Cal 11 Q3 0804 Final

Unit 8: Implicit Differentiation
Lesson 8.4
Applications of Implicit Differentiation in Real-Life
Situations
Contents
Introduction 1
Learning Objective 2
Warm Up 2
Learn about It! 3

Differentiation with Respect to Time 3
Steps in Solving Problems on Related Rates 4
Key Points 25
Check Your Understanding 26
Challenge Yourself 27
Photo Credit 28
Bibliography 28
Key to Try It! 29

Lesson 8.4
Applications of Implicit
Differentiation in Real-Life Situations
Introduction
When you pump air into a spherical balloon, what happens to its radius? What happens to
the radius if an inflated balloon has a hole and the air is leaking?
When you pump air into a balloon, you are adding air volume inside it, which makes its
volume and radius increase at a particular rate. On the other hand, if the air inside a balloon
is leaking, its volume and radius are decreasing at a particular rate. In this situation, we can
say that the volume and the radius of the balloon are related to one another and are
8.4. Applications of Implicit Differentiation in Real-Life Situations 1

changing with respect to time.
The given situation is an example of a problem that we can solve using implicit
differentiation. Let us explore more of these types of word problems in this lesson.
Learning Objective
DepEd Competency
In this lesson, you should be able to solve
situational problems on related rates. Solve situational problems
involving implicit differentiation
(including related rates)
(STEM_BC11D-IIIj-2).
Warm Up
Changing Rates 10 minutes
This activity will illustrate some problems involving related rates.
Materials
● pen
● paper
Procedure
1. Form a group with four to five members.
2. Identify the quantities that are changing, given some of the quantities that are
changing.
a. The top of a 15-ft ladder is sliding down a wall at a rate of 2 ft⁄s.
b. A 5-ft man is walking at a rate of 4 ft⁄s from a building directly towards a light
on the ground.

c. A child, who is 10 ft from a person holding a ball, is watching a ball thrown
vertically upward at 5 ft⁄s.
3. Answer the guide questions individually.
Guide Questions
1. What quantities are constant or not changing in each situation?
2. Which rates are positive? negative? Why do you say so?
3. How is derivative related to each situation?
Learn about It!

The situations given in the Warm Up activity involve quantities that change with respect to
time. This type of problem can be solved by differentiating the equation relating the quantities
to time.
Differentiation with Respect to Time

𝑑𝑥
Suppose a certain variable 𝑥 is changing at a given time 𝑡. The expression 𝑑𝑡 is called the time
rate or rate of change with respect to time. If two or more variables are related to one another
by an equation and are changing with respect to time, we can determine their respective time
rates using implicit differentiation.
If we want to find a time rate using the known quantities in an equation and their respective
time rates, then we are solving a problem involving related rates.
Let 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 be three distinct quantities related to one other by the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑧 2 .
We can get their respective time rates by differentiating the equation with respect to time.
𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑧2
𝑑 2 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑥 ) + (𝑦 2 ) = (𝑧 2 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
The expressions 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑑𝑡
, and 𝑑𝑡 are the time rates of 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧, respectively.
What is the derivative of 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐 with respect to

𝒕?
Steps in Solving Problems on Related Rates

In general, it is suggested to follow these steps in solving problems on related rates:
1. Represent the quantities that change with respect to time and other important
quantities as variables.
2. Identify the known quantities, including time rates. Note that a time rate can either be
positive if the rate is increasing or negative if decreasing.
3. Write an equation that relates the quantities. Drawing a diagram can be helpful in
writing the equation.
4. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to time.
5. Solve the unknown time rate.
Example:
The radius of a circle is increasing at a rate of 2 cm per second. How fast is the area changing
when the radius is 8 cm?
Step 1: Represent the quantities that change with respect to time and other important
Let 𝐴 be the area of the circle and 𝑟 be the radius.

