Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pro 2007
About STAAD.Pro
STAAD.Pro is a general purpose structural analysis and design program with
applications primarily in the building industry - commercial buildings, bridges and
highway structures, industrial structures, chemical plant structures, dams, retaining
walls, turbine foundations, culverts and other embedded structures, etc. The program
hence consists of the following facilities to enable this task.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Graphical model generation utilities as well as text editor based commands for
creating the mathematical model. Beam and column members are represented
using lines. Walls, slabs and panel type entities are represented using triangular
and quadrilateral finite elements. Solid blocks are represented using brick
elements. These utilities allow the user to create the geometry, assign properties,
orient cross sections as desired, assign materials like steel, concrete, timber,
aluminum, specify supports, apply loads explicitly as well as have the program
generate loads, design parameters etc.
Analysis engines for performing linear elastic and pdelta analysis, finite element
analysis, frequency extraction, and dynamic response (spectrum, time history,
steady state, etc.).
Design engines for code checking and optimization of steel, aluminum a nd timber
members. Reinforcement calculations for concrete beams, columns, slabs and
shear walls. Design of shear and moment connections for steel members.
Result viewing, result verification and report generation tools for examining
displacement diagrams, bending moment and shear force diagrams, beam, plate
and solid stress contours, etc.
Peripheral tools for activities like import and export of data from and to other
widely accepted formats, links with other popular softwares for ni che areas like
reinforced and prestressed concrete slab design, footing design, steel connection
design, etc.
A library of exposed functions called OpenSTAAD which allows users to access
STAAD.Pros internal functions and routines as well as its graphical commands to
tap into STAADs database and link input and output data to third -party software
written using languages like C, C++, VB, VBA, FORTRAN, Java, Delphi, etc.
Thus, OpenSTAAD allows users to link in-house or third-party applications with
STAAD.Pro.
Table of Contents
International Codes
Introduction
Section 1
Australian Codes
Design Operations
Section Types for Concrete Design
Member Dimensions
Design Parameters
Slenderness Effects and Analysis Consideration
Beam Design
Column Design
Slab/Wall Design
Section 2
General
Analysis Methodology
Member Property Specifications
Built-in Steel Section Library
Section Classification
Member Resistances
Design Parameters
Code Checking
Member Selection
Tabulated Results of Steel Design
British Codes
11-1
1-1
1-1
1-1
1-2
1-2
1-3
1-5
1-6
1-9
1-9
1-10
1-10
1-10
1-15
1-15
1-17
1-20
1-20
1-21
22-1
2-1
2-1
2-4
2-4
2-5
2-7
2-8
2-10
General
Analysis Methodology
Member Property Specifications
Built-in Steel Section Library
Member Capacities
Design Parameters
Design Operations
Code Checking
Member Selection
Tabulated Results of Steel Design
Plate Girders
Composite Sections
Design of Tapered Beams
General
Analysis Methodology
Member Property Specifications
Built-in Steel Section Library
Member Capacities
Design Parameters
Design Operations
Code Checking
Member Selection
Tabulated Results of Steel Design
Plate Girders
Composite Sections
General Comments
Shape Limitations
Section Class
Moment Capacity
Shear Capacity
Design Parameters
Composite Sections
General Comments
Design Process
Design Parameters
Structural Model
2-23
2-23
2-25
2-25
2-25
2-30
2-34
2-46
2-47
2-48
2-49
2-50
2-51
2-51
2-55
2-55
2-56
2-56
2-56
2-60
2-65
2-73
2-74
2-74
2-75
2-76
2-77
2-79
2-79
2-79
2-80
2-80
2-80
2-81
2-82
2-85
2-85
2-85
2-87
2-87
2D.5
2-88
2-91
2E.1
2E.2
2E.3
2E.4
2E.5
Section 3
General
Cross-sectional Properties
Design Procedure
Design Equations
Verification Problem
Canadian Codes
Design Operations
Section Types for Concrete Design
Member Dimensions
Slenderness Effects and Analysis Consideration
Design Parameters
Beam Design
Column Design
Slab/Wall Design
General Comments
Analysis Methodology
Member Property Specifications
Built-in Steel Section Library
Section Classification
Member Resistances
Design Parameters
Code Checking
Member Selection
Tabulated Results of Steel Design
Verification Problems
General
Cross-Sectional Properties
Design Procedure
2-91
2-91
2-92
2-93
2-101
33-1
3-1
3-1
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-7
3-7
3-9
3-9
3-10
3-10
3-10
3-17
3-17
3-21
3-23
3-24
3-25
3-26
3-41
3-41
3-41
3-42
Section 4
General Comments
Analysis Methodology
Member Property Specifications
Built-in Section Library
Member Resistance
Design Parameters
Code Checking
Member Selection
Tabulated Results of Timber Design
Verification Problems
Chinese Codes
Design Operations
Section Types for Concrete Design
Member Dimensions
Design Parameters
Beam Design
Column Design
Section 5
General
Analysis Methodology
Member Property Specifications
Built-in Chinese Steel Section Library
Member Capacities
Combined Loading
Design Parameters
Code Checking
Member Selection
European Codes
Design Operations
Eurocode 2 (EC2)
National Application Documents
Material Properties and Load Factors
Columns
3-49
3-49
3-50
3-50
3-50
3-54
3-57
3-59
3-60
3-60
3-61
44-1
4-1
4-1
4-1
4-2
4-2
4-6
4-11
4-11
4-12
4-12
4-12
4-17
4-18
4-18
4-21
4-22
55-1
5-1
5-1
5-2
5-2
5-3
5A.6
5A.7
5A.8
Beams
Slabs
Design Parameters
General Description
Design Parameters
Tabulated Results of Steel Design
Worked Examples
Users Examples
Section 6
General Comments
Analysis Methodology
Design Parameters
Verification Problems
Egyptian Codes
Design Operations
Member Dimensions
Design Parameters
Slenderness Effects and Analysis Considerations
Beam Design
Column Design
6B.3
6B.4
6B.5
6B.6
General Comments
Allowable Stresses
6B.2.1 Axial Stress
6B.2.2 Bending Stress
6B.2.3 Shear Stress
6B.2.4 Combined Stress
Stability Requirements
Code Checking
Member Selection
Tabulated Results of Steel Design
5-3
5-5
5-5
5-9
5-9
5-14
5-19
5-20
5-37
5-45
5-45
5-49
5-58
5-61
66-1
6-1
6-1
6-2
6-3
6-3
6-6
6-9
6-9
6-9
6-10
6-11
6-13
6-13
6-14
6-14
6-15
6-15
Section 7
French Codes
Design Operations
Design Parameters
Slenderness Effects and Analysis Consideration
Member Dimensions
Beam Design
Column Design
Slab/Wall Design
Section 8
General Comments
Basis Of Methodology
Member Capacities
Combined Axial Force and Bending
Design Parameters
Code Checking and Member Selection
Tabulated Results of Steel Design
Built-in French Steel Section Library
German Codes
Design Operations
Section Types for Concrete Design
Member Dimensions
Slenderness Effects and Analysis Considerations
Beam Design
Column Design
Slab Design
Design Parameters
General
Analysis Methodology
Member Property Specifications
Built-in German Steel Section Library
Member Capacities
Combined Loading
Design Parameters
Code Cecking
77-1
7-1
7-1
7-1
7-2
7-3
7-5
7-5
7-7
7-7
7-8
7-8
7-9
7-9
7-9
7-9
7-12
88-1
8-1
8-1
8-1
8-2
8-3
8-5
8-6
8-7
8-11
8-11
8-12
8-12
8-12
8-17
8-18
8-19
8-21
8B.9
Section 9
Member Selection
Indian Codes
Design Operations
Section Types for Concrete Design
Member Dimensions
Design Parameters
Slenderness Effects and Analysis Consideration
Beam Design
Column Design
Bar Combination
Wall Design in accordance with IS 456-2000
Design Operations
Section Types for Concrete Design
Design Parameters
Beam Design
Column Design
Bar Combination
9B.4
9B.5
9B.6
9B.7
9B.8
9B.9
9B.10
9B.11
9B.12
9B.13
Design Operations
General Comments
Allowable Stresses
9B.3.1 Axial Stress
9B.3.2 Bending Stress
9B.3.3 Shear Stress
9B.3.4 Combined Stress
Design Parameters
Stability Requirements
Truss Members
Deflection Check
Code Checking
Member Selection
Member Selection by Optimization
Tabulated Results of Steel Design
Indian Steel Table
Column with Lacings and Battens
8-22
99-1
9-1
9-1
9-1
9-2
9-2
9-3
9-7
9-14
9-15
9-27
9-27
9-27
9-28
9-28
9-32
9-43
9-49
9-49
9-50
9-50
9-51
9-52
9-53
9-54
9-54
9-54
9-55
9-55
9-55
9-56
9-56
9-57
9-59
9-67
General Comments
Allowable Stresses
9C.2.1 Axial Stress
9C.3 Stability Requirements
9C.4 Minimum Thickness Requirement
9C.5 Code Checking
9C.5.1 Design Steps
9C.6 Member Selection
9C.7 Member Selection by Optimization
9C.8 Tabulated Results of Steel Design
9C.9 Parameter Table for IS802
9C.10 Calculation of Net Section Factor
9C.11 Example Problem No. 28
Section 10
General
Cross-Sectional Properties
Design Procedure
Japanese Codes
Design Operations
Section Types for Concrete Design
Member Dimensions
Slenderness Effects and Analysis Consideration
Beam Design
Column Design
Slab/Wall Design
Design Parameters
General
Analysis Methodology
Member Property Specifications
Built-in Japanese Steel Section Library
Member Capacities
Combined Loading
Design Parameters
Code Checking
9-71
9-71
9-71
9-72
9-74
9-76
9-76
9-77
9-78
9-78
9-79
9-81
9-83
9-85
9-93
9-93
9-93
9-94
1010-1
10-1
10-1
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-5
10-7
10-8
10-11
10-11
10-12
10-12
10-12
10-18
10-22
10-23
10-25
10B.9
Section 11
Member Selection
Mexican Codes
Design Operations
Section Types for Concrete Design
Member Dimensions
Design Parameters
Beam Design
Column Design
Column Interaction
Column Design Output
Slab Design
Section 12
General
Limit States Design Fundamentals
Member End Forces and Moments
Section Classification
Member in Axial Tension
Axial Compression
Flexural Design Strength
Design for Shear
Combined Compression Axial Force and Bending
Combined Tension Axial Force and Bending
Design Parameters
Code Checking and Member Selection
Tabulated Results of Steel Design
Russian Codes
General
Input Data
Beams
Columns
2D (two dimensional) element (slabs, walls, shells)
General
Axial tension members
Axial compression members
10-26
1111-1
11-1
11-1
11-2
11-3
11-6
11-10
11-11
11-12
11-13
11-15
11-15
11-16
11-17
11-18
11-18
11-19
11-20
11-22
11-22
11-22
11-23
11-27
11-28
1212-1
12-1
12-3
12-10
12-16
12-21
12-25
12-25
12-26
12-26
12B.4
12B.5
12B.6
12B.7
Section 13
Flexural members
Eccentrical compression/tension members
Input Data
Section selection and check results
Design Operations
Design Parameters
Member Dimensions
Beam Design
Column Design
Section 14
General
Analysis Methodology
Member Property Specifications
Built-in Steel Section Library
Section Classification
Member Resistances
Design Parameters
Code Checking
Member Selection
Tabulated Results of Steel Design
Verification Problems
General
Member Properties
Design Procedure
Design Parameters
Code Checking
Member Selection
12-27
12-28
12-29
12-45
1313-1
13-1
13-1
13-3
13-4
13-6
13-9
13-9
13-10
13-10
13-10
13-16
13-16
13-20
13-22
13-24
13-24
13-26
1414-1
14-1
14-1
14-3
14-4
14-8
14-8
Section 15
General Comments
Allowable Stresses Per ASCE 10-97
Critical conditions used as criteria to determine Pass/Fail status
Design Parameters
Code Checking and Member Selection
Section 16
General Comments
Allowable Stresses Per ASCE (Pub.52)
Design Parameters
Code Checking and Member Selection
Parameter Definition Table
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
16.10
16.11
16.12
16.13
16.14
16.15
16.16
Design Operations
Allowables Per API Code
16.2.1 Tension Stress
16.2.2 Beam Stress
Stress due to Compression
Bending Stress
Combined Compression and Bending
Design Parameters
Code Checking
Member Selection
Truss Members
Punching Shear
Generation of the Geometry File
Chord Selection and Qf Parameter
External Geometry File
Limitations
Tabulated Results of Steel Design
The Two-Step Process
1515-1
15-1
15-2
15-3
15-3
15-3
15-7
15-7
15-8
15-9
15-9
15-10
1616-1
16-1
16-2
16-2
16-2
16-3
16-3
16-4
16-4
16-7
16-7
16-8
16-8
16-9
16-10
16-11
16-12
16-13
16-14
Introduction
This publication has been prepared to provide information
pertaining to the various international codes supported by STAAD.
These codes are provided as additional codes by Research
Engineers. In other words, they do not come with the standard
package. Hence, information on only some of the codes presented
in this document may be actually pertinent to the individual user's
package. Users may locate the information for the appropriate code
by referring to the Table of Contents shown on the previ ous few
pages.
This document is to be used in conjunction with the STAAD
Technical Reference Manual and the STAAD Examples Manual.
Effort has been made to provide some basic information about the
analysis considerations and the logic used in the design ap proach.
A brief outline of the factors affecting the design along with
references to the corresponding clauses in the codes is also
provided. Examples are provided at the appropriate places to
facilitate ease of understanding of the usage of the commands a nd
design parameters. Users are urged to refer to the Examples
Manual for solved problems that use the commands and features of
STAAD. Since the STAAD output contains references to the
clauses in the code that govern the design, users are urged to
consult the documentation of the code of that country for
additional details on the design criteria.
A;lsdflsakf
Section 1
Australian Codes
;asd;ljflksa
1-1
1A
For Columns
1-2
Section 1A
UNIT MM
MEMBER PROPERTY
1 3 TO 7 9 PRISM YD 450. ZD 250.
11 13 PR YD 350.
In the above input, the first set of members are rectangular (450
mm depth and 250mm width) and the second set of members, with
only depth and no width provided, will be assumed to be circular
with 350 mm diameter. It is absolutely imperative that the user not
provide the cross section area (AX) as an input.
Section 1A
STAAD has been written to allow the use of the first option. To
perform this type of analysis, use the command PDELTA
ANALYSIS instead of PERFORM ANALYSIS. The PDELTA
ANALYSIS will accommodate the requirements of the second order analysis described by AS 3600, except for the effects of the
duration of the loads. It is felt that this effect may be safely
ignored because experts believe that the effects of the duration of
loads are negligible in a normal structural configuration.
Although ignoring load duration effects is somewhat of an
approximation, it must be realized that the evaluation of
slenderness effects is also by an approximate method. In this
method, additional moments are calculated based on empirical
formula and assumptions on sidesway.
Considering all of the above information, a PDELTA ANALYSIS,
as performed by STAAD may be used for the design of concrete
members. However the user must note that to take advantage of
this analysis, all the combinations of loading must be provided as
primary load cases and not as load combinations. This is due to the
fact that load combinations are just algebraic combinations of
forces and moments, whereas a primary load case is revised during
the P-delta analysis based on the deflections. Also, note that the
proper factored loads (like 1.5 for dead load etc.) should be
provided by the user. STAAD does not factor the loads
automatically.
1-3
1-4
Section 1A
Section 1A
1-5
1-6
Section 1A
CLEAR 25 MEMB 2 TO 6
MAXMAIN 40 MEMB 2 TO 6
DESIGN COLUMN 2 TO 6
END CONCRETE DESIGN
Z
Y
My
X
Mx
TRANS.
My
Mx
LONG.
Section 1A
1-7
Default Value
FYMAIN*
450/mm2
FYSEC*
FC**
CLEAR
450/mm
40 N/mm
Description
Yield Stress for main reinforcing steel.
Yield Stress for secondary reinforcing steel.
Concrete Yield Stress.
25 mm
40 mm
MINMAIN
10 mm
MAXMAIN
60 mm
MINSEC
8 mm
MAXSEC
12 mm
RATIO
4.0
WIDTH
ZD
DEPTH
YD
1-8
Section 1A
Default Value
TRACK
0.0
Description
BEAM DESIGN:
For TRACK = 0.0, output consists of
reinforcement details at START, MIDDLE and
END.
For TRACK = 1.0, critical moments are printed in
addition to TRACK 0.0 output.
For TRACK = 2.0, required steel for intermediate
sections defined by NSECTION are printed in
addition to TRACK 1.0 output.
COLUMN DESIGN:
With TRACK = 0.0, reinforcement details are
printed.
REINF
0.0
1-9
1B
1B.1 General
This section presents some general statements regarding the
implementation of the specifications recommended by Standards
Australia for structural steel design (AS 4100) in STAAD. The
design philosophy and procedural logistics are based on the
principles of elastic analysis and limit state method of design.
Facilities are available for member selection as well as code
checking.
The design philosophy embodied in this specification is based on
the concept of limit state design. Structures are designed and
proportioned taking into consideration the limit states at which
they would become unfit for their intended use. Two major
categories of limit-state are recognized - ultimate and
serviceability. The primary considerations in ultimate limit state
design are strength and stability, while that in serviceability is
deflection. Appropriate load and resistance factors are used so that
a uniform reliability is achieved for all steel structures under
various loading conditions and at the same time the chances of
limits being surpassed are acceptably remote.
In the STAAD implementation, members are proportioned to resist
the design loads without exceeding the limit states of strength,
stability and serviceability. Accordingly, the most economic
section is selected on the basis of the least weight criteria as
augmented by the designer in specification of allowable member
depths, desired section type, or other such parameters. The code
checking portion of the program checks whether code requirements
for each selected section are met and identifies the governing
criteria.
1-10
Section 1B
Section 1B
20 TO 30 TA ST UB150X14.0
36 TO 46 TA ST UB180X16.1
UC Shapes
The designation for the UC shapes is similar to that for the UB
shapes.
25 TO 35 TA ST UC100X14.8
23 56 TA ST UC310X96.8
Welded Beams
Welded Beams are designated in the following way.
25 TO 35 TA ST WB700X115
23 56 TA ST WB1200X455
Welded Columns
Welded Columns are designated in the following way.
25 TO 35 TA ST WC400X114
23 56 TA ST WC400X303
1-11
1-12
Section 1B
1 TO 5 TA ST PFC75
6 TO 10 TA ST PFC380
Double Channels
Back to back double channels, with or without a spacing between
them, are available. The letter D in front of the section name will
specify a double channel.
11 TA D PFC230
17 TA D C230X75X25 SP 0.5
In the above set of commands, member 11 is a back to back double
channel PFC230 with no spacing in between. Member 17 is a
double channel PFC300 with a spacing of 0.5 length units between
the channels.
Angles
Two types of specification may be used to describe an angle. The
standard angle section is specified as follows:
16 20 TA ST A30X30X6
The above section signifies an angle with legs of length 30mm and
a leg thickness of 6 mm. This specification may be used when the
local Z axis corresponds to the z-z axis specified in Chapter 2. If
the local Y axis corresponds to the z-z axis, type specification
"RA" (reverse angle) may be used.
17 21 TA RA A150X150X16
Section 1B
Double Angles
Short leg back to back or long leg back to back double angles can
be specified by means of input of the words SD or LD,
respectively, in front of the angle size. In case of an equal angle,
either SD or LD will serve the purpose.
33 35 TA SD A65X50X5 SP 0.6
37 39 TA LD A75X50X6
43 TO 47 TA LD A100X75X10 SP 0.75
Tubes (Rectangular or Square Hollow Secti ons)
Tubes can be assigned in 2 ways. In the first method, the
designation for the tube is as shown below. This method is meant
for tubes whose property name is available in the steel table. In
these examples, members 1 to 5 consist of a 2X2X0.5 inch size
tube section, and members 6 to 10 consist of 10X5X0.1875 inch
size tube section. The name is obtained as 10 times the depth, 10
times the width, and 16 times the thickness.
1 TO 5 TA ST TUB20202.5
6 TO 10 TA ST TUB100503.0
In the second method, tubes are specified by their dimensions. For
example,
1-13
1-14
Section 1B
1 TO 5 TA ST PIP180X5
6 TO 10 TA ST PIP273X6.5
In the second method, pipe sections may be provided by specifying
the word PIPE followed by the outside and inside diameters of the
section. For example,
Section 1B
* DOUBLE CHANNELS
4 TA D PFC200
* ANGLES
5 TA ST A30X30X6
* REVERSE ANGLES
6 TA RA A150X150X16
* DOUBLE ANGLES - SHORT LEGS BACK TO BACK
7 TA SD A65X50X5 SP 0.6
* DOUBLE ANGLES - LONG LEGS BACK TO BACK
8 TA LD A100X75X10 SP 0.75
* TUBES (RECTANGULAR OR SQUARE HOLLOW SECTIONS)
9 TA ST TUBE DT 8.0 WT 6.0 TH 0.5
* PIPES (CIRCULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS)
10 TA ST PIPE OD 25.0 ID 20.0
PRINT MEMB PROP
FINI
1-15
1-16
Section 1B
Axial Tension
The criteria governing the capacity of tension members are based
on two limit states. Limit State of yielding of the gross section is
intended to prevent excessive elongation of the member. The
second limit state involves fracture at the section with the
minimum effective net area. The user through the use of the
parameter NSF (see Table 1B.1) may specify the net section area.
STAAD calculates the tension capacity of a member based on
these two limit states per Cl.7.1 and Cl.7.2 respectively of AS
4100. Parameters FYLD, FU, Kt and NSF are applicable for these
calculations.
Axial Compression
The compressive strength of members is determined based on
Clause 6.1 of the code. It is taken as the lesser of nominal section
capacity and nominal member capacity. Nominal section capacity
is a function of form factor (Cl.6.2.2), net area of the cross section
and yield stress of the material. The user through the use of the
parameter NSC (see Table 1B.1) may specify the net section area.
Note here, that this parameter is different from that corresponding
to tension. The program automatically calculates form factor.
Nominal member capacity is a function of nominal section
capacity and member slenderness reduction factor (Cl.6.3.3). Here
user is required to supply the value of b (Cl.6.3.3). Table 1B.1
gives the default value of this parameter (named ALB). The
effective length for the calculation of compressive strength may be
provided through the use of the parameters KY, KZ, LY and LZ
(see Table 1B.1).
Bending
The allowable bending moment of members is determined as the
lesser of nominal section capacity and nominal member capacity
(ref. Cl.5.1). The nominal section moment capacity is the capacity
to resist cross-section yielding or local buckling and is expressed
as the product of yield stress of material and effective section
modulus (ref. Cl.5.2). The effective section modulus is a function
of section type i.e. compact, non -compact or slender. The nominal
Section 1B
1-17
1-18
Section 1B
Default Value
Description
KY
1.0
KZ
1.0
LY
Member Length
LZ
Member Length
FYLD
250.0 MPa
FU
500.0 MPa
NSF
1.0
MAIN
0.0
TRACK
0.0
DMAX
45.0 in.
DMIN
0.0 in.
RATIO
1.0
Section 1B
1-19
IST
Default Value
Description
design strength.
PHI
0.9
NSC
1.0
ALM
1.0
ALB
0.0
KT
1.0
BEAM
0.0
UNT
Member Length
UNB
Member Length
DFF
None (Mandatory
for deflection
check)
DJ1
Start Joint of
member
DJ2
End Joint of
member
1-20
Section 1B
Section 1B
1-21
1-22
Section 1B
Section 2
British Codes
Kjahds;akh
2-1
2A
2-2
Section 2A
Default
Value
Description
FYMAIN
*460 N/mm2
FYSEC
*460N/mm2
FC
* 30N/mm2
MINMAIN
8mm
MINSEC
8mm
CLEAR
* 20mm
50mm
MAXMAIN
SFACE
*0.0
EFACE
*0.0
TRACK
0.0
MMAG
1.0
NSECTION
10
WIDTH
*ZD
DEPTH
*YD
Section 2A
2-3
Default
Value
0.0
Description
0.0 =
1.0 =
2.0 =
3.0 =
ELY
1.0
ELZ
1.0
SRA
0.0
0.0 =
-500 =
A=
0.0
2-4
Section 2A
UNIT MM
MEMBER PROPERTIES
*RECTANGULAR COLUMN 300mm WIDE X 450mm DEEP
1 3 TO 7 9 PRISM YD 450. ZD 300.
*CIRCULAR COLUMN 300mm diameter
11 13 PR YD 300.
* T-SECTION - FLANGE 1000.X 200.(YD-YB)
* - STEM 250(THICK) X 350.(DEEP)
Section 2A
2-5
2-6
Section 2A
1) LEVEL
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
N O. 2
DESIGN
R E S U L T S - FLEXURE
HEIGHT
mm
BAR INFO
FROM
mm
TO
mm
ANCHOR
STA END
1
29.
6- 8 MM
0.
3854.
YES YES
CRITICAL POS MOMENT = 55.31 KN-M AT 1927. mm, LOAD 3
REQD STEEL = 261.mm2, ROW = 0.0014, ROWMX= 0.0400, ROWMN = 0.0013
MAX/MIN/ACTUAL BAR SPACING = 189./ 33./ 40. mm
2
565.
6- 8 MM
0.
3854.
YES YES
CRITICAL NEG MOMENT = 55.31 KN-M AT 1927. mm,
LOAD 4
REQD STEEL = 261.mm2, ROW = 0.0014, ROWMX= 0.0400, ROWMN = 0.0013
MAX/MIN/ACTUAL BAR SPACING = 189./ 33./ 40. mm
BEAM
N O. 2
DESIGN
R E S U L T S - SHEAR
Section 2A
2-7
2-8
Section 2A
TABLE 2A.3 -COLUMN DESIGN OUTPUT
COLUMN
No. 1
DESIGN
RESULTS
CONFIGURATION
REINF PCT.
LOAD
8
12 MM
0.486
3
(ARRANGE COLUMN REINFORCEMENTS SYMMETRICALLY)
LOCATION
EACH END
BRACED /SHORT in z
E.L.z = 4500 mm ( 3.8.1.3 & 5 )
BRACED /SLENDER in y
E.L.y = 4500 mm ( 3.8.1.3 & 5 )
END MOMS.
MZ1 = 1
MZ2 = 25
MY1 = 53
MY2 = 40
SLENDERNESS MOMTS. KNM:
MOMZ = 0
MOMY = 2
DESIGN LOADS KN METER:
MOM. = 64
AXIAL LOAD = 84
DESIGNED CAP. KN METER:
MOM. = 64
AXIAL CAP.= 187
Section 2A
4. SRA
2-9
2-10
Section 2A
TABLE 2A.4 -ELEMENT DESIGN OUTPUT
ELEMENT DESIGN SUMMARY-BASED ON 16mm BARS
MINIMUM AREAS ARE ACTUAL CODE MIN % REQUIREMENTS.
PRACTICAL LAYOUTS ARE AS FOLLOWS:
FY=460, 6No.16mm BARS AT 150mm C/C = 1206mm2/metre
FY=250, 4No.16mm BARS AT 250mm C/C = 804mm2/metre
ELEMENT LONG. REINF MOM-X /LOAD TRANS. REINF MOM-Y /LOAD
(mm2/m)
(kN-m/m)
(mm2/m)
(kN-m/m)
WOOD & ARMER RESOLVED MOMENTS FOR ELEMENT: 13 UNITS: METER KN
LOAD
MX
MY
MXY
MX*
MY*/Ma*
ANGLE
1
0.619
0.249
0.000
2.226
1.855
30.000
TOP
1
0.619
0.249
0.000
0.000
0.000
30.000
BOTT
3
0.437
0.184
-0.007
1.586
1.358
30.000
TOP
3
0.437
0.184
-0.007
0.000
0.000
30.000
BOTT
13 TOP :
195.
2.23 / 1
195.
1.86 / 1
BOTT :
195.
0.00 / 3
195.
0.00 / 3
Section 2A
The program reports shear wall design results for each load
case/combination for user specified number of sections given by
SURFACE DIVISION (default value is 10) command. The shear
wall is designed at these horizontal sections. The output includes
the required horizontal and vertical distributed reinforcing, the
concentrated (in-plane bending) reinforcing and the link required
due to out-of-plane shear.
General format:
START SHEARWALL DESIGN
CODE BRITISH
FYMAIN f1
FC f2
HMIN f3
HMAX f4
VMIN f5
VMAX f6
EMIN f7
EMAX f8
LMIN f9
LMAX f10
CLEAR f11
TWOLAYERED f12
KSLENDER f13
DESIGN SHEARWALL LIST shearwall-list
END
The next table explains parameters used in the shear wall design
command block above. Note: Once a parameter is specified, its
value stays at that specified number till it is specified again.
This is the way STAAD works for all codes.
2-11
2-12
Section 2A
Default Value
Description
460 Mpa
30 Mpa
HMIN
HMAX
36
VMIN
VMAX
36
EMIN
EMAX
36
LMIN
LMAX
16
CLEAR
TWOLAYERED
25 mm
0
Section 2A
Default Value
Description
0 - single layer, each direction
1 - two layers, each direction
KSLENDER
1.5
The following example starts from the definition of shear wall and
ends at the shear wall design.
Example
.
.
SET DIVISION 12
SURFACE INCIDENCES
2 5 37 34 SUR 1
19 16 65 68 SUR 2
11 15 186 165 SUR 3
10 6 138 159 SUR 4
.
.
.
SURFACE PROPERTY
1 TO 4 THI 18
SUPPORTS
1 7 14 20 PINNED
2 TO 5 GEN PIN
6 TO 10 GEN PIN
11 TO 15 GEN PIN
19 TO 16 GEN PIN
.
.
2-13
2-14
Section 2A
.
SURFACE CONSTANTS
E 3150
POISSON 0.17
DENSITY 8.68e-005
ALPHA 5.5e-006
.
.
START SHEARWALL DES
CODE BRITISH
UNIT NEW MMS
FC 25
FYMAIN 460
TWO 1
VMIN 12
HMIN 12
EMIN 12
DESIGN SHEA LIST 1 TO 4
END
Notes
1.
2.
3.
Section 2A
4.
5.
Technical Overview
The program implements provisions of section 3.9 of BS 8110:Part
1:1997 and relevant provisions as referenced therein, for all active
load cases. The wall is designed as unbraced reinforced wall. The
following steps are performed for each of the horizontal sections
of the wall set using the SURFACE DIVISION command (see
Description above).
Checking of slenderness limit
The slenderness checking is done for out-of-plane direction. For
out-of-plane direction, the wall is assumed to be simply supported.
Hence, the provisions of clause 3.9.3.2.2 and 3.9.4.2 are
applicable. The default effective height is 1.5 times the clear
height. User can change the effective height. The limit for
slenderness is as per table 3.23 for unbraced wall, which is taken
as 30.
