Engineering Calculus 1 Module 3: The Derivative: Math 11/L

Math 11/L
ENGINEERING CALCULUS 1
MODULE 3: THE DERIVATIVE
Source: https://medium.com/left-right/when-will-we-ever-use-this-calculuss-surprising-uses-in-personal-and-professional-
development-256ca15d15b5
Prepared by:
ENGR. JOBEL HYLES F. CABAHUG, RCE
Faculty, CE Department
College of Engineering, Architecture & Technology
ENGINEERING CALCULUS 1 [DATE]
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MODULE 1 FUNCTIONS 1
CONTENTS:
OVERVIEW
1. Derivative of a function
2. Differentiation of algebraic
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
functions
An introductory course covering the core concepts of limit,
continuity and differentiability of functions involving one or more 3. Higher order derivatives
variables. This also includes the application of differential
calculations in solving problems optimization, rate of change, 4. Implicit differentiation
related rates, tangents and normal, and approximations; partial
5. Partial derivatives
differentiation and transcendental curve tracing.
COURSE OUTCOME:
At the end of this course, you must be able to solve derivatives of algebraic and transcendental
functions using the appropriate formula.
TIME FRAME:
This module can be covered in two weeks.
INTRODUCTION
Good day future engineers! Welcome to Engineering Course.
This module will concentrate on function derivatives. As you continue to do so in this module, you can
learn about the various ways in which a function can be extracted. You can also see mathematics differently by
understanding the basic definition of derivatives. Just like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
derivative is another concept in the field of mathematics. Let’s start now!
Fun Fact:
Newton and Leibniz are rivals in developing calculus but somehow come up with
the same concepts and idea applied in modern calculus that is being adapted in modern
times.
Lesson
Derivative of a function
1
In this lesson we will learn how to compute the derivative of an algebraic function using the basic rules of
differentiation.
LESSON PROPER
The derivative of a function of a real variable measures the sensitivity to change of a quantity (a function or
dependent variable) which is determined by another quantity (the independent variable).
For example, the derivative of the position of the moving object with respect to time is the object’s velocity: this
measures how quickly the position of the object changes when time advanced.
The process of finding the derivative is called differentiation.
Differentiation is also known as the process to find rate of change.
Derivative tells us slope of function at any point.
The rate of change of a function is expressed as a ratio between a change in one variable relative to a
corresponding change in another.
Rate of change is also given by limit.
The derivative of a function is given by the formula:

𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
this can be read as “the derivative of f(x) with respect to x is…”
There are many ways to write the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
EXAMPLE 3.1.1
Given function y = x2 – 3. Derive y with respect to x.
SOLUTION:
[(𝑥+∆𝑥)2 −3]−(𝑥 2 −3)
𝑦′ = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
Simplify,
𝑥 2 +2𝑥∆𝑥+∆𝑥 2 −3−𝑥 2 +3
𝑦′ = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
2𝑥∆𝑥+∆𝑥 2
𝑦′ = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
𝑦′ = lim 2𝑥 + ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0
Now evaluate the limit of y’, we have;

𝒚′ = 𝟐𝒙
EXAMPLE 3.1.2
Given function 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 . Derive y with respect to x.

SOLUTION:
𝑑𝑦 3(𝑥 + ∆𝑥)3 − 3𝑥 3
= lim
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
Simplify and we have;
𝒅𝒚
= 𝟗𝒙𝟐 NOTE: dx does not mean d times x.
𝒅𝒙
dy does not mean d times y.
dy/dx does not mean dy divided by dx (except when it is convenient to think
of it as a division).
𝑑
𝑓 does not mean d/dx times f (except when it is convenient to treat it that
𝑑𝑥
way).
3.1 Practice Problem
Derive the following functions:
3
1. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝑥
2. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2
3. 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
4. 𝑦 = cos 2𝑥
5. 𝑦 = tan 𝑥
Lesson Differentiation of Algebraic
2 Functions
In this lesson we will learn how to compute the derivative of an algebraic function using the basic rules of
differentiation.
LESSON PROPER
Rules for Differentiation:

Rule 1 Derivative of a constant
𝑑
(𝑐 ) = 0
𝑑𝑥
Rule 2 Derivative of xn
𝑑 𝑛
(𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
Rule 3 Constant Factor Rule
𝑑
(𝑐𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑐𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Rule 4 Sum or Difference Rule
𝑑
(𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥 )) = 𝑓′(𝑥) ± 𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Example 3.2.1
𝑑
1. (3) = 𝟎
𝑑𝑥
2. 𝑦 = √𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 (1⁄ −1) 𝟏
= 𝑥 2 =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝟐√𝒙
1
3. ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑥
√𝑥
As you can see neither of the above rules are useful to derive this function but we can
1
express ℎ(𝑥 ) = √𝑥2 , thus;
∙𝑥
1
ℎ (𝑥 ) =
√𝑥 3
3
𝑑
ℎ ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 −2 )
3 3
ℎ′ (𝑥 ) = − 𝑥 (−2)−1
2
𝟑 𝟓
𝒉′ (𝒙) = − 𝒙−𝟐
𝟐
4. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 5 + √𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 1⁄
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = (3𝑥 5 ) + (𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
1
= 3(5𝑥 4 ) + 2 (𝑥 −2 )
𝟏
= 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟒 + 𝟐
√𝒙
Finding the equation of a tangent line:

Given that y = f(x) then therefore, dy/dx is the slope equation of the function at any given point.
Example 3.2.2
Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve.
3𝑥 2 −2
1. 𝑦 =
𝑥
when x = 1
SOLUTION:
𝑑𝑦
= 3 + 2𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑥
The slope when x = 1 is;
𝑚 = 3 + 2(1−2 ) = 5
To find the equation of the tangent line we use the slope-intercept form,
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, to solve for the value of b find first the value of y, and you can do that by going back
to the function and solve y when x is equal to 1.
3(12 ) − 2
𝑦= =1
1
Now find the value of b,

1 = 5(1) + 𝑏; 𝑏 = −4
Therefore the equation of the tangent line to the curve when x = 1 is;
𝒚 = 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟒
Product Rule
𝑑
(𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Quotient Rule
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥)
( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) (𝑔(𝑥))2
Example 3.2.3
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥)(4𝑥 + 5)
SOLUTION:
𝑑 𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = ( (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥)) (4𝑥 + 5) + (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥) ( (4𝑥 + 5))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= (2𝑥 + 3)(4𝑥 + 5) + (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥)(4)

= 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓
4𝑥 2 +3
2. 𝑦 =
2𝑥−1
SOLUTION:
𝑑 𝑑
(2𝑥 − 1) (4𝑥 2 + 3) − (4𝑥 2 + 3) (2𝑥 − 1)
′
𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(2𝑥 − 1)2
(2𝑥 − 1)(8𝑥) − (4𝑥 2 + 3)(2)

𝑦′ =
(2𝑥 − 1)2
𝟐(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑)
𝒚′ =
(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐
Chain Rule:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Power Rule:
𝑑 𝑛 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢 ) = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example 3.2.3
1. If 𝑦 = 2𝑢2 − 3𝑢 − 2 and 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 4, find dy/dx.
SOLUTION:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 2
= (2𝑢2 − 3𝑢 − 2) ∙ (𝑥 + 4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= (4𝑢 − 3)(2𝑥)
= [4(𝑥 2 + 4) − 3](2𝑥)
= 𝟖𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝟔𝒙
2. 𝑦 = (𝑥 3 − 1)7 find y’
𝑑 3
𝑦 ′ = 7(𝑥 3 − 1)7−1 (𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑥
= 7(𝑥 3 − 1)(3𝑥 2 )
= 𝟐𝟏𝒙𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟔

Derive the following equations:
1. 𝑦 = (𝑥 4 − 12𝑥 )18
𝑥 2 −1
2. 𝑦 = ( 𝑥 )
3. Find dy/dt if 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 and 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 + 2
4. Find f’(2) if 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 + 2
Check your answer in the answer key. Please answer it all first before checking, this is important for
self-assessment.
If you got 4 items correct, very well, you already understand the concept.
If you got 2 – 3 items correct, good, you understand most of the concepts, you only need to practice
for a few times.
If you got 0 – 1, it is okay, do not worry. Compare your answer to the answer given, then try to answer
the questions again before you proceed to the next lesson.
Congratulation! You have finished the lesson 2. Take a breather before you
proceed to the lesson 3.
Lesson
Higher order Derivatives
3
In this lesson you will learn to compute the higher derivative of algebraic functions.
LESSON PROPER
If y = f(x) is differentiable, its derivative (y’) is also called the first derivative of f(x). If y’ is differentiable,
its derivative is called the second derivative of f(x). If the second derivative is differentiable, then it is called the
third derivative of f(x). Continuing this manner we define the nth derivative of f(x) as fn(x) for n = 1, 2, 3, 4…
NOTATIONS:
𝑑𝑦
𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑦 ′ , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥), , 𝐷𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 2
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑦 ′′ , 𝑓 ′ ′(𝑥), ,𝐷 𝑦
𝑑2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑3𝑦 3
𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑦 ′′′ , 𝑓 ′ ′′(𝑥), ,𝐷 𝑦
𝑑3𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑛
𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑦 (𝑛) , 𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑥), ,𝐷 𝑦
𝑑𝑛 𝑥 𝑥
EXAMPLE 3.3.1
1. Find the first five derivatives of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 − 2
SOLUTION:
𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝟖𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐
𝒇′′ (𝒙) = 𝟐𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙
𝒇(𝟑) (𝒙) = 𝟒𝟖𝒙 − 𝟔
𝒇(𝟒) (𝒙) = 𝟒𝟖
𝒇(𝟓) (𝒙) = 𝟎
NOTE: The derivative of a degree N polynomials is another polynomials with degree N-1.
Continue taking the derivatives, we see that the Nth derivative of a degree N polynomials
is a non-zero constant and its (N+1)th derivative is 0. If P(x) = axN + … then P(N)(x) = c ≠
0, a non-zero constant and its (N+1)th derivative P(N+1)(x) = 0.
2
2. Find the first three derivatives of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 3
SOLUTION:
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝒇′ (𝒙) = − ( ) 𝒙−𝟑 = − 𝟑
𝟑 𝟑 √𝟑
𝟐 𝟏 𝟒 𝟐
𝒇′′ (𝒙) = − ( ) (− ) 𝒙−𝟑 = 𝟒
𝟑 𝟑
𝟗𝒙𝟑
𝟐 𝟏 𝟒 𝟕 𝟖
𝒇(𝒏) (𝒙) = − ( ) (− ) (− ) 𝒙−𝟑 = − 𝟕
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝟐𝟕𝒙𝟑
The successive derivatives of the power functions f(x) = XP in general is more complicated,
unless P = 0, 1, 2, 3… i.e. f(x) is a polynomial.
3. Find the first four derivative of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = ln 𝑥
SOLUTION:
𝟏
𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟏 =
𝒙
′(𝒙) 𝟏
𝒇′ = −𝒙−𝟐 = −
𝒙𝟐
𝟐
𝒇(𝟑) (𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙−𝟑 = 𝟑
𝒙
𝒇(𝟒) (𝒙) = −𝟔𝒙−𝟒
𝑑 ln(𝑃(𝑥)) 𝑃′(𝑥)
By the log-chain rule we see that = is a rational function if P(x) is polynomial. This
𝑑𝑥 𝑃(𝑥)
is true because P’(x) is another polynomial. Again the successive derivatives of a rational
function gets more and more complicated.
1. Find the first 5 derivatives of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1

