Unit 9: Antiderivative of a Function

Lesson 9.1
Antiderivatives of Polynomial Functions and
Antidifferentiation Theorems
Contents
Introduction 1

Learning Objectives 2

Warm Up 2

Learn about It! 3

Antiderivatives 4
The Indefinite Integral 4
Basic Integration Rules 5
Theorems on Indefinite Integrals 7

Key Points 15

Key Formulas 16

Check Your Understanding 16

Challenge Yourself 17

Photo Credit 17

Bibliography 18

Key to Try It! 18

Unit 9: Antiderivative of a Function
Lesson 9.1
Antiderivatives of Polynomial Functions
and Antidifferentiation Theorems

Introduction
Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world, with its peak located 29 029 feet above
sea level. Many mountaineers around the world aim to reach its summit. They train for many
years to reach its peak through the challenging terrain of the mountain. Some have
succeeded, and some did not. One of the reasons why some did not succeed is because of
the thinner air at the top. As mountaineers come closer to the peak of the mountain, the air
pressure becomes lower, causing difficulty in breathing among the climbers.

9.1. Antiderivatives of Polynomial Functions and Antidifferentiation Theorems 1

Unit 9: Antiderivative of a Function
Altitude and air pressure are related, and mountaineers need to understand how the
relationship between these two works. Meteorologists understand this through the use of
the hypsometric equation. They use it to compare air pressure at different altitudes and
temperatures. This equation involves the application of antiderivatives.

In this lesson, we will learn about antiderivatives. We will learn its relation to derivatives and
how it is computed.

Learning Objectives
DepEd Competencies
In this lesson, you should be able to do the
following: • Illustrate an antiderivative of a

● Illustrate an antiderivative of a function. function

(STEM_BC11I-IVa-1).
● Compute the general antiderivative of
• Compute the general
polynomial functions.
antiderivative of polynomial
● Determine a particular antiderivative functions

satisfying certain conditions. (STEM_BC11I-IVa-b-1).

Warm Up
Same Derivatives? 10 minutes
In this activity, you will learn that some functions have the same derivative.

Materials
● pen
● paper

9.1. Antiderivatives of Polynomial Functions and Antidifferentiation Theorems 2

Unit 9: Antiderivative of a Function
Procedure
1. Complete the following table.

Observation Table
Table 9.1.1. Functions and their derivatives

Function [𝑭(𝒙)] Derivative [𝑭′ (𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙)]

𝐹1 (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 4

𝐹2 (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 6

1
𝐹3 (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 +
4

𝜋
𝐹4 (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 +
6

2. Answer the guide questions.

Guide Questions
1. How were you able to get the derivative of each function?
2. What are the similarities and differences of the given functions?
3. What do you notice about the derivatives of the given functions?
4. What can you conclude about the form of functions whose derivatives are the same?

Learn about It!

In the Warm Up activity, you were able to observe that functions may have the same
derivative. It was seen in the activity that the different functions 𝐹 (𝑥) have the same
derivative, which is 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥.

In the activity, we say that 𝑓 (𝑥) is the derivative of 𝐹 (𝑥). On the other hand, 𝐹(𝑥) is called the
antiderivative of 𝑓 (𝑥). In this lesson, we will learn about antiderivatives and how to compute
for these using basic integration rules.

9.1. Antiderivatives of Polynomial Functions and Antidifferentiation Theorems 3

Unit 9: Antiderivative of a Function
Antiderivatives
A function 𝐹 is called the antiderivative of the function 𝑓 on an interval 𝐼 if 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑥) for
every value of 𝑥 in 𝐼.

The functions 𝐹1 , 𝐹2 , 𝐹3 , and 𝐹4 in the Warm Up activity are called antiderivatives. It can be
observed that the only difference between these functions are the constants. We can say that
the antiderivative of any function 𝑓 (𝑥) is of the form 𝐹 (𝑥) + 𝐶. This constant 𝐶 is called the
constant of integration.

The expression 𝐹 (𝑥) + 𝐶 is called the general antiderivative of 𝑓 since it generalizes the
family of antiderivatives of 𝑓. The functions 𝐹1 , 𝐹2 , 𝐹3 , and 𝐹4 are particular or specific
antiderivatives of 𝑓.

