Math 12/L

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2
MODULE 1: Integration Concept/Formulas
Lesson 1

Source: https://medium.com/left-right/when-will-we-ever-use-this-calculuss-surprising-uses-in-personal-and-professional-
development-256ca15d15b5

Prepared by:
ENGR. JOBEL HYLES CABAHUG
Faculty, ME Department
College of Engineering, Architecture &
Technology
ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

This module has the following sections and corresponding icons:

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MODULE 1 INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS 1

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

CONTENTS:
OVERVIEW 1.1 Anti-Derivative
1.2 Indefinite Integral

COURSE DESCRIPTION: 1.3 Simple Power Formula

1.4 Exponential Function
The course introduces the concept of integration and
its application to some physical problems such as evaluation 1.5 Logarithmic Function
of areas, volumes of revolution, force, and work. The
fundamental formulas and various techniques of integration
are taken up and applied to both single variable and multi-variable functions. The course also includes
tracing of functions of two variables for a better appreciation of the interpretation of the double and triple
integral as volume of a three-dimensional region bounded by two or more surfaces.

COURSE OUTCOME:
At the end of this course, you must be able to use integration techniques on single and multi-
variable functions.

TIME FRAME:
This module can be covered in two weeks.

INTRODUCTION
Good day future engineers! Welcome to Engineering Course.
This module will concentrate on integration techniques on single and multi-variable functions.
As you continue to do so in this module, you can learn about the various integration techniques in
various functions or problems which will be your foundation as we headed deeply into this course. You
can also see mathematics differently by understanding the integrations. Just like derivative, integrals is
another concept in the field of mathematics. Let’s start now!

Fun Fact:

“Did you know that Newton invented/discovered calculus in about the

same amount of time, the average student learns it.”

MODULE 1 INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS 2

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

Lesson
Anti-Derivatives or Primitive
1.1
In this lesson we will learn the concept of anti-derivatives.

LESSON PROPER
A function 𝐹(𝑥) is said to be antiderivative of a function 𝑓(𝑥) on the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] if
𝑑
= [𝐹(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥), ∀𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏).
𝑑𝑥

And we write
𝑑
[𝐹(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

⇒ ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥)

Example 1.1
Find the antiderivative of the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 .
Solution:
𝑥4
From the definition of antiderivative it follows that the function 𝐹 (𝑥 ) = is an antiderivative
4
because
𝑑 𝑥4
( ) = 𝒙𝟑
𝑑𝑥 4

Example 1.2
𝑑
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙.
Also, if 𝑐 is any constant,
𝑑
Then (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.
𝑑𝑥

Therefore; In general ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄

It shows that the different values of 𝑐 will give different integrals and hence a function may have
an indefinite number of integrals.
Remark. The presence of indefinite constant 𝑐 justifies the name Indifinte integral.
Thus, we may conclude that
𝑑
[𝐹(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

MODULE 1 INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS 3

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

⇒ ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑥 ) + 𝑐
Where 𝑐 → constant and known as constant of integration.

Note (𝑖) The symbol ∫ is elongated S, and represents the summation and stands for integral of the
given function.
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑓(𝑥), the function which is to be integrated, is called the integrand.
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑑𝑥 is called integral w,r,t,x.
(𝑖𝑣) 𝑐 is called constant of integration and it means any real number.
(𝑣) 𝑥 in ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 stands for variable integration.
(𝑣𝑖) The integral of a function may or may not exist. In other words, it may be possible to find a
function whose derivative is equal to the given function.
(𝑣𝑖𝑖) The integral of a function if it exists is not unique and any two integrals of a function differ
by constant.
(𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖) The geometrical meaning assigned to the integral is area of some region.
(𝑖𝑥) Integral is used to find physical quantities like centre of mass, momentum etc.

Lesson
Indefinite Integrals
1.2
In this lesson we will learn the different properties of indefinite integrals.

LESSON PROPER
General Properties of Indefinite Integrals:
a). ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝑐
b). ∫(𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑣+. . . +𝑑𝑧) = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑑𝑣+. . . ∫ 𝑑𝑧
c). ∫ 𝑐𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐 ∫ 𝑑𝑢
The first formula (a) is the definition of an integral.
The second formula (b) states that if the integrand contains of a sum of terms, each term may be
integrated separately.
The third formula (c) says that if the integrand contains a constant factor, that factor may be written
before the integral sign.