Design for in-plane bending (denoted by Mz in the shear wall
force output)
Walls are assumed to be cantilever beams fixed at their base and
carrying loads to the foundation.
2-15
2-16
Section 2A
Section 2A
2-17
2-18
Section 2A
SURFACE DIVISION X xd
SURFACE DIVISION Y yd
where:
xd
yd
Section 2A
2-19
Note:
xd and yd represent default numbers of divisions for each edge of
the surface where output is requested. The output is provided for
sections located between division segments. For example, if the
number of divisions = 2, then the output will be produced for only
one section (at the center of the edge).
2.
2-20
Section 2A
Section 2A
No panel definition.
Design is performed for the specified horizontal full cross section, located at a distance c from the origin of the local
coordinates system. If opening is found then reinforcement is
provided along sides of openings. The area of horizontal and
vertical bars provided along edges of openings is equal to
that of the respective interrupted bars.
b.
2-21
2-22
Section 2A
2-23
2B
2B.1 General
The design philosophy embodied in BS5950:2000 is built around
the concept of limit state design, used today in most modern steel
design codes. Structures are designed and proportioned taking into
consideration the limit states at which they become unfit for their
intended use. Two major categories of limit state are recognized serviceability and ultimate. The primary considerations in ultimate
limit state design are strength and stability while that in
serviceability limit state is deflection. Appropriate safety factors
are used so that the chances of limits being surpassed are
acceptably remote.
In the STAAD implementation of BS5950:2000, members are
proportioned to resist the design loads without exceeding the limit
states of strength and stability. Accordingly, the most economic
section is selected on the basis of the least weight criteria. This
procedure is controlled by the designer in specification of
allowable member depths, desired section type or other such
parameters. The code checking portion of the program checks that
code requirements for each selected section are met and identifies
the governing criteria.
The complete B.S.C. steel tables for both hot rolled and hollow
sections are built into the program for use in specifying member
properties as well as for the actual design process. See section
2B.4 for information regarding the referencing of these sections.
In addition to universal beams, columns, joists, piles, channels,
tees, composite sections, beams with cover plates, pipes, tubes and
angles, there is a provision for user provided tables.
2-24
Section 2B
Local Y
(v-v)
b
a
b
Local Z
(u-u)
Local Z
(v-v)
b
b
a
a
ST angle
and USER table angles
RA angle
Section 2B
2-25
2-26
Section 2B
20 TO 30 TA ST UB305X165X54
33 36 TA ST UC356X406X287
100 102 106 TA ST UP305X305X186
Rolled Steel Joists
Joist sections may be specified as they are listed in BSI -80 with
the weight omitted. In those cases where two joists have the same
specifications but different weights, the lighter section should be
specified with an "A" at the end.
10 TO 20 TA ST JO152X127
1 2 TA ST JO127X114A
Channel Sections
All rolled steel channel sections from the BSI table have been
incorporated in STAAD. The designation is similar to that of the
joists. The same designation scheme as in BSI tables may be used
with the weight omitted.
10 TO 15 TA ST CH305X102
55 57 59 61 TA ST CH178X76
Section 2B
2-27
Double Channels
Back to back double channels, with or without spacing between them,
are available. The letter "D" in front of the section name will specify
a double channel, e.g. D CH102X51, D CH203X89 etc.
51 52 53 TA D CH152X89
70 TO 80 TA D CH305X102 SP 5.
(specifies a double channel with a spacing of 5 length units)
Tee Sections
Tee sections are not input by their actual designations, but instead
by referring to the universal beam shapes from which they are cut.
For example,
54 55 56 TA T UB254X102X22
(tee cut from UB254X102X22)
Angles
All equal and unequal angles are available for analysis. Two types
of specifications may be used to describe an angle section, either a
standard, ST specification or reversed angle, RA specification.
Note, however, that only angles specified with an RA specification
can be designed.
The standard angle section is specified as follows:
15 20 25 TA ST UA200X150X18
2-28
Section 2B
35 TO 45 TA RA UA200X150X18
Double Angles
Short leg back to back or long leg back to back double angles can
be specified by inputting the word SD or LD, respectively, in front
of the angle size. In case of an equal angle, either LD or SD will
serve the purpose. For example,
14 TO 20 TA LD UA200X200X16 SP 1.5
23 27 TA SD UA80X60X6
"SP" denotes spacing between the individual angle
sections.
Note that if the section is defined from a Double Angle User
Table, then the section properties must be defined with an 11 th
value which defines the radius of gyration about an individual
sections principal v-v axis (See Technical Reference Manual, 5.19
User Steel Table Specification)
Pipes (Circular Hollow Sections)
To designate circular hollow sections from BSI tables, use PIP
followed by the numerical value of diameter and thickness of the
section in mm omitting the decimal section of the value provided for
diameter. The following example will illustrate the designation.
10 15 TA ST PIP213.2
(specifies a 21.3 mm dia. pipe with 3.2 mm wall thickness)
Section 2B
Example:
Thickness (mm)
Width (mm)
15 TO 25 TA ST TUB160808.0
2-29
2-30
Section 2B
Section 2B
2-31
2-32
Section 2B
Section 2B
2-33
2-34
Section 2B
Section 2B
---------------------------
******************************
TABLE
RESULT/
CRITICAL COND/
FX
MY
RATIO/
LOADING/
MZ
LOCATION
=================================================================
1 ST UB686X254X170
PASS
86.72 C
BS-4.8.3.2
0.00
0.036
-22.02
4.50
TABLE
RESULT/
CRITICAL COND/
RATIO/
LOADING/
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=================================================================
1 ST UB686X254X170 PASS
BS-4.8.3.2
0.036
3
86.72 C
0.00
-22.02
4.50
CALCULATED CAPACITIES FOR MEMB 1 UNIT - kN,m SECTION CLASS 4
MCZ= 1141.9 MCY= 120.4 PC= 3451.5 PT= 5739.9 MB= 1084.1 PV= 1597.5
BUCKLING CO-EFFICIENTS m AND n :
m = 1.000
n = 1.000
PZ= 5739.90
MRZ= 1141.9
MRY= 120.4
FX/PZ = 0.02
2-35
2-36
Section 2B
TRACK 2.0 OUTPUT
---------------------------
***************************
TABLE
MY
RATIO/
LOADING/
MZ
LOCATION
===================================================================
1 ST UB533X210X92
PASS
BS-4.3.6
0.902
0.00
0.00
585.41
100
0.00
===================================================================
MATERIAL DATA
Grade of steel
= S 275
Modulus of elasticity
= 205 kN/mm2
325.00
Minor axis
Moment of inertia
: 55229.996
2389.000
Plastic modulus
2360.000
356.000
Elastic modulus
2072.031
Shear Area
58.771
228.285
53.843
: PLASTIC
Moment Capacity
649.0
649.0
97.9
Shear Capacity
969.7
888.4
Major axis
Minor axis
94.2
Section 2B
mLT = 1.00 : mx = 1.00
RATIO
LOAD
FX
VY
VZ
MZ
MY
BS-4.2.3-(Y)
0.329
100
292.3
BS-4.3.6
0.902
100
292.3
585.4
BS-4.8.3.2
0.814
100
0.0
68.0
0.0
585.4
0.0
BS-4.8.3.3.1
1.027
100
0.0
585.4
0.0
BS-4.8.3.3.2
0.902
100
0.0
585.4
0.0
Annex I.1
0.902
100
0.0
585.4
0.0
2-37
2-38
Section 2B
Section 2B
Joint 4 = Node 14
Joint 5 = Node 7
Joint 6 = Node 2
a.
b.
Consider MLT
Say that this member has been restrained at its ends against
lateral torsional buckling and the top flange has been
restrained at node number 33 (joint 3) and only the lower
flange at node number 7, (joint 5). Hence: MLT _MainBeam J1 T3 L5 J6
To split the beam into two buckling lengths for L y at joint
14:MY _groupname J1 J4 J6
2-39
2-40
Section 2B
5.
(a) - 2 bolts
(b) - 1 bolt
4.7.10.3
Double Angle
(a) - 2 bolts
(b) - 1 bolt
(c) - 2 bolts
(d) - 1 bolt
short leg
long leg
short leg
long leg
LEG
1.0
3.0
0.0
2.0
short leg
long leg
short leg
long leg
long leg
short leg
long leg
short leg
3.0
7.0
2.0
6.0
1.0
5.0
0.0
4.0
4.7.10.4
Channels
1.0
0.0
4.7.10.5
Tee Sections
1.0
0.0
Section 2B
SWAY
e.g.
SWAY 5 MEM 1 to 10
SWAY 6 _MainBeams
ALL
MEMBER (member list)
_(group name)
2-41
2-42
Section 2B
Default
Value
Description
CODE
BS5950
SGR
AD
PY *
0.0
Depth at
end/2
Set according
to steel grade
(SGR)
KY
1.0
KZ
1.0
LY *
Member
Length
LZ *
Member
Length
UNF
1.0
UNL *
Member
Length
NSF
1.0
SBLT
0.0
MAIN
0.0
Section 2B
2-43
Default
Value
0.0
Description
0.0 =
1.0 =
2.0 =
4.0 =
BEAM
3.0
LEG
0.0
LVV *
Maximum of
Lyy and Lzz
(Lyy is a term
used
by BS5950)
CB
1.0
DFF
None
(Mandatory
for deflection
check,
TRACK 4.0)
DJ1
Start Joint
of member
DJ2
End Joint of
member
2-44
Section 2B
Default
Value
0
ESTIFF
0.0
WELD
1.0 closed
2.0 open
Description
0 = deflection check based on the principle that maximum
deflection occurs within the span between DJ1 and
DJ2.
1 = deflection check based on the principle that maximum
deflection is of the cantilever type (see note below)
Clauses 4.8.3.3.1 and 4.8.3.3.2
0.0 = Fail ratio uses MIN of 4.8.3.3.1, 4.8.3.3.2. and
Annex I1 checks.
1.0 = Fail ratio uses MAX of 4.8.3.3.1, 4.8.3.3.2. and
Annex I1 checks.
Weld Type, see AISC steel design
1.0 = Closed sections. Welding on one side only (except
for webs of wide flange and tee sections)
2.0 = Open sections. Welding on both sides (except
pipes and tubes)
TB
0.0
PNL *
0.0
SAME**
0.0
MX
1.0
MY
1.0
MYX
1.0
MLT
1.0
SWAY
none
DMAX *
100.0cm
Section 2B
Default
Value
DMIN *
0.0cm
RATIO
1.0
Description
Minimum allowable depth
Permissible ratio of the actual capacities.
NOTES:
1) When performing the deflection check, the user can choose
between two methods. The first method, defined by a value 0 for
the CAN parameter, is based on the local displacement. Local
displacement is described in section 5.43 of this manual.
If the CAN parameter is set to 1, the check will be based on
cantilever style deflection. Let (DX1, DY1, DZ1) represent the
nodal displacements (in global axes) at the node defined by DJ1
(or in the absence of DJ1, the start node of the member). Similarly,
(DX2, DY2, DZ2) represent the deflection values at DJ2 or the end
node of the member.
Compute Delta = SQRT((DX2-DX1)**2 + (DY2-DY1)**2 +
(DZ2-DZ1)**2)
Compute Length = distance between DJ1 & DJ2 or, between start
node and end node, as the case may be.
Then, if CAN is specified a value 1, dff = L/Delta
Ratio due to deflection = DFF/dff
2-45
2-46
Section 2B
3) If DJ1 and DJ2 are not used, "Deflection Length" will default to
the member length and local deflections will be measured from
original member line.
4) It is important to note that unless a DFF value is specified,
STAAD will not perform a deflection check. This is in accordance
with the fact that there is no default value for DFF (see Table 2.1).
5) The above parameters may be used in conjunction with other
available parameters for steel design.
Section 2B
2-47
2-48
Section 2B
Section 2B
b) TABLE
c) RESULTS
f) LOADING
g) FX, MY, and MZ provide the axial force, moment in local Yaxis and the moment in local z-axis
respectively. Although STAAD does
consider all the member forces and moments
(except torsion) to perform design, only FX,
MY and MZ are printed since they are the
ones which are of interest, in most cases.
2-49
2-50
Section 2B
h) LOCATION
i) TRACK
= 900 mm
10 mm
: a
= 118 N/mm2
Section 2B
UNIT CM
MEMBER PROPERTY
1 TO 5 TAPERED 100 2.5 75 25 4 25 4
or from a USER table, e.g.
START USER TABLE
TABLE 1
UNIT CM
ISECTION
1000mm_TAPER
100 2.5 75 25 4 25 4 0 0 0
750mm_TAPER
75 2.5 50 25 4 25 4 0 0 0
END
2-51
2-52
Section 2B
M xi M bi (1 Fc / Pc )
Where
Fc
M bi
M xi
Section 2B
Pc
G.2.3 Slenderness TC
TC = y
In which:
1 ( 2 a / hs ) 2
y
2
2
1 (2a / hs ) 0.05( / x)
0.5
= Ly/ry
Where
a
is the distance between the reference axis and the axis of
restraint,
hs
is the distance between the shear centers of the flanges;
Ly
is the length of the segment;
ry
is the radius of gyration for buckling about the minor axis;
x
torsional index
G.2.4.2 Equivalent slenderness TB for Taper members
TB = cntt
In which for a two-flange haunch:
4 a / hs
t
2
2
1 (2a / hs ) 0.05( / x)
0.5
Where
C is the taper factor, see G.2.5;
2-53
2-54
Section 2B
3 Dmax
c=1+
1
x 9 Dmin
D max
D min
x
2/3
2-55
2B1
2B1.1 General
This code has been withdrawn by the British Stand ards, but has
been retained in STAAD.Pro for comparative purposes only.
The design philosophy embodied in BS5950 is built around the
concept of limit state design, used today in most modern steel
design codes. Structures are designed and proportioned taking into
consideration the limit states at which they become unfit for their
intended use. Two major categories of limit state are recognized serviceability and ultimate. The primary considerations in ultimate
limit state design are strength and stability while that in
serviceability limit state is deflection. Appropriate safety factors
are used so that the chances of limits being surpassed are
acceptably remote.
In the STAAD implementation of BS5950, members are
proportioned to resist the design loads without exceeding the limit
states of strength and stability. Accordingly, the most economic
section is selected on the basis of the least weight criteria. This
procedure is controlled by the designer in specification of
allowable member depths, desired section type or other such
parameters. The code checking portion of the program checks that
code requirements for each selected section are met and identifies
the governing criteria.
The complete B.S.C. steel tables for both hot rolled and hollow
sections are built into the program for use in specifying member
properties as well as for the actual design process. See section
2B.4 for information regarding the referencing of these sections.
In addition to universal beams, columns, joists, piles, channels,
2-56
Section 2B1
tees, composite sections, beams with cover plates, pipes, tubes and
angles, there is a provision for user provided tables.
Section 2B1
2-57
20 TO 30 TA ST UB305X165X54
33 36 TA ST UC356X406X287
100 102 106 TA ST UP305X305X186
Rolled Steel Joists
Joist sections may be specified as they are listed in BSI -80 with
the weight omitted. In those cases where two joists have the same
specifications but different weights, the lighter section should be
specified with an "A" at the end.
10 TO 20 TA ST JO152X127
1 2 TA ST JO127X114A
Channel Sections
All rolled steel channel sections from the BSI table have been
incorporated in STAAD. The designation is similar to that of the
joists. The same designation scheme as in BSI tables may be used
with the weight omitted.
10 TO 15 TA ST CH305X102
55 57 59 61 TA ST CH178X76
Double Channels
Back to back double channels, with or without spacing between them,
are available. The letter "D" in front of the section name will specify
a double channel, e.g. D CH102X51, D CH203X89 etc.
2-58
Section 2B1
51 52 53 TA D CH152X89
70 TO 80 TA D CH305X102 SP 5.
(specifies a double channel with a spacing of 5 length units)
Tee Sections
Tee sections are not input by their actual designations, but instead
by referring to the universal beam shapes from which they are cut.
For example,
54 55 56 TA T UB254X102X22
UB254X102X22)
Angles
All equal and unequal angles are available for input. Two types of
specifications may be used to describe an angle. The standard
angle section is specified as follows:
15 20 25 TA ST UA200X150X18
This specification may be used when the local STAAD z -axis
corresponds to the V-V axis specified in the steel tables. If the
local STAAD y-axis corresponds to the V-V axis in the tables,
type specification "RA" (reverse angle) may be used.
35 TO 45 TA RA UA200X150X18
Double Angles
Short leg back to back or long leg back to back double angles can
be specified by inputting the word SD or LD, respectively, in front
of the angle size. In case of an equal angle, either LD or SD will
serve the purpose. For example,
Section 2B1
14 TO 20 TA LD UA200X200X16 SP 1.5
23 27 TA SD UA80X60X6
"SP" denotes spacing between the individual angle
sections.
Pipes (Circular Hollow Sections)
To designate circular hollow sections from BSI tables, use PIP
followed by the numerical value of diameter and thickness of the
section in mm omitting the decimal section of the value provided for
diameter. The following example will illustrate the designation.
Thickness (mm)
Width (mm)
2-59
2-60
Section 2B1
Example:
15 TO 25 TA ST TUB160808.0
Section 2B1
2-61
2-62
Section 2B1
Section 2B1
Shear Load
A member subjected to shear is considered adequate if the shear
capacity of the section is greater than the shear load on the
member. Shear capacity is calculated in STAAD using the
procedure outlined in section 4.2.3 and considering the appropriate
shear area for the section specified.
Lateral Torsional Buckling
Since plastic moment capacity is the basic moment capacity used
in BS5950, members are likely to experience relatively large
deflections. This effect, coupled with la teral torsional buckling,
may result in severe serviceability limit state. Hence, lateral
torsional buckling must be considered carefully.
The procedure to check for lateral torsional buckling as outlined in
section 4.3 has been incorporated in the STAAD implementation
of BS5950. According to this procedure, for a member subjected to
moments about the major axis, the 'equivalent uniform moment' on
the section must be less than the lateral torsional buckling
resistance moment. For calculation of the bucklin g resistance
moment, the procedure outlined in Appendix B.2 has been
implemented for all sections with the exception of angles. In
Appendix B.2., the resistance moment is given as a function of the
elastic critical moment, Perry coefficient, and limiting equivalent
slenderness, which are calculated within the program; and the
equivalent moment factor, m, and slenderness correction factor, n,
which are determined as a function of the loading configuration
and the nature of the load ( stabilizing, destabilizing, etc ).
The user is allowed to control these values through the parameters
CMM & CMN. If CMM is set to -1, the program automatically
calculates the coefficient 'm'. Similarly parameter CMN may be
used for the calculation of coefficient 'n'. BS5950 recommends the
use of tables 15 & 16 for the calculation of coefficient 'n'. The
parameter CMN may be set to -1 or -2 to instruct the program to
obtain coefficient 'n' from table 15 or 16 respectively. If a positive
value is provided for either CMN or CMM, the program will use
this value directly in calculations. The default value for each of
2-63
2-64
Section 2B1
CMN
VALUE
ANY POSITIVE
VALUE
-1
-2
ANY POSITIVE
VALUE
-1
-2
STAAD ACTION
Direct use of this value in
calculations.
Program calculates 'm' per
BS5950
Calculate m for both axes
Direct use of this value in
calculations.
Program calculates 'n' per
BS5950 - Table 15
Program calculates 'n' per
BS5950 - Table 16
IMPORTANT NOTE:
Note that if negative value options are chosen, lateral restraints
should be modelled by nodes and the section command
incorporated to find Mo. Failure to use the SECTION 0.5
command will cause the program to reset CMN to 1.0 and over ride any value that may have been provided. In requesting 'n' to be
calculated by the program by using a negative CMN value, the
member properties must be British ( or British combined with user
table sections). If other profiles such as European are being used
then 'n' values are reset conservatively to 1.0 by the program. In
the case of angles, section 4.3.8 of the code is followed.
R. H. S Sections - Additional Provisions
Rectangular Hollow sections are treated in accordance with S.C.I.
recommendations in cases when the plastic axis is in the flange. In
such cases, the following expressions are used to calculate the
reduced plastic moduli:
Section 2B1
2-65
2-66
Section 2B1
---------------------------
******************************
TABLE
RESULT/
FX
CRITICAL COND/
MY
RATIO/
LOADING/
MZ
LOCATION
=================================================================
1 ST UB686X254X170
PASS
86.72 C
BS-4.8.3.2
0.00
---------------------------------
0.036
-22.02
4.50
Section 2B1
TRACK 1.0 OUTPUT
---------------------------
MEMBER
TABLE
RESULT/
CRITICAL COND/
RATIO/
LOADING/
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=================================================================
1 ST UB686X254X170
PASS
86.72 C
BS-4.8.3.2
0.00
0.036
-22.02
3
4.50
m = 1.000
n = 1.000
PZ= 5739.90
MRZ= 1141.9
MRY= 120.4
FX/PZ = 0.02
TABLE
RESULT/
FX
CRITICAL COND/
MY
RATIO/
MZ
LOADING/
LOCATION
=================================================================
1 ST UB686X254X170
PASS
BS-4.8.3.2
0.036
3
86.72 C
0.00
-22.02
4.50
=================================================================
MATERIAL DATA
Grade of steel
Modulus of elasticity
Design Strength (py)
= 43
= 205 kN/mm2
= 265 N/mm2
= 450.00
= 216.60
= 216.60
Moment of inertia
Plastic modulus
Elastic modulus
Shear Area
Radius of gyration
Effective Length
z-axis
: 170147.000
:
5624.000
:
4911.156
:
109.122
:
28.027
:
450.000
Reduced = 232N/mm2
y-axis
6621.000
810.000
517.670
100.470
5.529
450.000
2-67
2-68
Section 2B1
DESIGN DATA (units - kN,m) BS5950/1990
Section Class
: SLENDER
Squash Load
:
5739.90
Axial force/Squash load
:
0.015
Slenderness ratio (KL/r)
Compression Capacity
Tension Capacity
Moment Capacity
Reduced Moment Capacity
Shear Capacity
BUCKLING CALCULATIONS
Lateral Torsional Buckling Moment
co-efficients m & n :
m =1.00
:
:
:
:
:
:
z-axis
16.1
5036.2
5739.9
1141.9
1141.9
1561.5
y-axis
81.4
3451.5
5739.9
120.4
120.4
1597.5
(units - kN,m)
(MB = 1084.1)
n =1.00,
Effective Length =4.500
RATIO
0.025
0.036
0.047
0.026
0.005
0.020
LOAD
3
3
1
1
1
4
FX
86.7
86.7
83.3
83.3
83.3
-86.7
VY
3.2
3.2
7.4
7.4
7.4
3.2
VZ
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
MZ
-22.0
-22.0
-27.6
-27.6
-27.6
22.0
MY
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
3.0
2.0
Section 2B1
Clause 4.7.10.3
Clause 4.7.10.4
Clause 4.7.10.5
2-69
2-70
Section 2B1
Default Value
Description
KY
1.0
KZ
1.0
LY *
Member
Length
LZ *
Member
Length
UNF
1.0
UNL *
Member
Length
PY *
Set according
to steel grade
(SGR)
NSF
1.0
SGR
0.0
SBLT
0.0
MAIN
1.0
CMM !
1.0
CMN !
1.0
TRACK
0.0
Section 2B1
2-71
Default Value
Description
100.0cm
DMIN *
0.0cm
RATIO
1.0
BEAM
0.0
CODE
BS5950
LEG
0.0
LVV *
Maximum of
Lyy and Lzz
(Lyy is a term
used
by BS5950)
CB
1.0
DFF
None
(Mandatory for
deflection
check)
DJ1
Start Joint
of member
DJ2
End Joint of
member
ESTIFF
0.0
2-72
Section 2B1
Default Value
1.0 closed
2.0 open
Description
Weld Type, see AISC steel design
1.0 = Welding on one side only (except for webs of wide
flange and tee sections)
2.0 = Welding on both sides (except pipes and tubes)
TB
0.0
PNL *
0.0
SAME **
0.0
NOTES:
1) "Deflection Length" is defin ed as the length that is used for
calculation of local deflections within a member. It may be
noted that for most cases the "Deflection Length" will be equal
to the length of the member. However, in some situations, the
"Deflection Length" may be differen t. For example, refer to
the figure below where a beam has been modeled using four
joints and three members. Note that the "Deflection Length"
for all three members will be equal to the total length of the
beam in this case. The parameters DJ1 and DJ2 shou ld be used
to model this situation. Also the straight line joining DJ1 and
DJ2 is used as the reference line from which local deflections
Section 2B1
are measured. Thus, for all three members here, DJ1 should be
"1" and DJ2 should be "4".
1
2
1
3
2
EXAMPLE :
4
3
D
PARAMETERS
DFF 300. ALL
DJ1 1 ALL
DJ2 4 ALL
2) If DJ1 and DJ2 are not used, "Deflection Length" will default
to the member length and local deflections will be measured
from original member line.
3) The above parameters may be used in conjunction with other
available parameters for steel design.
2-73
2-74
Section 2B1
Section 2B1
b) TABLE
c) RESULTS
f) LOADING
2-75
2-76
Section 2B1
g) FX, MY, and MZ provide the axial force, moment in local Yaxis and the moment in local z-axis
respectively. Although STAAD does
consider all the member forces and moments
(except torsion) to perform design, only FX,
MY and MZ are printed since they are the
ones which are of interest, in most cases.
h) LOCATION
i) TRACK
Section 2B1
BS5950 Table 7<note 2>: d/t > 63E Web Is Checked For Shear Buckling
d/t =101.7 qcr=191.9 N/mm2 d*t=14639 mm2 (4.4.5.3)Vcr= 2809.4 kN
Flange =COMPACT
L= 1
L= 1
RATIO LOAD FX
0.177
1
0.0
0.049
1
0.0
0.151
1
0.0
0.053
1
0.0
0.203
1
0.0
VY
-150.0
150.0
-150.0
150.0
-150.0
VZ
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
MZ
-1125.0
-1125.0
-1125.0
-1125.0
-1125.0
MY
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2-77
2-78
Section 2B1
2. ISECTION:
The same is true for ISECTION definition in user table.
3. EXAMPLE INPUT:
UNIT CM
WIDE FLANGE
C45752
-66.5 44.98 .76 15.24 1.09 21345 645 21.3 34.185 33.223
150 150 30 10
ISECTION
PG9144
-92.05 2.15 92.05 42.05 3.66 42.05 3.66 197.9 153.9 1730
40 40 12 1
The larger British sections have been coded as USER TABLES
under wide flange and are available on request to any existing
user. Please note however that composite design IS NOT available
in this portion of STAAD.
2-79
Section
2C
2-80
Section 2C
Section 2C
Default Value
Member
Length
PY*
Description
Unsupported Length for calculating allowable
compressive bending stress.
Set according to Design Strength of steel SGR
NSF
1.0
SGR*
0.0
SBLT
0.0
MAIN
1.0
2-81
2-82
Section 2C
WET
Default Value
Description
2.0 = Grade of concrete 40 N/mm2
3.0 = Grade of concrete 50 N/mm2
0.0
TRACK
1.0
BEAM
0.0
LY*
Member
Length
LZ*
Member
Length
KY
1.0
KZ
1.0
STIFF
1.0
Section 2C
UNIT CM
WIDE FLANGE
C45752
-66.5 44.98 .76 15.24 1.09 21345 645 21.3 34.185 33.223
150 150 30 10
ISECTION
PG9144
-92.05 2.15 92.05 42.05 3.66 42.05 3.66 197.9 153.9 173 0
40 40 12 1
The larger British sections have been coded as USER TABLES
under wide flange and are available on request to any existing
user. Please note however that composite design IS NOT available
in this portion of STAAD.
2-83
2-84
Section 2C
2-85
Section
2D
2-86
Section 2D
cases for both hogging and sagging moments are also printed.
Minimum reinforcement is in any case checked and provided in
each direction. WOOD & ARMER moments may also be included
in the design.
2.
3.
Section 2D
2-87
2-88
Section 2D
UNIT MM
ELEMENT PROPERTIES
1 TO 10 THI 300.0
Section 2D
2-89
Default Value
Description
* 460 N/mm2
* 30 N/mm2
* 20 mm
0.0
SCON
TEMP
30C
CRACK *
0.2 mm
Concrete grade.
Distance from the outer surface to the edge of the
bar. This is considered the same on both surfaces.
Orthogonal reinforcement layout without considering
torsional moment Mxy - slabs on -500.
orthogonal reinforcement layout with Mxy used to
calculate WOOD &ARMER moments for design.
A* Skew angle considered in WOOD & ARMER
EQUATIONS. A* is any angle in degrees.
Parameter which indicates the type of slab ee. ground
or suspended as defined in BS8007
1 = Suspended Slab
2 = Ground Slab
Temperature range to be considered in thermal crack
width calculations
Limiting thermal crack width
2-90
Section 2D
2-91
2E
2E.1 General
Provisions of BS 5950-5:1998, have been implemented. The
program allows design of single (non -composite) members in
tension, compression, bending, shear, as well as their
combinations. Cold work of forming strengthening effects have
been included as an option.
Z with Lips
Pipe
Tube
2-92
Section 2E
Code Checking
The program compares the resistance of members with the applied
load effects, in accordance with BS 5950-5:1998. Code checking is
carried out for locations specified by the user vi a the SECTION
command or the BEAM parameter. The results are presented in a
form of a PASS/FAIL identifier and a RATIO of load effect to
resistance for each member checked. The user may choose the
degree of detail in the output data by setting the TRACK
parameter.
2.
Member Selection
The user may request that the program search the cold formed steel
shapes database (BS standard sections) for alternative members
that pass the code check and meet the least weight criterion. In
addition, a minimum and/or maximum acceptable depth of the
member may be specified. The program will then evaluate all
database sections of the type initially specified (i.e., channel,
angle, etc.) and, if a suitable replacement is found, presents design
results for that section. If no section satisfying the depth
restrictions or lighter than the initial one can be found, the
program leaves the member unchanged, regardless of whether it
passes the code check or not.
Section 2E
Pt Ae p y
Where
Ae
py
My
Ft M z
1
Pt M cz M cy
And
Mz
M cz
2-93
2-94
Section 2E
and
My
M cy
Where
Ft
Pt
Pc
PE Pcs
2 PE Pcs
For Sections symmetrical about a single axis and which are not
subject to torsional flexural buckling, the buckling resistance
under axial load, Pc, may be obtained from the following equation
as per clause 6.2.4 of the subject code
P'c
M c Pc
( M c Pc e s )
Section 2E
P
E
PTF
1/ 2
= 1 , otherwise
My
Fc M z
1
Pcs M cz M cy
Overall buckling check as per clause 6.4.3 of the subject code
For Beams not subjected to lateral buckling, the following
relationship should be satisfied
Fc
Pc
My
Mz
Fc
F
Cby M cy 1 c
Cbx M cz 1
P
P
Ez
Ey
2-95
2-96
Section 2E
Fc M z
Pc M b
Fc
P cs
Mz
My
M cz
M cy
Mb
P Ez
P Ey
C bz ,C by
My
F
C by M cy 1 c
P
Ey
The Mcz, Mcy and Mb are calculated from clause numbers 5.2.2 and
5.6 in the manner described herein below.
