Unit Ii Phase Controlled Converters

UNIT II
PHASE CONTROLLED
CONVERTERS
Phase-Control
Phase-Control Converters
Converters
Single-Phase
Single-Phase
Three-Phase
Three-Phase
Semiconverter
Semiconverter Semiconverter
Semiconverter
Full
Full converter
converter
Full
Full converter
converter
Dual
Dual converter
converter Dual
Dual converter
converter
EE2301- POWERELECTRONICS
Semiconverter
Semiconverter
..is
..is aa one-quadrant
one-quadrant converter
converter and
and itit has
has one
one polarity
polarity
Full
Full converter
converter
..is
..is aa two-quadrant
two-quadrant converter
converter and
and the
the polarity
polarity of
of its
its
output
output can
can be
be either
either positive
positive or
or negative.
negative.
However
However
the
the output
output current
current of
of full
full converter
converter has
has
one
one polarity
polarity only
only
Dual
Dual converter
converter
..can
..can operate
operate in
in four
four quadrants
quadrants ;; both
both the
the output
output
voltage
can
be
voltage and
and current
current
canPOWERELECTRONICS
be either
either positive
positive or
or negative
negative
EE2301-
Average
Average Output
Output Voltage
Voltage
11
VVmm
VVdcdc
VVmm sin
sin
td
td
tt 11 cos
cos
22
22
Maximum
Maximum
Output
Output Voltage
Voltage
VVmm
VVdm
dm
Normalizing
Normalizing
Output
Output Voltage
Voltage
RMS
RMS Output
Output Voltage
Voltage
VVdcdc
VVnn
00..5511 cos
cos
VVdm
dm
VVmm 11
11
sin
22
sin
22
22
VVrms
VVmm sin

sin
td
td
tt

rms
22
22
22
If
If the
the converter
converter has
has aa purely
purely resistive
resistive load
load of
of R
R and
and
the
the delay
delay angle
angle is
is ,, / 2 determine
determine
(a)
(a) the
the rectification
rectification efficiency
efficiency
(b)
(b) the
the form
form factor
factor FF
FF
(c)
(c) the
the ripple
ripple factor
factor RF
RF
and
and (d)
(d) the
the peak
peak inverse
inverse voltage
voltage PIV
PIV of
of thyristor
thyristor TT11
VVmm
11

VVdcdc
VVmm sin
sin
td
td
tt 11 cos
cos
22
22
22
22
VVdcdc 00..1592
1592VVmm
VVmm
VVrms
rms
22
22
dc
dc
22
rms
rms
VV