Step 2: Identify the known quantities, including time rates.
The radius of the circle is 𝑟 = 8 cm. The rate that the radius is increasing is
𝑑𝑟
represented by 𝑑𝑡 = 2 cm/s.
Step 3: Write an equation that relates the quantities.
The area of the circle is given by 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 .
Step 4: Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to time.
𝑑 𝑑
(𝐴) = (𝜋𝑟 2 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟
= 2𝜋𝑟
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Step 5: Solve the unknown time rate.
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝐴
Substitute 𝑟 = 8 cm and = 2 cm/s into = 2𝜋𝑟 to solve for (rate of
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
change of the area).
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟
= 2𝜋𝑟
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
cm
= 2𝜋(8 cm) (2 )
s
= 32𝜋 cm2 /s
Thus, the area of the circle is changing at a rate of 𝟑𝟐𝝅 𝐜𝐦𝟐 /𝐬.

Remember
The equation that relates the given quantities may or may not be
explicitly stated in the problem. Thus, you need to be knowledgeable
in basic geometric facts (e.g. similar triangles, laws on oblique
triangles, properties of quadrilaterals, space figures, and circles) to
derive some equations.
How will you know if an equation is explicitly stated

in the problem?
Let’s Practice!
Example 1
Each side of a square is increasing at a rate of 4 cm per second. At what rate is its area
changing if its side measures 8 cm?
Solution
Let 𝐴 be the area of the square and 𝑠 be the measure of each side.
The side of the square measures 𝑠 = 8 cm. The rate at which the sides of the
𝑑𝑠
square increases is represented by = 4 cm/s.
𝑑𝑡

The area of the square is given by 𝐴 = 𝑠 2 .
𝑑 𝑑
(𝐴) = (𝑠 2 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑠
= 2𝑠
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝐴
Substitute = 4 cm/s and 𝑠 = 8 cm into = 2𝑠 to solve for (rate of
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
change of the area).
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑠
= 2𝑠
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= 2(8 cm)(4 cm⁄s)
= 64 cm2 /s
Thus, the area of the square is increasing at a rate of 𝟔𝟒 𝐜𝐦𝟐 /𝐬.
1 Try It!
If the area of a square is increasing at a rate of 10 cm2 per second, how fast is each
side increasing when the area is 16 cm2 ?

Example 2
The dimensions of a rectangle are 10 in by 13 in. Its shorter side is increasing at a rate of 2 in
per second while its longer side is decreasing at a rate of 3 in per second. How fast is its area
changing?
Solution
Let 𝐴 be the area of the rectangle and 𝑥 and 𝑦 be its dimensions.
The shorter side of the rectangle is 𝑥 = 10 in, and the rate at which it increases
𝑑𝑥
is represented by 𝑑𝑡
= 2 in/s. The longer side of the rectangle is 𝑦 = 13 in, and
𝑑𝑦
the rate at which it decreases is represented by = −3 in/s.
𝑑𝑡
The area of the rectangle is given by 𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦.
𝑑 𝑑
(𝐴) = (𝑥𝑦)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑥 ∙ (𝑦) + 𝑦 ∙ (𝑥)
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
=𝑥 +𝑦

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Substitute 𝑥 = 10 in, 𝑦 = 13 in, 𝑑𝑡 = 2 in/s, and 𝑑𝑡
= −3 in/s into 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑥 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴
to solve for 𝑑𝑡
(rate of change of the area).
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
=𝑥 +𝑦
= (10 in)(−3 in⁄s) + (13 in)(2 in⁄s)
= −30 in2 ⁄s + 26 in2 ⁄s
= −4 in2 /s
Since the rate is negative, it implies that the area is decreasing. Thus, the area of the
rectangle is decreasing at a rate of 𝟒 𝐢𝐧𝟐 /𝐬.
2 Try It!
A rectangle is 12 in long and 7 in wide. Its length is increasing at a rate of 3 in per
second, and its width is increasing at a rate of 5 in per second. At what rate is its area
increasing?
Example 3
A spherical balloon of radius 3 cm is being pumped by air at a rate of 9 cm3 per second. What
is the rate of change of the radius?
Solution
Let 𝑉 be the volume of the balloon and 𝑟 be the radius.