The Indefinite Integral

The process of finding all antiderivatives of 𝑓(𝑥) is called antidifferentiation. The other term
used for this process is integration, and we also call the antiderivative an integral of 𝑓.

The symbol ∫ , called the integral sign, is used to denote the integral of a function. The
integral of 𝑓(𝑥) can be written as

∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑥) + 𝐶

This is called the indefinite integral of 𝑓(𝑥). In the above equation, 𝑓 (𝑥) is called the integrand,
𝑑𝑥 is the variable of integration, 𝐹 (𝑥) is the antiderivative of 𝑓 (𝑥), and 𝐶 is the constant of
integration. We can read the above equation as “the integral of 𝑓 (𝑥) with respect to 𝑥 is equal
to 𝐹 (𝑥) plus a constant 𝐶.”

9.1. Antiderivatives of Polynomial Functions and Antidifferentiation Theorems 4

Unit 9: Antiderivative of a Function
Note that the variable of integration can be any variable. If we have 𝑑𝑡 as the variable of
integration, then it means that we are getting the integral of 𝑓(𝑡) with respect to the variable
𝑡.

How can we compute the antiderivative of a

function?

Basic Integration Rules

In mathematics, we have inverse operations. Addition and subtraction are inverse operations,
and so are multiplication and division. We also know that raising to the 𝑛th power and getting
the 𝑛th root of a number are inverse operations. Likewise, differentiation and integration are
inverse operations. Integration reverses what differentiation has done. Thus, some basic
integration rules come from basic differentiation rules.

Consider the function 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥. Its derivative is 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) = 1. We substitute this into the
equation ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑥) + 𝐶.

∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑥) + 𝐶

∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶

∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝑪

This is the first basic integration rule, which will be useful as we go deeper into the lesson.

9.1. Antiderivatives of Polynomial Functions and Antidifferentiation Theorems 5

Unit 9: Antiderivative of a Function
𝑥 𝑛+1
Consider another function 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑛+1
, where 𝑛 ≠ −1. Its derivative is obtained using the

Power Rule of Differentiation. Using this rule, the derivative of 𝐹 is:

(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 𝑛+1−1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑛+1
( ) 𝑛
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥

Thus, by substitution, we have

∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑥) + 𝐶

𝑥 𝑛+1
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑛+1

𝒙𝒏+𝟏
∫ 𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = + 𝑪,
𝒏+𝟏

where 𝒏 ≠ −𝟏.

This rule is used to find the integral of a polynomial 𝑥 𝑛 , where 𝑛 ≠ −1. If 𝑛 = −1, this rule is
not applicable. We will use another rule to integrate such functions in the succeeding lessons.

Example:
What is ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥?

In this case, 𝑛 = 3. Thus, we have

𝑥 3+1
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
3+1
𝑥4
= +𝐶
4
1
= 𝑥4 + 𝐶
4

9.1. Antiderivatives of Polynomial Functions and Antidifferentiation Theorems 6

Unit 9: Antiderivative of a Function
To verify whether our answer is correct, we can solve its derivative and compare it to the
integrand.

𝑑 1 4 𝑑 1 4 𝑑
( 𝑥 + 𝐶) = ( 𝑥 )+ (𝐶 )
𝑑𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑 4
= ∙ (𝑥 ) + 0
4 𝑑𝑥
1
= (4𝑥 3 )
4
= 𝑥3

Thus, the derivative of our answer is the same as the integrand. Thus, our answer is correct.
Note that this is just for verification, and it is not a required step for integration.

Theorems on Indefinite Integrals

The following properties will help us in solving the integral of some functions. For the
following properties, 𝑓 and 𝑔 are differentiable functions, and 𝑐 is any constant.

Constant Multiple Theorem

The Constant Multiple Rule tells us that the integral of 𝑐 ∙ 𝑓(𝑥) is equal to the product of 𝑐 and
the integral of 𝑓 (𝑥). In symbols, we have:

∫ 𝒄 ∙ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒄 ∙ ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙.

This implies that we can move the constant 𝑐 before the integral sign and then get the integral
of 𝑓.

Example:
What is ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥?

We apply the Constant Multiple Rule.