Calculation of moment capacities
For restrained beams, the applied moment based on factored loads
should not be greater then the bending moment resistance of the
section, M c
Mcz = Szz po
Mcy = Syy po
1/ 2
D
Y
w
s
po 1.13 0.0019
py
t 280
Where
M cz
is the Moment resistance of the section in z axis
M cz
is the Moment resistance of the section in z axis
po
is the limiting stress for bending elements under stress
gradient and should not greater then design strength p y
Section 2E
Mb
M EMY
B B2 M E M Y
Mc
Where
M Y (1 ) M E
2
MY
ME
5.6.2.2
Please refer clause numbers 5.2.2 and 5.6 of the subject code for a
detailed discussion regarding the parameters used in the
abovementioned equations.
Shear Strength
The maximum shear stress should not be greater then 0.7 p y as
per clause 5.4.2
The average shear stress should not exceed the lesser of the shear
yield strength, p v or the shear buckling strength, q cr as stipulated in
clause 5.4.3 of the subject code.
2-97
2-98
Section 2E
1000t
2
qcr
N / mm
D
Pv = A*Min(pv,qcr)
Where
Pv
py
t
D
is
is
is
is
the
the
the
the
Fv
Pv
M
1
M
c
Where
Fv
M
Mc
The next table contains the input parameters for specifying values
of design variables and selection of design options.
Section 2E
2-99
Default
Value
1.0
Description
When this parameter is set to 1.0 (default), the adequacy of
the member is determined by checking a total of 13 equally
spaced locations along the length of the member. If the
BEAM value is 0.0, the 13 location check is not conducted,
and instead, checking is done only at the locations
specified by the SECTION command (See STAAD manual
for details. For TRUSS members only start and end
locations are designed.
CMZ
1.0
Coefficient of equivalent uniform bending Cb. See BS:59505:1998,5.6. Used for Combined axial load and bending
design.
CMY
1.0
Coefficient of equivalent uniform bending Cb. See BS:59505:1998,5.6. Used for Combined axial load and bending
design.
CWY
1.0
FLX
FU
430 MPa
2-100
Section 2E
Default
Value
FYLD
250 MPa
Description
Yield strength of steel in current units.
KX
1.0
KY
1.0
Effective length factor for overall buckling about the local Yaxis. It is a fraction and is unit-less. Values can range from
0.01 (for a column completely prevented from buckling) to
any user specified large value. It is used to compute the
KL/R ratio for determining the capacity in axial
compression.
KZ
1.0
Effective length factor for overall buckling in the local Zaxis. It is a fraction and is unit-less. Values can range from
0.01 (for a member completely prevented from buckling) to
any user specified large value. It is used to compute the
KL/R ratio for determining the capacity in axial
compression.
LX
Member
length
LY
Member
length
Section 2E
2-101
Default
Value
Description
LZ
Member
length
MAIN
NSF
1.0
DMAX
2540.0
cm.
RATIO
1.0
TRACK
2-102
Section 2E
Verification Problem-1
In this problem, we have assigned Channel sections with lips to
different members. Member numbers 28 to 31 have been assigned
section 230CLHS66X16,member numbers 3 TO 6 and 15 TO 19
have been assigned the section 230CLMIL70X30 and member
numbers 1, 2, 7 TO 14 have been assigned the section
170CLHS56X18. These members have been designed as per BS
5950 Part 5. Other sections have been assigned from the AISI
shapes database (American cold-formed steel) and designed in
accordance with that code.
The excerpts from the design output for member number 1 are
given herein below.
Section 2E
1)
2-103
Bending Check
As per Clause 5.2.2.2 of BS 5950 Part 5 the limiting compressive
stress(p o ) for stiffened webs is given by the minimum of
1/ 2
D Y
po 1.13 0.0019 w s p y
t 280
And
p o = Py where Py = Min ( FYLD, 0.84XFU) = 361.2 N/mm 2
1/ 2
170 279.212
po 1.13 0.0019
361.2
1
.
8
280
So that
= 332.727 N/mm 2
The limiting compressive moments in local Y and Z axes will be given
by
M cz = S zz po = 27632.4 X 332.727 = 9.19 X 10 6 N-mm
M cy = S yy p o = 27632.4 X 5427.50 = 3.46 X 10 6 N-mm
Maximum bending moment about local Z = 2159 N-m at node 7
Maximum bending moment about local Y = 19.755 N-m at node 7
Bending Ratio Z = 2.15 X10 6 / 9.19 X10 6 = 0.235 hence verified
Bending Ratio Y = 19755.3 / 3.46 X10 6 = 0.0057 hence verified
Buckling resistance moment M b
As per section 5.6.2,
The buckling resistance moment
Mb
M EMY
B B2 M E M Y
Mc
2-104
Section 2E
Where,
The Yield moment(M Y ) of section is given by M Y = S zz p o = 9.19
X 10 6 N-mm
The elastic buckling resistance moment(ME ) as per clause 5.6.2.2
is calculated to be
4.649 X10 6 N-mm
B
And,
M Y (1 ) M E
2
, so that
9.19 10 6 (1 0.0)4.649 10 6
2
= 2.325 X 10 10
Which gives
Mb
4.649 10 6 9.19 10 6
2.325 1010 (2.325 1010 ) 2 4.649 10 6 9.19 10 6
= 9.98 X 10 6 N-mm
2)
Compression Check
The Axial force induced in member# 1 is 3436.75 N
The elastic flexural buckling load P E = 1.185 X 10 6 N
The short strut capacity (Pcs ) is given by A e ff X py = 457.698 *
344 = 157448 N
Perry Coefficient () = 0.02074
= 683512.45 N
PE Pcs
2 PE Pcs
= 153782 N
Section 2E
P'c
Buckling resistance
M c Pc
( M c Pc e s )
Where
The limiting compressive moment(M c ) in the relevant direction =
9.19 X 10 6 N-mm,as calculated above
And the distance(e s ) of the geometric neutral axis of the gross
cross section and that of the effective cross section = 38.24 m
So that,
9.19 10 6 153782
Pc = 9.19 10 6 153782 38.24
= 93788.7 N
3436.75
0.0366
Compression ratio = 93788.7
hence verified
3)
My
Fc M z
1
Pcs M cz M cy
3436.75
2.15 10 6 19755.3
Fc
Pc
My
Mz
Fc
F
c
Cby M cy 1
Cbx M cz 1
P
PEz
Ey
= 0.2773
hence verified
2-105
2-106
Section 2E
4)
1000t
2
qcr
N / mm
D
1000 1.8
qcr
5627.72
0.1675
Shear Ratio Y = 33579.4
Shear Ratio Z =
5)
hence verified
67.114
0.0031
21148 .6
hence verified
Fv
P
Shear with bending on Z = v
Mz
M cz
6
5627.72 2.15 10
6
33579.4 9.19 10
=
2
hence verified
0.08327
Fv M y
1
M
P
cy
Shear with bending on Y = v
2
2
67.114 19755.3
6
3.46 10 =
= 21148.6
2
0.000.426
hence verified
Section 2E
2-107
Input File:
STAAD SPACE
SET ECHO OFF
INPUT WIDTH 79
UNIT FEET KIP
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 5 0; 2 0 5 10; 3 10 5 0; 4 10 5 10; 5 5 5 0; 6 5 5 10; 7 0 5 2; 8 0 5 4;
9 0 5 6; 10 0 5 8; 11 10 5 2; 12 10 5 4; 13 10 5 6; 14 10 5 8; 15 5 5 2;
16 5 5 4; 17 5 5 6; 18 5 5 8; 19 10 0 0; 20 10 0 10; 21 0 0 10; 22 0 0 0;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 7; 2 3 11; 3 1 5; 4 2 6; 5 5 3; 6 6 4; 7 7 8; 8 8 9; 9 9 10; 10 10 2;
11 11 12; 12 12 13; 13 13 14; 14 14 4; 15 5 15; 16 15 16; 17 16 17; 18 17 18;
19 18 6; 20 7 15; 21 15 11; 22 8 16; 23 16 12; 24 9 17; 25 17 13; 26 10 18;
27 18 14; 28 1 22; 29 2 21; 30 3 19; 31 4 20; 32 1 21; 33 21 4; 34 4 19;
35 19 1; 36 2 20; 37 20 3; 38 3 22; 39 22 2;
MEMBER PROPERTY COLDFORMED AMERICAN
32 TO 39 TABLE ST 3LU3X060
20 TO 27 TABLE ST 3HU3X075
MEMBER PROPERTY COLDFORMED BRITISH
28 TO 31 TABLE ST 230CLHS66X16
3 TO 6 15 TO 19 TABLE ST 230CLMIL70X30
1 2 7 TO 14 TABLE ST 170CLHS56X18
UNIT MMS
PRINT MEMBER PROPERTIES LIST 32 20 28 3 1
SUPPORTS
19 TO 22 PINNED
UNIT FEET
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC STEEL
E 4.176e+006
POISSON 0.3
DENSITY 0.489024
ALPHA 6.5e-006
DAMP 0.03
END DEFINE MATERIAL
2-108
Section 2E
CONSTANTS
BETA 90 MEMB 20 TO 27
MATERIAL STEEL MEMB 1 TO 39
MEMBER TENSION
32 TO 39
UNIT FEET KIP
LOAD 1 VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL
MEMBER LOAD
3 TO 6 20 TO 27 UNI GY -0.3 0 5
JOINT LOAD
1 2 FX 0.6
2 4 FZ -0.6
PERFORM ANALYSIS PRINT STATICS CHECK
UNIT KGS CM
PRINT JOINT DISP LIST 1 4 16
PRINT SUPPORT REACTIONS
PRINT MEMBER FORCES LIST 3 24 28
UNIT KIP INCH
PARAMETER 1
CODE AISI
FYLD 55 ALL
CWY 1 ALL
BEAM 1 ALL
TRACK 2 ALL
CHECK CODE MEMB 20 21
PARAMETER 2
CODE BS5950 COLD
TRACK 2 MEMB 1 TO 19 28 TO 31
CHECK CODE MEMB 1 2
FINISH
Section 2E
Output File:
****************************************************
*
*
*
STAAD.Pro
*
*
Version
Bld
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Proprietary Program of
*
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Date=
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Time=
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USER ID:
*
****************************************************
1. STAAD SPACE
2. SET ECHO OFF
MEMBER PROPERTIES. UNIT - CM
----------------MEMB
PROFILE
AX/
AY
32
ST
3LU3X060
20
ST
3HU3X075
28
ST
230CLHS66X16
ST
230CLMIL70X30
ST
170CLHS56X18
IZ/
AZ
IY/
SZ
IX/
SY
2.26
1.51
4.91
1.24
8.78
5.40
21.81
1.51
63.15
2.40
663.30
2.94
5.17
4.05
40.66
10.63
42.82
60.93
0.02
1.93
0.06
9.59
0.18
9.29
11.40
6.72
5.23
3.00
868.90
3.84
224.50
1.89
66.93
80.13
20.49
27.96
0.36
14.15
0.06
5.43
2 iterations, Case=
( KIP
=
=
=
1 )
-96.00
1 )
96.00
1)
1
1
2-109
2-110
Section 2E
JOINT DISPLACEMENT (CM
-----------------JOINT
LOAD
1
4
16
1
1
1
X-TRANS
RADIANS)
Y-TRANS
0.0397
0.0305
0.0352
-0.0184
-0.0185
-1.2194
Z-TRANS
X-ROTAN
-0.0339
-0.0444
-0.0392
Y-ROTAN
0.0074
-0.0074
0.0025
Z-ROTAN
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
-0.0027
0.0025
0.0000
LOAD
FORCE-X
FORCE-Y
FORCE-Z
MOM-X
MOM-Y
MOM Z
1
1
1
1
-447.32
-447.10
174.26
175.85
2312.64
2041.85
1768.33
2041.85
85.08
186.39
187.79
85.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
LOAD
JT
AXIAL
SHEAR-Y
SHEAR-Z
TORSION
MOM-Y
MOM-Z
1
5
669.42
-669.42
1448.06
-767.67
2.70
-2.70
-1.68
1.68
-215.75
-196.10
61582.12
107256.50
24
9
17
-0.63
0.63
-0.06
0.06
-285.30
-395.09
-0.04
0.04
-0.08
-8366.18
1.04
-9.62
28
1
22
2155.98
-2155.98
-404.11
404.11
-85.05
85.05
0.00
0.00
12961.01
0.00
-61586.40
0.00
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| MEMBER#
21 SECTION: 3HU3X075
LEN:
60.00 GOV.LOC:
0.00 |
| STATUS: PASS
RATIO =
0.285 GOV.MODE: Bend + Compress
GOV.LOAD:
1 |
|
|
| RESISTANCES:
AX.TENS:
0.00 ECC.TENS:
0.00 COMPRESS:
7.51 |
| BEND. Z:
28.21 BEND. Y:
30.98 SHEAR Z:
11.76 SHEAR Y:
5.88 |
|
|
| FYLD: 55.00 COLD WORK FYLD: 55.71 FU: 58.00
A:
0.76 AE:
0.76 |
| IZ:
1.5173E+00 IZE:
1.5173E+00 IY:
9.7684E-01 IYE:
9.7684E-01 |
| SZE_T: 1.0115E+00 SZE_C: 1.0115E+00 SYE_T: 7.3374E-01 SYE_C: 5.8539E-01 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
Section 2E
MATERIAL DATA:
Yield strength of steel:
379.21 N/mm2
Ultimate tensile strength:
430.00 N/mm2
DESIGN DATA:
Tension Capacity (Pt):
Compression Capacity (Pc):
Moment Capacity (Mc):
Shear Capacity (Pc):
z-z axis
0.00
93.79
9.19
21.15
y-y axis
3.46
33.58
COMBINATION
Compression ratio - Axial
RATIO
0.037
BS-6.4
Bend-Compression ratio
0.277
BS-5.1
Bending Ratio - Z
0.235
BS-5.1
Bending Ratio - Y
0.006
BS-5.1
0.241
BS-5.4
Shear Ratio - Z
0.168
BS-5.4
Shear Ratio - Y
0.003
BS-5.5.2
0.083
BS-5.5.2
0.000
2-111
2-112
Section 2E
------------------------------------------------------------------------------| MEMBER#
2 SECTION: 170CLHS56X18
LEN:
609.60 LOCATION:
609.60 |
| STATUS: PASS RATIO = 0.282 GOV.MODE:
Bend + Compress GOV.LOAD:
1
|
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
MATERIAL DATA:
Yield strength of steel:
379.21 N/mm2
Ultimate tensile strength:
430.00 N/mm2
SECTION PROPERTIES:(units - cm)
Section Name: 170CLHS56X18
Member Length:
60.96
Gross Area(Ag):
5.46
Net Area (Ae):
4.58
z-z axis
y-y axis
Moment of inertia (I) :
237.68
21.99
Moment of inertia (Ie):
236.04
21.99
Elastic modulus (Zet):
27.91
14.20
Elastic modulus (Zec):
27.63
5.43
DESIGN DATA:
Tension Capacity (Pt):
Compression Capacity (Pc):
Moment Capacity (Mc):
Shear Capacity (Pc):
z-z axis
0.00
93.79
9.19
21.15
y-y axis
1.81
33.58
COMBINATION
Compression ratio - Axial
RATIO
0.037
BS-6.4
Bend-Compression ratio
0.282
BS-5.1
Bending Ratio - Z
0.235
BS-5.1
Bending Ratio - Y
0.010
BS-5.1
0.245
BS-5.4
Shear Ratio - Z
0.168
BS-5.4
Shear Ratio - Y
0.003
BS-5.5.2
0.083
BS-5.5.2
0.000
Section 3
Canadian Codes
Aksf;ldkjasd
3-1
Concrete Design
Per CSA Standard A23.3-94
Section
3A
For Columns
For Slabs
3-2 Section 3A
UNIT MM
MEMBER PROPERTIES
1 3 TO 7 9 PRISM YD 450. ZD 300.
11 14 PR YD 300.
In the above input, the first set of members are rectangular
(450mm depth and 300mm width) and the second set of members,
with only depth and no width provided, will be assumed to be
circular with a 300mm diameter.
Section 3A
3-3
Default
Value
Description
400N/mm2
400 N/mm
FC
30 N/mm
CLT
40mm
CLB
40mm
CLS
40mm
MINMAIN
Number 10 bar
3-4 Section 3A
Table 3A.1 - Canadian Concrete Design -CSA-A23.3-94 Parameters
Parameter
Name
Default
Value
Description
MINSEC
Number 10 bar
MAXMAIN
Number 55 bar
SFACE
0.0
EFACE
REINF
0.0
TRACK
0.0
MMAG
1.0
NSECTION
12
WIDTH
ZD
DEPTH
YD
Section 3A
at the top face) moments are calculated for all active load cases at
each of the thirteen sections. Each of these sections are designed
to resist the critical sagging and hogging moments. Currently,
design of singly reinforced sections only is permitted. If the
section dimensions are inadequate as a singly reinforced section,
such a message will be printed in the output. Flexural design of
beams is performed in two passes. In the first pass, effective
depths of the sections are determined with the assumption of single
layer of assumed reinforcement and reinforcement requirements
are calculated. After the preliminary design, reinforcing bars are
chosen from the internal database in single or multiple layers. The
entire flexure design is performed again in a second pass taking
into account the changed effective depths of sections calculated on
the basis of reinforcement provided after the preliminary design.
Final provision of flexural reinforcements are made then. Efforts
have been made to meet the guideline for the curtailment of
reinforcements as per CSA Standard A23.3-94. Although exact
curtailment lengths are not mentioned explicitly in the design
output (which finally will be more or less guided by the detailer
taking into account other practical considerations), the user has the
choice of printing reinforcements provided by STAAD at 13
equally spaced sections from which the final detailed drawing can
be prepared.
The following annotations apply to the output for Beam Design.
1) LEVEL
2) HEIGHT
5) TO
3-5
3-6 Section 3A
6) ANCHOR
(STA,END)
Section 3A
3-7
3-8 Section 3A
Z
Y
My
X
Mx
TRANS.
My
Mx
LONG.
3-9
3B
3-10 Section 3B
Section 3B
10 TO 75 95 TO 105 TA ST W460X106
100 TO 200 TA ST W610X101
S, M, HP shapes
In addition to welded wide flanges and regular wide flanges, other
I shaped sections like S, M and HP shapes are also available. The
designation scheme is identical to that listed in the CSA tables.
While specifying the sections, it should be remembered that the
portion after the decimal point should be omitted. Thus,
M310X17.6 should be specified as M310X17 and S180X22.8
should be specified as S180X22. Examples illustrating
specifications of these shapes are provided below.
3-11
3-12 Section 3B
10 TO 20 BY 2 TA ST S510X98
45 TO 55 TA ST M150X6
88 90 96 TA ST HP310X79
Channel Sections (C & MC shapes)
C and MC shapes are designated as shown in the following
example. As in S, M and HP sections, the portion after the decimal
point must be omitted in section designations. Thus, MC250X42.4
should be designated as MC250X42.
55 TO 90 TA ST C250X30
30 TO 45 TA ST MC200X33
Double Channels
Back to back double channels, with or without spacing between
them, are specified by preceding the section designation by the
letter D. For example, a back to back double channel section
C200X28 without any spacing in between should be specified as:
Section 3B
Angles
To specify angles, the angle name is preceded by the letter L.
Thus, a 200X200 angle with a 25mm thickness is designated as
L200X200X25. The following examples illustrate angle
specifications.
75 TO 95 TA ST L100X100X8
33 34 35 TA ST L200X100X20
Note that the above specification is for standard angles. In this
specification, the local z-axis (see Fig. 2.6 in the Technical
Reference Manual) corresponds to the Y-Y axis shown in the
CSA table. Another common practice of specifying angles assumes
the local y-axis to correspond to the Y-Y axis. To specify angles
in accordance with this convention, the reverse angle designation
facility has been provided. A reverse angle may be specified by
substituting the word ST with the word RA. Refer to the following
example for details.
10 TO 15 TA RA L55X35X4
The local axis systems for STANDARD and REVERSE angles is
shown in Fig. 2.6 of the STAAD Technical Reference manual.
Double Angles
To specify double angles, the specification ST should be
substituted with LD (for long leg back to back) or SD (short leg
back to back). For equal angles, either SD or LD will serve the
purpose. Spacing between angles may be provided by using the
word SP followed by the value of spacing (in current length unit)
after section designation.
25 35 45 TA LD L150X100X16
80 TO 90 TA SD L125X75X6 SP 2.5
3-13
3-14 Section 3B
55 TO 75 TA ST TUB80X60X4
TUB 80 X 60 X 4
Tube Symbol
Height (in) X 10
Section 3B
For example:
15 TO 25 TA ST PIP33X2.5
PIP 33 X 2.5
Pipe Symbol
Thickness (mm)
(Upto first decimal place only)
Diameter (mm)
without decimal point
3-15
3-16 Section 3B
Section 3B
* TUBES
14 TA ST TUBE DT 16.0 WT 8.0 TH 0.8
* PIPES
15 TA ST PIP273X6.3
* PIPES
16 TA ST PIPE OD 16.0 ID 13.0
PRINT MEMBER PROPERTIES
FINISH
3-17
3-18 Section 3B
Axial Tension
The criteria governing the capacity of tension members is based on
two limit states. The limit state of yielding in the gross section is
intended to prevent excessive elongation of the member. The
second limit state involves fracture at the section with the
minimum effective net area. The net section area may be specified
by the user through the use of the parameter NSF (see Table 3B.1).
STAAD calculates the tension capacity of a member based on
these two limits states per Cl.13.2 of CAN/CSA-S16-01.
Parameters FYLD, FU and NSF are applicable for these
calculations.
Axial Compression
The compressive resistance of columns is determined based on
Clause 13.3 of the code. The equations presented in th is section of
the code assume that the compressive resistance is a function of
the compressive strength of the gross section (Gross section Area
times the Yield Strength) as well as the slenderness factor (KL/r
ratios). The effective length for the calcula tion of compression
resistance may be provided through the use of the parameters KX,
KY, KZ, LX, LY and LZ (see Table 3B.1). Some of the aspects of
the axial compression capacity calculations are :
1) For frame members not subjected to any bending, and for truss
members, the axial compression capacity in general column
flexural buckling is calculated from Cl.13.3.1 using the
slenderness ratios for the local Y-Y and Z-Z axis. The
parameters KY, LY, KZ and LZ are applicable for this.
2) For single angles, which ar e frame members not subjected to
any bending or truss members, the axial compression capacity
in general column flexural buckling and local buckling of thin
legs is calculated using the rules of the AISC - LRFD code, 2 nd
ed., 1994. The reason for this is that the Canadian code doesnt
provide any clear guidelines for calculating this value. The
parameters KY, LY, KZ and LZ are applicable for this.
3) The axial compression capacity is also calculated by taking
flexural-torsional buckling into account. The rules of
Appendix D, page 1-109 of CAN/CSA-S16-01are used for this
Section 3B
3-19
3-20 Section 3B
2) For single angles, the bending capacities are calculated for the
principal axes. The specifications of Section 5, page 6-283 of
AISC-LRFD 1994, 2 nd ed., are used for this purpose because
the Canadian code doesnt provide any clear guidelines for
calculating this value.
3) For calculating the bending capacity about the Z-Z axis of
singly symmetric shapes such as Tees and Double angles,
CAN/CSA-S16-01 stipulates in Clause 13.6(d), page 1-31, that
a rational method, such as that given in SSRCs Guide to
Stability Design Criteria of Metal Structures, be used. Instead,
STAAD uses the rules of Section 2c, page 6-55 of AISC-LRFD
1994, 2 nd ed.
Axial compression and bending
The member strength for sections subjected to axial compression
and uniaxial or biaxial bending is obtained through the use of
interaction equations. In these equations, the additional bending
caused by the action of the axial load is accounted for by using
amplification factors. Clause 13.8 of the code provides the
equations for this purpose. If the summation of the left hand side
of these equations exceed 1.0 or th e allowable value provided
using the RATIO parameter (see Table 3B.1), the member is
considered to have FAILed under the loading condition.
Axial tension and bending
Members subjected to axial tension and bending are also designed
using interaction equations. Clause 13.9 of the code is used to
perform these checks. The actual RATIO is determined as the
value of the left hand side of the critical equation.
Shear
The shear resistance of the cross section is determined using the
equations of Clause 13.4 of the code. Once this is obtained, the
ratio of the shear force acting on the cross section to the shear
resistance of the section is calculated. If any of the ratios (for both
local Y & Z axes) exceed 1.0 or the allowable value provided
using the RATIO parameter (see Table 3B.1), the section is
Section 3B
3-21
considered to have failed under shear. The code also requires that
the slenderness ratio of the web be within a certain limit (See
Cl.13.4.1.3, page 1-29 of CAN/CSA-S16-01). Checks for safety in
shear are performed only if this value is within the allowable limit.
Users may by-pass this limitation by specifying a value of 2.0 for
the MAIN parameter.
Default
Value
Description
KT
1.0
KY
1.0
KZ
1.0
LT
Member Length
LY
Member Length
3-22 Section 3B
Canadian Steel Design Parameters
Parameter
Name
LZ
Default
Value
Member Length
Description
Length for general column flexural buckling about
the local Z-axis. Used to calculate slenderness
ratio.
FYLD
300.0 MPa
FU
345.0 MPa
NSF
1.0
UNT
Member Length
UNB
Member Length
MAIN
0.0
CB
1.0
CMY
1.0
CMZ
1.0
TRACK
0.0
DMAX
45.0 in.
DMIN
0.0 in.
RATIO
1.0
Section 3B
3-23
Default
Value
0.0
Description
0.0 = design only for end moments and those at
locations specified by SECTION
command.
1.0 = Perform design for moments at twelfth
points along the beam.
DFF
None(Mandatory
for deflection
check)
DJ1
Start Joint of
member
DJ2
End Joint of
member
3-24 Section 3B
Section 3B
=
=
=
=
=
Factored
Factored
Factored
Factored
Factored
compressive resistance
tensile resistance
shear resistance
moment resistance (about z-axis)
moment resistance (about y-axis)
3-25
3-26 Section 3B
Section 3B
3-27
TYPE
GIVEN:
SOLUTION COMPARISON:
CAN/CSA-S16
Interaction
Ratio
Beam
Resistance
Beam
Deflection
(kN*m)
(mm)
REFERENCE
0.88
284
21
STAAD.Pro
0.883
283.20
20.81
3-28 Section 3B
****************************************************
*
*
*
STAAD.Pro
*
*
Version
Bld
*
*
Proprietary Program of
*
*
Research Engineers, Intl.
*
*
Date=
*
*
Time=
*
*
*
*
USER ID:
*
****************************************************
1.
3.
4.
5.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
13.
14.
16.
17.
18.
20.
21.
22.
24.
25.
26.
27.
29.
30.
31.
33.
34.
36.
NUMBER OF JOINTS/MEMBER+ELEMENTS/SUPPORTS =
2/
1/
ORIGINAL/FINAL BAND-WIDTH=
1/
1/
5 DOF
TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES =
2, TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM =
SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX =
1 DOUBLE KILO-WORDS
REQRD/AVAIL. DISK SPACE =
12.0/ 19641.6 MB
2
5
Section 3B
38. PRINT SECTION DISPLACEMENTS
MEMBER SECTION DISPLACEMENTS
---------------------------UNIT =INCHES FOR FPS AND CM FOR METRICS/SI SYSTEM
MEMB
LOAD
MAX LOCAL
DISP =
0.0000
-1.0528
-1.8086
-2.0812
-1.8086
-1.0528
0.0000
2.08115
AT
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
400.00
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
LOAD
-0.5471
-1.4824
-2.0120
-2.0120
-1.4824
-0.5471
2
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
L/DISP=
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
LOAD LIST 3
PARAMETER
CODE CANADIAN
TRACK 2 ALL
UNL 1 ALL
FYLD 300000 ALL
BEAM 1 ALL
CHECK CODE ALL
STAAD.PRO CODE CHECKING - (CAN/CSA-S16-01)
******************************************
MET
MEMBER
TABLE
RESULT/
CRITICAL COND/
RATIO/
LOADING/
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
1 ST
W410X54
(CANADIAN SECTIONS)
CSA-13.8.2+
0.883
0.00
-250.00
PASS
0.00 C
3
4.00
MEMBER LENGTH =
PZ = 1.05E+03
PY = 1.77E+02
8.00E+02
FU = 345.0
384
3-29
3-30 Section 3B
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
-------------------------NET SECTION FACTOR FOR TENSION = 1.000
KL/RY = 207.170
KL/RZ =
48.447
ALLOWABLE KL/R = 300.000
UNSUPPORTED LENGTH OF THE COMPRESSION FLANGE (M) = 1.000
OMEGA-1 (Y-AXIS) = 1.00
OMEGA-1 (Z-AXIS) = 1.00
OMEGA-2 = 1.00
SHEAR FORCE (KNS) : Y AXIS = 0.000E+00
Z AXIS = 0.000E+00
SLENDERNESS RATIO OF WEB (H/W) = 5.08E+01
48. STEEL TAKE OFF ALL
STEEL TAKE-OFF
-------------PROFILE
LENGTH(METE)
WEIGHT(KN
In Steel Takeoff the density of steel is assumed for members with no density.
ST W410X54
8.00
4.203
PRISMATIC STEEL
0.00
0.000
---------------TOTAL =
4.203
************ END OF DATA FROM INTERNAL STORAGE ************
49. FINISH
Section 3B
TYPE:
3-31
3-32 Section 3B
GIVEN:
SOLUTION COMPARISON:
CAN/CSA-S16
Interaction
Beam Resistance
Ratio
(kN*m)
Column
Resistance
(kN)
REFERENCE
0.96
583
3800
STAAD.Pro
0.98
584
3820
Section 3B
****************************************************
*
*
*
STAAD.Pro
*
*
Version
Bld
*
*
Proprietary Program of
*
*
Research Engineers, Intl.