The radius of the spherical balloon is 𝑟 = 3 cm, and the rate that the volume
𝑑𝑉
increases is represented by 𝑑𝑡
= 9 cm3 /s.
4
The volume of a sphere is given by 𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 .
𝑑 𝑑 4
(𝑉) = ( 𝜋𝑟 3 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 3
𝑑𝑉 4 𝑑𝑟
= 𝜋 ⋅ 𝟑𝑟 2
𝑑𝑡 𝟑 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑟
= 4𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
Substitute 𝑟 = 3 cm and 𝑑𝑡
= 9 cm3 /s into 𝑑𝑡
= 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑡 to solve for 𝑑𝑡 (rate of
change of the radius).
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑟
= 4𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟
9 cm3 ⁄s = 4𝜋(3 cm)2
𝑑𝑡
𝟗 cm3 ⁄s 𝑑𝑟
=
4𝜋 (𝟗 cm2 ) 𝑑𝑡
1 𝑑𝑟
cm⁄s =
4𝜋 𝑑𝑡
𝟏
Thus, the radius of the balloon is increasing at a rate of 𝟒𝝅 𝐜𝐦⁄𝐬.

3 Try It!
Air is leaking inside a spherical balloon at 8 cm3 per second. At what rate is the radius
changing when the radius of the balloon is 4 cm?
Example 4
The abscissa of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 is decreasing at a rate of 0.5 units per second.
At what rate is the slope of the curve changing at 𝑥 = −2?
Solution
The abscissa and the ordinate are represented as 𝑥 and 𝑦, respectively.
𝑑𝑥
The rate at which the abscissa decreases is represented as = −0.5 unit/s.
𝑑𝑡
The value of the abscissa is 𝑥 = −2.
We need to find an equation for the slope 𝑚 of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1

𝑑𝑦
at any point. Hence, we have to differentiate it with respect to 𝑥 since 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚.
𝑑 𝑑 3
(𝑦) = (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑚 = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 2

𝑑 𝑑
(𝑚 ) = (3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 2)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑥
= (6𝑥 + 2)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑚
Substitute 𝑑𝑡
= −0.5 unit⁄s and 𝑥 = −2 into 𝑑𝑡
= (6𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑡 to solve for 𝑑𝑡
(rate
of change of the slope).
𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑥
= (6𝑥 + 2)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= [6(−2) + 2](−0.5 unit⁄s)
= (−12 + 2)(−0.5 unit⁄s)
= −10(−0.5 unit⁄s)
= 5 units⁄s
Thus, the slope of the curve at 𝑥 = −2 is increasing at a rate of 𝟓 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬⁄𝐬.
4 Try It!
The abscissa of the curve 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 7 is increasing at a rate of 1.5 units per
minute. At what rate is the slope of the curve changing at 𝑥 = 2?

Example 5
A 25-ft ladder leans against a vertical wall with a height of 24 ft. If the top is sliding down at
2.5 ft per second, how fast is the foot of the ladder moving away from the wall?
Solution
Let 𝑥 be the height of the top of the ladder and 𝑦 be the distance of the foot of
the ladder from the wall.
The length of the ladder is 25 ft, the height at which the ladder rests against the
vertical wall is 𝑥 = 24 ft, and the rate at which the top of the ladder is sliding
𝑑𝑥
down is represented by 𝑑𝑡
= −2.5 ft⁄s. The rate is negative since the height is
decreasing when the top of the ladder is sliding down.
Let us draw a figure to visualize the problem.