9.1. Antiderivatives of Polynomial Functions and Antidifferentiation Theorems 7

Unit 9: Antiderivative of a Function

∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 2+1
= 3( )+𝐶
2+1
𝑥3
= 3( ) +𝐶
3
= 𝑥3 + 𝐶

Therefore, ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝐶.

Sum or Difference Theorem

The Sum or Difference Rule tells us that the integral of a sum or difference of functions is
equal to the sum or difference of the integral of each function computed separately. In
symbols, we have:

∫[𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙)] 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 ± ∫ 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙.

Example:
What is ∫(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥?

Using the Sum or Difference Rule, we have:

∫(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 3+1 𝑥 2+1 𝑥1+1

= + − 2( )+𝐶
3+1 2+1 1+1
𝑥4 𝑥3 𝑥2
= + −2( ) +𝐶
4 3 2
1 1
= 𝑥4 + 𝑥3 − 𝑥2 + 𝐶
4 3

9.1. Antiderivatives of Polynomial Functions and Antidifferentiation Theorems 8

Unit 9: Antiderivative of a Function
Note that each integral yields a different constant. But these constants added together result
in another constant. Thus, we only have one constant of integration to represent the sum of
all the constants of integration.

How can the indefinite integral ∫(2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥

be solved?

Let’s Practice!

Example 1
What is ∫ 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥?

Solution
Apply the Constant Multiple Rule.

∫ 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥1+1
= 4( )+𝐶
1+1
𝑥2
= 4( ) +𝐶
2
= 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶

Therefore, ∫ 𝟒𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪.

1 Try It!
What is ∫ −6𝑥 𝑑𝑥?

9.1. Antiderivatives of Polynomial Functions and Antidifferentiation Theorems 9

Unit 9: Antiderivative of a Function

Remember
Do not forget the constant of integration when solving for general
antiderivatives. This constant indicates that the answer is a general
antiderivative and not a particular or specific antiderivative.

a. ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 indicates a particular antiderivative.

b. ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝐶 indicates a general antiderivative.

Example 2
Evaluate ∫ 9𝑢3 𝑑𝑢.

Solution
Apply the Constant Multiple Rule.

∫ 9𝑢3 𝑑𝑢 = 9 ∫ 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢

𝑢3+1
= 9( )+𝐶
3+1
𝑢4
= 9( ) +𝐶
4
9
= 𝑢4 + 𝐶
4

𝟗
Therefore, ∫ 𝟗𝒖𝟑 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟒 𝒖𝟒 + 𝑪.

2 Try It!
What is ∫ 12𝑢4 𝑑𝑢?

9.1. Antiderivatives of Polynomial Functions and Antidifferentiation Theorems 10

Unit 9: Antiderivative of a Function
Example 3
What is ∫(𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥?

Solution
Apply the Sum or Difference Rule.

∫(𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 4+1 𝑥 3+1
= + +𝐶
4+1 3+1
𝑥5 𝑥4
= + +𝐶
5 4
1 1
= 𝑥5 + 𝑥4 + 𝐶
5 4

𝟏 𝟏
Therefore, ∫(𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟑 ) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟓 𝒙𝟓 + 𝟒 𝒙𝟒 + 𝑪.

3 Try It!
What is ∫(𝑥 8 + 𝑥 6 ) 𝑑𝑥?

Example 4
Evaluate the integral ∫(5𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 6) 𝑑𝑥.

Solution
Apply the Sum or Difference Rule.

∫(5𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 6) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 5𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 6 𝑑𝑥

= 5 ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 6 ∫ 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 4+1 𝑥 3+1 𝑥 2+1 𝑥1+1

= 5( )+4( ) −3( )− 2( ) + 6(𝑥) + 𝐶
4+1 3+1 2+1 1+1

9.1. Antiderivatives of Polynomial Functions and Antidifferentiation Theorems 11

Unit 9: Antiderivative of a Function
𝑥5 𝑥4 𝑥3 𝑥2
= 5 ( ) + 4 ( ) − 3 ( ) − 2 ( ) + 6𝑥 + 𝐶
5 4 3 2
= 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 𝐶

Therefore, ∫(𝟓𝒙𝟒 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟔) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟓 + 𝒙𝟒 − 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝑪.

4 Try It!
Evaluate the integral ∫(6𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 + 4) 𝑑𝑥.

Example 5
Evaluate the integral ∫(4𝑡 2 − 1)(2𝑡 + 3) 𝑑𝑡.