1
2. Find the first 3 derivatives of the function 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥 3 +𝑥+1
𝑥
3. Find the first 5 derivatives of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒
3
4. Find the first and second derivative of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2√𝑥 + 3 √𝑥 2
self-assessment.
If you got 4 items correct, very good, you already understand the concept.
for a few times.
Lesson
Implicit Differentiation
4
In this lesson you will how to calculate the derivative of implicit equations.
LESSON PROPER
Sometimes functions are given not in the form y = f(x) but in a more complicated form in which it is
difficult or impossible to express y explicitly in terms of x. Such functions are called implicit functions .
Explicit: "y = some function of x". When we know x we can calculate y directly.
Implicit: "some function of y and x equals something else". Knowing x does not lead directly to y.
The following problems require the use of implicit differentiation. Implicit differentiation is nothing more than a
special case of the well-known chain rule for derivatives. The majority of differentiation problems in first-year
calculus involve functions y written EXPLICITLY as functions of x. For example, if:
𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 5
The derivative is,
𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥 − 7
However, some functions y are written IMPLICITLY as functions of x. A familiar example of this is the equation
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 which represents a circle of radius five centered at the origin. Suppose that we wish to find the
slope of the line tangent to the graph of this equation at the point (3, -4).
How could we find the derivative of y in this instance ? One way is to first write y explicitly as a function of x.
Thus,
𝑦 2 = 25 − 𝑥 2
Then, 𝑦 = ±√25 − 𝑥 2
Where the positive square root represents the top semi-circle and the negative square root represents the
bottom semi-circle. Since the point (3, -4) lies on the bottom semi-circle given by;
𝑦 = −√25 − 𝑥 2
The derivative is,
𝑦 ′ = −(1⁄2)(25 − 𝑥 2 )−1⁄2 (−2𝑥)
𝒙
𝒚′ =
√𝟐𝟓 − 𝒙𝟐
To solve for the slope of the line tangent to the graph at (3,-4) is;
𝟑 𝟑
𝒎 = 𝒚′ = =
√𝟐𝟓 − (𝟑)𝟐 𝟒
Unfortunately, not every equation involving x and y can be solved explicitly for y. For the sake of illustration we
will find the derivative of y WITHOUT writing y explicitly as a function of x. Recall that the derivative (D) of a
function of x squared, (f(x)) 2, can be found using the chain rule:
𝐷{(𝑓(𝑥))2 } = 2𝑓(𝑥)𝐷{𝑓(𝑥)} = 2𝑓(𝑥)𝑓′(𝑥)
Since y symbolically represents a function of x, the derivative of y2 can be found in the same fashion:
𝐷{𝑦 2 } = 2𝑦𝐷{𝑦} = 2𝑦𝑦′
Now let us try again𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25,
Differentiate both sides of the equation; 𝐷(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝐷(25)
𝐷(𝑥 2 ) + 𝐷(𝑦 2 ) = 𝐷(25)
2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
Solve for y’,
−𝑥
𝑦′ =
𝑦
Thus the slope of the line tangent to the graph at point (3,-4) is;
−(𝟑) 𝟑
𝒎= =
(−𝟒) 𝟒
This second method illustrates the process of implicit differentiation. It is important to note that the derivative
expression for explicit differentiation involves x only, while the derivative expression for implicit
differentiation may involve BOTH x AND y. Also remember that the expression dy/dx is y’ on the above
example.
EXAMPLE 3.4.1
1. Assume that y is a function of x. Find 𝑦′ = 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 if. 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 4 .

SOLUTION:
Begin with x3 + y3 = 4. Differentiate both sides of the equation, getting
Now solve for y’
2. Assume that y is a function of x . Find y' = dy/dx for (x-y)2 = x + y - 1 .

SOLUTION:
Begin with (x-y)2 = x + y - 1 . Differentiate both sides of the equation, getting
Now solve y’
3. Now let us consider example 3.3.1.1 and let us take the y’’.
SOLUTION:
−𝑥 2
Since we already had the equation of 𝑦 ′ = let us find the 2nd derivative of y.
𝑦2
Using quotient rule:
𝑦 2 𝐷(−𝑥 2 ) − (−𝑥 2 )𝐷(𝑦 2 )

𝑦 ′′ =
(𝑦 2 )2
−2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 2𝑦𝑦′
𝑦 ′′ =
𝑦4
Now substitute y’
−𝑥 2
−2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 (2)(𝑦) ( )
𝑦2
𝑦 ′′ =
𝑦4
−𝑥 2
−2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 (2) (
𝑦 )
𝑦 ′′ =
𝑦4
𝑦3 −𝑥 2
−2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 (2)(𝑦) (
𝑦 𝑦 )
𝑦 ′′ =
𝑦4
′′
−2𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑥 2 (2)(−𝑥 2 )
𝑦 =
𝑦5
−𝟐𝒙(𝒚𝟑 + 𝒙𝟑 )
𝒚′′ =
𝒚𝟓