We can relate 𝑥, 𝑦, and 25 using the Pythagorean equation.
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 252
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 625
𝑑 2 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑥 ) + (𝑦 2 ) = (625)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝟐𝑥 + 𝟐𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 +𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Since we do not have any value for 𝑦 yet, we need to solve it first, given 𝑥 = 24,
using 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 625.
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 625
242 + 𝑦 2 = 625
576 + 𝑦 2 = 625
𝑦 2 = 49
𝑦=7
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Substitute 𝑥 = 24 ft, 𝑦 = 7 ft, and 𝑑𝑡 = −2.5 ft⁄s into 𝑥 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑡 = 0 to solve for 𝑑𝑡
(rate of change of the distance between the foot of the ladder and the wall).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 +𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
(24 ft)(−2.5 ft⁄s) + (7 ft) =0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
−60 ft 2⁄s + (7 ft) =0
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦
(7 ft) = 60 ft 2⁄s
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 60 ft 2⁄s
=
𝑑𝑡 7 ft
𝑑𝑦
≈ 8.57 ft⁄s
𝑑𝑡
Thus, the foot of the ladder is moving away from the wall at a rate of approximately
𝟖. 𝟓𝟕 𝐟𝐭⁄𝐬.
5 Try It!
A 13-ft ladder leans against a vertical wall with a height of 5 ft. If the foot of the ladder
is moving away from the wall at 1.2 ft per second, at what rate is the height of the ladder
changing?
Example 6
Judah is flying a kite at a height of 120 ft, which is moving away horizontally parallel to the
ground at a rate of 9 ft per second. If 130 ft of string are already out, at what rate is the string
being released?
Solution
Let 𝑦 be the horizontal displacement of the kite, and 𝑧 be the length of the
string.
The height of the kite is 120 ft, the length of the string used is 𝑧 = 130 ft, and the

𝑑𝑦
rate at which the kite moves horizontally is represented as 𝑑𝑡
= 9 ft/s.
We can relate 120, 𝑦, and 𝑧 using the Pythagorean equation.
1202 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑧 2
14 400 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑧 2
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(14 400) + (𝑦 2 ) = (𝑧 2 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
0 + 𝟐𝑦 = 𝟐𝑧
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑦 =𝑧
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Since we do not have any value for 𝑦 yet, we need to solve it first, given 𝑥 = 120
and 𝑧 = 130, using 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑧 2 .
14 400 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑧 2
14 400 + 𝑦 2 = 1302
14 400 + 𝑦 2 = 16 900
𝑦 2 = 2 500
𝑦 = 50
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Substitute 𝑥 = 120 ft, 𝑦 = 50 ft, = 9 ft⁄s, and 𝑧 = 130 ft into 𝑦 =𝑧 to solve
𝑑𝑧
for (rate of change of the length of the string).
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑦 =𝑧
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧
(50 ft)(9 ft⁄s) = (130 ft)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧
450 ft 2⁄s = (130 ft)
𝑑𝑡
2⁄
450 ft s 𝑑𝑧
=
130 ft 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧
3.46 ft⁄s ≈
𝑑𝑡
Thus, the string is being released at a rate of approximately 𝟑. 𝟒𝟔 𝐟𝐭⁄𝐬.
6 Try It!
A child is flying a kite at a constant height of 400 ft, which is moving away horizontally
at a rate of 25 ft per second. If 500 ft of string is already out, at what rate is the string
unwinding?

Example 7
In an isosceles triangle, the base increases at a rate of 2 ft per second, and its legs increase at
a rate of 3 ft per second. Find how fast the area is increasing if the base measures 8 ft and the
legs measure 5 ft.
Solution
Let 𝐴 be the area of the isosceles triangle, and 𝑏 and 𝑙 be the base and leg,
respectively.
𝑑𝑏
The base measures 𝑏 = 8 ft, and it increases at a rate of 𝑑𝑡
= 2 ft/s. The legs
𝑑𝑙
measure 𝑙 = 5 ft, and it increases at a rate of 𝑑𝑡 = 3 ft/s.
The area of an isosceles triangle given the base and legs is given by the equation
1
𝐴 = 𝑏√4𝑙 2 − 𝑏2 .
4
1 𝑏 2
This equation is derived from 𝐴 = 2 𝑏ℎ, where ℎ 2 + ( 2) = 𝑙 2 . Here, ℎ is the
height of the triangle.
𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝐴) = ( 𝑏√4𝑙 2 − 𝑏2 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 4