Solution
Step 1: Expand the integrand by multiplying the two binomials.

∫(4𝑡 2 − 1)(2𝑡 + 3) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫(8𝑡 3 + 12𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 − 3) 𝑑𝑡

Step 2: Apply the Sum or Difference Rule.

∫(4𝑡 2 − 1)(2𝑡 + 3) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫(8𝑡 3 + 12𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 − 3) 𝑑𝑡

= ∫ 8𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 12𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 − ∫ 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − ∫ 3 𝑑𝑡

= 8 ∫ 𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡 + 12 ∫ 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 − 2 ∫ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑡

𝑡 3+1 𝑡 2+1 𝑡1+1

= 8( ) + 12 ( )− 2( ) − 3𝑡 + 𝐶
3+1 2+1 1+1
𝑡4 𝑡3 𝑡2
= 8 ( ) + 12 ( ) − 2 ( ) − 3𝑡 + 𝐶
4 3 2
= 2𝑡 4 + 4𝑡 3 − 𝑡 2 − 3𝑡 + 𝐶

9.1. Antiderivatives of Polynomial Functions and Antidifferentiation Theorems 12

Unit 9: Antiderivative of a Function
Therefore, ∫(𝟒𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝟐𝒕 + 𝟑) 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟐𝒕𝟒 + 𝟒𝒕𝟑 − 𝒕𝟐 − 𝟑𝒕 + 𝑪.

5 Try It!
Evaluate the integral ∫(3𝑡 − 8)(9𝑡 2 + 24𝑡 + 64) 𝑑𝑡.

Example 6
Find a function 𝐹(𝑥) satisfying 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 and 𝐹 (2) = 12.

Solution
Step 1: Compute for the general antiderivative of 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 .

∫ 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝐹(𝑥) = 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 2+1
= 3( )+𝐶
2+1
𝑥3
= 3( ) +𝐶
3
= 𝑥3 + 𝐶

Step 2: Substitute 𝑥 = 2 in 𝐹(𝑥) to solve for 𝐶.

𝐹 (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝐶
𝐹 (2) = (2)3 + 𝐶
12 = 8 + 𝐶
12 − 8 = 𝐶
4=𝐶

Therefore, the function that satisfies the given conditions is 𝑭(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒.

9.1. Antiderivatives of Polynomial Functions and Antidifferentiation Theorems 13

Unit 9: Antiderivative of a Function

6 Try It!
Find a function satisfying 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 and 𝐹 (1) = −2.

Example 7
Find a function 𝐹(𝑥) satisfying 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 + 2 and 𝐹 (−1) = −5.

Solution
Step 1: Compute for the general antiderivative of 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 + 2.

∫ 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(12𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑑𝑥

𝐹 (𝑥) = ∫ 12𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥

= 12 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 2+1
= 12 ( ) + 2(𝑥) + 𝐶
2+1
𝑥3
= 12 ( ) + 2𝑥 + 𝐶
3
= 4𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 𝐶

Step 2: Substitute 𝑥 = −1 in 𝐹(𝑥) to solve for 𝐶.

𝐹 (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 𝐶
𝐹 (−1) = 4(−1)3 + 2(−1) + 𝐶
−5 = 4(−1) − 2 + 𝐶
−5 = −4 − 2 + 𝐶
−5 + 4 + 2 = 𝐶
1=𝐶

Therefore, the function that satisfies the given conditions is 𝑭(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏.

9.1. Antiderivatives of Polynomial Functions and Antidifferentiation Theorems 14

Unit 9: Antiderivative of a Function

7 Try It!
Find a particular antiderivative satisfying 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 20𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 and the condition that
𝐹 (−2) = 58.

Key Points
___________________________________________________________________________________________

● A function 𝐹 is called an antiderivative of the function 𝑓 on an interval 𝐼 if

𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑥) for every value of 𝑥 in 𝐼.
● Antidifferentiation is the process of finding all antiderivatives of 𝑓 (𝑥).
● The indefinite integral of 𝑓(𝑥) with respect to 𝑥 is equal to 𝐹 (𝑥) plus a constant 𝐶.
In symbols, we have:

∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶

In this equation, 𝑓(𝑥) is called the integrand, 𝑑𝑥 is the variable of integration, 𝐹 (𝑥) is
the antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥), and 𝐶 is the constant of integration.