MODULE 1 INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS 4

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

Lesson
Simple Power Formula
1.3
In this lesson you will learn to integrate certain function using simple power formula.

LESSON PROPER

In the formula

𝑑 (𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1 𝑑𝑢,

Let us replace 𝑛 by 𝑛 + 1:

𝑑 (𝑢𝑛+1 ) = (𝑛 + 1)𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢

Divide by 𝑛 + 1 (since this is impossible when 𝑛 = −1, that value must be excluded), and reverse
the equation to obtain

𝑑(𝑢𝑛+1 )
𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑛+1
Integrating, we obtain the general power formula of integration:

𝒖𝒏+𝟏
∫ 𝒖𝒏 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒏+𝟏
+ 𝑪, 𝒏 ≠ −𝟏 Eq. 1.1

Example 1.3
1
Evaluate ∫ (3𝑥 2 + 1 + 2𝑥2 ) 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
1
= 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1𝑥 0 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
2

𝑥 2+1 𝑥 0+1 1 𝑥 −2+1

= 3 ( 2+1 ) + 1 ( 0+1 ) + 2 ( −2+1 )

3𝑥 4 1
= + 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 −1 + 𝐶
4

𝟑𝒙𝟒 𝟏
= + 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟒

Example 1.4
Evaluate ∫(𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 )5 𝑦𝑑𝑦
Solution:
This resembles with 𝑢 = 𝑎2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑛 = 5. Since

𝑑 (𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 ) = −2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑢,

We introduce the factor −2 under the integral sign, with its reciprocal in front:
1
∫(𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 )5 𝑑𝑦 = − 2 ∫(𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 )5 (−2𝑦)𝑑𝑦

MODULE 1 INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS 5

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

1 (𝑎2−𝑦 2 )5+1 (𝒂𝟐 −𝒚𝟐 )𝟔

= −2( )+𝐶 = − +𝑪
5+1 𝟏𝟐

Example 1.5
Evaluate ∫(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥
This resemble example 1.4, but only superficially. In any attempt to use Eq. 1.1 directly, it is
found that when we choose 𝑢 = 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑛 = 2, then the differential

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑 (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) = −2𝑥𝑑𝑥

Is not present in our integrand. The (−2) can be inserted, but nothing can be done about that missing
factor 𝑥.
We are therefore forced to have recourse to expansion of (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )2 , followed by a term-by-term
integration. Thus the integral can be evaluated as follows:

∫(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑎4 − 2𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 )𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑎4 𝑥 0 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑎2 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥

𝑎4 𝑥 0+1 𝑥 2+1 𝑥 4+1

= − 2𝑎2 + +𝐶
0+1 2+1 4+1

𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟓
= 𝒂𝟒 𝒙 − + +𝑪
𝟑 𝟓

Example 1.6
Evaluate ∫(2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥
Solution:
First method: ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 1+1 𝑥 0+1
= 2 ( 1+1 ) + 3 ( 0+1 ) + 𝐶

= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪
1
Second method: ∫(2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫(2𝑥 + 3)2𝑑𝑥

1 (2𝑥+3)1+1
= 2( ) + 𝐶1
1+1

(𝟐𝒙+𝟑)𝟐
= + 𝑪𝟏
𝟒

This simple example is introduced to exhibit a very common phenomenon. We shall meet many
integrations in which two answer, both correct, differ widely in appearance; yet it will always be possible
to show that they differ at most by a constant, however improbable this may seem at first sight. Here,
we have only to expand the second form:

(2𝑥+3)2 9
= 4
+ 𝐶1 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4 + 𝐶1 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝐶

9
This shows that the arbitrary constants 𝐶, 𝐶1 differ by 4.

MODULE 1 INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS 6

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

1.1 Practice Problem

Evaluate the following integrals; check by differentiation.

1. ∫(𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

2. ∫(92 − 𝑦 3 )7 𝑦 2𝑑𝑦

3. ∫(6𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
4. ∫ 𝑣2

Check your answer in the answer key. Please answer it all first before checking, this is important for
self-assessment.
If you got 4 items correct, very good, you already understand the concept.
If you got 2 – 3 items correct, good, you understand most of the concepts, you only need to practice
for a few times.
Congratulation!
If you got 0 –You have
1, it is okay,finished the lesson
do not worry. 3.your
Compare Take a breather
answer beforegiven,
to the answer you proceed
then try to to the
answer
the questions again before you proceed to the next lesson.
lesson 4.