*
*
Date=
*
*
Time=
*
*
*
*
USER ID:
*
****************************************************
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
NUMBER OF JOINTS/MEMBER+ELEMENTS/SUPPORTS =
2/
1/
ORIGINAL/FINAL BAND-WIDTH=
1/
1/
5 DOF
TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES =
1, TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM =
SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX =
1 DOUBLE KILO-WORDS
REQRD/AVAIL. DISK SPACE =
12.0/ 19641.2 MB
++ Adjusting Displacements
++ Adjusting Displacements
++ Adjusting Displacements
8:54:35
8:54:35
8:54:35
2
5
3-33
3-34 Section 3B
LOAD
JT
AXIAL
SHEAR-Y
SHEAR-Z
TORSION
MOM-Y
MOM-Z
1
2
2000.00
-2000.00
135.14
-135.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
300.00
200.00
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
PARAMETER
CODE CANADIAN
TRACK 2 ALL
FYLD 300000 ALL
LY 3.7 ALL
LZ 3.7 ALL
CHECK CODE ALL
STAAD.PRO CODE CHECKING - (CAN/CSA-S16-01)
******************************************
MET
TABLE
RESULT/
CRITICAL COND/
RATIO/
LOADING/
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
1 ST
W310X129
(CANADIAN SECTIONS)
CSA-13.8.2C
0.980
0.00
300.00
PASS
2000.00 C
1
0.00
MEMBER LENGTH =
PZ = 2.16E+03
PY = 9.90E+02
3.70E+02
FU = 345.0
Section 3B
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
-------------------------NET SECTION FACTOR FOR TENSION = 1.000
KL/RY =
47.477
KL/RZ =
27.094
ALLOWABLE KL/R = 200.000
UNSUPPORTED LENGTH OF THE COMPRESSION FLANGE (M) = 3.700
OMEGA-1 (Y-AXIS) = 1.00
OMEGA-1 (Z-AXIS) = 1.00
OMEGA-2 = 1.00
SHEAR FORCE (KNS) : Y AXIS = 1.351E+02
Z AXIS = 0.000E+00
SLENDERNESS RATIO OF WEB (H/W) = 2.12E+01
LENGTH(METE)
WEIGHT(KN
In Steel Takeoff the density of steel is assumed for members with no density.
ST W310X129
PRISMATIC STEEL
3.70
0.00
MEMBER
LENGTH
(METE)
PROFILE
ST
W310X129
4.694
0.000
---------------TOTAL =
4.694
WEIGHT
(KN )
3.70
4.694
42. FINISH
3-35
3-36 Section 3B
TYPE:
Section 3B
GIVEN:
3-37
SOLUTION COMPARISON:
CAN/CSA-S16
Interaction
Beam Resistance
Ratio
(kN*m)
weak
strong
653
REFERENCE
0.998
300
STAAD.Pro
1.00
299
650
Column
Resistance
(kN)
4200
4222
3-38 Section 3B
****************************************************
*
*
*
STAAD.Pro
*
*
Version
Bld
*
*
Proprietary Program of
*
*
Research Engineers, Intl.
*
*
Date=
*
*
Time=
*
*
*
*
USER ID:
*
****************************************************
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
NUMBER OF JOINTS/MEMBER+ELEMENTS/SUPPORTS =
2/
1/
ORIGINAL/FINAL BAND-WIDTH=
1/
1/
6 DOF
TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES =
1, TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM =
SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX =
1 DOUBLE KILO-WORDS
REQRD/AVAIL. DISK SPACE =
12.0/ 19641.2 MB
2
6
Section 3B
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
PARAMETER
CODE CANADIAN
CMY 2 ALL
CMZ 2 ALL
CB 1 ALL
TRACK 2 ALL
FYLD 300000 ALL
CHECK CODE ALL
STAAD.PRO CODE CHECKING - (CAN/CSA-S16-01)
******************************************
MET
RESULT/
CRITICAL COND/
RATIO/
LOADING/
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
*
1 ST
TABLE
W310X143
FAIL
2000.00 C
(CANADIAN SECTIONS)
CSA-13.8.2A
1.000
-100.00
300.00
1
0.00
MEMBER LENGTH =
PZ = 2.41E+03
PY = 1.11E+03
3.70E+02
FU = 345.0
3-39
3-40 Section 3B
LENGTH(METE)
WEIGHT(KN
In Steel Takeoff the density of steel is assumed for members with no density.
ST W310X143
3.70
5.171
PRISMATIC STEEL
0.00
0.000
---------------TOTAL =
5.171
MEMBER
1
PROFILE
ST
W310X143
LENGTH
(METE)
WEIGHT
(KN )
3.70
5.171
42. FINISH
3-41
3C
3C.1 General
Provisions of CSA S136-94, including revisions dated May, 1995,
have been implemented. The program allows design of single
(non-composite) members in
tension, compression, bending,
shear, as well as their combinations. For laterally supported
members in bending, the Initiation of Yielding method has been
used. Cold work of forming strengthening effects have been
included as an option.
Z with Lips
Z without Lips
Hat
3-42 Section 3C
Code Checking
The program compares the resistance of members with the applied
load effects, in accordance with CSA 136. Code checking is
carried out for locations specified by the user via the SECTION
command or the BEAM parameter. The results are presented in a
form of a PASS/FAIL identifier and a RATIO of load effect to
resistance for each member checked. The user may choose the
degree of detail in the output data by setting the TRACK
parameter.
2.
Member Selection
The user may request that the program search the cold formed steel
shapes database (AISI standard sections) for alternative members
that pass the code check and meet the least weight criterion. In
addition, a minimum and/or maximum acceptable depth of the
member may be specified. The program will then evaluate all
database sections of the type initially specified (i.e., channel,
angle, etc.) and, if a suitable replacement is found, present design
results for that section. If no section satisfying the d epth
restrictions or lighter than the initial one can be found, the
program leaves the member unchanged, regardless of whether it
passes the code check or not.
Section 3C
Resistance factors listed in Clauses 6.2 (a), (b), and (e) are used,
as applicable.
b.
Members in tension
Resistance is calculated in accordance with Clauses 6.3.1 and
6.3.2.
c.
3-43
3-44 Section 3C
a.
Members in compression
Resistance calculations are based on Clauses:
a. 6.6.1.1, 6.6.1.2 (a) and (d), and 6.6.1.3 General,
b. 6.6.2 Sections Not Subject to Torsional -Flexural Buckling,
c. 6.6.3 Singly Symmetric Sections,
d. 6.6.4 Point-Symmetric Sections,
e. 6.6.5 Cylindrical Tubular Sections.
b.
Default Value
1.0
Description
When this parameter is set to 1.0 (default), the
adequacy of the member is determined by checking a
total of 13 equally spaced locations along the length of
the member. If the BEAM value is 0.0, the 13 location
check is not conducted, and instead, checking is done
only at the locations specified by the SECTION
command (See STAAD manual for details). If neither
the BEAM parameter nor any SECTION command is
specified, STAAD will terminate the run and ask the
user to provide one of those 2 commands. This rule is
not enforced for TRUSS members.
Section 3C
Description
CMZ
1.0
CMY
0.0
CWY
Parameter
Name
DMAX
1000.0
DMIN
0.0
FLX
Values:
0 Section subject to torsional flexural buckling and
restraint not provided
1 restraint provided or unnecessary
FU
450 MPa
FYLD
350 MPa
3-45
3-46 Section 3C
CANADIAN COLD FORMED STEEL DESIGN PARAMETERS
Default Value
Description
KT
1.0
KY
1.0
KZ
1.0
LT
Member
length
LY
Member
length
Parameter
Name
Section 3C
Description
Member
length
1.0
STIFF
Member
length
TRACK
Parameter
Name
LZ
NSF
3-47
3-48 Section 3C
3-49
3D
3-50 Section 3D
Design Parameters
Code Checking
Member Selection
Tabulated Results of Timber Design
Verification Examples
Section 3D
3-51
DFL_SelStr_2X2_BM
Species
Combination
Grade
Size classification
Nominal size
Hem-Fir
Designation of Hem-Fir species combination in STAAD is as
follows.
3-52 Section 3D
UNIT CM KN
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC GLT_D.Fir-L-24f-EX
E 51611.7
POISSON 0.15
DENSITY 2.5e-005
ALPHA 1.2e-011
END DEFINE MATERIAL
MEMBER PROPERTY TIMBER CANADIAN
1 PRIS YD 12 ZD 6
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL GLT_D.Fir-L-24f-EX MEMB 1
GLT_D.Fir-L-24f-EX
Timber type
Species
Grade
Section 3D
3-53
3-54 Section 3D
Section 3D
ii.
Axial Compression
The compressive resistance of columns is determined based on
Clause.5.5.6 and Clause.6.5.8.4 of CSA086-01. The equations
presented in this section of the code assume that the compressive
3-55
3-56 Section 3D
Section 3D
Shear
The shear resistance of the cross section is determined using the
equations of Clause 5.5.5 and 6.5.7.2 of the code. Once this is
obtained, the ratio of the shear force acting on the cross section to
the shear resistance of the section is calculated. If any of the ratios
(for both local Y & Z axes) exceed 1.0 or the allowable value
provided using the RATIO parameter (see Table 3B.1), the section
is considered to have failed under shear.
Default
Value
Description
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Member
length
3-57
3-58 Section 3D
Default
Value
Description
Member
length
Member
length
KD
1.0
KH
1.0
K_T
1.0
KSB
1.0
KSV
1.0
KSC
1.0
KSE
1.0
KST
1.0
KZB
1.0
KZV
1.0
Section 3D
Default
Value
KZT
1.0
KZCP
1.0
K_ZC
1.0
CV
KN
1.0
1.0
K_SCP
1.0
CHIX
1.0
RATIO
1.0
Description
Size Factor for Tension,
Applicable for tension parallel to grain
[Clause 5.4.5 and Table 5.4.5]
Size Factor for Compression,
Applicable for compression perpendicular to
grain [Clause .5.4.5 and Table 5.4.5]
Size Factor for Compression,
Applicable for compression parallel to grain
[Clause 5.4.5 and Table 5.4.5]
Shear Load Coefficient [Table 6.5.7.4A]
Notch Factor [Clause 5.4.7.2.2]
Service Condition Factor for Compression,
Applicable for compression perpendicular to
grain [Clause 5.4.2 and Table 6.4.2]
Curvature Factor for Compression [Clause
6.5.6.5.2]
Permissible Ratio of Actual to Allowable
Value
3-59
3-60 Section 3D
PARAMETER
CODE TIMBER CAN
KD 0.99 ALL
KH 0.99 ALL
K_T 0.99 ALL
KSB 0.99 ALL
KSV 0.99 ALL
KSC 0.99 ALL
KSE 0.99 ALL
KST 0.99 ALL
KZB 0.99 ALL
KZV 0.99 ALL
KZT 0.99 ALL
KZCP 0.99 ALL
K_ZC 0.99 ALL
CV 0.99 ALL
KN 0.99 ALL
K_SCP 0.99 ALL
CHIX 0.99 ALL
RATIO 0.99 ALL
CHECK CODE ALL
FINISH
Section 3D
3-61
3-62 Section 3D
Verification Problem: 1
Objective: - To determine the Canadian Glulam section column in
axial compression. Column is effectively pinned at
both ends and braced at mid-height in all direction..
Design Code: - Canadian wood design code (CSA:086-01)
Reference: - Example 4, page 116, Canadian Wood Design Manual, 2001
Given: - Length = 9000mm
Comparison: Solution
Theory
STAAD
Difference
Section 3D
MEMBER PROPERTY TIMBER CANADIAN
1 PRIS YD 0.748031 ZD 0.574147
UNIT INCHES KIP
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL GLT_SPRUCE-PINE-12C-E MEMB 1
SUPPORTS
1 PINNED
UNIT METER KN
LOAD 1 LOADTYPE None TITLE LOAD CASE 1
JOINT LOAD
2 FY -214
PERFORM ANALYSIS
PARAMETER
CODE TIMBER CANADIAN
KY 0.5 ALL
KZ 0.5 ALL
CHECK CODE ALL
FINISH
TABLE
RESULT/
CRITICAL COND/
RATIO/
LOADING/
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
1
175.00X228.00 CANADIAN GLULAM GRADE:GLT_SPRUCE-PINE-12C-E
PASS
CL.5.5.10/6.5
0.728
1
214.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.0000
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| LEZ =
4500.000 LEY =
4500.000 LUZ =
9000.000 LUY =
9000.000mm
|
|
|
| KD = 1.000
KH
= 1.000
KT
= 1.000
KSB = 1.000
KSV = 1.000 |
| KSC = 1.000
K_SCP = 1.000
KSE = 1.000
KST = 1.000
KZB = 1.000 |
| KZV = 1.000
KZT
= 1.000
KZCP = 1.000
K_ZC = 1.000
CHIX = 1.000 |
| CV = 1.000
KN
= 1.000
|
|
|
| ACTUAL LOADS : (KN-m)
|
|
Pu =
214.000
|
|
Tu =
0.000
|
|
Muy =
0.000
|
|
Muz =
0.000
|
|
V
=
0.000
|
|
SLENDERNESS_Y =
19.737
|
|
SLENDERNESS_Z =
25.714
|
| ALLOWABLE CAPACITIES OF THE SECTION: (KN-m)
|
|
PY =
413.943
|
|
PZ =
293.793
|
|
T
=
0.000
|
|
MY =
0.000
|
|
MZ =
0.000
|
|
V
=
0.000
|
|
SLENDERNESS =
50.000
|
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
37. FINISH
3-63
3-64 Section 3D
Verification Problem: 2
Objective: - To determine the bending capacity of a Canadian
Glulam section single span floor beam. The
compression edge assumed fully supported.
Design Code: - Canadian wood design code (CSA:086-01)
Reference: - Example 2, page 59, Canadian Wood Design Manual, 2001
Given: - Length =7500mm, Beam Spacing = 5000mm, Standard load
condition, Dry service condition, Untreated
Comparison: Solution
Theory
STAAD
Difference
Design
Strength in
bending (kNm)
208
208.323
0.155 %
Design
Strength in
shear (kN)
101
100.776
-0.221 %
Section 3D
3-65
3-66 Section 3D
RESULT/
CRITICAL COND/
RATIO/
LOADING/
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
1
TABLE
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| LEZ =
7500.000 LEY =
7500.000 LUZ =
7500.000 LUY =
7500.000mm
|
|
|
| KD = 1.000
KH
= 1.000
KT
= 1.000
KSB = 1.000
KSV = 1.000 |
| KSC = 1.000
K_SCP = 1.000
KSE = 1.000
KST = 1.000
KZB = 1.000 |
| KZV = 1.000
KZT
= 1.000
KZCP = 1.000
K_ZC = 1.000
CHIX = 1.000 |
| CV = 1.000
KN
= 1.000
|
|
|
| ACTUAL LOADS : (KN-m)
|
|
Pu =
0.000
|
|
Tu =
0.000
|
|
Muy =
0.000
|
|
Muz =
0.000
|
|
V
=
101.625
|
|
SLENDERNESS_Y =
16.932
|
|
SLENDERNESS_Z =
1.529
|
| ALLOWABLE CAPACITIES OF THE SECTION: (KN-m)
|
|
PY =
0.000
|
|
PZ =
0.000
|
|
T
=
0.000
|
|
MY =
41.923
|
|
MZ =
208.323
|
|
V
=
100.776
|
|
SLENDERNESS =
50.000
|
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
46. FINISH
Section 3D
Verification Problem: 3
Objective: - To determine the capacity of a Canadian Glulam
section in axial tension.
Design Code: - Canadian wood design code (CSA:086-01)
Reference: - Example 3, page 158, Canadian Wood Design
Manual, 2001
Given: - Dry service condition, Untreated
Comparison: Solution
Theory
STAAD
Difference
Design Strength in
Tension (kN)
257
256.636
-0.141 %
3-67
3-68 Section 3D
ALPHA 5.5E-006
ISOTROPIC CONCRETE
E 3150
POISSON 0.17
DENSITY 8.68E-005
ALPHA 5.5E-006
DAMP 0.05
END DEFINE MATERIAL
UNIT FEET POUND
MEMBER PROPERTY TIMBER CANADIAN
1 PRIS YD 0.872702 ZD 0.262467
UNIT INCHES KIP
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL GLT_SPRUCE-PINE-14T-E MEMB 1
SUPPORTS
1 PINNED
UNIT METER KN
LOAD 1 LOADTYPE NONE TITLE LOAD CASE 1
JOINT LOAD
2 FY 250
PERFORM ANALYSIS PRINT STATICS CHECK
PARAMETER
CODE TIMBER CANADIAN
KY 0.5 ALL
KZ 0.5 ALL
CHECK CODE ALL
FINISH
Section 3D
MEMBER
TABLE
RESULT/
CRITICAL COND/
RATIO/
LOADING/
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
1
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| LEZ =
4500.000 LEY =
4500.000 LUZ =
9000.000 LUY =
9000.000mm
|
|
|
| KD = 1.000
KH
= 1.000
KT
= 1.000
KSB = 1.000
KSV = 1.000 |
| KSC = 1.000
K_SCP = 1.000
KSE = 1.000
KST = 1.000
KZB = 1.000 |
| KZV = 1.000
KZT
= 1.000
KZCP = 1.000
K_ZC = 1.000
CHIX = 1.000 |
| CV = 1.000
KN
= 1.000
|
|
|
| ACTUAL LOADS : (KN-m)
|
|
Pu =
0.000
|
|
Tu =
-250.000
|
|
Muy =
0.000
|
|
Muz =
0.000
|
|
V
=
0.000
|
| ALLOWABLE CAPACITIES OF THE SECTION: (KN-m)
|
|
PY =
0.000
|
|
PZ =
0.000
|
|
T
=
256.636
|
|
MY =
0.000
|
|
MZ =
0.000
|
|
V
=
0.000
|
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
3-69
3-70 Section 3D
Verification Problem: 4
Objective: - To determine the Canadian Sawn section column in
axial compression. Column is effectively pinned at
both ends.
Design Code: - Canadian wood design code (CSA:086-01)
Reference: - Example 2, page 113, Canadian Wood Design Manual, 2001
Given: - Unbraced Length = 5000mm
Comparison: Solution
Theory
STAAD
Difference
Section 3D
TABLE
RESULT/
CRITICAL COND/
RATIO/
LOADING/
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
1 ST DFL_NO2_8X8_POST
PASS
CL.5.5.10/6.5.12
0.882
1
114.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.0000
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| LEZ =
5000.000 LEY =
5000.000 LUZ =
5000.000 LUY =
5000.000mm
|
|
|
| KD = 1.000
KH
= 1.000
KT
= 1.000
KSB = 1.000
KSV = 1.000 |
| KSC = 0.910
K_SCP = 1.000
KSE = 1.000
KST = 1.000
KZB = 1.000 |
| KZV = 1.000
KZT
= 1.000
KZCP = 1.000
K_ZC = 1.050
CHIX = 1.000 |
| CV = 1.000
KN
= 1.000
|
|
|
| ACTUAL LOADS : (KN-m)
|
|
Pu =
114.000
|
|
Tu =
0.000
|
|
Muy =
0.000
|
|
Muz =
0.000
|
|
V
=
0.000
|
|
SLENDERNESS_Y =
26.178
|
|
SLENDERNESS_Z =
26.178
|
| ALLOWABLE CAPACITIES OF THE SECTION: (KN-m)
|
|
PY =
129.223
|
|
PZ =
129.223
|
|
T
=
0.000
|
|
MY =
0.000
|
|
MZ =
0.000
|
|
V
=
0.000
|
|
SLENDERNESS =
50.000
|
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
3-71
3-72 Section 3D
Verification Problem: 5
Objective: - To determine the bending capacity of a Canadian
sawn section single span floor beam.
Design Code: - Canadian wood design code (CSA:086-01)
Reference: - Example 1, page 58, Canadian Wood Design Manual,
2001
Given: - Length =6000mm, Beam Spacing = 3000mm, Standard
load condition, Dry service condition, Untreated
Comparison: Solution
Theory
STAAD
Difference
Design Strength in
bending (kN-m)
79.8
79.732
-0.085 %
Design Strength
in shear (kN)
46.1
46.170
No
Section 3D
TABLE
RESULT/
CRITICAL COND/
RATIO/
LOADING/
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
2 ST DFL_NO1_10X16_BM
FAIL
CL.5.5.5/6.5.6
1.066
1
0.00 T
0.00
49.20
3.0000
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| LEZ =
3000.000 LEY =
3000.000 LUZ =
3000.000 LUY =
3000.000mm
|
|
|
| KD = 1.000
KH
= 1.000
KT
= 1.000
KSB = 1.000
KSV = 1.000 |
| KSC = 1.000
K_SCP = 1.000
KSE = 1.000
KST = 1.000
KZB = 0.900 |
| KZV = 0.900
KZT
= 1.000
KZCP = 1.000
K_ZC = 1.050
CHIX = 1.000 |
| CV = 1.000
KN
= 1.000
|
|
|
| ACTUAL LOADS : (KN-m)
|
|
Pu =
0.000
|
|
Tu =
0.000
|
|
Muy =
0.000
|
|
Muz =
49.200
|
|
V
=
-49.200
|
|
SLENDERNESS_Y =
4.511
|
|
SLENDERNESS_Z =
2.158
|
| ALLOWABLE CAPACITIES OF THE SECTION: (KN-m)
|
|
PY =
0.000
|
|
PZ =
0.000
|
|
T
=
0.000
|
|
MY =
79.800
|
|
MZ =
79.732
|
|
V
=
46.170
|
|
SLENDERNESS =
50.000
|
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
3-73
3-74 Section 3D
Verification Problem: 6
Objective: - To determine the capacity of a Canadian Sawn section in axial
tension.
Design Code: - Canadian wood design code (CSA:086-01)
Reference: - Example 2, page 158, Canadian Wood Design Manual, 2001
Given: - Dry service condition, Untreated
Comparison: Solution
Theory
STAAD
Difference
Design Strength in
Tension (kN)
185
184.338
-0.357%
Section 3D
MEMBER
TABLE
RESULT/
CRITICAL COND/
RATIO/
LOADING/
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
1 ST DFL_NO1_6X8_BM
PASS
144.00 T
CL.5.5.10/6.5.12
0.00
0.781
0.00
0.0000
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| LEZ =
5000.000 LEY =
5000.000 LUZ =
5000.000 LUY =
5000.000mm
|
|
|
| KD = 1.000
KH
= 1.100
KT
= 1.000
KSB = 1.000
KSV = 1.000 |
| KSC = 0.910
K_SCP = 1.000
KSE = 1.000
KST = 1.000
KZB = 1.000 |
| KZV = 1.000
KZT
= 1.000
KZCP = 1.000
K_ZC = 1.050
CHIX = 1.000 |
| CV = 1.000
KN
= 1.000
|
|
|
| ACTUAL LOADS : (KN-m)
|
|
Pu =
0.000
|
|
Tu =
-144.000
|
|
Muy =
0.000
|
|
Muz =
0.000
|
|
V
=
0.000
|
| ALLOWABLE CAPACITIES OF THE SECTION: (KN-m)
|
|
PY =
0.000
|
|
PZ =
0.000
|
|
T
=
184.338
|
|
MY =
0.000
|
|
MZ =
0.000
|
|
V
=
0.000
|
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
3-75
3-76 Section 3D
Section 4
Chinese Codes
Kjahds;akh
4-1
Section
4A
For Columns
4-2
Section 4A
UNIT MM
MEMBER PROPERTY
1 3 TO 7 9 PRISM YD 450. ZD 250.
11 13 PR YD 350.
14 TO 16 PRIS YD 400. ZD 750. YB 300. ZB 200 .
will be done accordingly. In the above input, the first set of
members are rectangular (450 mm depth and 250mm width) and
the second set of members, with only depth and no width provided,
will be assumed to be circular with 350 mm diameter. The third set
numbers in the above example represents a T-shape with 750 mm
flange width, 200 width, 400 mm overall depth and 100 mm flange
depth (See section 6.20.2). The program will determine whether
the section is rectangular, flanged or circular and the beam or
column design
Section 4A
4-3
4-4
Section 4A
Section 4A
============================================================================
B E A M N O.
12 D E S I G N R E S U L T S
C20
LENGTH: 4000.0 mm
HRB400 (Main)
SIZE:
HRB400 (Sec.)
250.0 mm X 350.0 mm
COVER: 30.0 mm
2-12
1 layer(s)
2-12
1 layer(s)
2-12
1 layer(s)
2-12
1 layer(s)
2-12
1 layer(s)
4-5
4-6
Section 4A
Section 4A
============================================================================
C O L U M N
No.
1
D E S I G N
R E S U L T S
C20
LENGTH:
3000.0 mm
HRB400 (Main)
CROSS SECTION:
HRB400 (Sec.)
250.0 mm dia.
COVER: 40.0 mm
62.0
INITIAL MOMENTS
MOMENTS DUE TO MINIMUM ECC.
:
:
About Z
2.21
1.24
About Y
32.29
1.24
SLENDERNESS RATIOS
MOMENTS DUE TO SLENDERNESS EFFECT
MOMENT REDUCTION FACTORS
ADDITION MOMENTS (Maz and May)
:
:
:
:
12.00
1.12
1.00
1.12
12.00
1.12
1.00
1.12
3.32
33.40
36.87
Muy1 :
36.87
4-7
4-8
Section 4A
Default
Value
Description
FYMAIN
210 N/mm2
FYSEC
210 N/mm2
FC
15 N/mm2
CLEAR
25 mm
40 mm
MINMAIN
10 mm
MAXMAIN
60 mm
MINSEC
8 mm
Minimum secondary
reinforcement bar size.
MAXSEC
12 mm
Maximum secondary
reinforcement bar size.
BRACING
0.0
BEAM DESIGN
A value of 1.0 means the effect
of axial force will be taken into
account for beam design.
COLUMN DESIGN
A value of 1.0 means the column
is unbraced about major axis.
A value of 2.0 means the column
is unbraced about minor axis.
A value of 3.0 means the column
is unbraced about both axis.
RATIO
4.0
Maximum percentage of
longitudinal reinforcement in
columns.
Section 4A
4-9
Default
Value
4.0
Description
A value of 4.0 means longitudinal
reinforcement in column is arranged
equally along 4 faces.
A value of 2.0 invokes 2 faced
distribution about major axis.
A value of 3.0 invokes 2 faced
distribution about minor axis.
WIDTH
ZD
DEPTH
YD
TRACK
0.0
BEAM DESIGN:
For TRACK = 0.0, output consists of
reinforcement details at START, MIDDLE
and END.
For TRACK = 1.0, critical moments are
printed in addition to TRACK 0.0 output.
For TRACK = 2.0, required steel for
intermediate sections defined by
NSECTION are printed in addition to
TRACK 1.0 output.
COLUMN DESIGN:
With TRACK = 0.0, reinforcement details
are printed.
With TRACK = 1.0, column interaction
analysis results are printed in addition to
TRACK 0.0 output.
With TRACK = 2.0, a schematic
interaction diagram and intermediate
interaction values are printed in addition
to TRACK 1.0 output.
REINF
0.0
4-10
Section 4A
Default
Value
Description
ELZ
1.0
ELY
1.0
4-11
4B
4B.1 General
This section presents some gen eral statements regarding the
implementation in STAAD of the National Standard of the
Peoples Republic of China specifications for Design of Steel
Structures (GB50017-2003). The design philosophy and procedural
logistics are based on the principles of lim it state design method.
Facilities are available for member selection as well as code
checking. The following sections describe the salient features of
the design approach.
Members are proportioned to resist the design loads without
exceedance of the capacities. The most economical section is
selected on the basis of the least weight criteria. The code
checking part of the program also checks the slenderness
requirements and the stability criteria. It is generally assumed that
the user will take care of th e detailing requirements like flange
buckling, web crippling etc. Users are recommended to adopt the
following steps in performing the steel design:
1. Specify the geometry and factored loads. Perform the
analysis.
2. Specify the design parameter values if different from the
default values.
3. Specify whether to perform code checking or member
selection.
4-12
Section 4B
Section 4B
1 TO 5 15 16 TABLE ST I22B
H Shapes
H shaped sections are designated in the following way.
6 TO 8 TABLE ST HW250X250
T Shapes
T shaped sections are designated in the following way.
24 25 33 to 36 TABLE ST TM244X300
Channels
Channels are specified in the following way.
29 30 TABLE ST CH25A
Double Channels
Back to back double channels, with or without a spacing between
them, are available. The letter D in front of the section name will
specify a double channel.
11 TABLE D CH22B
17 TABLE D CH40C SP 0.15
4-13
4-14
Section 4B
19 TABLE ST L100X100X7
Two types of specifications may be used to describe an angle. The
standard angle section is specified as follows:
27 TABLE RA L40X25X3
The above section signifies an angle with legs of length 40mm and
25mm and a leg thickness of 3 mm. This specification may be used
when the local Z axis corresponds to the z -z axis specified in
Chapter 2. If the local Y axis corresponds to the z -z axis, type
specification "RA" (reverse angle) may be used.
Double Angles
Short leg back to back or long leg back to back double angles can
be specified by means of input of the words SD or LD,
respectively, in front of the angle size. In case of an equal angle,
either SD or LD will serve the purpose.
22
32
20
28
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
LD L56X36X3
SD L45X28X4
LD L56X36X3 SP 0.15
SD L56X36X4 SP 0.15
Section 4B
12 TABLE ST TUB100603.0
In the second method, tubes are specified by their dimensions. For
example,
is a tube that has a height of 0.6 length units, width of 0.6 length
units, and a wall thickness of 0.15 length un its.
Pipes (Circular Hollow Sections)
Pipes can be assigned in 2 ways. In the first method, the
designation for the pipe is as shown below. This method is meant
for pipes whose property name is available in the steel table.
21 31 TABLE ST PIP203X6.5
In the second method, pipe sections may be provided by specifying
the word PIPE followed by the outside and inside diameters of the
section. For example,
4-15
4-16
Section 4B
STAAD SPACE
START JOB INFORMATION
ENGINEER DATE 04-Aug-05
END JOB INFORMATION
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 0 0; 2 4 0 0; 3 9 0 0; 4 0 0 4; 5 4 0 4; 6 0 0 8; 7 4 0 8; 8 9 0 8;
9 0 3.5 0; 10 4 3.5 0; 11 9 3.5 0; 12 0 3.5 4; 13 4 3.5 4; 14 0 3.5 8;
15 4 3.5 8; 16 9 3.5 8; 17 0 7 0; 18 4 7 0; 19 9 7 0; 20 0 7 4;
21 4 7 4; 22 0 7 8; 23 4 7 8; 24 9 7 8;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 9; 2 2 10; 3 3 11; 4 4 12; 5 5 13; 6 6 14; 7 7 15; 8 8 16; 9 9 17;
10 10 18; 11 11 19; 12 12 20; 13 13 21; 14 14 22; 15 15 23; 16 16 24;
17 9 10; 18 10 11; 19 12 13; 20 14 15; 21 15 16; 22 17 18; 23 18 19;
24 20 21; 25 22 23; 26 23 24; 27 9 12; 28 12 14; 29 10 13; 30 13 15;
31 11 16; 32 17 20; 33 20 22; 34 18 21; 35 21 23; 36 19 24;
MEMBER PROPERTY CHINESE
*I SHAPES
1 TO 5 15 16 TABLE ST I22B
*H SHAPES
6 TO 8 TABLE ST HW250X250
*T SHAPES
24 25 33 to 36 TABLE ST TM244X300
*CHANNELS
29 30 TABLE ST CH25A
*DOUBLE CHANNELS
11 TABLE D CH22B
17 TABLE D CH40C SP 0.15
*ANGLES
19 TABLE ST L100X100X7
*DOUBLE ANGLES
27 TABLE RA L40X25X3
22 TABLE LD L56X36X3
32 TABLE SD L45X28X4
20 TABLE LD L56X36X3 SP 0.15
Section 4B
4-17
4-18
Section 4B
KY, LY, KZ and LZ. The provisions of Section 5 are used to check
the adequacy of sections in compression.
