CH.

5 Integration
Lecture 3
Chapter Summary
5.1 Approximating Areas under Curves
5.2 Definite Integrals
5.3 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
5.4 Working with Integrals
5.5 Substitution Rule
Substitution Rule for Indefinite Integrals

Substitution Rule for definite Integrals

CH.7 Integration Techniques

7.1 Basic Approaches

Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal

Calculus II
 5.5 Substitution Rule
Lecture 3
Given just about any differentiable function, with enough know-how and persistence,
you can compute its derivative. But the same cannot be said of antiderivatives.

Indefinite Integrals

One way to find new antiderivative rules is to start with familiar derivative
rules and work backward.
Example
Antiderivatives by trial and error Find ‫ 𝑠𝑜𝑐 ׬‬2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution
The closest familiar indefinite integral related to this problem is
‫ = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑠𝑜𝑐 ׬‬sin x + C
which is true because
𝑑
(sin x + C) = cos x
𝑑𝑥

Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal Therefore, we might incorrectly conclude that the indefinite integral of cos 2x
Calculus II is sin 2x + C. However, by the Chain Rule,
Lecture 3
1
Let’s try sin 2x
2

It works! So we have

The trial-and-error approach of this Example does not work for complicated integrals.

Consider a composite function F(g(x)) where F is an antiderivative of f ; that is,

𝐹 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥). Using the Chain Rule to differentiate the composite function
F(g(x)), we find that

Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal This equation says that F(g(x)) is an antiderivative of f (g(x)) which is written
Calculus II
Lecture 3
where F is any antiderivative of f.
called the Substitution Rule
(or Change of Variables Rule)

Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal

Calculus II
Lecture 3

Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal

Calculus II
Lecture 3

Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal

Calculus II
 Example Use the Substitution Rule to find the following indefinite integrals. Check your
work by differentiating.
Lecture 3

Solution

b. The composite function 𝒆𝟏𝟎𝒙 has the inner function u = 10x,

which implies that du = 10 dx. The change of variables appears as

Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal

Calculus II
 Example
Introducing a constant
Lecture 3 Find the following indefinite integrals.

Solution

Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal

Calculus II
 Example

Lecture 3
Solution

Substitution 2 Another
possible substitution is
𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1,
Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal
Calculus II
Lecture 3

Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal

Calculus II
Lecture 3

Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal

Calculus II
Lecture 3

Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal

Calculus II
Lecture 3

Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal

Calculus II
Lecture 3

Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal

Calculus II
Lecture 3

Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal

Calculus II
Lecture 3

Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal

Calculus II
 Definite Integrals
Lecture 3

Example
Evaluate the following integrals.

Solution
a. Let the new variable be u = x + 3 and then du = dx. Because we have changed
the variable of integration from x to u, the limits of integration must also be
expressed in terms of u. In this case,
x = 0 implies u = 0 + 3 = 3, Lower limit
Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal
x = 2 implies u = 2 + 3 = 5. Upper limit
Calculus II The entire integration is carried out as follows:
Lecture 3

b. Notice that a multiple of the derivative of the denominator appears in the

1
numerator; therefore, we let u = 𝑥 2 + 1. Then du = 2x dx, or x dx = du.
2
Changing limits of integration,
x = 0 implies u = 0 + 1 = 1, Lower limit
x = 4 implies u = 42 + 1 = 17. Upper limit
Changing variables, we have:

Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal

Calculus II
 c. Let u = sin x, which implies that du = cos x dx. The lower limit of integration
Lecture 3 becomes u = 0 and the upper limit becomes u = 1. Changing variables, we have
>

Example Identities
Integral of 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 x. Evaluate

Solution
we use the identity for 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 𝜃

The change of variables u = 2 𝜃 is now used for the second integral,

and we have

Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal

Calculus II
Lecture 3

Using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, the value of the definite integral is

Quiz:
Evaluate the following integrals.

Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal

Calculus II
Lecture 3 CH.7 Integration Techniques

Chapter Summary

7.1 Basic Approaches

7.2 Integration by Parts
7.3 Trigonometric Integrals
7.4 Trigonometric Substitutions
7.5 Partial Fractions
7.8 Improper Integrals

Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal

Calculus II
 7.1 Basic Approaches
Lecture 6

Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal

Calculus II
 Example Substitution review
Evaluate
Lecture 6
Solution

QUICK CHECK What change of variable would you use for the integral

Example Subtle substitution

Evaluate

Solution
multiply numerator and
denominator of the integrand by 𝑒 𝑥

Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal

Calculus II
 Example Split up fractions

Lecture 6
Evaluate
Solution

QUICK CHECK Explain how to simplify the integrand of

Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal Before integrating.
Calculus II
Lecture 6 Example Division with rational functions

Evaluate

Solution
When integrating rational functions (polynomials in the numerator and
denominator), check to see if the function is improper (the degree of the
numerator is greater than or equal to the degree of the denominator)

QUICK CHECK Explain how to simplify the integrand of

Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal Before integrating.
Calculus II
 Multiply by 1
Example Evaluate
Lecture 6
The idea is to multiply the integrand by 1, but the challenge is finding the
appropriate representation of 1. In this case, we use

The integral is evaluated as follows:

Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal

Calculus II
 Example Complete the square

Lecture 6 Evaluate

the key is to complete the square on the polynomial in the denominator. We find that

After a change of variables, the integral is recognizable:

Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal

Calculus II
Lecture 1

Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal

Calculus II