MODULE 1 INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS 7

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

Lesson
Exponential Functions
1.4
In this lesson you will learn how to integrate the exponential functions.

LESSON PROPER
There are three basic formulas for the integration of exponential functions:

a). ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶 Eq. 1.2

1
b). ∫ 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶 Eq. 1.3

𝑎𝑢
c). ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln 𝑎 + 𝐶 𝑎>0 Eq. 1.4

Equation 1.4 includes 1.2 and 1.3 as a special case but 1.2 and 1.3 is used much more frequently than
the general 1.4.

Example 1.6

Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:

If we insert the factor −2, this can be evaluated by equation 1.3, with 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥:
1
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 (−2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

𝟏
= − 𝟐 𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪

Example 1.7
𝑑𝑥
Evaluate ∫ 32𝑥 .

Solution:

Since
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑎𝑢 = 𝑎𝑢 (𝑙𝑛𝑎) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

We proceed as follows:
𝑑 𝟏 𝟑−𝟐𝒙
∫ 32𝑥 = ∫ 3−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝟐 𝒍𝒏𝟑
+𝑪

MODULE 1 INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS 8

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

Example 1.8

Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Use equation 1.3, here 𝑚 = 4, so

𝟏
∫ 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟒 𝒆𝟒𝒙 + 𝑪

5.4 Practice Problem

Evaluate the following integrals.

1. ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
2. ∫ 𝑒𝑣
2
3. ∫ 𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦

4. ∫ 2−𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Check your answer in the answer key. Please answer it all first before checking, this is important for
self-assessment.
If you got 4 - items correct, very well, you already understand the concept.
If you got 2 – 3 items correct, good, you understand most of the concepts, you only need to practice
for a few times.
If you got 0 – 1, it is okay, do not worry. Compare your answer to the answer given, then try to answer
the questions again before you proceed to the next lesson.

MODULE 1 INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS 9

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

Lesson
Logarithmic Functions
1.5
In this lesson you will learn how to integrate logarithmic functions.

LESSON PROPER
1
The derivative of 𝑙𝑛𝑥 is . As a consequence, if we reverse the process, the integral of is 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶. In this
𝑥
unit we generalise this result and see how a wide variety of integrals result in logarithm functions.
In order to master the techniques explained here it is vital that you undertake plenty of practice
exercises so that they become second nature.
Formulas:
𝑑𝑢
∫ = 𝑙𝑛𝑢 + 𝐶, 𝑢 > 0, Eq. 1.5
𝑢

together with its associated forms

𝑑𝑢
∫ = ln(−𝑢) + 𝐶1 , 𝑢 < 0, Eq. 1.6
𝑢
𝑑𝑢
∫ = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑢| + 𝐶1 , 𝑢 ≠ 0. Eq. 1.7
𝑢

Example 1.9
𝑥𝑑𝑥
Evaluate ∫ 1−𝑥2.

Solution:
Equation 1.5 says, in words: The integral of any quotient whose numerator is the differential of the
denominator is the logarithm of the denominator. Therefore, we insert the factor −2:
𝑥𝑑𝑥 1 −2𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫ 1−𝑥2 = − 2 ∫ 1−𝑥 2

𝟏
= − 𝟐 𝐥𝐧(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝑪

Example 1.10
𝑥 2 −𝑥
Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1

Solution:
By division we find
𝑥 2 −𝑥 2
= (𝑥 − 2 + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1 𝑥+1

MODULE 1 INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS 10

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

Therefore
𝑥 2 −𝑥 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 − 2 + 𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1
2
= ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑥 0 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥
𝟏
= 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟏) + 𝑪
𝟐

Rule: As the first step toward integrating a rational fraction, carry out the indicated division until the
numerator is of lower degree than the denominator.