𝑑𝐴 1 𝑑 𝑑
= [𝑏 ∙ (√4𝑙 2 − 𝑏2 ) + √4𝑙 2 − 𝑏2 ∙ (𝑏)]
𝑑𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴 1 1 𝑑 𝑑𝑏
= [𝑏 ∙ ∙ (4𝑙 2 − 𝑏2 ) + √4𝑙 2 − 𝑏2 ]
𝑑𝑡 4 2√4𝑙 − 𝑏 𝑑𝑡
2 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴 1 𝑏 𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑏
= [ (8𝑙 − 2𝑏 ) + √4𝑙 2 − 𝑏2 ]
𝑑𝑡 4 2√4𝑙 2 − 𝑏2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑙
Substitute 𝑑𝑡
= 2 ft⁄s, 𝑑𝑡 = 3 ft⁄s, 𝑏 = 8 ft, and 𝑙 = 5 ft into
𝑑𝐴 1 𝑏 𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝐴
= [ (8𝑙 − 2𝑏 ) + √4𝑙 2 − 𝑏2 ] to solve for (rate of change of the
𝑑𝑡 4 2√4𝑙 2−𝑏 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
area).
𝑑𝐴 1 𝑏 𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑏
= [ (8𝑙 − 2𝑏 ) + √4𝑙 2 − 𝑏2 ]
𝑑𝑡 4 2√4𝑙 2 − 𝑏2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1 8
= { [8(5)(3) − 2(8)(2)] + √4(5)2 − (8)2 ⋅ (2)}
4 2√4(5)2 − (8)2
1 8
= [ (120 − 32) + 2√100 − 64]
4 2√100 − 64
1 8(88)
= [ + 2√36]
4 2√36
1 704
= [ + 12]
4 12
≈ 17.67
Thus, the area of the triangle is increasing at a rate of approximately 𝟏𝟕. 𝟔𝟕 𝐟𝐭 𝟐 ⁄𝐬.
7 Try It!
In an isosceles triangle, the base increases at a rate of 3 ft per second, and its legs
decrease at a rate of 2 ft per second. At what rate is the area changing if the base
measures 4 ft and the legs measure 10 ft.

Example 8
Water is leaking at a rate of 4 ft 3 per second in an inverted conical tank with a radius of 4 ft
and a depth of 12 ft. At what rate is the water level in the tank changing if the depth of the
water is 9 ft?
Solution
Let 𝑉 be the volume of the conical tank, ℎ be the height (or depth) of the water
in the tank, and 𝑟 be radius of the water in the tank.
The radius of the tank is 4 ft, while its depth or height is 12 ft. The depth of the
water is ℎ = 9 ft. The rate at which the volume of the water changes over time
𝑑𝑉
is 𝑑𝑡
= −4 ft 3⁄s.
The volume of water in the tank is given by the following formula.
1
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3
𝑑𝑟
Observe that if we differentiate the equation with respect to 𝑡, we obtain 𝑑𝑡
,
which is not given in the problem. Hence, we need to remove 𝑟 from the
formula. Let us draw the figure to visualize the problem.

Based on the figure, we can solve for 𝑟 using the property of similar triangles.
12 ℎ
=
4 𝑟
ℎ
3=
𝑟
ℎ
𝑟=
3
ℎ 1
Substituting 𝑟 = into 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ, we have:
3 3
1
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3
1 ℎ 2
𝑉 = 𝜋( ) ℎ
3 3
1 ℎ2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ( )ℎ
3 9
1
𝑉= 𝜋ℎ 3
27
𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝑉) = ( 𝜋ℎ 3 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 27
𝑑𝑉 1 𝑑ℎ
= 𝜋 ∙ 3ℎ 2
𝑑𝑡 27 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑉 1 2 𝑑ℎ
= 𝜋ℎ
𝑑𝑡 9 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉 1 𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ
Substitute = −4 ft 3⁄s and ℎ = 9 ft into = 𝜋ℎ 2 to solve for (rate of
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 9 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
change of the water level in the tank).
𝑑𝑉 1 2 𝑑ℎ
= 𝜋ℎ
𝑑𝑡 9 𝑑𝑡
1 𝑑ℎ
−4 ft3 ⁄s = 𝜋(𝟗 ft)2
𝟗 𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ
−4 ft3 ⁄s = 9𝜋 ft 2
𝑑𝑡
4 ft3 ⁄s 𝑑ℎ
− =
9𝜋 ft 2 𝑑𝑡
4 𝑑ℎ
− ft⁄s =
9𝜋 𝑑𝑡
Notice that the rate is negative, which means that the height decreases over time. Thus, the
𝟒
water level in the tank is decreasing at a rate of 𝐟𝐭⁄𝐬.
𝟗𝝅
8 Try It!
Water is leaking at a rate of 3 ft 3 per hour in an inverted conical tank with a radius of
4 ft and a depth of 12 ft. At what rate is the radius of the water in the tank changing if
the radius of the water is 2 ft?