VV

22
11
2
2 00..3536
sin
sin
3536VVmm

22
22
00..1592
1592VVmm
20.27%
22 20.27%
00..3536
3536VVmm
22
If
If the
the converter
converter has
has aa purely
purely resistive
resistive load
load of
of R
R and
and
the
the delay
delay angle
angle is
is ,, / 2 determine
determine
(a)
(a) the
the rectification
efficiency
(b)
(b) the
the form
form factor
factor FF
FF
(c)
(c) the
the ripple
ripple factor
factor RF
RF
and
and (d)
(d) the
the peak
peak inverse
inverse voltage
voltage PIV
PIV of
of thyristor
thyristor TT11
VVrms
00..3536
3536VVmm
rms
FF
22..221
FF
221
V
Vdcdc 00..1592
1592VVmm
If
If the
the converter
converter has
has aa purely
purely resistive
resistive load
load of
of R
R and
and
the
the delay
delay angle
angle is
is ,, / 2 determine
determine
(a)
(a) the
the rectification
efficiency
(b)
(b) the
the form
form factor
factor FF
FF
(c)
(c) the
the ripple
ripple factor
factor RF
RF
RF
RF FF
FF 11 22..221
221 11 11..983
983
22
22
and
and (d)
(d) the
the peak
peak inverse
inverse voltage
voltage PIV
PIV of
of thyristor
thyristor TT11
PIV
PIV VVmm
Semiconverter
Single-Phase
Single-Phase Semiconverter
Semiconverter
VVmm
22
VVdcdc
VVmm sin
sin
td
td
tt 11 cos
cos
22
22
22
22
VVrms
VVmm sin
sin
td
td
tt
rms
22
Single-Phase
Semiconverter (RL-load)
(RL-load)
Mode
diLL11
Mode 11 L di
Ri
EE 00
L
Ri
LL11
0 t
dt
dt
RR
EE
LL
IILL11 iiLL11
11ee
tt IILL00ee
RR
Mode
Mode 22
22
L
22
L
11
t
ZZ RR
L
L tan
tan
R
R
di
di
R
R
LL
LL
LL22
dt
dt
Ri
RiLL22 EE 22VVSS sin
sin
tt
22VVSS
EE
EE
IILL22
sin
sin
tt IILL11
ZZ
RR
RR
RR
LLtt
22VVSS
sin
sin ee
ZZ
Single-Phase
Semiconverter (RL-load)
(RL-load)
RMS
RMS Current
Current
for
for Thyristor
Thyristor
1
IR
2
RMS
RMS Current
Current
for
for Thyristor
Thyristor
1
IA
2
RMS
RMS Output
Output I 1
rms
Current
Current
2
i d t
2
L2
i d t
L2
1
i d t
2
2
L1
AVG
AVG Output
Output I 1 i d t 1
dc
1
0
Current
EE23012POWERELECTRONICS 2
Current
i d t
2
L2
i d t
2
The
The single-phase
single-phase semiconverter
semiconverter has
has an
an RL
RL load
load of
of
LL == 6.5mH,
6.5mH, R
R == 2.5
2.5 Ohm,
Ohm, and
and EE == 10
10 V.
V. The
The input
input
voltage
voltage is
is V
VSS == 120
120 V(rms)
V(rms) at
at 60
60 Hz.
Hz. Determine
Determine
t 0 ,, and
(a)
at
the
load
(a) the
the load
load current
current IIL0
at
and
the
load
L0
t 60 ,
current
I
at
current IL1
,
L1 at
(b)
(b) the
the average
average thyristor
thyristor current
current IIAA
(c)
(c) the
the rms
rms thyristor
thyristor current
current IIRR
(d)
(d) the
the rms
rms output
output current
current IIrms
rms
and
average
output
current
IIdcdc
and (e)
(e) the
theEE2301average
output
current
POWERELECTRONICS
Rectification
Mode
Inversion
Mode
Single-Phase
Full Converter
Single-Phase
Single-Phase Full
Full Converter
Converter
22VVmm
22
VVdcdc
VVmm sin
ttdd
tt
cos
sin
cos
22
VVmm
22 22 22
VVrms
VVmm sin
ttdd
tt
sin
rms
22
22
Single-Phase
Single-Phase Full
Full Converter
Converter (RL-load)
(RL-load)
LL
22
22
11
Mode
1
=
Mode
2
ZZ RR
Mode 1 = Mode 2 tan
LL
tan
RR
RR
22VVSS
22VVSS
EE
EE
LLtt
IILL
sin
sin
sin
tt IILL00
sin ee
ZZ
RR
RR
ZZ
Single-Phase
Single-Phase Full
Full Converter
Converter (RL-load)
(RL-load)
RMS
RMS Current
Current
for
for Thyristor
Thyristor
1
IR
2
RMS
RMS Current
Current
for
for Thyristor
Thyristor
1
IA
2
RMS
RMS Output
Output
Current
Current
AVG
AVG Output
Output
Current
Current
i d t
2
L
i L d t
I rms I R2 I R2 2 I R
I dc I A I A 2 I A
Dual
Converter
Single-Phase
Single-Phase Dual
Dual Converter
Converter
22VVmm
VVdcdc11
cos
cos
11
22VVmm
VVdcdc22
cos
cos
22
VVdcdc11 VVdcdc22
High-Power
Drives
High-Power Variable-Speed
Variable-Speed
Drives
Three-Phase
Semiconverter
3 Phase Controlled Rectifiers
Operate from 3 phase ac supply voltage.