Allowable stress for Bending and Shear
Sections subjected to bending moments and shear forces are to be
designed according to the provisions of section 4. The permissible
bending compressive and tensile stresses are dependent on such
factors as outstanding legs and thickness of flanges, unsupporte d
length of the compression flange (UNL, defaults to member
length) etc. Shear capacities are calculated according to Table
3.4.1-1 and Section 4 and are a function of web depth, web
thickness etc. Users may use a value of 1.0 or 2.0 for the TRACK
parameter to obtain a listing of the bending and shear capacities.
Allowable stress for Combined Loading
For members experiencing combined loading (axial force, bending
and shear), applicable interaction formulas are checked at different
locations of the member for all modeled loading situations. The
procedure of Section 5 is implemented for combined axial load and
bending.
Section 4B
4-19
The default parameter values have been selected such that they are
frequently used numbers for conventional design. Depending on
the particular design requirements of an analysis, some or all of
these parameter values may have to be changed to exactly model
the physical structure. Note: Once a parameter is specified, its
value stays at that specified number till it is specified again.
This is the way STAAD works for all codes.
Table 4B.1 Chinese Steel Design Parameters
Parameter
Reference
Definition
Name
(GB50017-2003)
Length in local
Y axis for
Ly
slenderness
value KL/r
Length in local
Z axis for
Lz
slenderness
value KL/r
Maximum
Dmax
allowable
depth
Minimum
Dmin
required depth
K value in local
Ky
Y-axis, usually
minor axis
K value in local
Kz
Z-axis, usually
major axis
Net section
factor for
Nsf
tension
members
Default
Value
Remarks
Default is selected
beam's length
Default is selected
beam's length
100 cm
0 cm
Main
Flag for
controlling
slenderness
check
Track
Track
parameter
0 = Check for
slenderness.
1 = Do not check for
slenderness
0 = Suppress critical
member stress.
1 = Print all critical
member stress.
2 = Print expanded
output.
4-20
Section 4B
Beam
Beam
parameter
Grade
Grade of steel
Compression
Tension
Pfy
Pfz
Allowable KL/r
value in
compression
Allowable KL/r
value in
tension
Plasticity
adaptation
factor Y
direction
Plasticity
adaptation
factor Z
direction
Default
Value
Remarks
0 = Perform design
at ends and those
locations specified
in the section
command.
1 = Perform design
at ends and 1/12th
section locations
along member
length.
The Following
values represent the
various grades of
steel.
Q235 - 1
Q345 - 2
Q390 - 3
Q420 - 4
Clause 3.4.1
150
300
Table - 5.2.1
1.2
Table - 5.2.1
1.05
Section 4B
Default
Value
Remarks
Stability factor for
axial compression
members shall be
selected from
appendix C based
on its slenderness
ratio, yield strength,
classification of the
section in Table
5.1.2-1 and Table
5.1.2-2
Stability factor for
axial compression
members shall be
selected from
appendix C based
on its slenderness
ratio, yield strength,
classification of the
section in Table
5.1.2-1 and Table
5.1.2-2
Sfy
Stability factor
for Y direction
Appendix-C
Sfz
Stability factor
for Z direction
Appendix-C
Appendix-B
Appendix-B
SBY
SBZ
Overall
Stability factor
for Y direction
Overall
Stability factor
for Z direction
4-21
4-22
Section 4B
Section 5
European Codes
5-1
5A
5-2
Section 5A
E = 21.71 KN/mm 2
G = E / 2 (1 + v)
v = 0.25
= 23.56 KN/m 3
Section 5A
5A.5 Columns
Columns are designed for axial compressive loads and possible
moments at the ends of the member. If a particular load case
causes tension in the column being designed that load case is
ignored, the design proceeds with a warning message given to that
affect.
All active load cases will be considered in the design and
reinforcements are assumed symmetrically arranged in the cross
section.
The maximum reinforcement calculated after all design load cases
have been considered is then reported as the critical required area
of reinforcement.
Slender columns are also covered in the design process, the
program will make due allowance for the additional moment that
has to be considered in the design.
Please note that sway type structures are not directly covered in
the current implementation of EC2. This effect, however, can be
catered for by the P-DELTA analysis option.
5A.6 Beams
Beams are designed for flexure, shear and torsion. For all these
actions active load cases are scanned to create appropriate
envelopes for the design process. Maximum torsional moment is
also identified and incorporated in the design.
5-3
5-4
Section 5A
Section 5A
5A.7 Slabs
Slabs can only be designed for if finite elements are used to
represent them in the model of the structure. In the main the
design follows the same procedure as for flexure except that shear
forces are assumed to be resisted without the provision of shear
reinforcements. In cases where this may not be the case users must
ensure that necessary checks are carried out. The output for the
slab design refers to longitudinal reinforcements, which coincides
with the local x direction of the element, and, transverse
reinforcement, which coincides with the local y direction of the
element. Also, reference is made to 'TOP' and BOTT'
reinforcement which relates to the element's 'TOP' and 'BOTTOM'
as determined from the connectivity of the element. This may not
coincide with the slab's actual top and bottom and, if desired, users
must ensure this through the numbering scheme of the elements
(see figure 1.13 in the STAAD Technical Reference Manual). The
design of the slab considers a fixed bar size of 16mm in both
directions with the longitudinal bar being the layer closest to the
slab exterior faces.
5-5
5-6
Section 5A
Note: Once a parameter is specified, its value stays at that speci fied
number till it is specified again. This is the way STAAD works for
all codes.
Default
Value
Description
FYMAIN
*460 N/mm2
FYSEC
*460N/mm2
FC
* 30N/mm
MINMAIN
8mm
MINSEC
8mm
CLEAR
* 20mm
50mm
SFACE
*0.0
EFACE
*0.0
TRACK
0.0
MMAG
1.0
MAXMAIN
Section 5A
5-7
10
WIDTH
*ZD
DEPTH
*YD
BRACE
0.0
ELY
1.0
ELZ
1.0
SRA
0.0
0.0 =
NSECTION
-500 =
A=
SERV
0.0
5-8
Section 5A
5-9
5B
5-10
Section 5B
Section 5B
STAAD
Figure 1
EC3
Axes Convention in STAAD and EC3.
5-11
5-12
Section 5B
Section Classification
The occurrence of local buckling of the compression elements of a
cross-section prevents the development of full section capacity. It
is therefore imperative to establish this possibility prior to
determining the section capacities. Cross sections are classified in
accordance with their geometrical properties and the stress pattern
on the compression elements. For each load case considered in the
design process, STAAD determines the section class and calculate s
the capacities accordingly.
Material Properties and Load Factors
Design resistances are obtained by dividing the characteristic yield
strength, as given in table 3.1, by the material partial safety factor
g m. The magnitude of g m in STAAD is 1.1 which is applicable to
all section types.
Material coefficients in STAAD take the following default values
unless replaced by users numerical values provided in the input
file.
Modulus of Elasticity
Shear Modulus
Poissons Ratio
Unit weight
E = 205 N/mm 2
G = E / 2 (1+v)
v = 0.3
r = 76.8 KN/m 3
Section 5B
5-13
5-14
Section 5B
Section 5B
5-15
Default
Definition
Value
KY
1.0
KZ
1.0
LY
Member Length
LZ
Member Length
UNL
Member Length
PY
Yield Strength
NSF
1.0
SGR
0.0
SBLT
0.0
CMM
1.0
1.0 = Fe 430
2.0 = Fe
1.0 = Built-up.
CMN
1.0
5-16
Section 5B
Default
Definition
Name
Value
DMAX
100.0 cm
DMIN
RATIO
BEAM
Undefined
TRACK
UNF
1.0
LEG
0.0
Connection type
LVV
FU
DFF
None
(Mandatory for
deflection check)
DJ1
Start Joint
of member
DJ2
Deflection limit
Joint No. denoting starting point for
calculation of "Deflection Length"
Joint No. denoting end point for calculation of
"Deflection Length"
Section 5B
Notes:
1.
(a) - 2 bolts
(b) - 1 bolt
4.7.10.3
Double Angle
(a) - 2 bolts
(b) - 1 bolt
(c) - 2 bolts
(d) - 1 bolt
short leg
long leg
short leg
long leg
LEG
1.0
3.0
0.0
2.0
short leg
long leg
short leg
long leg
long leg
short leg
long leg
short leg
3.0
7.0
2.0
6.0
1.0
5.0
0.0
4.0
4.7.10.4
Channels
1.0
0.0
4.7.10.5
Tee Sections
1.0
0.0
5-17
5-18
Section 5B
Section 5B
Table 5B.2
5-19
5-20
Section 5B
Unfactored Loading
Permanent Load:
UDL including selfweight assume
20 KN/m
Variable Load:
UDL load assume
25 KN/m
Factored Load :
Section 5B
64.5 KN/m
d = 407.9mm
t w = 9.9 mm
b = 191.3 mm
t f = 16.0 mm
A = 104.5cm 2
l y = 37103 cm 4
W pl.y = 1833 cm 3
A v = 48.13 cm 2
5-21
5-22
Section 5B
Shear Resistance
Maximum design shear force (64.5 X 7) / 2 = 225.7 KN
Plastic shear resistance V pl.Rd = (A v / gM0) (f y / 3 )
= (4813 / 1.1) (275 / 1.732) / 1000
= 694.7 KN
Maximum design shear force = 225.7 KN < 694.7 KN
Therefore shear resistance is satisfactory.
Moment Resistance
Maximum design moment at mid-span of beam
(wl 2 / 8) = 395 Knm
Maximum resistance of section M c.Rd
= ( W pl.y fy ) / gM0
= (1833 X 10 3 X 275) / (1.1 X 10 6 )
= 458.2KNm
Maximum design moment = 395 KNm < 458.2 KNm
Therefore moment resistance is satisfactory.
Section 5B
5m
Unfactored Loading
Permanent Load:
UDL including selfweight assume
15 KN/m
Variable Load:
UDL load assume
20 KN/m
1.35
1.5
Factored Load :
50.3 KN/m
5m
5-23
5-24
Section 5B
d = 407.9 mm
t w = 9.9 mm
b = 191.3 mm
t f = 16.0 mm
A = 104.5 cm 2
l y = 37103cm 4
W pl.y = 1833cm 3
A v = 48.13cm 2
Shear Resistance
Maximum design shear force
Plastic shear resistance
(50.3 X 5) / 2 = 120.8 KN
V pl.Rd = (A v / gM0) (f y / 3 )
= (4813 / 1.1) (275 / 1.732) / 1000
= 694.7 KN
Section 5B
Moment Resistance
Maximum design moment at mid-span of beam
(wl 2 / 8) = 157.2 KNm
Maximum resistance of section M c.Rd = ( W pl.y fy ) / gM0
= (1833 X 10 3 X 275) / (1.1 X 10 6 )
= 458.2KNm
Maximum design moment = 157.2 KNm < 458.2 KNm
Therefore moment resistance is satisfactory.
f LT
1
f LT [f
LT
l 2 LT ]0.5
= 0.5 [1 + a LT ( l LT 0.2 ) + l 2 LT ]
= [ l LT / l 1 ] [bw ] 0.5
l1
= 93.9e
L/i LT
(C1 )
0.5
[1 (L/a LT ) 2 /25.66]
a LT = ( I w / l t )
0.5
5-25
5-26
Section 5B
lw
= l zh s 2 / 4
hs
= h - tf
i LT = [l z I w / W pl.y 2 ] 0.25
C 1 is a factor depending on transverse loading type.
For the selected section:
hs
= 460.2 16.0
444.2 mm
lw
= 1871 X 44.42 2 / 4
922934.6 cm 6
0.5
4.76 cm
115.4 cm
l1
500/4.76
1.132 [1 (500/115.4) 2 /25.66]0.25
0.5
= 86.06
86.8
l LT = 86.06 / 86.8
f LT
0.99
0.5
1.07
0.67
Section 5B
5m
3500 KN
Try 305 X 305 X 158 UC
h = 327.2 mm
d = 246.6 mm
t w = 15.7 mm
b = 310.6 mm
t f = 25.0 mm
A = 210.2 cm 2
i y = 13.9 cm
i z = 7.89 cm
fy = 275 N/ mm 2
Section Classification
Outstand flanges in compression, limit for rolled section
c/t = 10e = 9.2
c/t ratio for the selected section is 155.3/25 = 6.21 < 9.2
Flange is therefore a class 1 element.
5-27
5-28
Section 5B
X =
_2
f [f l ]0.5
2
_2
f = 0.5 [ 1 + a ( l 0.2) + l ]
a is an imperfection factor.
_
l = [ l / l 1 ] [ bA ] 0.5
Section 5B
l 1 = 93.9 e
From table 5.5.3 for buckling about y-y-axis, a is 0.34.
From table 5.5.3 for buckling about z-z axis, a is 0.49.
l y = 500 / 13.9
l y = 35.97
lz = 500 / 7.89
lz = 63.37
Consider buckling about the y-y axis.
_
l y = [ l y / l 1 ] [bA ] 0.5
f y = 0.5 [1 + a y ( l y 0.2) + l 2 y ]
f y = 0.5 [1 + 0.34 (0.41 0.2) + 0.41 2 ]
f y = 0.62
1
Xy =
f y [f
_2
=
0.5
1
0.62 [0.622 0.412 ]0.5
y]
5-29
5-30
Section 5B
l z = [ l z / l 1 ] [bA ] 0.5
fz = 0.5 [1 + a z ( l z 0.2) + l z ]
fz = 0.5 [1 + 0.49 (0.73 0.2) + 0.73 2 ]
fz = 0.89
Xz =
_2
f z [f 2 z l
z]
0 .5
1
0.89 [0.892 0.732 ]0.5
Section 5B
d = 246.6 mm
t w = 13.8 mm
b = 308.7mm
t f = 21.7 mm
A = 174.6cm 2
W pl.y = 2298cm 3
W el.y = 2049 cm 3
A v = 50.6 cm 2
i y = 13.7 cm
i z = 7.82 cm
f y = 275 N/mm 2
5-31
5-32
Section 5B
Section classification
Shear Resistance
Maximum design shear force 250 / 5 = 50 KN
Plastic shear resistance V pl.Rd = ( A v / gM0 ) ( f y / 3 )
= (5060 / 1.1) (275 / 1.732) / 1000
= 730 KN
Design shear force is less than 730 KN. Shear resistance is
satisfactory.
Moment Resistance
Design bending moment must not exceed the reduced plastic
resistance moment of the section given by the following equations.
M Ny.Rd = Mpl.y.Rd ( 1 n ) / ( 1 0.5 a )
a = ( A 2bt f ) / A but a must not exceed 0.5.
n = N sd / Npl.Rd
If n does not exceed a then M Ny.Rd = Mpl.y.Rd
a = ( 17460 2 X 308.7 X 21.7 ) / 17460
a = 0.232
N pl.Rd = ( 275 X 17460 ) ( 1.1 X 1000 ) = 4365 KN
n = 1500 / 4365 = 0.343
Section 5B
5-33
Ky = 1 -
m y N sd
X y Af y
but K y 1.5
m y = l y (2bMy 4) +
Wpl.y Wel.y
Wel.y
but m y 0.90
5-34
Section 5B
l y = [ l y / l 1 ] [bA ] 0.5
f y = 0.5 [1 + a y ( l y 0.2) + l 2 y ]
f y = 0.5 [1 + 0.34 (0.42 0.2) + 0.42 2 ]
f y = 0.62
Xy =
1
f y [f y l y ]
2
0.5
l z = [ l z / l 1 ] [bA ] 0.5
fz = 0.5 [1 + a z ( l z 0.2) + l 2 z ]
fz = 0.5 [1 + 0.49 (0.73 0.2) + 0.73 2 ]
fz = 0.89
Section 5B
Xz =
_2
f z [f 2 z l z ]0.5
l y = 0.42
m y = 0.42 (2 X 1.8 4) +
Ky = 1 -
2298 2049
2049
= - 0.046
0.046X1500
= 1.015 1.5
0.93X17.46X275
K y M y.sd
N sd
+
X min Af y /gM1
Wpl.y f y /gM1
1500
1.015X250
+
= 0.92 1
0.71X17.46X275/1.1
2.298X275/1.1
K LT = 1 -
m LT N sd
but K LT 1
X z Af y
5-35
5-36
Section 5B
500/8.33
1.879 [1 (500/97.6)2 /25.66]0.25
0.5
= 36.71
0.047X1500
= 0.98
0.71X17.46X275
K LT M y.sd
N sd
+
X z Af y /gM1
X LT Wpl.y f y /gM1
1500
0.98X250
+
= 0.932
0.71X17.46X275/1.1
0.95X2.298X275/1.1
Section 5B
Example 1.
The following input file is for the single beam in example 1. Only
code check related output is enclosed.
STAAD PLANE INPUT FILE FOR EX.1 IN THE EC3 MANUAL.
INPUT WIDTH 79
UNIT METER KNS
JOINT COORDINATES
1
0.000 0.000 0.000
2
5.000 0.000 0.000
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1
1
2
MEMBER PROPERTY BRITISH
1 TABLE ST UB457X191X82
CONSTANTS
E STEEL ALL
SUPPORTS
1 PINNED
2 FIXED BUT FX MZ
LOAD 1
MEMBER LOAD
1 UNI GY-20.0
LOAD 2
MEMBER LOAD
1 UNI GY -25.0
LOAD COMBINATION 3
1 1.35 2 1.5
PERFORM ANALYSIS
LOAD LIST 3
PARAMETER
CODE EC3
UNL 0.0 ALL
BEAM 2.0 ALL
TRACK 2 .ALL
SGR 1 .ALL
CHECK CODE ALL
FINISH
5-37
5-38
Section 5B
Section 5B
Example 2.
The following input file is for the beam in example 2. Only code
check related output is enclosed.
STAAD PLANE INPUT FILE FOR EXAMPLE 2
INPUT WIDTH 79
UNIT METER KNS
JOINT COORDINATES
1
0.000 0.000 0.000
2
5.000 0.000 0.000
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1
1
2
MEMBER PROPERTY BRITISH
1 TABLE ST UB457X191X82
CONSTANTS
E STEEL ALL
SUPPORTS
1 PINNED
2 FIXED BUT FX MZ
LOAD 1
MEMBER LOAD
1 UNI GY -15.0
LOAD 2
MEMBER LOAD
1 UNI GY -20.0
LOAD COMBINATION 3
1 1.35 2 1.5
PERFORM ANALYSIS
LOAD LIST 3
PARAMETER
CODE EC3
BEAM 2.0 ALL
TRACK 2. ALL
SGR 1. ALL
CHECK CODE ALL
FINISH
5-39
5-40
Section 5B
Section 5B
Example 3.
The following input file is for the simple column in example 3.
Only code check related output is enclosed.
STAAD PLANE INPUT FILE FOR EXAMPLE 3.
UNIT METER KNS
JOINT COORDINATES
1000
2050
MEMBER INCIDENCES
112
MEMBER PROPERTIES BRITISH
1 TA ST UC305X305X158
CONSTANTS
E STEEL ALL
SUPPORT
1 FIXED
LOAD 1
JOINT LOAD
2 FY -3500
PERFORM ANALYSIS
PARAMETERS
CODE EC3
TRACK 2.0 ALL
SGR 1. ALL
CHECK CODE ALL
FINISH
5-41
5-42
Section 5B
Section 5B
Example 4.
The following input file is for the column in example 4. Only code
check related output is enclosed.
STAAD PLANE INPUT FILE FOR EXAMPLE 4.
UNIT METER KNS
JOINT COORDINATES
1000
2050
MEMBER INCIDENCES
112
MEMBER PROPERTIES BRITISH
1 TA ST UC305X305X137
CONSTANTS
E STEEL ALL
SUPPORT
1 PINNED
2 FIXED BUT FY MZ
LOAD 1
JOINT LOAD
2 FY -1500
2 MZ 250
PERFORM ANALYSIS
PARAMETERS
CODE EC3
BEAM 2.0 ALL
TRACK 2.0 ALL
CMM 6
SGR 1.0 ALL
CHECK CODE ALL
FINISH
5-43
5-44
Section 5B
5-45
5C
5-46
Section 5C
STAAD
EC5
Section 5C
Determination of Factors
(A)
Kmod Modification factor taking into account of Loadduration (LDC) and Moisture-content (Service Class SCL). Reference Table 3.1 of EC-5-2004.
For Solid Timber, the values are incorporated in the
program.
(B)
(C)
Kh Size Factor.
For members, subjected to tension, whose maximum c/s
dimension is less than the reference width in tension the
characteristic strength in tension (ft0k) is to be increased
by the factor Kh.
For members, subjected to bending, whose depth is less
than reference depth in bending, the characteristic strength
in bending (fmk) is to be increased by the factor Kh.
As per clause 3.2(3) of EC 5- 2004, for rectangular solid
timber with a characteristic timber density k 700 kg/m 3
the reference depth in bending or the reference width
(maximum cross-sectional dimension) is 150 mm.
The value of Kh = Minimum of {(150/h) 0.2 and 1.3) for
such solid timber is incorporated in the software. Please
refer clause numbers 3.3 and 3.4 for the value of K h for
Glued laminated timber and Laminated veener lumber
respectively.
5-47
5-48
Section 5C
(D)
(E)
(F)
Section 5C
Description
S t0d
S t90d
S c0d
S c90d
S mzd
S myd
S vd
S tor_d
F t0d
F t90d
F c0d
F c90d
F mzd
F myd
F vd
RATIO
5-49
5-50
Section 5C
Symbols
Description
z , rel,z
y , rel,y
E 0,05
G 0,05
Iz
Iy
I tor
f mk
b, h
Section 5C
Sl.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
5-51
Wood Type
Property
Symbol
Tensile Strength
parallel to grain
Tensile Strength
perpendicular to grain
Compressive Strength
parallel to grain
Compressive Strength
perpendicular to grain
Shear Strength
Hardwood (D)
ft,0,k
0.6 * fm, k
ft,90,k
fc,0,k
5 * (fm,k ) 0.45
fc,90,k
f v, k
Modulus of Elasticity
parallel to grain
Mean Modulus of
Elasticity
perpendicular to grain
Softwood
(C)
0.007*k
0.0015*k
E 0,05
0.67* E 0,mean
0.84* E 0,mean
E 90,mean
E 0,mean /30
E 0,mean /15
8.
G me an
E 0,mean /16
9.
Shear Modulus
G 0,05
E 0,05 /16
X d K mod X k m
5-52
Section 5C
St0d Ft0d
RATIO
S t90d Ft90d
RATIO
Sc0d Fc0d
RATIO
2004)
If the direction of applied axial compression is perpendicular to
the direction of timber grain alignment, the following formula
should be checked:
Section 5C
5-53
2004)
Check for Bending stresses
If members are under bending stresses, the following conditions
should be satisfied. Please note that in STAAD z-z axis is the
strong axis:
S
S mzd
Fmzd Fmyd
Check for Shear stresses
Horizontal stresses are calculated and checked against allowable
values:
S vd
RATIO
F
vd
S tor_d
5-54
Section 5C
S t0d
Ft0d
S
S mzd
Km myd
F
Fmzd
myd
RATIO
S t0d
Ft0d
S S
Km mzd myd
Fmzd Fmyd
RATIO
S c0d
Fc0d
S
S mzd
Km my d
F
Fmzd
my d
2
S c0d
Fc0d
.
RATIO
S S
Km mzd my d
Fmzd Fmy d
2
RATIO
Section 5C
Stability check
(A)
rel,z
rel, y
S
z
c0k
E 0,05
y
S c0k
E 0,05
If both rel,z and rel,y are less than or equal to 0.3 the
following conditions should be satisfied:
S c0d
Fc0d
S
S mzd
Km my d
F
Fmzd
my d
RATIO
S c0d
Fc0d
S S
Km mzd my d
Fmzd Fmy d
RATIO
Sc0d
Kcz Fc0d
S
S mzd
Km myd
F
Fmzd
myd
RATIO
5-55
5-56
Section 5C
Sc0d
Kcy Fc0d
S S
Km mzd myd
Fmzd Fmyd
RATIO
...
( cf: Equation 6.24 of EC-5-2004)
Where the symbols Kcz and Kcy are defined as follows.
Please note that in STAAD z-z axis is the strong axis:
Kcz
Kcy
Kz
Kz 2 rel,z 2
1
Ky
Kz
2
rel, y
S mzd
RATIO .( cf: Equation 6.33 of EC-5-2004)
Kcrit Fmzd
Section 5C
Sc0d
S mzd
Kcrit Fmzd Kcz Fc0d
RATIO
Where,
rel,m 2
..
rel,m
f mk
S m ,crit
For hardwood:
S m,crit
For softwood:
S m ,crit
0.78 b 2
E 0, 05 .( Equation 6.32 of EC-5-2004)
h l ef
5-57
5-58
Section 5C
Parameter
Name
Default
Value
Description
SCL
LDC
Section 5C
Parameter
Name
Default
Value
Description
TSC
6 (C24)
ALPHA
0.0
KC90
1.0
5-59
5-60
Section 5C
Parameter
Name
Default
Value
Description
MTYP
KLEF
1.0
(Member
Length)
KLY
KLZ
1.0
(Member
Length)
1.0
(Member
Length)
TRACK
RATIO
1.0
Section 5C
Parameter
Name
SERV
Default
Value
No Default
Value
Description
Defines the load case numbers those are
to be considered for serviceability
(deflection) check.
The list of this parameter must contain
only the valid load-case numbers.
Deflection checks will be performed
only on those load-case results.
If this parameter is not provided,
then in-spite of the presence of the
parameter DFF the deflection check
will NOT be performed.
DFF
No Default
Value
DJ1
DJ2
5-61
5-62
Section 5C
Section 5C
5-63
y
f c0k
rel, y
= 0.809
E 0, 05
f c0k
rel,z z
= 0.298
E 0, 05
Since, rel,y is greater than 0.3, following conditions should be
satisfied:
Sc0d
K F
c, y c0d
6.3.2.(3)]
Smyd
Km Smzd
F
F
mzd
myd
RATIO
[Cl.
5-64
Section 5C
Sc0d
Kcz Fc0d
S
Smzd
Km myd
F
Fmzd
myd
RATIO
[Cl.
6.3.2.(3)]
.5 1
= 0.878
.3 = 0.541
K y .5 1 rel, y .3 rel, y
Kz
K c,y
K c ,z
rel,z
1
K y K 2y 2rel,y
1
K z K 2z 2rel,z
rel,z
= 0.82
= 1.0
Sc0d
K F
c, y c0d
Smyd
Km Smzd
F
F
mzd
myd
S
Smzd
Km myd
F
Fmzd
myd
= 0.326
Sc0d
Kcz Fc0d
= 0.268
Hence the critical ratio is 0.326 < 1.0 and the section is safe.
Section 5C
5-65
5-66
Section 5C
Section 5C
5-67
Kmod = 0.80
m = 1.30
5-68
Section 5C
y
f c0k
= 0.809
rel, y
E
0 , 05
f c0k
rel,z z
= 0.298
E 0, 05
Since, rel,y is greater than 0.3, following conditions should be
satisfied:
Sc0d
K F
c, y c0d
Smyd
Km Smzd
F
F
mzd
myd
Sc0d
Kcz Fc0d
S
Smzd
Km myd
F
Fmzd
myd
RATIO
.5 1
.3 = 0.541
K c,y
K c ,z
rel,z
1
K y K 2y 2rel,y
1
K z K 2z 2rel,z
rel,z
= 0.82
= 1.0
[Cl. 6.3.2.(3)]
Section 5C
Sc0d
K F
c, y c0d
Smyd
Km Smzd
F
F
mzd
myd
Sc0d
Kcz Fc0d
S
Smzd
Km myd
F
Fmzd
myd
Hence the critical ratio is 0.616 < 1.0 and the section is safe.
5-69
5-70
Section 5C
Section 5C
5-71
5-72
Section 5C
Section 6
Egyptian Codes
Alkjdflakjsfd
6-1
6A
UNIT MM
MEMBER PROPERTY
1 3 TO 7 9 PRISM YD 450. ZD 250.
11 13 PR YD 350.
6-2
Section 6A
Section 6A
6-3
6-4
Section 6A
Section 6A
6-5
6-6
Section 6A
Section 6A
6-7
6-8
Section 6A
6-9
6B
6-10
Section 6B
Compressive Stress
Allowable compressive stress on the gross section of axially
loaded compression members shall not exceed the permissible
stress calculated based on the following formula: (Clause: 2.6.4)
F c = 0.58F y
(0.58F y 0.75)
4
10
For all grade of steel:
For = kl/r 100
F c = 7500/ 2
where,
Section 6B
Fc
= Permissible stress in axial compression, in Mpa
fy
= Yield stress of steel, in Mpa
=l/r = Slenderness ratio of the member, ratio of the effective
length to appropriate radius of gyration
6-11
6-12
Section 6B
a. When Lu / rT 84
Cb
then
Fy
F ltb2 = 0.58 Fy
b. When
84
Cb
Cb
Lu / rT 188
Fy
Fy
Lu / rT 2 F y
F ltb2 = 0.64
1.176 105C b
c. When Lu / rT 188
F ltb2
1200
Lu / rT 2
then
F y 0.58F y
Cb
then
Fy
C b 0.58F y
where,
L u = Effective laterally unsupported length of compression flange.
k = Effective length factor
r T = radius of gyration about minor axis of a section compressing
the compression web area (in cms)
b f = Compression flange width
d = Total depth
C b = Coefficient depending on the type of load and support
conditions as given in table 2.2
II.
Section 6B
6-13
where,
A1
f ca
C mx
f
1 ca
f Ex
A2
C my
1 f ca
f Ey
Fc
= Allowable compressive stress, clause 2.6.4.
f
f bcx bcy = Actual Bending stress about x and y-axes respectively.
Fbcx,Fbcy = Allowable compressive bending stress, clause 2.6.5.
FEx,FEy = Euler stress in t/cm2
Cm
= Moment modification factor
6-14
Section 6B
Section 6B
6-15
6-16
Section 6B
Section 6B
6-17
Default Value
250 MPA
(36.25 KSI)
Description
Yield strength of steel.
