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3B. Teletraffic Theory
3B. Teletraffic Theory
TELETRAFFIC
THEORY
Teletraffic Theory
Teletraffic theory - the application of probability disciplines (stochastic
processes, queueing theory, numerical simulation) to:
planning,
performance evaluation,
operation,
maintenance
of telecommunication systems.
The objective:
The task:
Teletraffic Theory
Teletraffic theory is an inductive discipline:
From observations of real systems we
establish theoretical models, from which
we derive parameters, which can be
compared with corresponding
observations from the real system.
If there is agreement, the model has been
validated. If not, then we have to
elaborate the model further.
This scientific way of working is called the
research spiral.
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Traffic Concept
Traffic in Circuit-Switched
Networks
We usually use the word traffic to denote the traffic
intensity
Instantaneous traffic intensity (sometimes called
occupancy): measure of the occupancy of a servers or resources (the
number) at the time t, [Erlang]
Average traffic intensity:
t
1 2
Y t1, t2
n t dt ,
t2 - t1 t`
where n t
Traffic in Circuit-Switched
Networks
Carried traffic: traffic carried by the group of servers during
the time T, AC
Note! The carried traffic cannot exceed the number of channels, single channel can at
most carry 1 Erlang of the traffic!
Traffic in Circuit-Switched
Networks
Traffic volume: measure of the total traffic carried in a period of
time or (total work done by a resource) ,[Erlang-hours]
Note! Losses are caused by inability to carry all traffic
Traffic Variations
Traffic in circuit-switched networks varies according to
activity of users:
Traffic is generated by single sources - subscribers,
subscribers are assumed to be independent.
Traffic Variations
Traffic Variations
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Traffic Variations
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Traffic Variations
Traffic patterns looks very similar for different days:
24 hours variations
Weekly variations: highest trac: Monday, then on Friday,
Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Saturday, Sunday.
Year variations: for example: very low traffic in vacation times
(July in Finland).
Very large-scale variation: traffic increases depending on
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technology development and economics.
Traffic Variations
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Traffic variations
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Traffic variations
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Busy Hour
Questions:
When the peak number of calls occurs?
Is this peak the same for each day?
Note! The highest traffic does not occur at same time every day.
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Blocking Concept
The PSTN is dimensioned so that all subscribers cannot
be connected at the same time.
Usual dimensioning rules applied:
Has to wait,
Has to be blocked.
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Blocking Concept
Depending on how system operates we
distinguish between:
Loss systems: arrival is lost when there are
insufficient resources in the system,
Waiting systems: arrival waits when there are
insufficient resources in the system,
Mixed loss-waiting systems: depending on arrival
it can wait of get lost (the number of waiting
positions - buffer - is limited).
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Blocking Concept
Networks performance measures can be
expressed using:
Call congestion: fraction of call attempts that
observes all servers busy (the user-perceived
quality-of-service),
Time congestion: fraction of time when all servers
are busy,
Traffic congestion: the fraction of the offered traffic
that is not carried, possibly despite several
attempts,
Waiting time: mean and distribution in delay
systems (queueing systems)
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Infinite System
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Poisson Model
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Equilibrium Distribution
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Equilibrium Distribution
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Erlang Model
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Equilibrium Distribution
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Equilibrium Distribution
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Time Blocking
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Call Blocking
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Binomial Model
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Equilibrium Distribution
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Equilibrium Distribution
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Engset Model
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Equilibrium Distribution
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Equilibrium Distribution
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Time Blocking
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Call Blocking
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Call Blocking
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Call Blocking
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Call Blocking
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Erlang-C Model
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Erlang C assumptions
Common QoS
parameter in M/M/C
systems are
delay probability
average delay
number of users in the
queue
2m
C-1
(c - 1) m
l
C
cm
C+1
cm
Probability of delay
aC
C!1 -
EC a, C C -1 n
a
aC
C!1 -
n 0 n!
l
m
a
Server utilization
C
Offered traffic
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Erlang C formula
can be given in a
form of
-1
family of curves
table (Appendix)
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probability of delay
C = 1,2,...,14;15,20,...,30;40,50,...,100;
-2
10
-3
10 -1
10
10
traffic [erlangs]
10
10
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Erlang C - Summary of
Performance Parameters
Quantity
Offered traffic
Symbol
a
Channel utilization
p0
C -1 a k
aC
k 0 k! C!1 -
pn
an
n! p 0
C
a n- C p 0
C!
Pr 0
Lq
D1
D2
Value (Formula)
al m
a
C
-1
,n C
,n C
aC
C!1 -
C -1
an
aC
C! 1 -
n 0 n!
a
Pr 0
C-a
Pr 0
Alternative notation
Pr 0 E a, C
Probability of delay
exceeding T1
T
P t T1 P t 0 exp - C - a 1
H
H
C-a
H
C-a
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Erlang C - Examples
Example. Consider a cell site supporting MMS service. Assume that the messages
are exponentially distributed with average length of 2 Meg. The cell site provides
two channels that have transfer rate of 200kbps. If there are 125 requests per
hour estimate probability of
1)
Request being delayed
2)
Request being delayed by more than 10 sec
Answers:
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