● The following are the basic antidifferentiation rules.

o ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑛+1
o ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
+ 𝐶, where 𝑛 ≠ −1

___________________________________________________________________________________________

9.1. Antiderivatives of Polynomial Functions and Antidifferentiation Theorems 15

Unit 9: Antiderivative of a Function
Key Formulas
___________________________________________________________________________________________

Concept Formula Description

Constant Use this formula to

∫ 𝑐 ∙ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 ∙ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
Multiple solve for the
Theorem antiderivative of a
function multiplied to a
constant.

Sum or ∫[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 Use this formula to

Difference solve for the
Theorem antiderivative of a sum
or difference of
functions.

___________________________________________________________________________________________

Check Your Understanding

A. Evaluate the following integrals.

1. ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 9𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
4. ∫ −15𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫(3𝑥 − 4) 𝑑𝑥
6. ∫(7𝑢 + 4) 𝑑𝑢
7. ∫(𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 + 1) 𝑑𝑧
8. ∫(4𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 6) 𝑑𝑥
9. ∫(4𝑢2 − 3𝑢 + 6) 𝑑𝑢
10. ∫(𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 6) 𝑑𝑥
11. ∫(5𝑥 6 − 3𝑥 4 + 10𝑥 2 − 10) 𝑑𝑥

9.1. Antiderivatives of Polynomial Functions and Antidifferentiation Theorems 16

Unit 9: Antiderivative of a Function
12. ∫(𝑡 − 4)2 𝑑𝑡
13. ∫(3𝑥 − 6)2 𝑑𝑥
14. ∫(𝑡 − 6)(𝑡 2 + 6𝑡 + 36) 𝑑𝑡
15. ∫(2𝑥 + 5)3 𝑑𝑥

B. Find a function 𝐹(𝑥) satisfying the given conditions.

1. 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 ; 𝐹(1) = 2
2. 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 1 ; 𝐹(2) = 6
3. 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 2 ; 𝐹 (−3) = −32
4. 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 ; 𝐹(−1) = 8
13
5. 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 6 ; 𝐹(−1) = 2

Challenge Yourself

Answer the following questions.

1. Explain the importance of the constant of integration in a general antiderivative.

2. Find the value of the constant 𝑎 given that 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑎𝑥 + 2, 𝐹 (1) = 4, and 𝐹 (3) = 32.
3. Find the value of the constant 𝑎 given that 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 15𝑥 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 − 2, 𝐹(−1) = 9, and
𝐹 (2) = 75.
4. Find the value of the constant 𝑎 given that 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 24𝑎𝑥 3 − 2𝑥, 𝐹 (0) = 1, and
𝐹 (2) = 189.
5. Find the value of the constants 𝑎 and 𝑏 given that 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝐹(3) = 47,
𝐹 (−2) = −3, and 𝐹(1) = 3.

Photo Credit
Mount Everest by Gunther Hagleitner is licensed under CC BY 2.0 via Flickr.

9.1. Antiderivatives of Polynomial Functions and Antidifferentiation Theorems 17

Unit 9: Antiderivative of a Function

Bibliography
Edwards, C.H., and David E. Penney. Calculus: Early Transcendentals. 7th ed. Upper Saddle
River, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2008.

Larson, Ron H., and Bruce H. Edwards. Essential Calculus: Early Transcendental Functions.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008.

Leithold, Louis. The Calculus 7. New York: HarperCollins College Publ., 1997.

Smith, Robert T., and Roland B. Milton. Calculus. New York: McGraw Hill, 2012.

Tan, Soo T. Applied Calculus for the Managerial, Life, and Social Sciences: A Brief Approach.
Australia: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, 2012.

Key to Try It!

1. −3𝑥 2 + 𝐶
12
2. 𝑢5 + 𝐶
5
1 1
3. 9
𝑥9 + 7 𝑥7 + 𝐶
3
4. 𝑥 6 − 5 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝐶
27 4
5. 4
𝑡 − 512𝑡 + 𝐶

6. 𝐹 (𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 3
7. 𝐹 (𝑥) = 5𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2 + 2

9.1. Antiderivatives of Polynomial Functions and Antidifferentiation Theorems 18