They provide higher dc output voltage.
Higher dc output power.
Higher output voltage ripple frequency.
Filtering requirements are simplified for
smoothing out load voltage and load
current.
Extensively used in high power variable

speed industrial dc drives.
Three single phase half-wave converters
can be connected together to form a three
phase half-wave converter.
3-Phase
Half Wave Converter
(3-Pulse Converter)
with
RL Load
Continuous & Constant
Load Current Operation
Vector Diagram of
3 Phase
Supply Voltages
V
C N
120
120
V A N RN
120
V BN
v AN
vYN vBN
vBN vCN
3 Phase Supply Voltage

Equations
We deifine three line to neutral voltages

(3 phase voltages) as follows
vRN van Vm sin t ;

Vm Max. Phase Voltage
vYN
2
vbn Vm sin t
3
Vm sin t 1200
vBN
2
vcn Vm sin t
3
Vm sin t 120
Vm
sin t 240
0
van
vbn
vcn
van
Each thyristor conducts for 2/3 (1200)

Constant Load
Current
io=Ia
Ia
Ia
To Derive an
Expression for the
Average Output Voltage of a
3-Phase Half Wave Converter
with RL Load
for Continuous Load Current

T1 is triggered at t 300
6
5
T2 is triggered at t
1500
6
7
0
270
6
2
0
Each thytistor conducts for 120 or
radians
3
3Vm
Vdc
2
sin t.d t
3Vm
Vdc
cos t
6
3Vm
5

Vdc
cos
cos

2
6
6
Note from the trigonometric relationship

cos A B cos A.cos B sin A.sin B
5
5
cos 6 cos sin 6 sin
3Vm

Vdc
2

cos .cos sin sin
6
6
0
0
cos
150
cos
sin
150
sin

3Vm
Vdc
0
0
2
cos
30
.cos
sin
30
sin
0
0
0
0
cos
180
30
cos
sin
180
30
sin
3Vm
Vdc
0
0
2
cos
30
.cos
sin
30
sin
Note:
cos 1800 300 cos 300
sin 1800 300 sin 300
0
0
cos
30
cos
sin
30
sin
3Vm
Vdc
0
0
2
cos
30
.cos
sin
30
s
in
3Vm
2 cos 300 cos
Vdc
3Vm
3
Vdc
cos
2
2
2
3Vm
3
3
V
m
Vdc
3
cos
cos
2
2
3VLm
Vdc
cos
2
Where VLm 3Vm Max. line to line supply voltage
The maximum average or dc output voltage is

obtained at a delay angle 0 and is given by
3 3 Vm
Vdc max Vdm
2
Where Vm is the peak phase voltage.
And the normalized average output voltage is
Vdcn
Vdc
Vn
cos
Vdm
The rms value of output voltage is found by

using the equation
VO RMS
V sin t.d t
2
m
and we obtain
VO RMS
1
2
3
3Vm
cos 2
6 8
1
2
3 Phase Half Wave

Controlled Rectifier Output
Voltage Waveforms For RL
Load
at
Different Trigger Angles
an
bn
cn
V 0
=30
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
an
270
300
330
360
bn
390
420
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
= 60
30
=300
cn
V 0
0
390
420
=600
t
bn
cn
an
=900
V 0
=90
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
3 Phase Half Wave

Controlled Rectifier With
R Load
and
RL Load with FWD
a
2
b
T
+
T
R
V
n
a
T
L
n
3 Phase Half Wave

Controlled Rectifier Output
Voltage Waveforms For R Load
or RL Load with FWD
at
Different Trigger Angles
an
bn
cn
=0
s
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
an
300
330
360
390
bn
420
0
=0
t
cn
=15
V
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
=150
0
an
bn
cn
= 3 0
V
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
an
300
330
360
390
bn
420
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
=300
t
cn
= 6 0
V
390
420
=600
t
To Derive An
Expression For The Average Or
Dc Output Voltage Of A
3 Phase Half Wave Converter
With Resistive Load
Or
RL Load With FWD

