MATH 12

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2
MODULE 1: REVIEW ON FUNCTIONS

Source: https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Integral-Math-Posters

Prepared by:
ENGR. CZARINA C. COLEGIO-DE CASTRO, RME, REE, RGE
Faculty, EE Department
College of Engineering, Architecture & Technology
ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

This module has the following sections.

It shows the specific topic of

Title
the module.

The topics in this module are

Overview
included in this section.

A brief discussion on the

lectures is given in this section. It
Lesson Proper
helps you explore new ideas and
capabilities.

It involves questions or an
Practice Problems expression that sets out the
concepts and wordings that you
learned from real-life
circumstances.

Assessment It is a job aimed at evaluating

your mastery in acquiring learning
skills.
In this segment you will
Supplementary improve your awareness or
Knowledge experience through the lectures as
an additional practice.

Answer Key This contains answers to all

activities in the module.

This is a list of all sources that

References this module uses for creation.

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CONTENTS:
OVERVIEW
1) Introduction

2) Review on Functions
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
a) Evaluation of Functions
To jumpstart integral calculus learning, this course will set
off by reviewing evaluation of functions and its operations. b) Operations on Functions

COURSE OUTCOME: i) Addition

At the end of this course, you must be able to do the ii) Subtraction
following.
 Represent functions graphically. iii) Multiplication
 Evaluate functions.
iv) Division
 Apply operations on functions.

TIME FRAME:
This module can be covered in two weeks.

INTRODUCTION
Evaluating integral calculus problems involves manipulation of functions. Hence, to facilitate integral
calculus calculation on the latter part of the course, this module will revisit topics on functions.

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Lesson
Review of Functions
1
In this lesson, the difference of functions and relations will be discussed. Also, this lesson will illustrate
functions through mapping diagram, sets and graphs before representing real-life situations using functions.

LESSON PROPER
What is a relation?
A relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values (domain) to a second set of values (range).
What is an ordered pair?
An ordered pair is a pair of objects taken in a specific order. They are two number enclosed in a parenthesis,
separated by a comma. Ex. (1,2)
What is a domain?
A domain is the set of all x or input values. They are the first numbers in ordered pairs.
Ex. Ordered Pair Domain
(1,7) 1
(2,6) 2
(3,5) 3
(4,4) 4
What is a Set?
A set is a collection of well-defined and distinct objects, called elements that share a common characteristic.
What is a Range?
Range is the set of all y output values. The second numbers in ordered pairs.
Ex. Ordered Pair Domain
(1,7) 7
(2,6) 6
(3,5) 5
(4,4) 4
What makes a relation a function?
A function is a special kind of relation because it follows an extra rule. Just like a relation, a function is also a set of ordered
pair. However, every x-value must be associated to only one y-value.
Each Element (Domain)

ONE Element (Range)

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Several illustrations can be done to understand functions easily.

1.1 Mapping
-shows how the elements are paired
-it is like a flow chart of a function showing the input and the output values.

Example 1.

Domain Range

a I
b II

c III

d IV

Every element in the domain is paired to only one element in the range. Since it is a one-to-one correspondence,
this is a FUNCTION.

Example 2.
Domain Range

-3
0
-1
4
2
7
4

Looking at every element of the domain, it is still paired to only one element of the range. This is a many-to-one
type of correspondence. This is still a FUNCTION.

Example 3.

Domain Range

a I
b II

c III

d IV

Notice that element “a” in the domain is being paired to two elements of the range, namely, elements I and III. This
is a one-to-many correspondence. Hence, this is NOT A FUNCTION.

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1.2 Sets
Example 1.
{(2,3),(4,5),(5,6),(6,7)}
Domain: 2, 4, 5, 6
Since no x-value is repeated, this is a FUNCTION.
Example 2.
{(3,3),(4,5),(5,5),(5,4)}
Domain: 3, 4, 5, 5
Notice that element “5” of the domain is repeated. It means domain “5” is paired to two elements of the range, that
is 5 and 4. Thus, this is NOT A FUNCTION.
1.3 Graphing

For identifying if a given graph is a function or not a function, VLT is used. VLT stands for Vertical Line Test.

VLT is an imaginary vertical line that should touch the given graph ONLY ONCE if it is a function. Otherwise, if the
VLT hits the graph two or more times, it is not considered a function.

Functions in Real Life

There are unlimited examples of functions in real life. One of which is the circumference of a circle. The circumference
of a circle is a function of its diameter which can be represented as follows.
C(d) = dπ
Alternatively, it may be represented as a function of its radius.
C(r) = 2πr
Another example is a shadow. A person’s shadow length along the floor is a function of his height. On the other hand,
it can also be a function of the angle of the light source with respect to the person.
Last example, in driving, position is a function of time.

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Lesson Evaluating Operations on

2 Functions

This lesson will review addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of functions.
2.1 Addition
f(x) + g(x) = (f+g)(x)

Example 1.

Add the following functions.

f(x) = 3x + 2

g(x) = 4 – 5x

Steps in Adding Functions:

1. Write the sum.

(f+g)(x) = (3x + 2)+( 4 – 5x)

2. Rearrange terms in decreasing order of degree.

(f+g)(x) = 3x + (–5x)+2 + 4

3. Combine like terms.

(f+g)(x) = -2x + 6

4. Simplify.
(f+g)(x) = -2(x – 3)

Example 2.

Find the sum of the following functions.

f(x) = 4x + 2x2 -2

g(x) = 4 – 3x

Solution:

(f+g)(x) = (4x + 2x2 -2) + (4 – 3x)

(f+g)(x) = 2x2 + 4x – 3x – 2 + 4

(f+g)(x) = 2x2 + x + 2

2.2 Subtraction
f(x) - g(x) = (f-g)(x)

Example 1.

