Math 12/L

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2
MODULE 2: Integration Techniques Lesson 1

Source: https://medium.com/left-right/when-will-we-ever-use-this-calculuss-surprising-uses-in-personal-and-professional-
development-256ca15d15b5

Prepared by:
ENGR. JOBEL HYLES CABAHUG
Faculty, ME Department
College of Engineering, Architecture &
Technology
ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

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MODULE 2 INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES 1

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

CONTENTS:
OVERVIEW 1.1 Integration by Parts

1.2 Integration by Partial Fractions

COURSE DESCRIPTION: 1.3 Trigonometric Substitution

The course introduces the concept of integration and 1.3 Algebraic Substitution
its application to some physical problems such as evaluation
of areas, volumes of revolution, force, and work. The
fundamental formulas and various techniques of integration
are taken up and applied to both single variable and multi-variable functions. The course also includes
tracing of functions of two variables for a better appreciation of the interpretation of the double and triple
integral as volume of a three-dimensional region bounded by two or more surfaces.

COURSE OUTCOME:
At the end of this course, you must be able to use integration techniques on single and multi-
variable functions.

TIME FRAME:
This module can be covered in 1 week.

INTRODUCTION
Good day future engineers! Welcome to Engineering Course.
This module will concentrate on integration techniques on single and multi-variable functions.
As you continue to do so in this module, you can learn about the various integration techniques in
various functions or problems which will be your foundation as we headed deeply into this course. You
can also see mathematics differently by understanding the integrations. Just like derivative, integrals is
another concept in the field of mathematics. Let’s start now!

Fun Fact:

“Did you know that Newton invented/discovered calculus in about the

same amount of time, the average student learns it.”

MODULE 2 INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES 2

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

Lesson
Integration by Parts
1.1
In this lesson we will learn the concept and formula’s use in integrating by parts.

LESSON PROPER
From the formula for the differential of a product,
𝑑 (𝑢𝑣 ) = 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑢
we find, integrating both sides,
𝑢𝑣 = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢
Transporting, we obtain the formula
∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗𝒅𝒖 Eq. 1.1
Integration by this formula is called integration by parts.

Example 1.1
Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥.
Solution:
Let
𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 cos 2𝑥

By applying integration by parts,

∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗𝒅𝒖
1 1
∫ 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − (− 2) ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝟏 𝟏
= − 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟒

Example 1.2
Evaluate ∫ sec3 𝜃𝑑𝜃
Solution:
Can written in the form of ∫ sec 𝜃 sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Let
𝑢 = sec 𝜃 𝑑𝑣 = sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑣 = ∫ sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = tan 𝜃

MODULE 2 INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES 3

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

By applying integration by parts,

∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗𝒅𝒖
∫ sec 𝜃 sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 − ∫ tan 𝜃 (sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃)

∫ sec 𝜃 sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 − ∫ tan2 𝜃 sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 where tan2 𝜃 = sec2 𝑥 − 1

∫ sec 𝜃 sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 − ∫ sec 𝜃 (sec2 𝜃 − 1)𝑑𝜃

∫ sec 𝜃 sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 − ∫ sec 𝜃 sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

∫ sec 𝜃 sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 − ∫ sec 𝜃 sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + ln(sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃) + 𝐶

By transposing the integral sign to the other side
∫ sec 𝜃 sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ sec 𝜃 sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 + ln(sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃) + 𝐶
2 ∫ sec 𝜃 sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 + ln(sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃) + 𝐶
1
Multiply both sides by 2, we get
𝟏 𝟏
∫ sec 𝜃 sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐧(𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽) + 𝑪𝟏

Example 1.3
Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
Take
𝑢 = sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
By applying integration by parts,

∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗𝒅𝒖
∫ 𝑒 𝑢 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑢 sin 2𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 cos 2𝑥
Take
𝑢1 = cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑣1 = 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢1 = −2 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣1 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢

∫ 𝑒 𝑢 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑢 sin 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑢 cos 2𝑥 + (2)(−2) ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑒 𝑢 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑢 sin 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑢 cos 2𝑥 − 4 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

