MODULE 2

INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES

Trigonometric Transformation, Trigonometric Substitution, and Rationalizing

Substitution
1. Trigonometric Transformation
Many integrals involving trigonometric functions can be evaluated after transformation of the
integrand using trigonometric identities. Even if the presentation is by type, you can without it,
determine the method to use for the problem by observing the character of the integrand.

Type I.
Use

Example 2.1
Evaluate

But

Answer
 Type II.
Use ,

Example 2.2
E valuate

But ,

or

or

or etc.

Answers
 Type III.

Use ,

Example 2.3
Evaluate

But ,

Answer

Type IV.
Use

Example 2.4
Evaluate

But

Answer
2. Trigonometric Substitution
Integrals involving troublesome quantities may be evaluated by using a substitution equation
which relates the original variable to a new variable. However the use of formulas that would lead
to a more direct evaluation of the integral must be preferred.

Promising Substitution Equations,

When the integrand involves try

When the integrand involves try

When the integrand involves

Example 2.5

Evaluate

the integrand involves the form

try x , or specific for this integral use as the substitution
equation.

Using

By substitution,

But
 By sketching,

And it follows from the triangle that,

Finally,

Answer
Example 2.6

Evaluate
 3. Rationalizing Substitution
This is accomplished by formulating a substitution equation which introduces a new variable for the
troublesome quantity in the integrand to facilitate evaluation of the integral.

Example 2.7

Evaluate

Let then and Hence

Answer

We have now the answer back in terms of x.