Example 1.11
Evaluate ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
sin 𝑥
Recall that we can rewrite tan 𝑥 as cos 𝑥. Observe that the derivative of cos 𝑥 is −sin 𝑥, so that the
sin 𝑥 −sin 𝑥
numerator is very nearly the derivative of the denominator. We make it so by rewriting as − and the
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
integral becomes

sin 𝑥
∫ tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

− sin 𝑥
= −∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥

= − 𝐥𝐧|𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙| + 𝑪

Example 1.12
1
Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 ln|𝑥| 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
1 1
Remember that the derivative of ln|𝑥 | is 𝑥. So we can write the integrand slightly differently: 𝑥 ln|𝑥| =
1
𝑥
. Now the numerator is the derivative of the denominator. So
ln|𝑥|

1
1 𝑥
∫ 𝑥 ln|𝑥| 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ln|𝑥| 𝑑𝑥

= 𝐥𝐧|𝐥𝐧|𝒙|| + 𝑪

MODULE 1 INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS 11

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

5.5 Practice Problem

Evaluate each integral; check by differentiation.

𝑥 2 −3𝑥
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1

2𝑑𝑦
2. ∫ 3𝑦−4

(2𝑥−5)𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑥2 −5𝑥+3

csc2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ 1+cot 𝑥

Check your answer in the answer key. Please answer it all first before checking, this is important for self-
assessment.

If you got 4 items correct, very well, you already understand the concept.

If you got 2 – 3 items correct, good, you understand most of the concepts, you only need to practice for a
few times.

If you got 0 – 1, it is okay, do not worry. Compare your answer to the answer given, then try to answer the
questions again before you proceed to the next lesson.

MODULE 1 INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS 12

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

Assessment
This part is a graded assessment, I will assess if you have learned the whole module. Use pen
to write your answer. Write your answer in a long bond paper together with front page (must include
course code and the title, title of the lesson, title of activity, name of student and your block, date of
submission, name of your professor). Take note that all pages must have 0.5 inches’ border
including the front page. Copy the questions then answer. Once you’re done answering, send it to me
via Google Classroom in a single PDF file. Please avoid erasure. Good Luck
Problem Set No. 1:

Evaluate the following integrals; check by differentiation.

1. ∫(2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
6𝑑𝑧
2. ∫ 𝑧4

3. ∫(3 − 2𝑦 −2 )𝑑𝑦

4. ∫(𝑥 3 + 𝑎3 )2 𝑑𝑥

5. ∫ 𝑥(1 − 𝑥 2 )3 𝑑𝑥
𝑧𝑑𝑧
6. ∫
√4𝑧 2 +𝑎2

7. ∫ 𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 − 1)4 𝑑𝑥

8. ∫(𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 )2 𝑑𝑡

9. ∫ 10−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

10. ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 (1 + 𝑒 2𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃
11. ∫ cos2 𝜃
1
𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
12. ∫ 𝑥2

13. ∫ 4𝑒 3 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

14. ∫ ln 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

15. ∫(1 − 2𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ) sec2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

(𝑒 𝑥 +1)2𝑑𝑥
16. ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥

𝑒 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
17. ∫ 1+6𝑒2𝑡 +9𝑒4𝑡
4𝑑𝑡
18. ∫
5𝑡+2

𝑣𝑑𝑣
19. ∫
6𝑣 2 −1

𝑥3
20. ∫ (𝑥4 +16)2

𝑟(𝑟 2 −1)𝑑𝑟
21. ∫ 𝑟 2 +1

MODULE 1 INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS 13

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

22. ∫ cot 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
23. ∫ 2 sec 𝜃 +3

𝑥 3 −2𝑥 2 +2
24. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1

𝑑𝑦
25. ∫
𝑦(1+2 ln 𝑦)

Answer Key
Answers for 1.1 Practice Problem:
𝑥4
1. − 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶
4

(92−𝑦 3)8
2. +𝐶
24

3
3. 2 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝐶
1
4. − 𝑣 + 𝐶

Answer for 1.2 Practice Problem:

1
1. − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶

2. −𝑒 −𝑢 + 𝐶
2−𝑥
3. − ln 2 + 𝐶
1 2
4. − 2 𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝐶

Answer for 1.3 Practice Problem:

𝑥2
1. − 4𝑥 + 4 ln(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶
2

2
2. 3 ln(3𝑦 − 4) + 𝐶

3. ln(𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶

4. ln(1 + cot 𝑥) + 𝐶

MODULE 1 INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS 14

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

References

1. Louis Leithold , The calculus 7 7th edition

2. Clyde E. Love and Earl D. Rainville, Differential and integral calculus 6th edition
3. Dit Gallesania, Engineering mathematics volume 2, Third Edition

MODULE 1 INTEGRATION CONCEPT/FORMULAS 15