By transposing the integral sign to the other side
∫ 𝑒 𝑢 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑢 sin 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑢 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶
5 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑢 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑢 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶
1
Multiply both sides by , we get
2
𝟏 𝟐
∫ 𝑒 𝑢 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟓 𝒆𝒖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝟓 𝒆𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪𝟏

MODULE 2 INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES 4

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

Example 1.4
Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Solution:
Take
𝑢 = 𝑥2 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑒 3𝑥

By applying integration by parts,

∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗𝒅𝒖
1 1
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 − 3 (2) ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Take
𝑢1 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑣1 = 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢1 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑒 3𝑥
1 2 1 1
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 − 3 (3 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
1 2 2 1
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 − 9 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 + 3 (9) 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟑 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝟑𝒙 − 𝟗 𝒙𝒆𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝟕 𝒆𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪

1.1 Practice Problem

Evaluate the following integrals; check by differentiation.

1. ∫ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫ 𝑥 cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

3. ∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

4. ∫ csc3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Check your answer in the answer key. Please answer it all first before checking, this is important for
self-assessment.
If you got 4 items correct, very good, you already understand the concept.
If you got 2 – 3 items correct, good, you understand most of the concepts, you only need to practice
for a few times.
If you got 0 – 1, it is okay, do not worry. Compare your answer to the answer given, then try to answer
the questions again before you proceed to the next lesson.

MODULE 2 INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES 5

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

Lesson
Integration by Partial Fractions
1.2
In this lesson we will learn the concept and formula’s in integrating by using partial fractions.

LESSON PROPER
Partial fractions can classify by following;
𝐴
a). A linear factor, 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 in the denominator gives rise to a partial fraction of the form .
𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝐴 𝐵
b). Repeated linear factors, (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2 give rise to partial fractions of the form 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
+ (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)2.
𝐴𝑥 +𝐵
c). A quadratic factor 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 gives rise to a partial fraction of the form .
𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐

a). Integrating algebraic fractions with two linear factors

Example 1.5
𝑥
Evaluate ∫ (2−𝑥)(𝑥+3) 𝑑𝑥.
Solution:
By partial fraction it can written as,
𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
(2−𝑥)(𝑥+3)
= (2−𝑥) + (𝑥+3) where A and B are constant

By adding the fraction on right side, we get

𝑥 𝐴(𝑥+3)+𝐵(2−𝑥)
(2−𝑥)(𝑥+3)
= (2−𝑥)(𝑥+3)

To get value of A and B, lets first have the of 𝑥

𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐵(2 − 𝑥)

Then lets separately equate coefficients of constant terms, linear terms, quadratic terms etc.

For linear terms:

1=𝐴−𝐵
For constant terms:
0 = 3𝐴 + 2𝐵
By equating the linear and constant terms we have, we get value of
2 3
𝐴=5 and 𝐵 = − 5

Thus the partial fractions are

𝑥 2 3
(2−𝑥)(𝑥+3)
= 5(2−𝑥)
− 5(𝑥+3)

Both of the terms on the right can be integrated as:

2 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
= 5 ∫ 2−𝑥 − 5 ∫ 𝑥+3
2 −1𝑑𝑥 3 1𝑑𝑥
= (−1) ∫ − ∫
5 2−𝑥 5 𝑥+3
𝟐 𝟑
= − 𝐥𝐧|𝟐 − 𝒙| − 𝐥𝐧|𝒙 + 𝟑| + 𝑪
𝟓 𝟓

MODULE 2 INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES 6

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

b). Integrating algebraic fractions with a repeated linear factor

Example 1.5
1
Evaluate ∫ (𝑥−1)2 (𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥
Solution:

In this Example there is a repeated factor in the denominator. This is because the factor 𝑥 − 1 appears twice,
as in (𝑥 − 1)2 . We write

1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= 𝑥−1 + (𝑥−1)2 + 𝑥+1
(𝑥−1)2 (𝑥+1)
𝐴(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)+𝐵(𝑥+1)+𝐶(𝑥−1)2
= (𝑥−1)2 (𝑥+1)

By equating the equation, we get,

1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 1)2

1 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)

Then lets separately equate coefficients of constant terms, linear terms, quadratic terms etc.