Example 9
A 5-ft man is walking away from a 12-ft pole with a lamp on top. How fast is the tip of the
man’s shadow traveling from the pole if he is walking at a rate of 3 ft per second?
Solution
Let 𝑎 be the distance of the man from the pole, 𝑏 be the length of the man’s
shadow, and 𝑥 be the distance of the pole from the tip of the shadow.
The height of the man is 5 ft, while the height of the pole is 12 ft. The rate at
𝑑𝑎
which the man’s shadow is traveling from the pole is 𝑑𝑡
= 3 ft/s.

Based on the figure, we have 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑏. However, if we differentiate this
𝑑𝑏
equation, we obtain 𝑑𝑡
. Hence, we need to express 𝑥 in terms of 𝑎 only. To do
this, we use the property of similar triangles.
12 𝑥
=
5 𝑏
12𝑏 = 5𝑥
5𝑥
𝑏=
12
𝑥 = 𝑎+𝑏
5𝑥
𝑥=𝑎+
12
5𝑥
𝑥− =𝑎
12
7𝑥
=𝑎
12
12𝑎
𝑥=
7
𝑑 𝑑 12𝑎
(𝑥) = ( )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 7
𝑑𝑥 12 𝑑𝑎
=
𝑑𝑡 7 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑥 12 𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑥
Substitute = 3 ft⁄s into = to solve for (rate of change of the distance
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 7 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
of the man’s shadow from the pole).
𝑑𝑥 12 𝑑𝑎
=
𝑑𝑡 7 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 12
= (3 ft⁄s)
𝑑𝑡 7

𝑑𝑥 36
= ft⁄s
𝑑𝑡 7
𝟑𝟔
Thus, the tip of the man’s shadow is traveling away from the pole at a rate of 𝟕
𝐟𝐭⁄𝐬.
9 Try It!
A 6-foot man is walking towards a 15-foot pole with a lamp on top. At what rate is the
distance between the man’s shadow and the pole changing if he is walking at a rate of
6 ft per second?
Key Points
___________________________________________________________________________________________
● A time rate is a rate at which a certain variable changes with respect to time.
● In solving problems involving related rates, we find the time rate by using the known
quantities in an equation and their respective time rates.
● In general, it is suggested to follow these steps in solving problems on related rates:
○ Represent the quantities that change with respect to time and other important
○ Identify the known quantities, including time rates. Note that a time rate can
either be positive if the rate is increasing or negative if decreasing.
○ Write an equation that relates the quantities. Drawing a diagram can be helpful
in writing the equation.
○ Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to time.
○ Solve the unknown time rate.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