NSF
1.0
SSY
0.0
SSZ
0.0
CMY
CMZ
0.85 for
sidesway and
calculated for no
sidesway
180 (Comp.
Memb.)
TMAIN
300 (Tension
Memb)
DMAX
100.0 cm.
DMIN
0.0 cm.
RATIO
1.0
3.0
MAIN
BEAM
PROFILE
DFF
None
(Mandatory for
deflection check)
6-18
Section 6B
Section 7
French Codes
Alkjdflakjsfd
7-1
Section
7A
7-2
Section 7A
UNIT MM
MEMBER PROPERTIES
1 3 to 7 9 PRISM YD 450 ZD 300.
11 13 PR YD 300.
In the above input, the first set of members are rectangular (450
mm depth and 300 mm width) and the second set of members, with
only depth and no width provided, will be assumed to be circular
with a 300 mm diameter. Note that area (AX) is not provided for
these members. If shear areas (AY & AZ) are to be considered in
analysis, the user may provide them along with YD and ZD. Also
note that moments of inertia may be provi ded, but if not provided,
the program will calculate values from YD and ZD.
Section 7A
7-3
MINMAIN
Default
Value
Description
* 300 N/mm2
* 300 N/mm
* 30 N/mm
* 20 mm
8 mm
MINSEC
8 mm
MAXMAIN
50 mm
SFACE
*0.0
7-4
Section 7A
Default
Value
Description
EFACE
*0.0
TRACK
0.0
MMAG
1.0
NSECTION
10
WIDTH
ZD
DEPTH
YD
Section 7A
7-5
7-6
Section 7A
X
Mx
TRANS.
My
Mx
LONG.
7-7
Section
7B
7-8
Section 7B
Section 7B
7-9
7-10
Section 7B
=
=
=
=
=
=
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Compression Capacity
Tension Capacity
Moment Capacity (about z-axis)
Moment Capacity (about y-axis)
Shear Capacity (z-axis)
Shear Capacity (y-axis)
Default
Value
Description
KY
1.0
KZ
1.0
LY
Member Length
LZ
Member Length
FYLD
250.0 MPa
NSF
1.0
UNL
Member Length
UNF
1.0
TRACK
0.0
DMAX
100.0 cm.
DMIN
0.0 cm.
RATIO
1.0
Section 7B
Default
Value
0.0
Description
0.0 = design only for end
moments and those at
locations specified by
SECTION command.
1.0 = calculate moments at tenth
points along the beam, and
use maximum Mz for
design.
7-11
7-12
Section 7B
Section 7B
IPE Shapes
These shapes are designated in the following way.
10 15 TA ST IPE140
20 TO 30 TA ST IPEA120
33 36 TO 46 BY 2 TA ST IPER180
HE shapes
HE shapes are specified as follows.
3 5 TA ST HEA120A
7 10 TA ST HEM140
13 14 TA ST HEB100
IPN Shapes
The designation for the IPN shapes is similar to that for the IPE
shapes.
25 TO 35 TA ST IPN200
23 56 TA ST IPN380
T Shapes
Tee sections are not input by their actual designations, but instead
by referring to the I beam shapes from which they are cut. For
example,
1 5 TA T IPE140
2 8 TA T HEM120
7-13
7-14
Section 7B
U Channels
Shown below is the syntax for assigning 4 different names of channel
sections.
1 TO 5 TA ST UAP100
6 TO 10 TA ST UPN220
11 TO 15 TA ST UPN240A
16 TO 20 TA ST UAP250A
Double U Channels
Back to back double channels, with or without a spacing between
them, are available. The letter D in front of the section name will
specify a double channel.
11 TA D UAP150
17 TA D UAP250A SP 0.5
In the above set of commands, member 11 is a back to back double
channel UAP150 with no spacing in between. Member 17 is a
double channel UAP250A with a spacing of 0.5 length units
between the channels.
Angles
Two types of specification may be used to describe an angle. The
standard angle section is specified as follows:
16 20 TA ST L30X30X2.7
The above section signifies an angle with legs of length 30mm and
a leg thickness of 2.7mm. This specification may be used when the
local Z axis corresponds to the z-z axis specified in Chapter 2. If
the local Y axis corresponds to the z-z axis, type specification
"RA" (reverse angle) should be used instead of ST.
17 21 TA RA L25X25X4
Section 7B
22 24 TA RA L100X100X6.5
Note that if the leg thickness is a round number such as 4.0, only
the number 4 appears in the section name, the decimal part is not
part of the section name.
Double Angles
Short leg back to back or long leg back to back double angles can
be specified by means of input of the words SD or LD,
respectively, in front of the angle size. In case of an equal angle,
either SD or LD will serve the purpose.
33 35 TA SD L30X20X4 SP 0.6
37 39 TA LD L80X40X6
43 TO 47 TA LD L80X80X6.5 SP 0.75
Tubes (Rectangular or Square Hollow Sections)
Section names of tubes, just like angles, consist of the depth,
width and wall thickness as shown below.
64 78 TA ST TUB50252.7
66 73 TA ST TUB2001008.0
Members 64 and 78 are tubes with a depth of 50mm, width of 25mm
and a wall thickness of 2.7mm. Members 66 and 73 are tubes with a
depth of 200mm, width of 100mm and a wall thickness of 8.0mm.
Unlike angles, the ".0" in the thickness is part of the section name.
Tubes can also be input by their dimensions instead of by their table
designations. For example,
7-15
7-16
Section 7B
8 TO 28 TA ST PIP422.6
3 64 78 TA ST PIP21912.5
Members 8 to 28 are pipes 42.4mm in dia, having a wall thickness
of 2.6mm. Members 3, 64 and 78 are pipes 219.1mm in dia, having
a wall thickness of 12.5mm.
Circular hollow sections may also be provided by specifying the
outside and inside diameters of the section. For example,
Section 7B
UNIT CM
MEMBER PROPERTIES FRENCH
* IPE SHAPES
1 TA ST IPEA120
* IPN SHAPES
2 TA ST IPN380
*HE SHAPES
3 TA ST HEA200
* T SHAPES
4 TA T HEM120
* U CHANNELS
5 TA ST UAP100
* DOUBLE U CHANNELS
6 TA D UAP150 SP 0.5
* ANGLES
7 TA ST L30X30X2.7
* REVERSE ANGLES
8 TA RA L25X25X4
* DOUBLE ANGLES - SHORT LEGS BACK
* TO BACK
9 TA SD L30X20X4 SP 0.25
* DOUBLE ANGLES - LONG LEGS BACK
* TO BACK
10 TA LD L80X40X6 SP 0.75
* TUBES (RECTANGULAR OR SQUARE
* HOLLOW SECTIONS)
11 TA ST TUB50252.7
* TUBES (RECTANGULAR OR SQUARE
* HOLLOW SECTIONS)
12 TA ST TUBE DT 8.0 WT 6.0 TH 0.5
* PIPES (CIRCULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS)
13 TA ST PIP422.6
* PIPES (CIRCULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS)
14 TA ST PIPE OD 25.0 ID 20.0
PRINT MEMB PROP
FINI
7-17
7-18
Section 7B
Section 8
German Codes
Aslkdfj;alskjdf
8-1
8A
8-2
Section 8A
UNIT MM
MEMBER PROPERTY
1 3 TO 7 9 PRISM YD 450. ZD 250.
11 13 PR YD 350.
In the above input, the first set of members are rectangular (450
mm depth and 250mm width) and the second set of members, with
only depth and no width provided, will be assumed to be circular
with 350mm diameter. It is absolutely imperative that the user not
provide the cross section area (AX) as an input.
Section 8A
8-3
the P-delta analysis based on the deflections. Also, note that the
proper factored loads (like 1.5 for dead load etc.) should be
provided by the user. STAAD does not factor the loads
automatically. The column is designed for the total moment which
is the sum of the primary and secondary forces. The secondar y
moments can be compared to those calculated using the charts of
DIN 1045.
8-4
Section 8A
Section 8A
8-5
8-6
Section 8A
4. SRA
Section 8A
8-7
Default Value
420 N/mm
Description
Yield Stress for main reinforcement (For slabs
2
it is 500 N/mm for both directions)
FYSEC
420N/mm2
FC
25N/mm2
MINMAIN
16mm
MINSEC
8mm
8-8
Section 8A
Default Value
Description
size. Applicable to shear and torsion
reinforcement in beams.
CLEAR
25mm
MAXMAIN
50 mm
SFACE
0.0
EFACE
0.0
TRACK
0.0
MMAG
1.0
NSECTION
10
WIDTH
ZD
DEPTH
YD
ELY
1.0
Section 8A
8-9
Default Value
Description
for column design
ELZ
1.0
SRA
0.0
8-10
Section 8A
8-11
Section
8B
8B.1 General
This section presents some general statements regarding the
implementation of the DIN code of practice for structural steel
design (DIN 18800 and DIN 4114) in STAAD. The design
philosophy and procedural logistics are based on the principles of
elastic analysis and allowable stress design. Facilities are available
for member selection as well as code checking. Two major failure
modes are recognized: failure by overstressing and failure by
stability considerations. The following sections describe the
salient features of the design approach.
Members are proportioned to resist the design loads without
exceedance of the allowable stresses or capacities and the most
economical section is selected on the basis of the least weight
criteria. The code checking part of the program also checks the
slenderness requirements and the stability criteria. Users are
recommended to adopt the following steps in performing the steel
design:
1) Specify the geometry and loads and perform the analysis.
2) Specify the design parameter values if different from the
default values.
3) Specify whether to perform code checking or member
selection.
8-12
Section 8B
Section 8B
20 TO 30 TA ST IPEA120
33 36 TO 46 BY 2 TA ST IPER140
HE Shapes
The designation for HE shapes is similar to that for IPE shapes.
25 TO 35 TA ST HEB300
23 56 TA ST HEA160
I Shapes
I shapes are identified by the depth of the section. The following
example illustrates the designation.
14 15 TA ST I200
T Shapes
Tee sections are not input by their actual designations, but instead
by referring to the I beam shapes from which they are cut. For
example,
1 5 TA T HEA220
2 8 TA T IPE120
8-13
8-14
Section 8B
U Channels
The example below provides the command for identifying two
channel sections. The former (U70X40) has a depth of 70mm and a
flange width of 40mm. The latter (U260) has a depth of 260mm.
11 TA D U70X40
27 TA D U260
Double Channels
Back to back double channels, with or without spacing between
them, are available. The letter D in front of the section name
will specify a double channel, e.g. D U180. The spacing between
the double channels is provided following the expression SP.
11 TA D U180
27 TA D U280 SP 0.5 (Indicates 2 channels back to back
spaced at 0.5 length units)
Angles
Two types of specifications may be used to describe an angle. The
standard angle section is specified as follows:
16 20 TA ST L20X20X2.5
The above section signifies an angle with legs of length 20mm and
a leg thickness of 2.5mm. The above specification may be used
when the local z-axis corresponds to the Z-Z axis specified in
Chapter 2. If the local y-axis corresponds to the Z-Z axis, type
specification "RA" (reverse angle) may be used.
17 21 TA RA L40X20X5
Section 8B
Double Angles
Short leg back to back or long leg back to back double angles can
be specified by using the word SD or LD, respectively, in front of
the angle size. In case of an equal angle, either SD or LD will
serve the purpose. Spacing between the angles is provided by
using the word SP and the spacing value following the section
name.
14 TO 20 TA SD L40X20X4 SP 0.5
21 TO 27 TA LD L40X20X4 SP 0.5
Pipes (Circular Hollow Sections)
To designate circular hollow sections, use PIP followed by
numerical value of the diameter and thickness of the section in mm
omitting the decimal section of the value provided for diameter.
The following example will illustrate the designation.
8 TO 28 TA ST PIP602.9
thickness)
3 64 67 TA ST PIP40612.5
thickness)
8-15
8-16
Section 8B
15 TO 25 TA ST TUB100603.6
is the specification for a tube having sides of 100mmX60mm and
the wall thickness of 3.6mm.
Tubes, like pipes can also be input by their dimensions (Height,
Width and Thickness) instead of by their table designations.
Section 8B
* U CHANNELS
5 TA ST U70X40
* DOUBLE U CHANNELS
6 TA D U260
* ANGLES
7 TA ST L20X20X2.5
* REVERSE ANGLES
8 TA RA L40X20X5
* DOUBLE ANGLES - LONG LEGS BACK TO BACK
9 TA LD L40X20X4 SP 0.5
* DOUBLE ANGLES - SHORT LEGS BACK TO BACK
10 TA SD L40X20X4 SP 0.5
* PIPES
11 TA ST PIP602.9
* PIPES
12 TA ST PIPE OD 25.0 ID 20.0
* TUBES
13 TA ST TUB100603.6
* TUBES
14 TA ST TUBE DT 8.0 WT 6.0 WT 0.5
*
PRINT MEMBER PROPERTIES
FINISH
8-17
8-18
Section 8B
Section 8B
Default Value
Description
1.0
KZ
1.0
LY
Member Length
LZ
Member Length
PY
240 N/sq.mm
Strength of steel.
NSF
1.0
UNL
Member Length
UNF
1.0
BEAM
0.0
8-19
8-20
Section 8B
Default Value
Description
2.0 = Check ends plus location of beam 1.0
check.
3.0 = Check at every 1/13th of the member
length and report the maximum.
TRACK
0.0
RATIO
1.0
SGR
0.0
Grade of steel:
0.0 = St 37-2
1.0 = St 52-3
2.0 = StE 355
SBLT
Cb
Cmm
1.0
DMAX
1.0 m
DMIN
0.0 m
Section 8B
8-21
Default Value
SAME
Description
selection
0.0
8-22
Section 8B
Section 9
Indian Codes
Ad;flaksd;lfka
9-1
Section
9A
For Columns
9-2
Section 9A
UNIT MM
MEMBER PROPERTY
1 3 TO 7 9 PRISM YD 450. ZD 250.
11 13 PR YD 350.
14 TO 16 PRIS YD 400. ZD 750. YB 300. ZB 200.
will be done accordingly. In the above input, the first set of
members are rectangular (450 mm depth and 250mm width) and
the second set of members, with only depth and no width provided,
will be assumed to be circular with 350 mm diameter. The third set
numbers in the above example represen ts a T-shape with 750 mm
flange width, 200 width, 400 mm overall depth and 100 mm flange
depth (See section 6.20.2). The program will determine whether
the section is rectangular, flanged or circular and the beam or
column design
Section 9A
9-3
9-4
Section 9A
Section 9A
9-5
9-6
Section 9A
============================================================================
B E A M N O.
12 D E S I G N R E S U L T S
M20
LENGTH: 4000.0 mm
Fe415 (Main)
SIZE:
Fe415 (Sec.)
250.0 mm X 350.0 mm
COVER: 30.0 mm
2-12
1 layer(s)
2-12
1 layer(s)
2-12
1 layer(s)
2-12
1 layer(s)
2-12
1 layer(s)
Section 9A
9-7
9-8
Section 9A
============================================================================
C O L U M N
N O.
1
D E S I G N
R E S U L T S
M20
LENGTH:
3000.0 mm
Fe415 (Main)
CROSS SECTION:
Fe415 (Sec.)
250.0 mm dia.
COVER: 40.0 mm
62.0
INITIAL MOMENTS
MOMENTS DUE TO MINIMUM ECC.
:
:
About Z
2.21
1.24
About Y
32.29
1.24
SLENDERNESS RATIOS
MOMENTS DUE TO SLENDERNESS EFFECT
MOMENT REDUCTION FACTORS
ADDITION MOMENTS (Maz and May)
:
:
:
:
12.00
1.12
1.00
1.12
12.00
1.12
1.00
1.12
3.32
33.40
36.87
Muy1 :
36.87
Section 9A
Default
Value
Description
FYMAIN
415 N/mm2
FYSEC
415 N/mm2
FC
30 N/mm2
CLEAR
25 mm
40 mm
MINMAIN
10 mm
MAXMAIN
60 mm
MINSEC
8 mm
Minimum secondary
reinforcement bar size.
MAXSEC
12 mm
Maximum secondary
reinforcement bar size.
BRACING
0.0
BEAM DESIGN
A value of 1.0 means the effect
of axial force will be taken into
account for beam design.
COLUMN DESIGN
A value of 1.0 means the column
is unbraced about major axis.
A value of 2.0 means the column
is unbraced about minor axis.
A value of 3.0 means the column
is unbraced about both axis.
RATIO
4.0
Maximum percentage of
longitudinal reinforcement in
columns.
9-9
9-10
Section 9A
Default
Value
4.0
Description
A value of 4.0 means longitudinal
reinforcement in column is arranged
equally along 4 faces.
A value of 2.0 invokes 2 faced
distribution about major axis.
A value of 3.0 invokes 2 faced
distribution about minor axis.
WIDTH
ZD
DEPTH
YD
TRACK
0.0
BEAM DESIGN:
For TRACK = 0.0, output consists of
reinforcement details at START, MIDDLE
and END.
For TRACK = 1.0, critical moments are
printed in addition to TRACK 0.0 output.
For TRACK = 2.0, required steel for
intermediate sections defined by
NSECTION are printed in addition to
TRACK 1.0 output.
COLUMN DESIGN:
With TRACK = 0.0, reinforcement details
are printed.
With TRACK = 1.0, column interaction
analysis results are printed in addition to
TRACK 0.0 output.
With TRACK = 2.0, a schematic
interaction diagram and intermediate
interaction values are printed in addition
to TRACK 1.0 output.
With TRACK = 9.0, the details of
section capacity calculations are
printed.
REINF
0.0
Section 9A
Default
Value
Description
ELZ
1.0
ELY
1.0
ULY
1.0
ULZ
1.0
TORSION
0.0
SPSMAIN
25 mm
SFACE
0.0
EFACE
0.0
9-11
9-12
Section 9A
Default
Value
0.0
Description
Perform shear check against enhanced
shear strength as per Cl. 40.5 of
IS456:2000.
ENSH = 1.0 means ordinary shear check to
be performed ( no enhancement of shear
strength at sections close to support)
RENSH
0.0
Bar combination has been introduced for detailing. Please refer section 8A.8 for
details.
Notes: Value of ENSH parameter (other than 0.0 and 1.0) is used only
when the span of a beam is subdivided into two or more parts. When this
condition is aroused RENSH parameter is also to be used.
Once a parameter is specified, its value stays at that specified
number till it is specified again. This is the way STAAD works for all
codes.
Section 9A
9-13
9-14
Section 9A
Section 9A
MD2 bar diameter should be greater than MD1 bar diameter. The typical
output for bar combination is shown below:
M A I N
R E I N F O R C E M E N T
The beam length is divided into three parts, two at its ends and one at span.
Ld gives the development length to be provided at the two ends of each
section.
9-15
9-16
Section 9A
The program reports shear wall design results for each load
case/combination for user specified number of sections given by
SURFACE DIVISION (default value is 10) command. The shear
wall is designed at these horizontal sections. The output includes
the required horizontal and vertical distributed reinforcing, the
concentrated (in-plane bending) edge reinforcing and the link
required for out-of-plane shear.
General format:
START SHEARWALL DESIGN
CODE INDIAN
FYMAIN f1
FC f2
HMIN f3
HMAX f4
VMIN f5
VMAX f6
EMIN f7
EMAX f8
LMIN f9
LMAX f10
CLEAR f11
TWOLAYERED f12
KSLENDER f13
DESIGN SHEARWALL LIST shearwall-list
END
Section 9A
The following table explains the parameters used in the shear wall
design. Note: Once a parameter is specified, its value stays at
that specified number till it is specified again. This is the way
STAAD works for all codes.
SHEAR WALL DESIGN PARAMETERS
Parameter Name
Default
Value
Description
FYMAIN
415 Mpa
FC
30 Mpa
HMIN
HMAX
36
VMIN
VMAX
36
EMIN
EMAX
36
LMIN
9-17
9-18
Section 9A
Default
Value
16
CLEAR
25 mm
TWOLAYERED
KSLENDER
1.0
Description
Maximum size of links (range 6mm 16mm). If
input is 6 (integer number) the program will
assume 6 mm diameter bar.
Clear concrete cover, in current units.
Reinforcement placement mode:
0 - single layer, each direction
1 - two layers, each direction
Slenderness factor for finding effective height.
Table 6
The following example illustrates the input for the definition of
shear wall and design of the wall.
Example
.
.
SET DIVISION 12
SURFACE INCIDENCES
2 5 37 34 SUR 1
19 16 65 68 SUR 2
11 15 186 165 SUR 3
10 6 138 159 SUR 4
.
.
.
SURFACE PROPERTY
1 TO 4 THI 18
SUPPORTS
1 7 14 20 PINNED
2 TO 5 GEN PIN
6 TO 10 GEN PIN
Section 9A
11 TO 15 GEN PIN
19 TO 16 GEN PIN
.
.
.
SURFACE CONSTANTS
E 2.17185e+007
POISSON 0.17
DENSITY 23.5616
ALPHA 1e-005
.
.
START SHEARWALL DES
CODE INDIAN
UNIT NEW MMS
FC 25
FYMAIN 415
TWO 1
VMIN 12
HMIN 12
EMIN 12
DESIGN SHEA LIST 1 TO 4
END
Notes
1.
2.
3.
9-19
9-20
Section 9A
4.
5.
Technical Overview
The program implements provisions of section 32 of IS 456 -2000
and relevant provisions as referenced therein, for all active load
cases. The following steps are performed for each of the horizontal
sections of the wall.
Checking of slenderness limit
The slenderness checking is done as per clause no. 32.2.3. The
default effective height is the height of the wall. User can change
the effective height. The limit for slenderness is taken as 30.
Design for in-plane bending and vertical load (denoted by Mz
& Fy in the shear wall force output)
Walls when subjected to combined in -plane horizontal and vertical
forces produce in-plane bending in conjunction with vertical load.
According to clause no. 32.3.1, in -plane bending may be neglected
in case a horizontal cross section of the wall is always under
compression due combined effect of horizontal and vertical loads.
Otherwise, the section is checked for combined vertical load and
Section 9A
in-plane moment as column with axial load and uni -axial bending.
For this purpose, the depth is taken as 0.8 x horizontal length of
wall and breadth is the thickness of the wall. The reinforcement is
concentrated at both ends (edges) of the wall. The edge
reinforcement is assumed to be distributed over a len gth of 0.2
times horizontal length on each side. Minimum reinforcements are
according to clause no. 32.5.(a). Maximum 4% reinforcement is
allowed.
Design for in-plane shear (denoted by Fxy in the shear wall
force output)
By default, the program does not design only at the critical section
but at all the horizontal sections. By suitable use of the surface
division command, design at critical section as per clause no.
32.4.1 can be performed.
The design for in-plane shear is done as per clause no. 32.4. The
nominal shear stress is calculated as per clause no. 32.4.2 and it is
checked with the maximum allowable shear stress as per clause no.
32.4.2.1. The design shear strength of concrete is calculated as per
clause no. 32.4.3. Design of shear reinforcement is done as per
clause no. 32.4.4. Minimum reinforcements are as per clause no.
32.5.
Design for vertical load and out-of-plane vertical bending
(denoted by Fy and My respectively in the shear wall force
output)
Apart from the in-plane bending and horizontal shear force, the
wall is also subjected to out-of-plane bending in the vertical and
horizontal directions. The part of the wall which is not having
edge reinforcements (i.e. a zone of depth 0.6 x Length of the wall),
is designed again as column under axial load (i.e. vertical load)
and out-of-plane vertical bending. The minimum reinforcements
and maximum allowable spacings of reinforcements are as per
clause no. 32.5
9-21
9-22
Section 9A
Section 9A
1.
9-23
where,
n1, ..., ni
s
sd1, ..., sdj
SURFACE DIVISION X xd
SURFACE DIVISION Y yd
9-24
Section 9A
where,
xd
yd
Note:
xd and yd represent default numbers of divisions for each edge of
the surface where output is requested. The output is provided for
sections located between division segments. For example, if the
number of divisions = 2, then the output will be produced for only
one section (at the center of the edge).
2.
a
d1, d2
s1, ...,si
Section 9A
9-25
Note:
If command ALONG is omitted, direction Y (default) is assumed.
If command AT is omitted, output is provided for all sections
along the specified (or default) edge. Number of sections will be
determined from the SURFACE DIVISION X or SURFACE
DIVISION Y input values. If the BETWEEN command is
omitted, the output is generated based on full cross-section width.
3.
where,
i
j
ptype
x1 y1 z1 (...)
4.
9-26
Section 9A
Note:
If the command AT is omitted, the design proceeds for all cross
sections of the wall or panels, as applicable, defined by the
SURFACE DIVISION X or SURFACE DIVISION Y input
values.
a.
No panel definition.
9-27
Section
9A1
For Columns
9-28
Section 9A1
Section 9A1
2.
3.
The positive steel ratio at a joint face must be at least equal to half
the negative steel at that face. (Clause 6.2.3)
5.
The steel provided at each of the top and bottom face, at any
section, shall at least be equal to one-fourth of the maximum
negative moment steel provided at the face of either joint. (Clause
6.2.4)
Design for Shear
The shear force to be resisted by vertical hoops is guided by the
Clause 6.3.3 of IS 13920:1993 revision. Elastic sagging and
hogging moments of resistance of the beam section at ends are
considered while calculating shear force. Plastic sagging and
hogging moments of resistance can also be considered for shear
design if PLASTIC parameter is mentioned in the input file. (Refer
Table 8A1.1)
Shear reinforcement is calculated to resist both shear forces and
torsional moments. Procedure is same as that of IS 456.
9-29
9-30
Section 9A1
Section 9A1
============================================================================
B E A M N O.
11
D E S I G N R E S U L T S
M20
LENGTH:
Fe415 (Main)
3500.0 mm
SIZE:
Fe415 (Sec.)
250.0 mm X
350.0 mm
COVER: 30.0 mm
0.0 IS
68.60 KN.
3500.0 IS
13920
75.24 KN.
2-12
1 layer(s)
2-12
1 layer(s)
2-12
1 layer(s)
2-12
1 layer(s)
2-12
1 layer(s)
SHEAR
2 legged 8 2 legged 8 2 legged 8 2 legged 8 2 legged 8
REINF. @ 100 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 100 mm c/c
---------------------------------------------------------------------------============================================================================
9-31
9-32
Section 9A1
Section 9A1
N O.
M20
LENGTH:
D E S I G N
R E S U L T S
Fe415 (Main)
3000.0 mm
CROSS SECTION:
Fe415 (Sec.)
350.0 mm X
5 END JOINT:
INITIAL MOMENTS
MOMENTS DUE TO MINIMUM ECC.
:
:
SLENDERNESS RATIOS
MOMENTS DUE TO SLENDERNESS EFFECT
MOMENT REDUCTION FACTORS
ADDITION MOMENTS (Maz and May)
:
:
:
:
4.53
400.0 mm
COVER: 40.0 mm
SHORT COLUMN
226.7
About Z
0.64
4.53
About Y
146.28
4.53
146.28
Along Z
43.31
Along Y
76.08
178.71
Muy1 :
150.75
9-33
9-34
Section 9A1
Default Value
415 N/mm2
415 N/mm
30 N/mm
Description
Yield Stress for main reinforcing steel.
Yield Stress for secondary reinforcing steel.
Concrete Yield Stress.
25 mm
40 mm
MINMAIN
10 mm
MAXMAIN
60 mm
MINSEC
8 mm
MAXSEC
12 mm
BRACING
0.0
BEAM DESIGN
A value of 1.0 means the effect of axial force
will be taken into account for beam design.
COLUMN DESIGN
A value of 1.0 means the column is unbraced
about major axis.
A value of 2.0 means the column is unbraced
about minor axis.
A value of 3.0 means the column is unbraced
about both axis.
RATIO
4.0
RFACE
4.0
Section 9A1
9-35
Default Value
Description
A value of 3.0 invokes 2 faced distribution
about minor axis.
WIDTH
ZD
DEPTH
YD
ELZ
1.0
ELY
1.0
REINF
0.0
TORSION
0.0
TRACK
0.0
BEAM DESIGN:
For TRACK = 0.0, output consists of
reinforcement details at START, MIDDLE
and END.
For TRACK = 1.0, critical moments are
printed in addition to TRACK 0.0 output.
For TRACK = 2.0, required steel for
intermediate sections defined by NSECTION
are printed in addition to TRACK 1.0 output.
COLUMN DESIGN:
With TRACK = 0.0, reinforcement details are
printed.
With TRACK = 1.0, column interaction
analysis results are printed in addition to
TRACK 0.0 output.
9-36
Section 9A1
Default Value
Description
With TRACK = 2.0, a schematic interaction
diagram and intermediate interaction values
are printed in addition to TRACK 1.0 output.
SPSMAIN
25 mm
SFACE
0.0
EFACE
0.0
ENSH
0.0
Section 9A1
9-37
Default Value
Description
be performed.
RENSH
0.0
EUDL
None
GLD
None
9-38
Section 9A1
Default Value
Description
not considered.
UMOM member loading is not considered.
PLASTIC
0.0
IPLM
0.0
IMB
0.0
Section 9A1
9-39
Default Value
Description
elastic/plastic hogging and sagging moments
of resistance of beam to be ignored at both
ends of beam. This implies no support exist
at either end of the member.
A value of -1.0 means calculation of
elastic/plastic hogging and sagging moments
of resistance of beam to be considered at
both ends of beam. This implies support exist
at both ends of the member.**
COMBINE
0.0
HLINK
Spacing of
longitudinal bars
measured to the
outer face
Bar combination has been introduced for detailing. Please refer section 8A1.6 for
details.
9-40
Section 9A1
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Section 9A1
Note:
Sectional forces and critical load for combined member output will
only be available when all the members combined are successfully
designed in both flexure and shear.
ENSH and RENSH parameters will have to be provided (as and
when necessary) even if physical member has been formed.