Subtract the following functions.

f(x) = 3x + 2

g(x) = 4 – 5x

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Steps in Subtracting Functions:

1. Write the difference.

(f-g)(x) = (3x + 2)-( 4 – 5x)

2. Rearrange terms in decreasing order of degree.

(f-g)(x) = (3x + 2)-( – 5x+4)
(f-g)(x) = 3x + 2 + 5x – 4

3. Combine like terms.

(f-g)(x) = 3x + 5x + 2 – 4
(f-g)(x) = 8x - 2

4. Simplify.
(f-g)(x) = 2(4x – 1)

Example 2.

Find the difference of the following functions.

f(x) = 4x + 2x2 -2

g(x) = 4 – 3x

Solution:

(f-g)(x) = (4x + 2x2 -2) - (4 – 3x)

(f-g)(x) = 4x + 2x2 - 2 - 4 + 3x

(f-g)(x) = 2x2 + 4x + 3x - 2 - 4

(f-g)(x) = 2x2 + 7x – 6

2.3 Multiplication
f(x) · g(x) = (f·g)(x)

Example 1.

Multiply the following functions.

f(x) = 3x

g(x) = 4 – 5x

Steps in Multiplying Functions:

1. Write the product.

(f·g)(x) = (3x)·(4 – 5x)

2. Rearrange terms in decreasing order of degree.

(f·g)(x) = (3x)·(– 5x+4)

3. Apply distributive property.

(f·g)(x) = -15x2 + 12x

4. Combine like terms.

(f·g)(x) = -15x2 + 12x

5. Simplify.
(f·g)(x) = -3x(5x – 4)

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Example 2.

Find the product of the following functions.

f(x) = 4x

g(x) = 2x2 – x + 5

Solution:

(f·g)(x) = (4x)·(2x2 – x + 5)

(f·g)(x) = 8x3 – 4x2 + 20x

(f·g)(x) = 4x (2x2 – x + 5)

Example 3.

Solve for the product of the following functions.

f(x) = 3x - 2

g(x) = 3 – 5x

Solution:

(f·g)(x) = (3x - 2)·( 3 – 5x)

(f·g)(x) = (3x - 2)·(– 5x + 3)

(f·g)(x) = (3x)(-5x)+(3x)(3)+(-2)(-5x)+(-2)(3)

(f·g)(x) = (-15x2)+(9x)+(10x)+(-6)

(f·g)(x) = -15x2+19x-6

2.4 Division
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓
𝑔(𝑥)
= (𝑔)(x)

Example 1.

Divide the following functions.

f(x) = 3x

g(x) = 4 – 5x

Steps in Dividing Functions:

1. Write the quotient.

𝑓 (3𝑥)
(𝑔)(x)= (4−5𝑥)

2. Rearrange terms in decreasing order of degree.

𝑓 (3𝑥)
(𝑔)(x)= (−5𝑥+4)

3. Check for available factors for the polynomial.

𝑓 (3𝑥)
( )(x)=
𝑔 (−5𝑥+4)

4. Check if it is a special product or whether they share a common monomial factor.

𝑓 (3𝑥)
(𝑔)(x)= (−5𝑥+4)

5. If it is not a special product nor they share a common monomial factor, the answer remain as is.
𝑓 3𝑥
(𝑔)(x)= −5𝑥+4

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Example 2.

Find the product of the following functions.

f(x) = 4x-12

g(x) = 12-16x

Solution:
𝑓 (4𝑥−12)
(𝑔)(x)= (12−16𝑥)

𝑓 (4𝑥−12)
(𝑔)(x)= (−16𝑥+12)

𝑓 4(𝑥−3)
(𝑔)(x)= 4(−4𝑥+3)

𝑓 (𝑥−3)
( )(x)=
𝑔 (−4𝑥+3)

Example 3.

Find the product of the following functions.

f(x) = 3x2 –12x

g(x) = 6x-18x3

Solution:
𝑓 3𝑥 2 −12𝑥
(𝑔)(x)=
6𝑥−18𝑥 3

𝑓 3𝑥 2 −12𝑥
(𝑔)(x)=
−18𝑥 3 +6𝑥

𝑓 3𝑥(𝑥−4)
(𝑔)(x)=
6𝑥(−3𝑥 2 +1)

𝑓 (𝑥−4)
(𝑔)(x)=
2(−3𝑥 2 +1)

2.5 Evaluating Functions

A function is like a machine that relates the input to the output. The input follows the “rule” of the function before
getting out as an output.
Functions can be written as “f(x)=…” which is read as f of x is equal to the given. Similarly, it can be “g(x)” which
is read as g of x. Traditionally, functions are referred to by such single-letter names.
Illustration.
f(x) = 2x + 1
In this illustration, “x” inside the parenthesis serves as our input. And “2x+1” is our output.
How do we evaluate functions?
Example 1.
Evaluate f(x) = 3x + 4 if x=2
Solution:
f(2) = 3(2) + 4
f(2) = 10

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Example 2.
Evaluate g(x) = 1-x + x2 when x=3
Solution:
g(3) = 1-3 + (3)2
g(3) = -2 + 9
g(3) = 7

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Assessment
Prepare for your scheduled quiz.

How was it?

 If you got 85%-100% items correct, very good, you
already understand the concept.

 If you got 60%-84% items correct, good, you

understand most of the concept, you only need to
practice more.

 If you got below 60%, it is okay, do not worry. Just try

to review the lesson and practice solving more and
more.

References
Functions. SHS General Mathematics, Module 1 Lesson 1. Department of Education

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