Check Your Understanding

𝑑𝑦
A. Differentiate the following equations with respect to 𝑡 and solve for .
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
1. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2; = 32
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
2. 𝑥𝑦 = 12; 𝑥 = 2; 𝑑𝑡 = 9
𝑑𝑥
3. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥; 𝑥 = 8; = 10
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
4. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)4 ; 𝑥 = 3; =8
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
5. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25; 𝑥 = 4; 𝑑𝑡 = 12
B. Solve the following problems.
1. A stone is dropped in a pool and forms ripples of circles with an increasing radius of
13 cm per second. How fast is the area of a ripple increasing when the radius is 18 cm?
2. The area of a square is increasing at a rate of 3.2 m2 per minute. How fast is the side
of the square increasing when the area is 9 m?
3. If the radius of a circle is increasing at a rate of 2.1 in per second, at what rate is its
area changing when the radius is 4.5 in?
4. A point is moving on the parabola 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5. Find a point on this curve where
the ordinate is changing twice as fast as the abscissa.
5. The area of a rectangle is increasing at 25 cm2 per second, and one pair of its sides,
whose length is 6 cm, is increasing at a rate of 4 cm per second. How fast is the length
of the adjacent side changing when the area is 10 cm2 ?
6. The top of a 13-ft ladder is sliding down a vertical wall, while the other end is moving
away horizontally at a rate of 1.5 ft per second. At what rate is the top of the ladder
descending if its foot is 12 ft from the wall?
7. A child is flying a kite 200 ft above the ground, which is moving away horizontally
parallel to the ground at a rate of 5 ft per second. How fast is the string unwinding if
250 feet of it is already released?

8. Two perpendicular roads diverge at point O. Car A, which is 20 km north of point O,
is moving north at 50 kph. Car B, which is 25 km east of point O, is approaching the
intersection at 60 kph. How fast is the distance between the two cars changing?
9. Carlo is pumping air into a spherical balloon at a rate of 10 cm3 per second. How fast
is the radius of the balloon increasing when the diameter is 36 cm?
10. A vendor is filling ice cream in a cone, which is 14 cm tall and 10 cm wide on top, at a
rate of 0.5 cm3 per second. How fast is the height of the ice cream changing when
there are already 4 cm deep of ice cream in the cone?
11. What is the smallest positive measure of an angle 𝜃 if it is constantly increasing, such
that cot 𝜃 is increasing eight times as fast as cos 𝜃 ?
12. If the surface area of a cube is increasing at a rate of 8 in2 per second, at what rate is
its volume increasing when each edge measures 14 in?
13. A light hangs 5 m directly above a straight pathway where a man, whose height is
1.8 m, is walking away at a rate of 0.9 m per second. How fast is the tip of the man’s
shadow moving away from the pole?
14. Two trucks started at the same position but left on a one-hour interval. The first truck
is traveling due north at 50 kph. The second truck is traveling east at 60 kph. How fast
is their distance changing two hours after the first truck left?
15. A light on the ground is 30 m away from a building. A man, who is 1.8 m tall, is walking
from the building directly towards the light at 0.9 m per second. At what rate is the
man’s shadow on the building changing if he is 10 m from the building?
Challenge Yourself
Solve the following problems.
1. Two roads diverge at point 𝐴 at an angle of 60°. Jack is walking on one road at 2 kph,
while Jill is walking on the other at 2.5 kph. If Jack and Jill started walking at the same
time, at what rate is their distance changing after an hour?

2. An observer 4 000 m from a rocket launching pad is watching the rocket as it is going
up. If the rocket is rising vertically at 500 m per second, how fast is the angle of
elevation changing at the instant when the rocket is 3 000 m above the launching pad?
3. The base of an isosceles triangle is increasing at a rate of 4 ft per second, while its
height is increasing at a rate of 5 ft per second. How fast are the base angles changing
when the base is 10 ft, and the height is 15 ft?
4. The included angle between two constant sides of a triangle, whose lengths are 10 in
and 12 in, is increasing at a rate of 45° per hour. How fast is the length of the third
side changing when the angle is 60°?
5. The parallel sides of a trapezoid have lengths 15 ft and 27 ft. How fast is its area
changing when the nonparallel sides of length 10 ft each are both increasing at a rate
of 2 ft per second?
Photo Credit
Girl inflating a red balloon by Renato Ganoza is licensed under CC-BY 2.0 via Flickr.
Bibliography
Edwards, C.H., and David E. Penney. Calculus: Early Transcendentals. 7th ed. Upper Saddle
River, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2008.
Larson, Ron H., and Bruce H. Edwards. Essential Calculus: Early Transcendental Functions.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008.
Leithold, Louis. The Calculus 7. New York: HarperCollins College Publ., 1997.
Smith, Robert T., and Roland B. Milton. Calculus. New York: McGraw Hill, 2012.