9-41
9-42
Section 9A1
MEMBER LOAD
. UNI GY -3
LOAD COMB 5 1.5(DL+LL)
3 1.5 4 1.5
LOAD COMB 6 1.2(DL+LL+SLX)
1 1.2 3 1.2 4 1.2
LOAD COMB 7 1.2(DL+LL-SLX)
1 1.2 3 1.2 4 -1.2
LOAD COMB 8 1.2(DL+LL+SLZ)
2 1.2 3 1.2 4 1.2
LOAD COMB 9 1.2(DL+LL-SLZ)
2 1.2 3 1.2 4 -1.2
PDELTA ANALYSIS
LOAD LIST 5 TO 9
START CONCRETE DESIGN
CODE IS13920
UNIT MMS NEWTON
FYMAIN 415 ALL
FC 20 ALL
MINMAIN 12 ALL
MAXMAIN 25 ALL
TRACK 2.0 ALL
*** Unfactored gravity load on members 110 to 112 is 8 t/m
(DL+LL) i.e. 78.46 New/mm
EUDL 78.46 MEMB 110 TO 112
** Members to be combined into one physical member
COMBINE 3.0 MEMB 110 TO 112
Section 9A1
M A I N
R E I N F O R C E M E N T
---------------------------------------------------------------------------SECTION |
0.0- 2166.7
|
2166.7- 6500.0
|
6500.0- 8666.7
|
|
mm
|
mm
|
mm
|
---------------------------------------------------------------------------TOP
|
6-20
+ 1-25 |
2-20
+ 1-25 |
2-20
|
|
in 2 layer(s)
|
in 1 layer(s)
|
in 1 layer(s)
|
Ast Reqd|
2330.22
|
1029.90
|
582.55
|
Prov|
2376.79
|
1119.64
|
628.57
|
Ld (mm) |
940.2
|
940.2
|
940.2
|
---------------------------------------------------------------------------BOTTOM |
4-20
|
2-20
|
2-20
|
|
in 1 layer(s)
|
in 1 layer(s)
|
in 1 layer(s)
|
Ast Reqd|
1165.11
|
582.55
|
582.55
|
Prov|
1257.14
|
628.57
|
628.57
|
Ld (mm) |
940.2
|
940.2
|
940.2
|
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
The beam length is divided into three parts, two at its ends and one
at span. Ld gives the development length to be provided at the two
ends of each section.
9-43
9-44
Section 9A1
Width b
250 mm
Depth D
500 mm
415 N/sq. mm
20 N/sq. mm
25 mm
12 mm
469 mm
6.5 N/sq. mm
4000 mm
Ast_Top_A
339.29 sq. mm
Ast_Bot_A
226.19 sq. mm
Ast_Top_B
226.19 sq. mm
Ast_Bot_B
339.29 sq. mm
Section 9A1
Steps
Calculation of Simple Shear
Simple shear from
gravity load on span =
Va = Vb = 1.2 * w * L / 2
= 15600N
0.87 * fy * Ast_Bot_A * d *
Hogging Moment Of
Resistance of End A
Micah =
0.87 * fy * Ast_Top_A * d *
Sagging Moment Of
Resistance of End A
Mu, bs =
0.87 * fy * Ast_Bot_B * d *
Hogging Moment Of
Resistance of End A
Mob =
= 36768130.05 N
( 1 - Ast_Bot_A * fy / b * d * fck)
= 54003057.45 N
( 1 - Ast_Top_A * fy / b * d * fck)
= 54003057.45 N
( 1 - Ast_Bot_B * fy / b * d * fck)
= 36768130.05 N
Vur,a =
-10137.69104 N
Vur,b =
41337.69104 N
9-45
9-46
Section 9A1
Vul,b =
53402.14022 N
- 22202.14022 N
11.56 N
53402.14022 N
-6.44 N
41337.69104 N
Width b
Depth D
300 mm
450 mm
415 N/sq. mm
20 N/sq. mm
Clear Cover
25 mm
Bar Diameter
12 mm
Effective Depth d
Eudl w
Length L
419 mm
6.5 N/sq. mm
3000 mm
Ast_Top_A
226.19 sq. mm
Ast_Bot_A
339.29 sq. mm
Ast_Top_B
452.39 sq. mm
Ast_Bot_B
226.19 sq. mm
Section 9A1
Calculation of Simple Shear
Simple shear from
gravity load on span =
Va = Vb = 1.2 * w * L / 2
= 11700N
0.87 * fy * Ast_Bot_A * d *
Hogging Moment Of
Resistance of End A
Mu,ah =
0.87 * fy * Ast_Top_A * d *
Sagging Moment Of
Resistance of End A
Mu,bs =
0.87 * fy * Ast_Bot_B * d *
Hogging Moment Of
Resistance of End A
Mu,bh =
= 48452983 N
( 1 - Ast_Bot_A * fy / b * d * fck)
( 1 - Ast_Top_A * fy / b * d * fck)
( 1 - Ast_Bot_B * fy / b * d * fck)
= 32940364.5 N
= 32940364.5 N
= 63326721.3 N
-40463.862 N
Vur,b =
63863.862 N
9-47
9-48
Section 9A1
Vul,a =
42444.3402 N
Vul,b =
-15144.34 N
-10.31 N
42444.3402 N
-23.81 N
63863.862 N
9-49
9B
9-50
Section 9B
Section 9B
Compressive Stress
Allowable compressive stress on the gross section of axially
loaded compression members shall not exceed 0.6f y nor the
permissible stress ac calculated based on the following formula:
(Clause: 5.1.1)
0.6
f f
[(f cc)n (f y)n]
where,
ac
fy
fcc
E
=l/r
n
=
=
=
=
=
9-51
9-52
Section 9B
bc
0.66
f cb f y
1/n
(Clause : 6.2.3)
n
n
[(f cb) (f y) ]
where,
f y = Yield stress of steel, in Mpa
n = A factor assumed as 1.4.
fcb = Elastic critical stress in bending, calculated by the
following formula:
k [ X k Y]
c
c
Section 9B
9-53
where,
X Y 1
Y=
26.5x10
(1/ r y)
k1
k2
ry
c 1 ,c 2 =
9B.3.3
1 IT
MP
20 r D
Shear Stress
Allowable shear stress calculations are based on Section 6.4 of IS:800 .
For shear on the web, the gross section taken into consideration consist
of the product of the total depth and the web thickness. For shear
parallel to the flanges, the gross section is taken as 2/3 times the total
flange area.
9-54
Section 9B
Section 9B
9-55
9-56
Section 9B
Section 9B
g) FX, MY and MZ provide the axial force, moment in local yaxis and moment in local z-axis respectively. Although
STAAD does consider all the member forces and moments
(except torsion) to perform design, only FX,MY and MZ are
printed since they are the ones which are of interest , in most
cases.
9-57
9-58
Section 9B
Section 9B
20 TO 30 TA ST ISLB325
NOTE:
In case of two identical beams, the heavier beam is designated
with an A on the end., e.g. ISHB400 A, etc.
1 TO 5 TA ST ISHB400A
9-59
9-60
Section 9B
10 TO 20 BY 2 TA ST ISMC125
12 TA ST ISLC300
Double Channels
Back to back double channels, with or without spacing between
them, are available. The letter D in front of the section name will
specify a double channel, e.g. D ISJC125, D ISMC75 etc.
21 22 24 TA D ISLC225
Rolled Steel Angles
Both rolled steel equal angles and unequal angles are available for
use in the STAAD implementation of ISI steel tables. The
following example with explanations will be helpful in
understanding the input procedure:
ISA 150 X 75 X 8
Angle symbol
Thickness in mm
51 52 53 TA ST ISA60X60X6
Section 9B
This specification has the local z-axis ( i.e., the minor axis
corresponding to the V-V axis specified in the steel tables. Many
engineers are familiar with a convention used by some other
programs in which the local y-axis is the minor axis. STAAD
provides for this convention by accepting the command:
54 55 56 TA RA ISA50X30X6
Double Angles
Short leg back to back or long leg back to back double angles can
be specified by inputting the word SD or LD, respectively, in front
of the angle size. In case of an equal angle either LD or SD will
serve the purpose. For example,
14 TO 20 TA LD ISA50X30X5 SP 1.5
23 27 TA SD ISA75X50X6
Rolled Tees (ISHT, ISST, ISLT and ISJT)
All the rolled tee sections are available for input as they are
specified in the ISI handbook. Following example illustrates the
designated method.
1 2 5 8 TA ST ISNT100
67 68 TA ST ISST250
Pipes (Circular Hollow Sections)
To designate circular hollow sections from ISI tables, use PIP
followed by the numerical value of diameter and thickness of the
section in mm omitting the decimal section of the value provi ded
for diameter. Following example will illustrate the designation.
9-61
9-62
Section 9B
10 15 TA ST PIP 213.2
(Specifies a 213 mm dia. pipe with 3.2 mm wall thickness)
Circular pipe sections can also be specified by providing the
outside and inside diameters of the section. For example,
Thickness in mm
Height in mm
Width in mm
Example:
15 TO 25 TA ST TUB 160808
Tubes, like pipes, can also be input by their dimensions (Height,
Width and Thickness) and not by any table designations.
Section 9B
F
B
E
C
A
B
C
D
E
F
SYMBOL
A
B
C
E
150X150X18
200X100X15
200X150X18
200X200X18
9-63
9-64
Section 9B
E
B
D
C
Joist Designation:
IW450=ISWB450
NOTE:
The heavier ISWB600 has been omitted, since the lighter
ISWB600 is more efficient.
Section 9B
9-65
Default Value
Description
KY
1.0
KZ
1.0
LY
Member Length
LZ
Member Length
FYLD
250 MPA
(36.25 KSI)
NSF
1.0
UNL
Member Length
UNF
1.0
SSY
0.0
SSZ
0.0
CMY
CMZ
MAIN
TMAIN
TRACK
0.85 for
sidesway and
calculated for no
sidesway
180 (Comp.
Memb.)
400 (Tension
Memb)
0.0
9-66
Section 9B
Default Value
Description
DMAX
100.0 cm.
DMIN
0.0 cm.
RATIO
1.0
3.0
BEAM
DFF
None
(Mandatory for
deflection check)
DJ1
Start Joint
of member
DJ2
End Joint of
member
PROFILE
NOTES:
1) "Deflection Length" is defined as the length that is used for
calculation of local deflections within a member. It may be
noted that for most cases the "Deflection Length" will be equal
to the length of the member. However, in some situations, the
"Deflection Length" may be different. For example, refer to
the figure below where a beam has been modeled using four
joints and three members. Note that the "Deflection Length"
for all three members will be equal to the total length of the
beam in this case. The parameters DJ1 and DJ2 should be used
to model this situation. Also the straight line joining DJ1 and
DJ2 is used as the reference line from which local deflections
are measured. Thus, for all three members here, DJ1 should be
"1" and DJ2 should be "4".
Section 9B
2
1
3
2
EXAMPLE :
4
3
D
PARAMETERS
DFF 300. ALL
DJ1 1 ALL
DJ2 4 ALL
2) If DJ1 and DJ2 are not used, "Deflection Length" will default
to the member length and local deflections will be measured
from original member line.
3) The above parameters may be used in conjunction with other
available parameters for steel design.
9-67
9-68
Section 9B
Default Value
1
Description
Type of joining
CTYPE = 1 implies single lacing with rivetted
connection
CTYPE = 2 implies double lacing with rivetted
connection
CTYPE = 3 implies single lacing with welded
connection
CTYPE = 4 implies double lacing with welded
connection
CTYPE = 5 implies batten with rivetted
connection
CTYPE = 6 implies batten with welded
connection
THETA
50 degree
DBL
FVB
20 mm
100 N/mm2
FYB
300 N/mm2
WMIN
6 mm
WSTR
108 N/mm
EDIST
32 mm (Rivetted
Connection)
25 mm (Welded
Connection)
Section 9B
9-69
Default Value
0.0
Description
0.0 implies double channel back-to-back.
1.0 Implies double channel face-to-face.
This parameter is used when member
properties are defined through user provided
table using GENERAL option.
COG
0.0 mm
SPA
0.0 mm
9-70
Section 9B
9-71
9C
9-72
Section 9C
Compressive Stress
The estimated compressive stresses in various members multiplied
by the appropriate factor of safety shall not exceed the value given
by the formulae described below.
Condition 1: If
t t lim
210
Fy
KL / r CC
1 KL / r 2
Stress F a = 1
Fy N/mm 2
2 Cc
KL / r CC
Section 9C
E
2
Stress F a =
KL / r
N/mm 2
t lim
Condition 2: If
b 378
when F y is the N/mm 2
Fy
t
b
0.677
t F
F cr = 1.677
y
b
t lim
b 378
Condition 3: >
when F y is the N/mm 2 formulae given in
Fy
t
65550
b
t
In which C C = 2E
Fy
where,
F a = allowable unit stress in compression, Mpa
F y = minimum guaranteed yield stress of the material, Mpa
K = restraint factor,
L = unbraced length of the compression member in cm, and
R = appropriate radius of gyration in cm.
E = modulus of elasticity of steel in N/mm 2
9-73
9-74
Section 9C
KL
= largest effective slenderness ratio of any unbraced segment
r
of the member,
b = distance from edge of the fillet to the extreme fibre in mm, and
t = thickness of flange in mm.
Note : The maximum permissible value of b/t for any type of steel
shall not exceed 25.
Slenderness
value
120
200
250
Section 9C
Type of members
Value of KL/r
L/r
L/r
30 + 0.75L/r
60 + 0.5L/r
L/r
28.6 + 0.762L/r
46.2 + 0.615L/r
9-75
9-76
Section 9C
Tension Members:
Slenderness ratio KL/r of a member carrying axial tension only,
shall not exceed 400.
Minimum Thickness, mm
Galvanized
Painted
5
Section 9C
9-77
9-78
Section 9C
Section 9C
DETAILS OF CALCULATION
---------------------CHECK FOR MINIMUM THICKNESS
--------------------------TYPE : GALVANISED
MIN. ALLOWABLE THICKNESS : 5.0 MM
ACTUAL THICKNESS : 10.0 MM
RESULT : PASS
9-79
9-80
Section 9C
: 13.28
(b/t)cal : 12.90
(b/t)cal <= (b/t)lim AND KL/r <= Cc
ALLOWABLE AXIAL COMP. STRESS : (1 -0.5 *(KL/r/Cc)*(KL/r/Cc))*fy
164.72 MPA
CHECK AGAINST PERMISSIBLE STRESS
-------------------------------DESIGN AXIAL FORCE : 250000.00 N
ACTUAL AXIAL COMP. STRESS : 250000.00 / 2552.0 : 97.96 MPA
RESULT : PASS
BOLTING
------BOLT DIA : 16 MM
SHEARING CAP : 20.11 KN
BEARING CAP : 38.40 KN
BOLT CAP : 20.11 KN
NO. OF BOLT S REQD. : 13
Section 9C
9-81
Default Value
Description
KY
1.0
KZ
1.0
LY
Member Length
LZ
Member Length
FYLD
250 MPA
MAIN
1.0
DMAX
100.0 cm.
DMIN
0.0 cm.
9-82
Section 9C
Default Value
0.0
Description
0.0 = Suppress critical member stresses
1.0 = Print all critical member stresses
2.0 =
1.0
ELA
1.0
NSF
1.0
CNSF
0.0
DANGLE
0.0
DBL
12 mm
FVB
218 MPA
FYB
436 MPA
Section 9C
9-83
Default Value
5 mm
Description
Thickness of gusset plate.
Minimum of the thicknesses of the gusset plate
and the leg is used for calculation of the
capacity of bolt in bearing
NHL
0.0 mm
3xA1
3xA1 A2
9-84
Section 9C
5 xA1
5 xA1 A2
Section 9C
Given:
9-85
9-86
Section 9C
STAAD TRUSS
INPUT WIDTH 79
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
1 3 0 3; 2 1.2 27 1.2; 3 2.8 3 2.8; 4 2.6 6 2.6; 5 2.4 9 2.4; 6 2.2 12 2.2;
7 2 15 2; 8 1.8 18 1.8; 9 1.6 21 1.6; 10 1.4 24 1.4; 11 -3 0 3; 12 -1.2 27 1.2;
13 -2.8 3 2.8; 14 -2.6 6 2.6; 15 -2.4 9 2.4; 16 -2.2 12 2.2; 17 -2 15 2;
18 -1.8 18 1.8; 19 -1.6 21 1.6; 20 -1.4 24 1.4; 21 3 0 -3; 22 1.2 27 -1.2;
23 2.8 3 -2.8; 24 2.6 6 -2.6; 25 2.4 9 -2.4; 26 2.2 12 -2.2; 27 2 15 -2;
28 1.8 18 -1.8; 29 1.6 21 -1.6; 30 1.4 24 -1.4; 31 -3 0 -3; 32 -1.2 27 -1.2;
33 -2.8 3 -2.8; 34 -2.6 6 -2.6; 35 -2.4 9 -2.4; 36 -2.2 12 -2.2; 37 -2 15 -2;
38 -1.8 18 -1.8; 39 -1.6 21 -1.6; 40 -1.4 24 -1.4; 41 1.2 30 1.2;
42 -1.2 30 1.2; 43 1.2 30 -1.2; 44 -1.2 30 -1.2; 45 4.2 27 1.2; 46 7.2 27 1.2;
47 4.2 30 1.2; 48 4.2 27 -1.2; 49 7.2 27 -1.2; 50 4.2 30 -1.2; 51 -4.2 27 1.2;
52 -7.2 27 1.2; 53 -4.2 30 1.2; 54 -4.2 27 -1.2; 55 -7.2 27 -1.2;
56 -4.2 30 -1.2; 57 1.2 33 1.2; 58 -1.2 33 1.2; 59 1.2 33 -1.2;
60 -1.2 33 -1.2; 61 0 35 0;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 3; 2 3 4; 3 4 5; 4 5 6; 5 6 7; 6 7 8; 7 8 9; 8 9 10; 9 10 2; 10 11 13;
11 13 14; 12 14 15; 13 15 16; 14 16 17; 15 17 18; 16 18 19; 17 19 20; 18 20 12;
19 13 3; 20 14 4; 21 15 5; 22 16 6; 23 17 7; 24 18 8; 25 19 9; 26 20 10;
27 12 2; 28 11 3; 29 1 13; 30 13 4; 31 3 14; 32 14 5; 33 15 4; 34 15 6;
35 16 5; 36 16 7; 37 17 6; 38 17 8; 39 18 7; 40 18 9; 41 19 8; 42 19 10;
43 20 9; 44 20 2; 45 12 10; 46 21 23; 47 23 24; 48 24 25; 49 25 26; 50 26 27;
51 27 28; 52 28 29; 53 29 30; 54 30 22; 55 3 23; 56 4 24; 57 5 25; 58 6 26;
59 7 27; 60 8 28; 61 9 29; 62 10 30; 63 2 22; 64 1 23; 65 21 3; 66 3 24;
67 23 4; 68 4 25; 69 5 24; 70 5 26; 71 6 25; 72 6 27; 73 7 26; 74 7 28;
75 8 27; 76 8 29; 77 9 28; 78 9 30; 79 10 29; 80 10 22; 81 2 30; 82 31 33;
83 33 34; 84 34 35; 85 35 36; 86 36 37; 87 37 38; 88 38 39; 89 39 40; 90 40 32;
91 23 33; 92 24 34; 93 25 35; 94 26 36; 95 27 37; 96 28 38; 97 29 39; 98 30 40;
99 22 32; 100 21 33; 101 31 23; 102 23 34; 103 33 24; 104 24 35; 105 25 34;
106 25 36; 107 26 35; 108 26 37; 109 27 36; 110 27 38; 111 28 37; 112 28 39;
113 29 38; 114 29 40; 115 30 39; 116 30 32; 117 22 40; 118 33 13; 119 34 14;
120 35 15; 121 36 16; 122 37 17; 123 38 18; 124 39 19; 125 40 20; 126 32 12;
127 31 13; 128 11 33; 129 33 14; 130 13 34; 131 34 15; 132 35 14; 133 35 16;
134 36 15; 135 36 17; 136 37 16; 137 37 18; 138 38 17; 139 38 19; 140 39 18;
141 39 20; 142 40 19; 143 40 12; 144 32 20; 145 32 44; 146 12 42; 147 2 41;
148 22 43; 149 42 41; 150 41 43; 151 43 44; 152 44 42; 153 12 41; 154 42 2;
155 22 41; 156 43 2; 157 43 32; 158 44 22; 159 12 44; 160 32 42; 161 41 47;
162 47 45; 163 45 2; 164 47 46; 165 46 45; 166 41 45; 167 43 50; 168 50 48;
169 48 22; 170 50 49; 171 49 48; 172 43 48; 173 47 50; 174 46 49; 175 45 48;
176 41 50; 177 50 46; 178 43 47; 179 47 49; 180 22 50; 181 2 47; 182 22 45;
183 2 48; 184 47 48; 185 50 45; 186 45 49; 187 48 46; 188 42 53; 189 53 51;
190 51 12; 191 53 52; 192 52 51; 193 42 51; 194 44 56; 195 56 54; 196 54 32;
197 56 55; 198 55 54; 199 44 54; 200 53 56; 201 52 55; 202 51 54; 203 42 56;
204 56 52; 205 44 53; 206 53 55; 207 32 56; 208 12 53; 209 32 51; 210 12 54;
211 53 54; 212 56 51; 213 51 55; 214 54 52; 215 44 60; 216 42 58; 217 41 57;
218 43 59; 219 60 59; 220 59 57; 221 57 58; 222 58 60; 223 44 58; 224 42 60;
225 42 57; 226 41 58; 227 44 59; 228 43 60; 229 43 57; 230 41 59; 231 60 57;
232 59 58; 235 33 3; 236 13 23; 237 34 4; 238 14 24; 239 35 5; 240 15 25;
241 36 6; 242 16 26; 243 37 7; 244 17 27; 245 38 8; 246 18 28; 247 39 9;
248 19 29; 249 40 10; 250 20 30; 251 32 2; 252 22 12; 253 44 41; 254 43 42;
Section 9C
255 60 61; 256 58 61; 257 57 61; 258 59 61;
MEMBER PROPERTY INDIAN
1 TO 18 46 TO 54 82 TO 90 145 TO 148 215 TO 218 TA LD ISA200X150X18 SP 0.01
19 TO 26 28 TO 45 55 TO 62 64 TO 81 91 TO 98 100 TO 125 127 TO 144 155 156 159 160 223 224 229 230 235 TO 250 TA ST ISA150X150X10
27 63 99 126 149 TO 154 157 158 161 TO 214 219 TO 222 225 TO 228 231 232 251 252 TO 258 TA ST ISA80X50X6
CONSTANTS
E 2.05e+008 ALL
POISSON 0.3 ALL
DENSITY 76.8195 ALL
ALPHA 6.5e-006 ALL
SUPPORTS
1 11 21 31 FIXED
UNIT METER KG
LOAD 1 VERT
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
JOINT LOAD
61 FX 732
46 49 52 55 FX 153
61 FX 1280 FY -1016 FZ 160
46 49 52 55 FX 9006 FY -7844 FZ 1968
2 12 22 32 FX 4503 FY -3937 FZ 1968
LOAD 2 GWBC
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
JOINT LOAD
61 FX 549
46 49 52 55 FX 1148
61 FX 515 FY -762 FZ 2342
46 49 52 55 FX 6755 FY -5906
2 12 22 32 FX 3378 FY -2953
LOAD 3 LEFT PCBC
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
JOINT LOAD
61 FX 549
46 49 52 55 FX 1148
61 FX 960 FY -762
46 49 FX 6755 FY -5906
52 55 FX 4211 FY -4551 FZ 13293
2 12 22 32 FX 3378 FY -2953
LOAD 4 RIGHT PCBC
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
JOINT LOAD
61 FX 549
46 49 52 55 FX 1148
61 FX 960 FY -762
52 55 FX 6755 FY -5906
46 49 FX 4211 FY -4551 FZ 13293
2 12 22 32 FX 3378 FY -2953
PERFORM ANALYSIS
UNIT NEW MMS
PARAMETER
CODE IS802
9-87
9-88
Section 9C
Section 9C
DETAILS OF CALCULATION
---------------------CHECK FOR MINIMUM THICKNESS
--------------------------TYPE : PAINTED
MIN. ALLOWABLE THICKNESS : 6.0 MM
ACTUAL THICKNESS : 18.0 MM
RESULT : PASS
CHECK FOR SLENDERNESS RATIO
--------------------------VALUE OF L/r : 48.49
EQN. USED TO FIND KL/r : 60.0 + 0.5*L/r
ACTUAL VALUE OF KL/r : 84.25
ALLOWABLE KL/r : 120.00
RESULT : PASS
CALCULATION OF ALLOWABLE STRESS
--------------------------------CRITICAL CONDITION : COMPRESSION
Cc : sqrt (2*3.141592*3.141592*E/fy) : 127.24
b : LENGTH OF LEG - WEB THICKNESS - ROOT RADIUS
: 200.0 - 18.0 - 13.5 : 168.5 MM
(b/t)lim : 210/sqrt(fy)
: 13.28
(b/t)cal : 9.36
(b/t)cal <= (b/t)lim AND KL/r <= Cc
ALLOWABLE AXIAL COMP. STRESS : (1195.15 MPA
0.5*(KL/r/Cc)*(KL/r/Cc))*fy :
9-89
9-90
Section 9C
BOLTING
------BOLT DIA : 16 MM
SHEARING CAP : 87.66 KN
BEARING CAP : 55.81 KN
BOLT CAP : 55.81 KN
NO. OF BOLTS REQD. : 32
Section 9C
DETAILS OF CALCULATION
---------------------CHECK FOR MINIMUM THICKNESS
--------------------------TYPE : PAINTED
MIN. ALLOWABLE THICKNESS : 6.0 MM
ACTUAL THICKNESS : 10.0 MM
RESULT : PASS
CHECK FOR SLENDERNESS RATIO
--------------------------VALUE OF L/r : 95.56
EQN. USED TO FIND KL/r : K*L/r
ACTUAL VALUE OF KL/r : 95.56
ALLOWABLE KL/r : 400.00
RESULT : PASS
CALCULATION OF ALLOWABLE STRESS
--------------------------------CRITICAL CONDITION : TENSION
ALLOWABLE AXIAL TENSILE STRESS : 249.94 MPA
CHECK AGAINST PERMISSIBLE STRESS
-------------------------------LOAD NO. :
9-91
9-92
Section 9C
9-93
9D
9D.1 General
Provisions of IS:801-1975, including revisions dated May, 1988,
have been implemented. The program allows design of single
(non-composite) members in tension, compression, bending, shear,
as well as their combinations. Cold work of forming strengthening
effects has been included as an option.
Z with Lips
Hat
9-94
Section 9D
Code Checking
The program compares the resistance of members with the applied
load effects, in accordance with IS:801-1975. Code checking is
carried out for locations specified by the user via the SECTION
command or the BEAM parameter. The results are presented in a
form of a PASS/FAIL identifier and a RATIO of load effect to
resistance for each member checked. The user may choose the
degree of detail in the output data by setting the TRACK
parameter.
2.
Member Selection
The user may request that the program search the cold formed steel
shapes database (IS standard sections) for alternative members that
pass the code check and meet the least weight criterion. In
addition, a minimum and/or maximum acceptable dep th of the
member may be specified. The program will then evaluate all
database sections of the type initially specified (i.e., channel,
angle, etc.) and, if a suitable replacement is found, presents design
results for that section. If no section satisfying the depth
restrictions or lighter than the initial one can be found, the
program leaves the member unchanged, regardless of whether it
passes the code check or not.
The program calculates effective section properties in accordance
with Clause 5.2.1.1. Cross-sectional properties and overall
slenderness of members are checked for compliance with
Section 9D
b)
c)
Members in compression
Resistance calculations are based on Clauses:
a)
b)
c)
9-95
9-96
Section 9D
d)
e)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Section 9D
9-97
Default
Value
1.0
Description
When this parameter is set to 1.0 (default), the adequacy of
the member is determined by checking a total of 13 equally
spaced locations along the length of the member. If the BEAM
value is 0.0, the 13 location check is not conducted, and
instead, checking is done only at the locations specified by
the SECTION command (See STAAD manual for details. For
TRUSS members only start and end locations are designed.
CMZ
1.0
Coefficient of equivalent uniform bending z. See IS:8011975, 6.7. Used for Combined axial load and bending design.
Values range from 0.4 to 1.0.
CMY
0.85
Coefficient of equivalent uniform bending y. See IS:8011975, 6.7. Used for Combined axial load and bending design.
Values range from 0.4 to 1.0.
CWY
0.85
FLX
9-98
Section 9D
Default
Value
FU
450 MPa
(4588.72
kg/cm2)
FYLD
KX
353.04
MPa
(3600.0
kg/cm2)
1.0
KY
1.0
Effective length factor for overall buckling about the local Yaxis. It is a fraction and is unit-less. Values can range from
0.01 (for a column completely prevented from buckling) to any
user specified large value. It is used to compute the KL/R
ratio for determining the capacity in axial compression.
KZ
1.0
LX
Member
length
LY
Member
length
Description
Section 9D
9-99
Default
Value
Description
LZ
Member
length
MAIN
NSF
1.0
DMAX
2540.0
cm.
RATIO
1.0
TRACK
TSA
9-100
Section 9D
Section 10
Japanese Codes
;alksdf;lkajf
10-1
Section
10A
10-2
Section 10A
UNIT MM
MEMBER PROPERTY
1 3 TO 7 9 PRISM YD 450. ZD 250.
11 13 PR YD 350.
In the above input, the first set of members are rectangular (450
mm depth and 250mm width) and the second set of members, with
only depth and no width provided, will be assumed to be circular
with 350mm diameter. It is absolutely imperative that the user not
provide the cross section area (AX) as an input.
Section 10A
input file. The user must note that to take advantage of this
analysis, all the combinations of loading must be provided as
primary load cases and not as load combinations. This is due to the
fact that load combinations are just algebraic combinations of
forces and moments, whereas a primary load case is revised during
the P-delta analysis based on the deflections. Also, note that the
proper factored loads (like 1.5 for dead load etc.) should be
provided by the user. STAAD does not factor the loads
automatically. The second method mentioned above is utilized by
providing the magnification factor as a concrete design parameter
(See the parameter MMAG in Table 9A.1). The column is designed
for the axial load and total of primary and secondary biaxial
moments if the first method is used and for the axial load and
magnified biaxial moments if the second method is used.
10-3
10-4
Section 10A
1.4 cm. is added to the clear cover to take stirrup size into
consideration for flexure design.
Section 10A
10-5
10-6
Section 10A
My
Mz
1.0
Mycap
Mzcap
Section 10A
10-7
10-8
Section 10A
The longitudinal bar is the layer closest to the exterior face of the
slab or wall. The following parameters are those applicable to slab
and wall design:
1. FYMAIN
2. FC
3. CLEAR
4. MINMAIN
X
Mx
TRANS.
My
Mx
LONG.
Section 10A
10-9
Default Value
Description
FYMAIN
SR235
FYSEC
SR235
FC
210 Kg/cm2
CL
3.0 cm
CLS
4.0 cm
MINMAIN
10 mm
MINSEC
10 mm
MAXMAIN
41.0 cm
MAXSEC
41.0 cm
SFACE
0.0
EFACE
0.0
REINF
0.0
MMAG
1.0
SMAG
1.0
LONG
0.0
BIAXIAL
0.0
TORSION
0.0
10-10
Section 10A
Default Value
Description
WIDTH
ZD
DEPTH
YD
NSECTION
12
TRACK
0.0
BEAM DESIGN:
0.0 = Critical section design results.
1.0 = Five section design results & design
forces.
2.0 = 12 section design results & design forces.
COLUMN DESIGN:
1.0 = Detail design results for critical load case
only.