Find the derivative of the following equations
1. 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 3𝑥
𝑥2
2. − 𝑦 + 𝑥3 = 0
𝑦
3. 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥
4. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1
2𝑥𝑦
5. Find the first and second derivative given the equation =1
𝑥+𝑦
self-assessment.
If you got 4 – 5 items correct, very well, you already understand the concept.
for a few times.
Lesson
Partial Derivatives
5
In this lesson you will how to determine the derivatives of a multi-variable equation partially and the
importance of learning how to do partial derivatives
LESSON PROPER
For a multivariable function, like f(x, y) = x2yf(x,y),computing partial derivatives looks something like this:
This swirly-d symbol,𝜕, called "del", is used to distinguish partial derivatives from ordinary single-variable
derivatives. Or, should I say ... to differentiate them.
The reason for a new type of derivative is that when the input of a function is made up of multiple variables, we
want to see how the function changes as we let just one of those variables change while holding all the others
constant.
𝜕𝑓
With respect to three-dimensional graphs, you can picture the partial derivative by slicing the graph of f with
𝜕𝑥
a plane representing a constant y-value and measuring the slope of the resulting curve along the cut.
WHAT IS PARTIAL DERIVATIVE?
𝑑𝑓
Since you are familiar with the ordinary derivative from single variable calculus. I actually
𝑑𝑥
quite like this notation for the derivative, because you can interpret it as follows:
 Interpret dx x as "a very tiny change in xxx".
 Interpret df, f as "a very tiny change in the output of f", where it is understood that this tiny change is whatever
results from the tiny change dx, x to the input.

𝑑𝑓
In fact, I think this intuitive feel for the symbol is one of the most useful takeaways from single-variable
𝑑𝑥
calculus, and when you really start feeling it in your bones, most of the concepts around derivatives start to
click.
𝑑𝑓
For example, when you apply it to the graph of f, you can interpret this "ratio" as the rise-over-run slope of
𝑑𝑥
the graph of f, which depends on the point where you started.
HOW DOES PARTIAL DERIVATIVES WORKS FOR MULTI-VARIABLE FUNCTIONS?
Consider some function with a two-dimensional input and a one-dimensional output.
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑓
There's nothing stopping us from writing the same expression, , and interpreting it the same way:
𝑑𝑥
 dx, can still represent a tiny change in the variable xxx, which is now just one component of our input.
 df, can still represent the resulting change to the output of the function f(x,y).
However, this ignores the fact that there is another input variable y. The input space now has multiple
dimensions, so we can change the input in many directions other than the x-direction. For example, what about
changing y slightly by some small value dy,? Now if we re-interpret df, f to represent the tiny change to the
𝑑𝑓
function that this dy, shift brings about, we would have a different derivative .
𝑑𝑥
Neither one of these derivatives tells the full story of how our function f(x,y), changes when its input changes
slightly, so we call them partial derivatives. To emphasize the difference, we no longer use the letter d to
indicate tiny changes, but instead introduce a newfangled symbol 𝜕 to do the trick, writing each partial
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
derivative as , , etc.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓
You read the symbol , "the partial derivative of f with respect to x".
𝜕𝑥
EXAMPLE 3.5.1
𝜕𝑓
1. Given 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 find ,
𝜕𝑥
SOLUTION:
𝝏𝒇
= 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟑
𝝏𝒙
As you can see the y variable is treated as a constant.
𝜕𝑓
2. Given 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 3 find
𝜕𝑥
SOLUTION:
𝝏𝒇
= 𝟐𝒙
𝝏𝒙
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
3. The volume of a cylinder is given by the formula𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ. Find 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝜕𝑟 𝜕ℎ
SOLUTION:
We can also write this multi-variable function as 𝑓(𝑟, ℎ) = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ

𝜕𝑓
= 𝜕𝑉 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
𝜕𝑟
This equation only means that as the radius changes by the slightest amount, the volume changes by
2𝜋𝑟ℎ.
𝜕𝑓
= 𝜕𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝜕ℎ
This equation mean that as the height changes by the slightest amount, the volume changes by 𝜋𝑟 2 .