0
T1 is triggered at t 30
6
T1 conducts from 300 to 1800 ;
vO van Vm sin t
5
1500
6

0
vO vbn Vm sin t 1200
7
0
270
6

0
vO vcn Vm sin t 240

Vm sin t 120
3
Vdc
2
1800
vO .d t
300
vO van Vm sin t ; for t 300 to 1800

3
Vdc
2
3Vm
Vdc
2
1800
Vm sin t.d t
300
0
180
sin t.d t
300
3Vm
Vdc
2
1800
300
cos t
3Vm
0
0
Vdc
cos180
cos
30
2
0
Q
cos180 1, we get
3Vm
0
Vdc
1
cos
30
2
Three Phase Semiconverters

3 Phase semiconverters are used in Industrial
dc drive applications upto 120kW power output.
Single quadrant operation is possible.
Power factor decreases as the delay angle
increases.
Power factor is better than that of 3 phase half
wave converter.
3 Phase
Half Controlled Bridge Converter
(Semi Converter)
with Highly Inductive Load &
Continuous Ripple free Load
Current
Wave forms of 3 Phase

Semiconverter for
> 600
3 phase semiconverter output ripple frequency of

output voltage is 3 f S
The delay angle can be varied from 0 to
During the period
300 t 2100
7
t
, thyristor T1 is forward biased
6
6

If thyristor T1 is triggered at t ,
6
T1 & D1 conduct together and the line to line voltage
vac appears across the load.
7
At t
, vac becomes negative & FWD Dm conducts.
6
The load current continues to flow through FWD Dm ;
T1 and D1 are turned off.
If FWD Dm is not used the T1 would continue to

conduct until the thyristor T2 is triggered at
5
t
, and Free wheeling action would
6
be accomplished through T1 & D2 .
If the delay angle , each thyristor conducts

3
2
for
and the FWD Dm does not conduct.
3
We deifine three line neutral voltages

vRN van Vm sin t
2
vYN vbn Vm sin t Vm sin t 1200
3
vBN vcn Vm sin t Vm sin t 1200

3
Vm sin t 240
Vm is the peak phase voltage of a wye-connected source.

vRB vac van vcn

vYR vba vbn van
vBY vcb vcn vbn
vRY vab van vbn
3Vm sin t
6
3Vm sin t
6
3Vm sin t
2
3Vm sin t
6
Wave forms of 3 Phase

Semiconverter for
600
To derive an
Expression for the
Average Output Voltage
of 3 Phase Semiconverter
for > / 3
and Discontinuous Output Voltage

For and discontinuous output voltage:
3
the Average output voltage is found from
3
Vdc
2
3
Vdc
2
v
.
d
ac
3 Vm sin t d t
6
3 3Vm
Vdc
1 cos
2
3VmL
Vdc
1 cos
2
VmL 3Vm Max. value of line-to-line supply voltage
The maximum average output voltage that occurs at
a delay angle of 0 is
Vdc max Vdm
3 3Vm
The normalized average output voltage is

Vdc
Vn
0.5 1 cos
Vdm
The rms output voltage is found from
VO rms
v
.
d
2
ac
1
2
Three Phase Dual Converters

For four quadrant operation in many industrial
variable speed dc drives , 3 phase dual
converters are used.
Used for applications up to 2 mega watt output
power level.
Dual converter consists of two 3 phase full
converters which are connected in parallel & in
opposite directions across a common load.
Outputs of Converters 1 & 2