Tan, Soo T. Applied Calculus for the Managerial, Life, and Social Sciences: A Brief Approach.
Australia: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, 2012.
Key to Try It!

5
1. 4
cm⁄s
2. 81 in2 ⁄s
1
3. − cm⁄s
8𝜋
4. 18 units⁄m
5. −2.88 ft⁄s
6. 15 ft⁄s
7. 14.9 ft 2⁄s
1
8. − 4𝜋 ft⁄h
9. −10 ft⁄s

Cal 11 Q3 0804 Final

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Unit 8: Implicit Differentiation

Learn about It! 3

Check Your Understanding 26

Key to Try It! 29

8.4. Applications of Implicit Differentiation in Real-Life Situations 1

8.4. Applications of Implicit Differentiation in Real-Life Situations 2

Learn about It!

Differentiation with Respect to Time

8.4. Applications of Implicit Differentiation in Real-Life Situations 3

What is the derivative of 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐 with respect to

Steps in Solving Problems on Related Rates

Let 𝐴 be the area of the circle and 𝑟 be the radius.

8.4. Applications of Implicit Differentiation in Real-Life Situations 4

Step 3: Write an equation that relates the quantities.

The area of the circle is given by 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 .

Step 4: Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to time.

Step 5: Solve the unknown time rate.

change of the area).

8.4. Applications of Implicit Differentiation in Real-Life Situations 5

How will you know if an equation is explicitly stated

Step 2: Identify the known quantities, including time rates.

8.4. Applications of Implicit Differentiation in Real-Life Situations 6

The area of the square is given by 𝐴 = 𝑠 2 .

Step 4: Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to time.

Step 5: Solve the unknown time rate.

change of the area).

Thus, the area of the square is increasing at a rate of 𝟔𝟒 𝐜𝐦𝟐 /𝐬.

8.4. Applications of Implicit Differentiation in Real-Life Situations 7

Let 𝐴 be the area of the rectangle and 𝑥 and 𝑦 be its dimensions.

Step 2: Identify the known quantities, including time rates.

Step 3: Write an equation that relates the quantities.

The area of the rectangle is given by 𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦.

Step 4: Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to time.

8.4. Applications of Implicit Differentiation in Real-Life Situations 8

Let 𝑉 be the volume of the balloon and 𝑟 be the radius.

8.4. Applications of Implicit Differentiation in Real-Life Situations 9

Step 3: Write an equation that relates the quantities.

Step 4: Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to time.

Step 5: Solve the unknown time rate.

change of the radius).

8.4. Applications of Implicit Differentiation in Real-Life Situations 10

The abscissa and the ordinate are represented as 𝑥 and 𝑦, respectively.

Step 2: Identify the known quantities, including time rates.

The value of the abscissa is 𝑥 = −2.

Step 3: Write an equation that relates the quantities.

We need to find an equation for the slope 𝑚 of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1

8.4. Applications of Implicit Differentiation in Real-Life Situations 11

Step 5: Solve the unknown time rate.

of change of the slope).

Thus, the slope of the curve at 𝑥 = −2 is increasing at a rate of 𝟓 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬⁄𝐬.

8.4. Applications of Implicit Differentiation in Real-Life Situations 12

Step 2: Identify the known quantities, including time rates.

decreasing when the top of the ladder is sliding down.

Step 3: Write an equation that relates the quantities.

Let us draw a figure to visualize the problem.

8.4. Applications of Implicit Differentiation in Real-Life Situations 13

Step 4: Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to time.

Step 5: Solve the unknown time rate.

8.4. Applications of Implicit Differentiation in Real-Life Situations 14

Step 2: Identify the known quantities, including time rates.

8.4. Applications of Implicit Differentiation in Real-Life Situations 15

Step 3: Write an equation that relates the quantities.