For quadratic terms:

0=𝐴+𝐶
For linear terms:
0 = 𝐵 − 2𝐶
For constant terms:
1 = −𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶

By equating all the equation we have, we get value of

1 1 1
𝐴 = − 4, 𝐵 = 2, and 𝐶 = 4

The integral becomes

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
∫ (𝑥−1)2 (𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 = − 4 ∫ 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ (𝑥−1)2 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= − 𝟒 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 − 𝟏) − 𝟐 (𝒙−𝟏) + 𝟒 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟏) + 𝑪

c). Integrating algebraic fractions with a quadratic factor

Example 1.6
𝑥 2 +4𝑥+10
Evaluate ∫ 𝑥3 +2𝑥2 +5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution
Assume

𝑥 2 +4𝑥+10 𝐴 𝐵(2𝑥+2) 𝐶
= + +
𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2 +5𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+5 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+5

By equating the equation, we get,

𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 10 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5) + 𝐵𝑥 (2𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶𝑥

Then lets separately equate coefficients of constant terms, linear terms, quadratic terms etc.

For quadratic terms:

1 = 𝐴 + 2𝐵
For linear terms:

MODULE 2 INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES 7

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

4 = 2𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶
For constant terms:
10 = 5𝐴
By equating all the equation we have, we get value of
1
𝐴 = 2, 𝐵 = − 2, and 𝐶 = 1
Therefore, the integral becomes
𝑥 2 +4𝑥+10 2 1 2𝑥+2 𝐶
∫ 𝑥3 +2𝑥2 +5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 − 2 (𝑥2 +2𝑥+5) + 𝑥2 +2𝑥+5) 𝑑𝑥
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙+𝟏
= 𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝐥𝐧(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓) + 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 +𝑪
𝟐

1.2 Practice Problem

Evaluate the following integrals; check by differentiation.
𝑥𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 𝑥2 +6𝑥+13
𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑥(𝑥+2)2

(2𝑥+11)𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑥 2 +𝑥−6

Check your answer in the answer key. Please answer it all first before checking, this is important for
self-assessment.
If you got 3 items correct, very good, you already understand the concept.
If you got 2 items correct, good, you understand most of the concepts, you only need to practice for
a few times.
If you got 0 – 1, it is okay, do not worry. Compare your answer to the answer given, then try to answer
the questions again before you proceed to the next lesson.

MODULE 2 INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES 8

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

Lesson
Trigonometric Substitution
1.3
In this lesson you will learn the concept and formula in integrating by using trigonometric
substitution.

LESSON PROPER
Many integrals can be evaluated by substituting a trigonometric function for 𝑥. The following
substitution are especially promising:

(1) When the integrand involves 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 , try 𝑥 = asin 𝜃.

(2) When the integrand involves 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 , try 𝑥 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃.

(3) When the integrand involves 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 , try 𝑥 = asec 𝜃

However, it will be found that these combinations by no means exhaust the usefulness of
trigonometric substitutions.
Let us examine the reason underlying the choice (1) above. We know that

1 − sin2 𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃

Therefore, if 𝑥 is chosen to be 𝑎 sin 𝜃,

𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 sin2 𝜃 = 𝑎2 cos 2 𝜃

We thus replace (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) by a single term 𝑎2 cos 2 𝜃. Furthermore, that single term is a perfect
square, which is particularly effective when the quantity (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) appears under a square root
symbol.

Example 1.7
𝑑𝑥
Evaluate ∫ 3
(𝑎2 −𝑥 2 )2

Solution:

Putting 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃, we get

𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1 cos 𝜃 1 cos 𝜃
∫ 3 = ∫ 3 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 3 𝑑𝜃
𝑎2 𝑎2
(𝑎2 −𝑎2 sin2 𝜃)2 (1−sin2 𝜃)2 (cos2 𝜃)2

1 cos 𝜃 1 1 1
= 𝑎2 ∫ cos3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎2 ∫ cos2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎2 ∫ sec2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
1
= 𝑎2 tan 𝜃 + 𝐶

From the triangle,

𝑥
tan 𝜃 =
√𝑎2 −𝑥 2

√𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2

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ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

whence
𝑑𝑥 𝒙
∫ 3 = +𝑪
(𝑎2 −𝑥 2 )2 𝒂𝟐 √𝒂𝟐 −𝒙𝟐

Example 1.8
√𝑥−𝑎
Evaluate ∫ 5
𝑥2

Solution:
Hence we try

√𝑥 = √𝑎 sec 𝜃
From which

𝑥 = 𝑎 sec2 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎 sec2 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

Then
√𝑥−𝑎 √𝑎 sec2 𝜃−𝑎
∫ 5 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 5 (2𝑎 sec2 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃)
𝑥2 𝑎2 sec5 𝜃
3
(2𝑎2 sec2 𝜃)(√sec2 𝜃−1)(tan 𝜃𝑑𝜃)
= 5
𝑎2 sec5 𝜃

2 √sec2 𝜃−1(tan 𝜃𝑑𝜃)

= 𝑎∫ sec3 𝜃

2 √tan2 𝜃(tan 𝜃𝑑𝜃)

= 𝑎∫ sec3 𝜃

2 tan2 𝜃 2
= 𝑎 ∫ sec3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎 ∫ tan2 𝜃 cos 3 𝜃𝑑𝜃
2
= 𝑎 ∫ sin2 𝜃 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
2
= 3𝑎 sin3 𝜃 + 𝐶

From the triangle

√𝑥
√𝑥 − 𝑎

√𝑎
√𝑥−𝑎 3
sin3 𝜃 = ( )
√𝑥

Therefore,
√𝑥−𝑎 𝟐 √𝒙−𝒂 𝟑
∫ 5 = 𝟑𝒂 ( ) +𝑪
𝑥2 √𝒙

MODULE 2 INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES 10

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

1.3 Practice Problem

Evaluate the following integrals; check by differentiation.
𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 3
(𝑎2 +𝑥 2)2

𝑑𝑥
2.∫
√𝑎2 −𝑥 2

√16−𝑥 2
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

√𝑥
4. ∫ (1+𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥

Check your answer in the answer key. Please answer it all first before checking, this is important for
self-assessment.
If you got 4 items correct, very good, you already understand the concept.
If you got 2 – 3 items correct, good, you understand most of the concepts, you only need to practice
for a few times.
Congratulation!
If you got 0 –You have
1, it is okay,finished the lesson
do not worry. 3.your
Compare Take a breather
answer beforegiven,
to the answer you proceed
then try to to the
answer
the questions again before you proceed to the next lesson.
lesson 4

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ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

Lesson
Algebraic Substitution
1.4
In this lesson you will learn the concept and formula in integrating by using algebraic substitution.

LESSON PROPER
Many integrals may be evaluated by introducing a new variable of integration, say 𝑢, in place of the
original variable 𝑥, the two variable being connected by some suitable formula. The change of variable is
usually brought by means of an explicit substitution

𝑥 = 𝜑(𝑢), 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜑 ′(𝑢)𝑑𝑢

This process, called integration by substitution.

Example 1.9

Evaluate ∫(𝑥 + 4)5 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:
Let

𝑢 =𝑥+4 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

Then
𝑢6
∫ 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢 = 6
+𝐶

We can revert to an expression involving the original variable 𝑥 by recalling that 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 4, giving

(𝒙+𝟒)𝟔
∫(𝑥 + 4)5 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟔
+𝑪

Example 1.9

√𝑥
Evaluate ∫ 1+𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Put 𝑢 = √𝑥. Then 𝑥 = 𝑢2 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑢𝑑𝑢. Hence

√𝑥 𝑢(𝑢𝑑𝑢) 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
∫ 1+𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 1+𝑢2
= 2 ∫ 1+𝑢2

Can be written in form of

1
= 2 ∫ (1 − 1+𝑢2) 𝑑𝑢

= 2𝑢 − 2 tan−1 𝑢 + 𝐶 where 𝑢 = √𝑥.

= 𝟐√𝒙 − 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 √𝒙 + 𝑪

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ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

Example 1.10

Evaluate ∫ sin4 𝑥 cos 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

We write

∫ sin4 𝑥 cos 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin4 𝑥(cos 2 𝑥 cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Using the identity cos 2 𝑥 = 1 − sin2 𝑥

= ∫ sin4 𝑥(1 − sin2 𝑥) cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= ∫(sin4 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin6 𝑥 cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Then the substitution 𝑢 = sin 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 gives

𝑢5 𝑢7
∫(𝑢4 − 𝑢6 )𝑑𝑢 = 5
− 7
+𝐶 where 𝑢 = sin 𝑥

𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟓 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟕 𝒙
= − +𝑪
𝟓 𝟕

1.4 Practice Problem

Evaluate the following integrals; check by differentiation.
𝑧3
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑧
√𝑧 2 −𝑎2

2. ∫(𝑥 + 5)4 𝑑𝑥
12𝑥+1
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4𝑥−3

𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ 1+
√𝑥

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ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

Assessment
This part is a graded assessment, I will assess if you have learned the whole module. Use pen
to write your answer. Write your answer in a long bond paper together with front page (must include
course code and the title, title of the lesson, title of activity, name of student and your block, date of
submission, name of your professor). Take note that all pages must have 0.5 inches’ border
including the front page. Copy the questions then answer. Once you’re done answering, send it to me
via Google Classroom in a single PDF file. Please avoid erasure. Good Luck
Problem Set No. 3:

Evaluate the following integrals.

1. ∫ 𝑡 2 cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

2. ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

3. ∫ sin 𝑥 sin 4𝑥

4. ∫ sin(ln 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

5. ∫ sec5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−1)𝑑𝑥
6. ∫ 𝑥2 +5𝑥+6
𝑑𝑥
7. ∫ 𝑥2 +𝑎𝑥
𝑦+13
8. ∫ (𝑦+1)(𝑦+3)(𝑦−2) 𝑑𝑦

2𝑥 2 +1
9. ∫ 𝑥3 −3𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 4 +1
10. ∫ 𝑥2 (𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥

𝑦𝑑𝑦
11. ∫ (𝑦−4)4

𝑑𝑥
12. ∫
𝑥(1+√𝑥)2

4𝑑𝑥
13. ∫ 𝑥3 −4𝑥2 +8𝑥
10𝑑𝑥
14. ∫ 4𝑥2 −4𝑥2 +5𝑥
4𝑑𝑥
15. ∫ (𝑥2 −2𝑥+5)2

𝑑𝑥
16. ∫ (𝑥2 +2𝑥+10)2

17. ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑤
18. ∫
𝑤 2 √𝑤 2 +𝑎2

𝑥2
19. ∫ 3 dx
(𝑎2 −𝑥 2 )2

(5𝑦+4)𝑑𝑦
20. ∫
√5𝑦−1

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ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

Answer Key
Answers for 1.1 Practice Problem:
𝑥2 1
1. ln 𝑥 − 4 𝑥 + 𝐶
2

1 1
2. 4 𝑥 sin 4𝑥 + 16 cos 4𝑥 + 𝐶

3. −𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶
− csc 𝜃 cot 𝜃 1
4. − 2 ln(csc 𝜃 + cot 𝜃) + 𝐶
2

Answer for 1.2 Practice Problem:

1 3 𝑥+3
1. 2 ln(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 13) − 2 tan−1 2
+𝐶
1 1 1
2. 4 ln 𝑥 − 4 ln(𝑥 + 2) − 2𝑥+4 + 𝐶

1
3. ln (𝑥+3) + 3 ln(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐶

Answer for 1.3 Practice Problem:

1 𝑥
1. 𝑎2 ( )+𝐶
√𝑎2 +𝑥 2
𝑎
2. ln +𝐶
√𝑎2 −𝑥 2
𝑥
3. ln( )4 + √16 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
4+√4−𝑥 2

4. ln √𝑥 + 𝐶

Answers for 1.4 Practice Problem:

3
(𝑧 2 −𝑎2 )2
1. + 𝑎2 √𝑧 2 − 𝑎2 + 𝐶
3

(𝑥+5)5
2. 5
+𝐶
3
1
3. 2 (4𝑥 − 3)2 + 5√4𝑥 − 3 + 𝐶

4. 2√𝑥 − ln(√𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶

References

1. Louis Leithold , The calculus 7 7th edition

2. Clyde E. Love and Earl D. Rainville, Differential and integral calculus 6th edition
3. Dit Gallesania, Engineering mathematics volume 2, Third Edition

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MODULE 2 INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES 16