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
1. Given 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 find and at point (1,2)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑧3
2. Given 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 4𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + + 4𝑦 − 𝑥 16
𝑥2
𝜕𝑓
3. Given 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 3 𝑥 2 find (1,2)
𝜕𝑥
𝑥2 𝑦2
4. Given 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = − 2
𝑦 2 +1 𝑥 +𝑦
5. Given 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑦 + 3)(10 − 𝑧)
self-assessment.
If you got 4 – 5 items correct, very well, you already understand the concept.
for a few times.
Congratulation! You have finished the Module 1. Take a breather.
Assessment
This part is a graded assessment, I will assess if you have learned the whole module. Use pencil or
ballpoint to write your answer. Write your answer in a separate piece of papers. Copy the questions then
answer. After you answer, send it to me via Google Classroom in a PDF file. As much as possible, try to avoid
erasure. Good Luck!
PART 1 Derive the following functions. (Use the basic idea of derivatives learned in lesson 1 as your solution.)
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = sec 𝑥 2
𝑥
3. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−1
3
4. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥
PART 2 Derive the following functions. (Use the theorems leaned in lesson 2)
2
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑎 where a is any real number
𝑑𝑦⁄
2. If 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3 and 𝑥 = 2𝑡 + 1 find 𝑑𝑡
3. 𝑦 = [(𝑥 2 − 1)2 − 1]2
𝑥 2 +𝑥
4. 𝑦 =
2−𝑥
3
2(𝑥 2 +2)
5. 𝑦 =
𝑥
PART 3 find the first three (3) derivatives of the following functions
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2
1
2. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥2
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = √(𝑥 + 3)3
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 20𝑥
𝑥3
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥 −
𝑥−1
PART 4 Derive the following implicit equations
𝑥
1. +1 =0
𝑦
2. Find the first and second derivative of the equation 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥𝑦
3. Find the first and second derivative of the equation 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0

𝑥
4. 3 + 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0
𝑦
𝑥+𝑦
5. +𝑥−𝑦 =0
𝑥−𝑦
PART 5 Evaluate the following functions below.
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
1. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 8𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧, find , ,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
2. 𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 … 𝑥100 ) = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 … 𝑥100 find , , …
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥3 𝜕𝑥100
𝑦2 𝑥2
3. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = +
𝑥−1 𝑦−1
4. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2)
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
5. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = − −
𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦3
Answer Key
Answers for 3.1 Practice Problem:

𝑑𝑦 3
1. = 2−
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦
2. = 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
3. = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
4. = −2 sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
5. = (sec 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
Answer for 3.2 Practice Problem:
1. 𝑦 ′ = 18(𝑥 4 − 12𝑥)17 (4𝑥 3 − 12)

1
2. 𝑦 ′ = 1 +
𝑥2
3. 𝑦 ′ = 4𝑡 3 + 14𝑡
4. 𝑓 ′ (2) = 6
5.
1. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 25𝑥 4 − 16𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1

𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 100𝑥 3 − 48𝑥 2 + 18𝑥 − 4
𝑓 (3) (𝑥) = 300𝑥 2 − 96𝑥 + 18
𝑓 (4) (𝑥) = 600𝑥 − 96
𝑓 (5) (𝑥) = 600
3𝑥+1
2. 𝑦 ′ = − (𝑥 3
+𝑥+1)2
3 2(3𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑦 ′′ = − +
(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 3 + 𝑥 + 1)3
3. 𝑓′(𝑥) to 𝑓 (5) (𝑥) are equal to 𝑒 𝑥
1 1
4. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 −2 + 2𝑥 −3
3 4
1 2
𝑦 ′′ = − 𝑥 −2 − 𝑥 −3
2 3

3−2𝑥−4𝑦
1. 𝑦 ′ =
2(2𝑥+𝑦)
2𝑥+3𝑥 2
2. 𝑦 ′ =
2𝑦−𝑥 3
2
3. 𝑦 ′ =
𝑦
𝑥
4. 𝑦 ′ = −
𝑦
1−2𝑦
5. 𝑦 ′ =
2𝑥−1

