EMath 122 – Calculus

II
AIZA A. PATADLAS
INSTRUCTOR
AVERAGE VALUE OF A FUNCTION
AND ITS APPLICATIONS
AVERAGE VELOCITY REVISITED
Let denote the position function of a particle in rectilinear motion. The average velocity of the
particle over the time interval

Let denote the velocity function of the particle. Integrating over a time interval gives the
displacement of the particle over that interval. Thus,

It follows that (1)

AVERAGE VALUE OF A FUNCTION
AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Example 1 Suppose that a particle moves along a coordinate line so that its velocity at time is .
Find the average velocity of the particle during the time interval .
Solution.
From (1)

Therefore, the average velocity is

Formula (1) is a special case of a formula called the average value of a continuous function over
a given interval.
AVERAGE VALUE OF A FUNCTION
AND ITS APPLICATIONS
In scientific work, numerical information is often summarized by an average value or mean value
of the observed data.
There are various kinds of averages, but the most common is the arithmetic mean or arithmetic
average, which is formed by adding the data and dividing by the number of data points.

In the case where the are values of a function , say,

then the arithmetic average of these function values is

AVERAGE VALUE OF A FUNCTION
AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Example 2 Find the average value of the function over the interval , and find all points in the
interval at which the value of is the same as the average.
Solution.

The x-values at which is the same as this

average satisfy , from which we obtain .
AVERAGE VALUE OF A FUNCTION
AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Example 3 A glass of lemonade with a temperature of is left to sit in a room whose temperature
is a constant . Using a principle of physics called Newton’s Law of Cooling, one can show that if
the temperature of the lemonade reaches in , then the temperature of the lemonade as a
function of the elapsed time is modeled by the equation

where is in degrees Fahrenheit and t is in hours. The graph of this equation, shown in Figure
5.8.3, conforms to our everyday experience that the temperature of the lemonade gradually
approaches the temperature of the room. Find the average temperature of the lemonade over
the first .
Solution. From Definition 5.8.1 the average value of over the time interval is
AVERAGE VALUE OF A FUNCTION
AND ITS APPLICATIONS
To evaluate the definite integral, we first find the indefinite integral

by making the substitution

Thus,
EVALUATING DEFINITE
INTEGRALS BY SUBSTITUTION
TWO METHODS FOR MAKING SUBSTITUTIONS IN DEFINITE INTEGRALS
Indefinite integrals of the form

can sometimes be evaluated by making the u-substitution

which converts the integral to the form

EVALUATING DEFINITE
INTEGRALS BY SUBSTITUTION
Method 1.
First evaluate the indefinite integral

by substitution, and then use the relationship

to evaluate the definite integral. This procedure does not require any modification of the x-limits of integration.
Method 2.
Make the substitution (1) directly in the definite integral, and then use the relationship to replace the x-limits, and , by
corresponding u-limits, and . This produces a new definite integral

that is expressed entirely in terms of u.

EVALUATING DEFINITE
INTEGRALS BY SUBSTITUTION
Example 1 Use the two methods above to evaluate

Solution by Method 1. If we let

then we obtain

Thus,
EVALUATING DEFINITE
INTEGRALS BY SUBSTITUTION
Solution by Method 2. If we make the substitution then

Thus,

which agrees with the result obtained by Method 1.

EVALUATING DEFINITE
INTEGRALS BY SUBSTITUTION
The following theorem states precise conditions under which Method 2 can be used.

Example 2 Evaluate

Solution (a). Let

EVALUATING DEFINITE
INTEGRALS BY SUBSTITUTION
With this substitution,

so
EVALUATING DEFINITE
INTEGRALS BY SUBSTITUTION
Solution (b). Let

This leaves a factor of unresolved in the integrand. However,

With this substitution,

so
EVALUATING DEFINITE
INTEGRALS BY SUBSTITUTION
Example 3 Evaluate

Solution (a). Let

With this substitution,

Thus,
EVALUATING DEFINITE
INTEGRALS BY SUBSTITUTION
Solution (b). Make the u-substitution

and change the -limits of integration (, ) to the -limits

This yields
LOGARITHMIC AND OTHER
FUNCTIONS DEFINED BY
INTEGRALS

ALGEBRAIC PROPERTIES OF ln x

DEFINITION OF
LOGARITHMIC AND OTHER
FUNCTIONS DEFINED BY
INTEGRALS

IRRATIONAL EXPONENTS
VOLUMES BY CYLINDRICAL
SHELLS
CYLINDRICAL SHELLS
A cylindrical shell is a solid enclosed by two concentric right circular cylinders (Figure 6.3.2). The
volume V of a cylindrical shell with inner radius , outer radius , and height h can be written as

But is the average radius of the shell and

VOLUMES BY CYLINDRICAL
SHELLS

Example 1 Use cylindrical shells to find the volume of the solid generated when the region
enclosed between ,, , and the is revolved about the .
Solution. First sketch the region (Figure 6.3.6a); then imagine revolving it about the (Figure
6.3.6b). Since ,, and , Formula (2) yields
VOLUMES BY CYLINDRICAL
SHELLS
VOLUMES BY CYLINDRICAL
SHELLS

Example 1 Use cylindrical shells to find the volume of the solid generated when the region
enclosed between ,, , and the is revolved about the .
Solution. First sketch the region (Figure 6.3.6a); then imagine revolving it about the (Figure
6.3.6b). Since ,, and , Formula (2) yields
VOLUMES BY CYLINDRICAL
SHELLS

Figure 6.3.7
VOLUMES BY CYLINDRICAL
SHELLS
Example 2 Use cylindrical shells to find the volume of the solid generated when the region R in
the first quadrant enclosed between and is revolved about the (Figure 6.3.8a).
Solution. As illustrated in part (b) of Figure 6.3.8, at each in the cross section of parallel to the
generates a cylindrical surface of height and radius . Since the area of this surface is

the volume of the solid is

VOLUMES BY CYLINDRICAL
SHELLS
VOLUMES BY CYLINDRICAL
SHELLS
Example 2 Use cylindrical shells to find the volume of the solid generated when the region R in
the first quadrant enclosed between and is revolved about the (Figure 6.3.8a).
Solution. As illustrated in part (b) of Figure 6.3.8, at each in the cross section of parallel to the
generates a cylindrical surface of height and radius . Since the area of this surface is

the volume of the solid is

VOLUMES BY CYLINDRICAL
SHELLS
Example 3 Use cylindrical shells to find the volume of the solid generated when the region
under over the interval is revolved about the line .
Solution. First draw the axis of revolution; then imagine revolving the region about the axis
(Figure 6.3.9a). As illustrated in Figure 6.3.9b, at each in the interval , the cross section of
parallel to the generates a cylindrical surface of height and radius . Since the area of this
surface is

it follows that the volume of the solid is

VOLUMES BY CYLINDRICAL
SHELLS
VOLUMES BY CYLINDRICAL
SHELLS
Example 3 Use cylindrical shells to find the volume of the solid generated when the region
under over the interval is revolved about the line .
Solution. First draw the axis of revolution; then imagine revolving the region about the axis
(Figure 6.3.9a). As illustrated in Figure 6.3.9b, at each in the interval , the cross section of
parallel to the generates a cylindrical surface of height and radius . Since the area of this
surface is

it follows that the volume of the solid is

END