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Digital Communications
Digital Communications
University of Baghdad-2011
Lecture -1
Introduction to Communications
System Parameters
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Receiver
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Information Source
Source encoder Channel encoder Digital Modulation
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Transmitter
Channel
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Destination
Source decoder
Channel decoder
Digital Demod
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Receiver
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Definitions
Information: Binary (0, 1)
Source encoder: remove any redundancy in
binary data (data compression)
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Communication Channel
We can model the linear Gaussian channel in the form:
Input
Output
+
Random Variables of Gaussian distribution
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Digital transmission
Noise corrupt data:
_________
_______________ t
_________
_______________ t
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Performance of digital
communication system
System performance is dependable on the
following system parameters:
Speed of information transmission given
by Shannon channel capacity which is
limited by the available spectrum
(bits/sec/Hz)
Available transmission power which is
expressed by energy / bit ( Eb ) dB
Data transmission codes used
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S
C = 3.32 Blog10 ( 1 +
) bits / sec
N0 B
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Eb
N 0 Rb
B
Eb , Rb , C
Where
are energy/bit, data
rate, and channel capacity.
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Electric field
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10
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Magnetic field
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Radio waves
Radio is the wireless transmission of
signals by electromagnetic (EM) waves
with frequencies below those of light.
An EM has H & E field orthogonal to each
A wave is a disturbance that propagates
through space and transfer energy from
one point to another.
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EM waves
Electromagnetic waves travel in space with
speed of light. It has electric and magnetic
components and can travel in vacuum
(without media).
The electric and magnetic components of
EM wave oscillate at right angle to each
other and to the direction of energy
propagation and are in phase with each
other.
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EM Radiation
EM radiation occurs in radio waves,
microwaves, infrared radiation, visible
light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and
gamma rays.
Wave length ( ) is the distance between
successive crests (or troughs) of a wave
pattern.
f .
8
3
x
10
m / sec speed of light
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Data speed
Data rate is the speed in bits per second
(bits/sec) at which information is being
communicated.
1
Data R ate
pulse duration
Bandwidth
Spectrum occupied by the transmission in
Hz. Bandwidth and data rate are related
by system efficiency
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Rb
bits / sec/ Hz
B
17
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Nyquist Bandwidth
Nyquist bandwidth is the minimum
bandwidth at which data can be
transmitted and recovered correctly. In
ideal case (no noise or interference) it is
equal
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DECIBEL:
A tenth of a Bel
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Power in dB
A decibel is a relation between two values
of POWER levels.
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Definitions of dBs
dBm power A in dB when power of
reference transmitter B = 1 mW.
Example 1 watt in dB = 30 dBm
dBi is gain of antenna when its radiation is
equal in all directions (omni directional
antenna). Omni directional antenna = 10
dBi when it has gain of 10 dB in all
directions
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SNR in dB
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Multimedia
Multimedia is media that uses multiple forms
of information content and processing (e.g.
text, audio, graphics, animation, video and
interactive applications such as gaming) to
inform or entertain the user or audience.
Multimedia Systems then support the
interactive use of text, audio, still images,
video, and graphics.
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