𝜕𝑓
1. = 24
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
= 12
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓 2𝑧 3
2. = 12𝑥 2 − − 16𝑥 15
𝜕𝑥 𝑥3
𝜕𝑓
= 8𝑥 3 + 4
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓 3𝑧 2
= 2
𝜕𝑧 𝑥
𝜕𝑓
3. = 16
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓 2𝑥 2𝑥𝑦 2
4. = + (𝑥 2
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 2 +1 +𝑦)2
𝜕𝑓 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 2
=− 2 −
𝜕𝑦 (𝑦 + 1)2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦)2
𝜕𝑓
5. = −(𝑦 + 3)
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑓
= (10 − 𝑧)
𝜕𝑦
References
1. Louis Leithold , The calculus 7 7th edition
2. Clyde E. Love and Earl D. Rainville, Differential and integral calculus 6th edition
3. Dit Gallesania, Engineering mathematics volume 2, Third Edition

Engineering Calculus 1 Module 3: The Derivative: Math 11/L

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Engineering Calculus 1 Module 3: The Derivative: Math 11/L

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Math 11/L

This module has the following sections and corresponding icons:

It shows the specific topic of

The topics in this module are

A brief discussion on the

Assessment It is a job aimed at evaluating

Answer Key This contains answers to all

This is a list of all sources that

This module can be covered in two weeks.

The derivative of a function is given by the formula:

There are many ways to write the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

Now evaluate the limit of y’, we have;

Given function 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 . Derive y with respect to x.

3.1 Practice Problem

Derive the following functions:

Lesson Differentiation of Algebraic

Rules for Differentiation:

Finding the equation of a tangent line:

Now find the value of b,

= (2𝑥 + 3)(4𝑥 + 5) + (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥)(4)

(2𝑥 − 1)(8𝑥) − (4𝑥 2 + 3)(2)

= 𝟐𝟏𝒙𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)𝟔

3.2 Practice Problem

proceed to the lesson 3.

3. Find the first four derivative of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = ln 𝑥

3.3 Practice Problem

1. Find the first 5 derivatives of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1

proceed to the lesson 4.

The derivative is,

The derivative is,

𝑦 ′ = −(1⁄2)(25 − 𝑥 2 )−1⁄2 (−2𝑥)

𝐷{(𝑓(𝑥))2 } = 2𝑓(𝑥)𝐷{𝑓(𝑥)} = 2𝑓(𝑥)𝑓′(𝑥)

𝐷{𝑦 2 } = 2𝑦𝐷{𝑦} = 2𝑦𝑦′

Now let us try again𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25,

Differentiate both sides of the equation; 𝐷(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝐷(25)

𝐷(𝑥 2 ) + 𝐷(𝑦 2 ) = 𝐷(25)

Solve for y’,

1. Assume that y is a function of x. Find 𝑦′ = 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 if. 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 4 .

Begin with x3 + y3 = 4. Differentiate both sides of the equation, getting

Now solve for y’

2. Assume that y is a function of x . Find y' = dy/dx for (x-y)2 = x + y - 1 .

Begin with (x-y)2 = x + y - 1 . Differentiate both sides of the equation, getting

Using quotient rule:

𝑦 2 𝐷(−𝑥 2 ) − (−𝑥 2 )𝐷(𝑦 2 )

4.1 Practice Problem

proceed to the lesson 5.

WHAT IS PARTIAL DERIVATIVE?

 Interpret dx x as "a very tiny change in xxx".

results from the tiny change dx, x to the input.

the graph of f, which depends on the point where you started.

HOW DOES PARTIAL DERIVATIVES WORKS FOR MULTI-VARIABLE FUNCTIONS?

Consider some function with a two-dimensional input and a one-dimensional output.

As you can see the y variable is treated as a constant.

We can also write this multi-variable function as 𝑓(𝑟, ℎ) = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ

5.2 Practice Problem

5. Given 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑦 + 3)(10 − 𝑧)

Congratulation! You have finished the Module 1. Take a breather.

3. 𝑦 = [(𝑥 2 − 1)2 − 1]2

PART 4 Derive the following implicit equations

3. Find the first and second derivative of the equation 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0

PART 5 Evaluate the following functions below.

Answers for 3.1 Practice Problem:

Answer for 3.2 Practice Problem: