of acidified potassium
manganate(VII)
3. Alkenes decolourized reddish brown solution of bromin water
4. Neutral.
Combustion of alkenes
.

Addition Reaction

(5.2)

The carbon-carbon double bond is converted into

two single bonds

C=C

H H

Alkenes
(Unsaturated)

Molecule

1. Addition of hydrogen

CC

H H
Alkanes
(Saturated)

Mixture of alkenes gas/vapour and hydrogen gas, is passed

through platinum or nickel at 180 oC. The process is known as
catalytic Hydrogenation.
Catalyst: platinum or nickel

C=C

H H
Ethene

H2

Ni/Pt

180oC

Hydrogen

Chemical equation:

C2H4 + H2

CC H

H H
Ethane

C2H6

Example use of this process:

Manufacture of margarine is through hydrogenation

2. Addition of halogens

The process is known as halogenation

C=C +

H H
Ethenes
(unsaturated)

Br

Br

Bromine

Chemical equation: C2H4 + Br2

Br C C Br

H H
1,2-dibromoethanes
(saturated)

C2H4Br2

[HW-notes book]
Q1: Write a chemical equation reaction between but-1-ene with
bromine water. Show the structural formula as well.
[HW-exercises book]
Q2: Halogenation process is best used to differentiate between
alkanes and alkenes. Explain how it can be done?
[notes: refer to SAB]

3. Addition of hydrogen halides

i. Alkenes reacts with hydrogen halide in room condition.
Hydrogen halide molecules is added to double bond in alkenes,
to produce halogenoalkane.

ii. When hydrogen chloride gas is passed through into ethenes,

monochloroethanes is produced.
H

C=C
+ HCl

H H
Ethenes Hydrogen chloride
(Unsaturated)
Chemical equation: C2H4 + HCl

H H

H C C Cl

H H
Monochloroethanes
(Saturated)

C2H5Cl

4. Addition of acidified potassium manganate(VII)

1. When alkenes is mixed with acidified potassium manganate(VII),
its purple colour is decolourised.
2. This is because addition process occurred, a group of
hydroxyl (--OH) is added to the molecules of alkenes to form a
molecule of diol (type of alcohol) which is saturated and
colourless.

C=C

[from acidified KMnO4]

[O]

+ H2O

Alkenes
(Unsaturated)

CC

OH OH

alkanes-diol compound
(Saturated)

Example;
H

C = C + H2O + [O]

H H

Ethene
(Unsaturated)

C C H

OH OH
Ethane-1,2-diol
(Saturated)

Q: Use propene as example.

H
H

H C C = C + H2O + [O]

H H H

HH H

H CC C H

H OH OH

Propene, C3H6

C3H6 + H2O + [O] C3H8O2

Propane-1,2-diol

5. Steam
(Hydration process)
1. Alkenes react with steam to produce equivalent alcohol
at the temperature of 300 oC and in the pressure of 60
atmosphere.
2. Reactions catalyst by concentrated phosphoric acid, H3PO4.
3. This method is one of the industrial preparation to produce
alcohol.
H

C=C

H H
Ethene

300 oC, 60 atm

+ HOH

H3PO4

Steam

H H

CC H

H OH
Ethanol

300 oC, 60 atm

C2H4

H2O

H
3PO4

C2H5OH @ C2H6O

Q: Use but-1-ene

C4H8 + H2O C4H9OH / C4H10O

Polymerization
5.3
Polymer :Large molecules made up from many identical
repeating sub-units called monomers, which joined
together by covalent bond.
Polymerization is a process of repeated linking
when a monomers are joined into chains
Reaction to form a polymer from alkene monomers is called an
addition polymerisation

Homologous Series

Characteristic of Homologous Series

Kamal Ariffin Bin Saaim

SMKDBL
http://kemhawk.webs.com