During the interval (/6 + 1) to (/2 + 1),
the line to line voltage vab appears across
the output of converter 1 and vbc appears
across the output of converter 2

vRN van Vm sin t ;
2
0
3
0
3
Vm sin t 240

vRN van Vm sin t ;
2
3

3
Vm sin t 2400
To obtain an Expression for the Circulating

Current
If vO1 and vO2 are the output voltages of
converters 1 and 2 respectively, the
instantaneous voltage across the current
limiting inductor during the interval
(/6 + 1) t (/2 + 1) is given by
vr vO1 vO 2 vab vbc

vr 3Vm sin t sin t
6
vr 3Vm cos t
6
The circulating current can be calculated by

using the equation
1
ir t
Lr
1
ir t
Lr
3Vm
ir t
Lr
ir max
vr .d t
3Vm cos t .d t
6
1
6
1
6
sin t 6 sin 1
3Vm
Lr
Four Quadrant Operation
There are two different modes of

operation.
Circulating current free
(non circulating) mode of operation
Circulating current mode of operation
Non Circulating
Current Mode Of Operation
In this mode of operation only one converter is
switched on at a time
When the converter 1 is switched on,
For 1 < 900 the converter 1 operates in the
Rectification mode
Vdc is positive, Idc is positive and hence the
average load power Pdc is positive.
Power flows from ac source to the load
When the converter 1 is on,

For 1 > 900 the converter 1
operates in the Inversion mode
Vdc is negative, Idc is positive and the
average load power Pdc is negative.
Power flows from load circuit to ac
source.

For 2 < 900 the converter 2 operates in
the Rectification mode
Vdc is negative, Idc is negative and the
average load power Pdc is positive.
The output load voltage & load current
reverse when converter 2 is on.
Power flows from ac source to the load

For 2 > 900 the converter 2 operates in the
Inversion mode
Vdc is positive, Idc is negative and the average
load power Pdc is negative.
Power flows from load to the ac source.
Energy is supplied from the load circuit to the ac
supply.
Circulating Current
Mode Of Operation
Both the converters are switched on at the same
time.
One converter operates in the rectification mode
while the other operates in the inversion mode.
Trigger angles 1 & 2 are adjusted such that (1
+ 2) = 1800
When 1 < 900, converter 1 operates

as a controlled rectifier. 2 is made
greater than 900 and converter 2
operates as an Inverter.
Vdc is positive & Idc is positive and Pdc
is positive.
When 2 < 900, converter 2 operates

as a controlled rectifier. 1 is made
greater than 900 and converter 1
operates as an Inverter.
Vdc is negative & Idc is negative and
Pdc is positive.

Unit Ii Phase Controlled Converters

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Unit Ii Phase Controlled Converters

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UNIT II

3 Phase Controlled Rectifiers

Operate from 3 phase ac supply voltage.

Extensively used in high power variable

3 Phase Supply Voltage

We deifine three line to neutral voltages

vRN van Vm sin t ;

Each thyristor conducts for 2/3 (1200)

Note from the trigonometric relationship

cos 1800 300 cos 300

sin 1800 300 sin 300

The maximum average or dc output voltage is

The rms value of output voltage is found by

3 Phase Half Wave

3 Phase Half Wave

3 Phase Half Wave

T2 conducts from 150 to 300 ;

vO vbn Vm sin t 1200

T3 conducts from 270 to 420 ;

vO vcn Vm sin t 240

vO van Vm sin t ; for t 300 to 1800

Three Phase Semiconverters

Wave forms of 3 Phase

3 phase semiconverter output ripple frequency of

If FWD Dm is not used the T1 would continue to

be accomplished through T1 & D2 .

If the delay angle , each thyristor conducts

We deifine three line neutral voltages

Vm Max. Phase Voltage

vBN vcn Vm sin t Vm sin t 1200

Vm is the peak phase voltage of a wye-connected source.

vRB vac van vcn

Wave forms of 3 Phase

The normalized average output voltage is

Three Phase Dual Converters

Outputs of Converters 1 & 2

We deifine three line neutral voltages

We deifine three line neutral voltages

vBN vcn Vm sin t Vm sin t 1200

To obtain an Expression for the Circulating

vr vO1 vO 2 vab vbc

The circulating current can be calculated by

Four Quadrant Operation

There are two different modes of

When the converter 1 is on,

When the converter 2 is switched on,

When the converter 2 is switched on,

When 1 < 900, converter 1 operates

When 2 < 900, converter 2 operates

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