2.0 = Design results for minimum P, maximum
P, maximum MZ and maximum MY
among all load cases for both ends.
22.76
34.14
22.76
42.67
28.45
42.67
31.29
49.78
31.29
56.89
10-11
Section
10B
10B.1 General
This section presents some general statements regarding the
implementation of the Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ)
specifications for structural steel design (1986 edition) in STAAD.
The design philosophy and procedural logistics are based on the
principles of elastic analysis and allowable stress design. Facilities
are available for member selection as well as code checking. Two
major failure modes are recognized: failure by overstressing an d
failure by stability considerations. The following sections describe
the salient features of the design approach.
Members are proportioned to resist the design loads without
exceedance of the allowable stresses or capacities and the most
economical section is selected on the basis of the least weight
criteria. The code checking part of the program also checks the
slenderness requirements and the stability criteria. Users are
recommended to adopt the following steps in performing the steel
design:
10-12
Section 10B
Section 10B
Note : While specifying the web thickness, the portion after the
decimal point should be excluded.
Example:
1 TO 9 TA ST I300X150X11
12 TO 15 TA ST I350X150X9
H shapes
H shapes are specified as follows:
H 600 X 200 X 11
Section-type (H)
Note: While specifying the web thickness, the portion after the decimal
point should be excluded.
Example:
1 TO 8 TA ST H200X100X4
13 TO 17 TA ST H350X350X12
10-13
10-14
Section 10B
T shapes
T shapes are specified as follows:
T 250 X 16
Section-type (T)
Nominal width of flange (mm)
Note : While specifying the web thickness, the portion after the
decimal point should be excluded
Example:
20 TO 25 TA ST T250X19
Channels
Channel sections are specified as follows.
C 300 X 90 X 10
Section-type (C)
Nominal height (mm)
Example:
25 TO 34 TA ST C125X65X6
46 TO 49 TA ST C200X90X8
Double Channels
Back to back double channels, with or without a spacing in
between them, are available. The letter D in front of the section
name is used to specify a double channel.
17 TO 27 TA D C300X90X10
45 TO 76 TA D C250X90X11 SP 2.0
In the above commands, members 17 to 27 are a back to back
double channel C300X90X10 with no spacing in between.
Section 10B
Thickness (mm)
Length of shorter side (mm)
Example: 1 4 TA ST L150X90X9
If the minor principal axis coincides with the local YY axis
specified in Chapter 2 of the User's Manual, the word RA (Reverse
Angle) should be used instead of ST as shown below.
7 TO 23 TA RA L90X75X9
Double angles
Short leg back to back and long leg back to back double angles
may be specified by using the words SD or LD in front of the
angle size. In the case of an equal angle, either SD or LD will
serve the purpose. The spacing between the angles may be
specified by using the word SP after the angle size followed by the
value of the spacing.
10-15
10-16
Section 10B
8 TO 25 TA SD L100X65X7 SP 2.0
36 TO 45 TA LD L300X90X11 SP 3.0
The first example indicates a short legs back to back double angle
comprised of 100X65X7 angles separated by 2 length units. The
latter is a long legs back to back double angle comprised of
300X90X11 angles separated by 3 length units.
Tubes
Tube names are input by their dimensions. For example,
Section 10B
10-17
10-18
Section 10B
Section 10B
Ii
Ai
Axial Stress:
Actual tensile stresses ( FT ) = Force / ( A NSF ),
NSF = Net Section Factor for tension
Actual compressive stress ( FC ) = Force / A
Allowable tensile stress ( ft ) = F / 1.5 (For Permanent
Case)
= F ( For Temporary Case )
Allowable compressive stress
(fc ) 1 .4x / 2 x F / when
2.77 x F / / 2 when
10-19
10-20
Section 10B
Section 10B
iv)
Example:
SECTION 0.0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 ALL
PARAMETER
CODE JAPAN
BEAM 0.0 ALL
TMP 0.0 MEMB 1 to 4
TMP 1.0 MEMB 5 to 8
TRACK 3 ALL
CHECK CODE ALL
FINISH
Allowable stress for Axial Tension
Allowable axial stress in tension is calculated per section 5.1 (1)
of the AIJ code. In members with axial tension, the tensile load
must not exceed the tension capacity of the member. The tension
10-21
10-22
Section 10B
Section 10B
10-23
Default Value
Description
KY
1.0
KZ
1.0
LY
Member
Length
LZ
Member
Length
FYLD
235 MPA
NSF
1.0
UNL
Member
Length
UNF
1.0
SSY
0.0
10-24
Section 10B
Default Value
Description
SSZ
0.0
MAIN
0.0
TRACK
0.0
DMAX
100 cm
DMIN
0.0 cm
TMP
0
(Permanent
Load)
0 = Permanent Loading
1 = Temporary Loading
RATIO
1.0
BEAM
0.0
DFF
None
(Mandatory for
deflection
check)
DJ1
Start Joint
of member
DJ2
End Joint of
member
NOTE:
1) "Deflection Length" is defined as the length that is used for
calculation of local deflections within a member. It may be
noted that for most cases the "Deflection Length" will be equal
to the length of the member. However, in some situations, the
"Deflection Length" may be different. For example, refer to
the figure below where a beam has been modeled using four
joints and three members. Note that the "Deflection Length"
Section 10B
for all three members will be equal to the total length of the
beam in this case. The parameters DJ1 and DJ2 should be used
to model this situation. Also the straight line joining DJ1 and
DJ2 is used as the reference line from which local deflections
are measured. Thus, for all three members here, DJ1 should be
"1" and DJ2 should be "4".
1
2
1
3
2
EXAMPLE :
4
3
D
PARAMETERS
DFF 300. ALL
DJ1 1 ALL
DJ2 4 ALL
2) If DJ1 and DJ2 are not used, "Deflection Length" wil l default
to the member length and local deflections will be measured
from original member line.
3) The above parameters may be used in conjunction with other
available parameters for steel design.
10-25
10-26
Section 10B
Section 11
Mexican Codes
11-1
11A
11-2
Section 11A
In the above input, the first set of members are rectangular (40 cm
depth and 20 cm width) and the second set of members, with only
depth and no width provided, will be assumed to be circular with 20
cm diameter. Note that no area (AX) is provided for these members.
For concrete design, this property must not be provided. If shear areas
and moments of inertias are not provided, the program calculates
these values from YD and ZD. Notice that in the above example the
IZ and IY values provided are actually 50% of the values calculated
using YD and ZD. This is a conventional practice which takes int o
consideration revised section parameters due to cracking of section.
Section 11A
Note that the third and the fourth set of members in the above
example represent a T-shape and a TRAPEZOIDAL shape
respectively. Depending on the properties (YD, ZD, YB, ZB, etc.)
provided, the program will determine whether the section is
rectangular, trapezoidal or T-shaped and the BEAM design will be
done accordingly.
11-3
11-4
Section 11A
Default
Description
Value
FYMAIN
4200Kg/cm2
FYSTIRR
4200Kg/cm2
FC
200Kg/cm2
clear_cover_top
3cm
clear_cover_bottom
3cm
clear_cover_side
3cm
MINMAIN**
No 2.5 bar
MINSEC**
No 2.5 bar
MAXMAIN**
No 12 bar
EFACE
REINF
AMAGx
AMAGy
WIDTH
*ZD
DEPTH
*YD
12
SFACE
NSECTION
Section 11A
11-5
Default
Name
Description
Value
Beam Design
0 = Critical Moment will not be printed out with
beam design report.
1 = will mean a print out.
2 = will print out required steel areas for all
intermediate sections specified by NSECTION.
TRACK
0
Column Design
0 = will print out detailed design results.
1 = will mean a print out column interation analysis
results in addition to TRACK 0 output.
2 = will print out a schematic interaction diagram and
intermediate interaction values in addition to all
of the above.
BARTYPE
0:
IMPERIAL
(No
3
1:
METRIC
(4.2
2: MEXICAN (No 2 to 18)
to
to
18)
60mm)
DIM_PRECAUTION
TRUE
EXPOSED_SOIL_
WEATHER
FALSE
CONC_CLAS
LIGHT_CONC
FALSE
COLD_FORM_BAR
FALSE
DUCTILE_SEISMIC
_DESIGN
TRUE
DIAM_AG
*2 cm
BEARED_PERIM
TRUE
11-6
Section 11A
Default
Name
Description
Value
DIRECT_COMP
TRUE
PHI
90 degrees
TORSIONAL_
EQUILIBRIUM
FALSE
Pfact
1.0
ZB
0.0
IDEM ACI
YB
0.0
IDEM ACI
EIT
*198000
CONCRETE MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
Kg/cm2
* These values must be provided in the current unit system being used.
** When using metric bars for design, provide values for these parameters in actual mm units
instead of the bar number. The following metric bar sizes are available: 4.2mm, 6 mm, 8 mm,
10 mm, 12 mm, 16 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm, 32 mm, 40 mm, 50 mm and 60 mm.
Section 11A
11-7
11-8
Section 11A
the Clauses
the program
compression
diam eter is
Section 11A
11-9
11-10
Section 11A
Section 11A
11-11
Mny
Mycap
Mnz
+
Mycap
11-12
Section 11A
P0
= Maximum allowable pure axial load on the column (moment zero).
Pnmax = Maximum allowable axial load on the column.
P_bal = Axial load capacity of balanced strain condition.
M_bal = Uniaxial moment capacity of balanced strain condition.
E_bal = M_bal / P_bal = Eccentricity of balanced strain condition.
M0
= Moment capacity at zero axial load.
P_tens = Maximum permissible tensile load on the column.
Des. Pn = Pu/FR where FR is the Strength Reduction Factor and Pu is the axial
load for the critical load case.
Des.Mnx = Mux*MMAGx/FR where FR is the Strength Reduction Factor and Mu
is the bending moment for the appropriate axis for the critical load case.
Mu = (Mux.Mmagx)+ (Muy.Mmagy)
e/h
= (Mn/Pn)/h
Section 11A
NO.
DESIGN PER
- AXIAL + BENDING
100.0(cm)DIAMETER
BAR CONFIGURATION
REINF PCT.
LOAD
LOCATION
PHI
---------------------------------------------------------46 - NUMBER 6
(EQUALLY SPACED)
1.669
END
0.700
11-13
11-14
Section 11A
LONG. REINF
(SQ.CM/M )
MOM-X /LOAD
(T -M /M )
TRANS. REINF
(SQ.CM/M )
MOM-Y /LOAD
(T -M /M )
3794.73 Kg ***PASS***
1
0
11-15
11B
11B.1 General
The program is based in: Complementary Technical Standards for
the Design and Construction of Steel Structures Dec. 1987.
(Normas Tcnicas Complementarias para Diseo y construccin de
Estructuras Metlicas) of the Mexican Construction Code for the
Federal District Aug. 1993 (Reglamento de Construcciones para
el Distrito Federal).
The design philosophy considered is that of the Load Cases and
Resistance Method or Limit States Design usually known as Load
and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD).
Structures are designed and proportion ed taking into consideration
the limit states at which they would become unfit for their
intended use. Two major categories of limit -state are recognized-ultimate and serviceability. The primary considerations in ultimate
limit state design are strength and stability, while that in
serviceability is deflection. Appropriate load and resistance factors
are used so that a uniform reliability is achieved for all steel
structures under various loading conditions and at the same time
the chances of limits being surpassed are acceptably remote.
In the STAAD implementation of the Mexican Standards for steel
structures, members are proportioned to resist the design loads
without exceeding the limit states of strength, and stability. It
allows to check deformation to verify serviceability.
Accordingly, the most economic section is selected on the basis of
the least weight criteria as augmented by the designer in
11-16
Section 11B
Section 11B
11-17
11-18
Section 11B
Section 11B
11-19
11-20
Section 11B
Section 11B
Notes: the local X axis goes into the page; the Global Y axis is
vertical upwards; the shaded area indicates area under
compression; the area not shaded indicates area under tension.
11-21
11-22
Section 11B
Section 11B
11-23
11-24
Section 11B
Value
KX
1.0
KY
1.0
KZ
1.0
LX
Member length
LY
Member length
LZ
Member length
FYLD
2530 kg/cm2
FU
NSF
4230 Kg/cm2
1
UNT
Member length
UNB
Member length
STIFF
Member length
Cb y Cby
TRACK
DMAX
114 cm
DMIN
RATIO
0.0 cm
1.0
BEAM
Rigid_to_H_Loads
TRUE
Section 11B
11-25
IRREG
Value
rigid elements ) that restrict lateral displacements
and allow to disregard slenderness effects.
Variable defined for the whole structure
indicating if it is regular or irregular according
to section 3.4 of the NTC.
IRREG=1 for columns being part of irregular
structures.
I_NO_OXIG
IMAIN_MEM
Ccomb
DUCTILE_SEISMIC
_DESIGN
TRUE
KX
1.0
KY
1.0
KZ
1.0
LX
Member length
LY
Member length
LZ
Member length
FYLD
2530 kg/cm2
FU
4230 Kg/cm2
11-26
Section 11B
Value
NSF
UNT
Member length
UNB
Member length
STIFF
Member length
Cb y Cby
TRACK
DMAX
114 cm
DMIN
RATIO
0.0 cm
1.0
BEAM
Rigid_to_H_Loads
TRUE
IRREG
I_NO_OXIG
Section 11B
Value
I_NO_OXIG.= 1 implies n=1
I shapes, tubes or built up with 3 or 4 welded
plates
n is defined by the program
IMAIN_MEM
Ccomb
DUCTILE_SEISMIC
_DESIGN
TRUE
* Top and Bottom represent the positive and negative side of the local Y axis (local
Z axis if SET Z UP is used.
Note: For deflection check, parameters DFF, DJ1 and DJ2 from Table 2.1 may be
used. All requirements remain the same.
11-27
11-28
Section 11B
Section 12
Russian Codes
12-1
12A
12A.1 General
Russian Code SNiP 2.03.0184* Plain concrete and concrete
structures is based on the method of limit states. Code SNiP
2.03.0184* defines two groups of limit states.
Analysis according to the first group of limit states is performed to
avoid the following phenomena:
12-2
Section 12A
Section 12A
12-3
12-4
Section 12A
Section 12A
12-5
No.
1
Parameter
name
NLT
Default
value
1
Description
Number of long-term loading case
RCL
USM
1.
UB2
0.9
DD1
16.
DD2
16.
BCL
15.
UBM
1.
TEM
0.
10
CL1
0.05
12-6
Section 12A
No.
Parameter
name
Default
value
Description
section to the center of longitudi nal reinforcement
bar;
11
CL2
0.05
12
WST
0.4
13
WLT
0.3
14
SSE
of shear reinforcement:
RSH = 1, if class of reinforcement is A-I;
RSH = 2, if class of reinforcement is A-II;
RSH = 3, if class of reinforcement is A-III;
RSH = 33, if class of reinforcement is AIIIb;
RSH = 4, if class of reinforcement is A-IV;
RSH = 5, if class of reinforcement is A-V;
RSH = 6, if class of reinforcement is A-VI;
RSH = 7, if class of reinforcement is A-VII;
RSH = 77, if class of reinforcement is K-7;
RSH = 8, if class of reinforcement is B-II;
RSH = 9, if class of reinforcement is Bp-II;
RSH = 10, if class of reinforcement is Bp -I;
RSH = 19, if class of reinforcement is K-19
15
RSH
16
FWT
ZD
17
FWB
ZB
Section 12A
12-7
No.
Parameter
name
Default
value
18
DEP
YD
19
SFA
0.
20
EFA
0.
13
21
NSE
Description
No.
1
Parameter
name
Default
value
NLT
RCL
Description
USM
1.
UB2
0.9
DD1
16.
12-8
Section 12A
Parameter
name
No.
Default
value
Description
bars for column
DD2
16.
BCL
15.
UBM
1.
TEM
0.
10
CL1
0.05
11
ELY
1.
12
ELZ
1.
No.
1
Parameter
name
NLT
RCL
Default
value
1
Description
Number of long-term loading case
Class of longitudinal reinforcement:
Section 12A
No.
Parameter
name
Default
value
12-9
Description
USM
1.
UB2
0.9
SDX
16.
SDY
16.
BCL
15.
UBM
1.
TEM
0.
10
CL
0.05
11
CRA
0.05
12
WST
0.4
13
WLT
0.3
14
STA
12-10
Section 12A
No.
Parameter
name
Default
value
Description
15
SELX
0.
16
SELY
0.
17
18
MMA
MMB
12A.3 Beams
Reinforcement for beams of rectangular and T cross-section can be
calculated. In calculation of longitudinal reinforcement bending
moment about local axis Z loc and torsional moments are
considered, but influence of longitudinal forces and bending
moments in relation to local axis Yloc is ignored. In calculation of
transverse reinforcement shear forces parallel t o local axis Yloc
and torsional moments are taken into account.
Section 12A
12-11
12-12
Section 12A
MEMBER OFFSET
1 START 0.3 0 0
1 END -0.2 0 0
Section 12A
As
Moments ( / )
Load. N. ( / )
Acrc1
Acrc2
12-13
12-14
Section 12A
Section 12A
12-15
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT
Section
mm
0.41
4.74
0.41
1.13
152.
Acrc1
Acrc2
mm
mm
2.
0.237
0.121
60.
0.
0.294
0.157
1.13
5.
17.
0.000
0.000
1.13
6.41
8.
75.
0.295
0.147
1.13
9.24
11.
115.
0.298
0.149
1.13
11.53
14.
139.
0.271
0.134
1.19
12.16
18.
144.
0.263
0.127
1.41
10.86
21.
132.
0.277
0.130
1.63
8.28
24.
103.
0.296
0.129
1.95
4.54
27.
56.
0.299
0.093
3.23
0.58
39.
9.
0.293
0.157
0.74
0.41
124.
0.
0.271
0.142
16.89
0.41
226.
0.
0.155
0.078
0.
500.
1000.
1500.
2000.
2500.
3000.
3500.
4000.
4500.
5000.
5500.
6000.
Load.N.(-/+ )
kNm
12-16
Section 12A
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
Section
mm
Qsw
kN/m
10cm
30cm
Q
kN
T
kNm
Load
N.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2000.
2500.
203.9
168.9
133.9
98.9
63.9
28.9
0.0
3000.
12.7
0.0
3500.
47.7
0.0
0.
251.3
1.44
2.15
2.87
3.59
4.31
500.
251.3
1.44
2.15
2.87
3.59
4.31
1000.
174.5
1.00
1.50
1.99
2.49
2.99
1500.
63.9
0.36
0.55
0.73
0.91
1.09
4000.
82.7
0.0
4500.
95.0
0.82
1.09
1.37
1.64
117.7
0.0
5000.
242.5
1.39
2.08
2.77
3.46
4.16
152.7
0.0
5500.
302.5
1.73
2.59
3.46
4.32
5.19
187.7
0.0
6000.
302.5
1.73
2.59
3.46
4.32
5.19
216.1
0.0
122A.4 Columns
Reinforcement for columns of rectangular or circular cross -section
can be calculated. Flexibility of columns can be evaluated in two
ways. In the case of usual analysis (command PERFORM
ANALYSIS) flexibility is assessed by parameters ELY and ELZ,
values of which should conform with recommendation of the Code
SNiP 2.03.01 84*. If P DELTA (analysis according to deformed
diagram) or NONLINEAR (nonlinear geometry) analysis is
performed, values of parameters ELY and ELZ should be close to
zero, for example ELY = ELZ=0.01.
Longitudinal reinforcement for columns is calculated only from
condition of strength. Longitudinal forces and bending moments in
Section 12A
relation to local axes Yloc and Z loc are taken into account in
longitudinal reinforcement calculations.
For rectangular columns the following output is generated:
column number;
column length and cross-sectional dimensions;
distance of centroid of each longitudinal bar from the
nearest edge of the cross-section;
concrete class;
longitudinal reinforcement class;
range of longitudinal reinforcement bar diameters assumed
in calculation;
diameter of longitudinal reinforcement bars obtained in
calculation;
total quantity of longitudinal bars;
quantity of longitudinal bars at each cross-section edge,
directed parallel to the local axis Yloc ;
quantity of longitudinal bars at each cross-section edge,
directed parallel to the local axis Z loc .
In nine columns of the table under the heading LONGITUDINAL
REINFORCEMENT the following output is presented:
Section
Astot
Asy
Asz
cross-sectional
area
of
longitudinal
reinforcement bars at each edge of section,
directed parallel to the local axis Z loc , sq.cm
Percent
Nx, Mz, My
12-17
12-18
Section 12A
of longitudinal reinforcement
number of loading version, determining crosssectional area of longitudinal reinforcement
Load.N.
Astot
Asy
sq.cm sq.cm
Asz
Per cent
Nx
Mz
My
sq.cm
kN
kNm
kN m
Load
N.
0.
16.42
3.01
6.20
1.34
285.5
81.9
0.0
4000.
15.35
3.01
5.67
1.25
397.3
95.3
0.0
Section 12A
or
12-19
12-20
Section 12A
Load. N.
Yloc ,
longitudinal reinforcement
number of loading version, determining crosssectional area of longitudinal reinforcement
Section 12A
12-21
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT
Section
mm
0.
4000.
Astot
sq.cm
Per cent
%
Nx
kN
17.96
21.86
1.87
2.27
195.1
195.1
Mz
kNm
59.8
80.2
My
k Nm
0.0
0.0
Load. N.
5
5
12-22
Section 12A
Element
Asx
sq.cm/m
60 TOP
0.00
BOT
3.53
61 TOP
BOT
Mx
Nx
kNm/m kN/m
- 4.9
Load. N.
Asy
(X)
sq.cm/m
My
Ny
Load N.
kNm/m kN/m
(Y)
0.0
0.00
- 4.5
0.0
- 9 .9
0.0
3.46
- 8.9
0.0
0.00
- 5 .3
0.0
0.00
- 4.7
0.0
3.87
- 10.7
0.0
3.65
- 9.4
0.0
62 TOP
0.00
- 5 .6
0.0
0.00
- 4.8
0.0
BOT
4.10
- 11.2
0.0
3.77
- 9.6
0.0
Section 12A
12-23
Here:
Element
Asx
Mx
Nx
Load N.(X)
Asy
My
Ny
Load N.(Y)
12-24
Section 12A
12-25
12B
12B.1 General
Design Code SNiP Steel Structures as majority of modern codes
is based on the method of limit states. The following groups of
limit states are defined in the Code.
12-26
Section 12B
In this version of the program only members from rolled, tube and
roll-formed assortment sections and also from compound such as
double angles of T-type sections, double channels are presented.
Design of other members of compound section will be presented in
other versions of the program.
Economy of selected section is indicat ed by ratio (RATIO) /R yy c
presented in calculation results. A section is economical when said
ratio equals to 0,9 0,95.
Section 12B
12-27
12-28
Section 12B
Section 12B
12-29
Table 1.
No
.
1
Typical sections
Section
Section type
Designation form
ST I12
ST B1-10
ST SH1-23
ST K1-20
ST C14
12-30
Section 12B
Table 1.
Typical sections
No
.
Section
Unequal legs
8510-89)
angle
Section type
(GOST
Designation form
ST L100x100x7
RA L100x100x7
ST L125x80x10
RA L125x80x10
ST PIP102x5.5
or
ST PIPE OD 0.102 ID
0.055
ST TUB160x120x3
or
ST TUBE TH 0.003
WT 0.12 DT 0.16
Section 12B
Table 2.
No
.
12-31
Compound sections
Section
Double channels
Section type
Designation form
D C14 SP 0.01
(SP clear distance
between channel walls)
LD L100x100x7 SP
0.01
(SP clear distance
between angle walls)
LD L125x80x10 SP
0.01
(SP clear distance
between angle walls)
SD L125x80x10 SP
0.01
(SP clear distance
between angle walls)
T I12
T B1-10
T SH1-23
T K1-20
12-32
Section 12B
Example
UNITS METER
MEMBER PROPERTY RUSSIAN
* I-beam
1 TO 6 TABLE ST B1-10
* Channel
7 TO 11 TABLE ST C14
* Unequal legs angle
12 TO 30 TABLE RA L125x80x10
* Round assortment pipe
31 TO 46 TABLE ST PIP102x5.5
* Round pipe of cross-sectional dimensions defined by
client
47 TO 60 TABLE ST PIPE OD 0.102 ID 0.055
* Square tube from assortment
61 TO 68 TABLE ST TUB120x120x3
* Rectangular tube of cross-sectional dimension defined
by client
69 TO 95 TABLE ST TUBE TH 0.003 WT 0.12 DT 0.16
* Double channel (distance between walls 10 )
96 TO 103 TABLE D C14 SP 0.01
* Double unequal legs angles with short legs back to
back (distance between walls 10 )
104 TO 105 TABLE SD L125x80x10 SP 0.01
* Member of Tee section
106 TO 126 TABLE T SH1-23
* Flange of T-beams at the bottom of cross-section
BETA 180. MEMB 116 TO 126
* Orientation of the local angle axes in relation to the
global axes of the structure
BETA RANGLE MEMB 12 TO 30
Commands of output data for check and selection of sections are
located after commands of analysis and, as a rule, after output
command to print results of calculation.
Section 12B
Example
* Command of analysis
PERFORM ANALYSIS
* Command of loadings and their combinations
considered in design
LOAD LIST 1 5 TO 9
* Command to start design according to Russian Code
PARAMETER
CODE RUSSIAN
* List of parameters used in checking and selecting
.
BEAM 1. ALL (obligatory parameter)
.
LY 4. MEMB 1 TO 4
LZ 4. MEM 1 TO 4
MAIN 1. ALL
SGR 3. ALL
SBLT 0 ALL
* Parameter of output amount of information on
calculation results
TRACK 2. ALL
.
* Command to start section check proced ure
CHECK CODE ALL
* Command to start section selection procedure
SELECT ALL
.
* Command of output to print content of assortment
tables
PRINT ENTIRE TABLE
* Command of output to print summary of steel according
to sections
STEEL TAKE OFF
* Command of output to print summary of steel according
to members and sections
STEEL MEMBER TAKE OFF
12-33
12-34
Section 12B
Section 12B
12-35
Parameter
name
KY
KZ
LY
[m]
LZ
[m]
SBLT
NSF
Description
Coefficient of effective length in
respect to local axis Y (in plane
XZ)
Coefficient of effective length in
respect to local axis Z (in plane
XY)
Effective length in respect to local
axis Y (in plane XZ)
Default is selected member's
length
Effective length in respect to local
axis Z (in plane XY)
Default is selected member's
length
Number of lateral bracing
restraints along the span:
SBLT = 0, if beam not
fixed;
SBLT = 1, one restraint in
the middle of the span;
SBLT = 2, 3, etc. number
of uniformly spaced
lateral supports along the
span
Net section factor for tension
members or web section area
weakening factor for bending
members
Default
value
1.0
1.0
Member
length
Member
length
1.0
12-36
Section 12B
Parameter
name
MAIN
DFF
Description
Standard of steel grade (GOST):
MAIN = 1, if Standard of
steel grade is
GOST27772-88;
MAIN = 2, if Standard of
steel grade is
GOST10705-80;
MAIN = 3, if Standard of
steel grade is
GOST10706-76;
MAIN = 4, if Standard of
steel grade is GOST873187;
MAIN = 5, if Standard of
steel grade is TY14-3-56776
Allowable limit of relative local
deflection (Member
length/Deflection Ratio):
Default value 0 is valid if design
is applied without deflection
limitation.
Set for deflection check only
Default
value
0.
Section 12B
Parameter
name
SGR
Description
Steel grade (STAL):
SGR = 1, if Steel grade is
C235;
SGR = 2, if Steel grade is
C245;
SGR = 3, if Steel grade is
C255;
SGR = 4, if Steel grade is
C275;
SGR = 5, if Steel grade is
C285;
SGR = 6, if Steel grade is
C345;
SGR = 7, if Steel grade is
C345K;
SGR = 8, if Steel grade is
C375;
SGR = 9, if Steel grade is
C390;
SGR = 10, if Steel grade is
C390K;
SGR = 11, if Steel grade is
C440;
SGR = 12, if Steel grade is
C590;
SGR = 13, if Steel grade is
C590K;
SGR = 14, if Steel grade is
BCT3KP;
SGR = 15, if Steel grade is
BCT3PC;
SGR = 16, if Steel grade is
BCT3CP;
SGR = 17, if Steel grade is
20;
Default
value
12-37
12-38
Section 12B
Parameter
name
Description
10
MM
Default
value
Section 12B
11
Parameter
name
CMN
Description
slenderness value
is "250";
MM = 4, if
ultimate
slenderness value
is "300";
MM = 5, if
ultimate
slenderness value
is "350";
MM = 6, if
ultimate
slenderness value
is "400
Set slenderness limit value not
equal to "0" for design with
evaluation of buckling effect
Slenderness limit value for
compression members:
MN = 0, if
slenderness is
suppressed;
MN = 1, if
slenderness limit
value is "120";
MN = 2, if
slenderness limit
value is "21060a";
MN = 3, if
slenderness limit
value is "22040a";
MN = 4, if
slenderness limit
Default
value
12-39
12-40
Section 12B
Parameter
name
Description
value is "220";
MN = 5, if
slenderness limit
value is "18060a";
MN = 6, if
slenderness limit
value is "21060a";
MN = 7, if
slenderness limit
value is "21060a";
MN = 8, if
slenderness limit
value is "200";
MN = 9, if
slenderness limit
value is "150";
Set slenderness limit value not
equal to "0" for design with
evaluation of buckling effect
Type and position of loading on
beam:
LEG = 1, for loading
concentrated in the middle
span;
LEG = 2, for loading
concentrated in the quarter
of the span;
LEG = 3, for loading
concentrated at the end of
bracket;
LEG = 4, for loading
uniformly distributed on
Default
value
12
LEG
Section 12B
Parameter
name
Description
13
CB
14
TRACK
15
TB
16
RATIO
Default
value
beam;
LEG = 5, for loading
uniformly distributed on
bracket
1.0
12-41
12-42
Section 12B
Parameter
name
Description
Default
value
17
DMAX
[m]
1.
18
DMIN
[m]
0.
19
BEAM
20
GAMC1
21
GAMC2
22
PY
[MPa]
1.0
1.0
Section 12B
Parameter
name
Description
Default
value
23
UNL
[MPa]
12-43
12-44
Section 12B
Steel
Parameter
MAIN
C235
C245
GOST
For members
*
GT, F
GOST
27772-88
C255
GT, F
C275
GT, F
C285
GT, F
C345
GT, F
C345K
GT, F
C375
GT, F
C390
10
C390K
11
C440
12
C590
13
C590
14
BSt3kp
Tube
15
BSt3ps
2
3
GOST
10705GOST
80*
10705-
80*
GOST
GOST
16
BSt3sp
107051070680*
76*
GOST
17
20
4
GOST
8731-87
TY
14-318
16G2F
5
10706567-76
76*
*GT members from sheet and roll-formed tubes
F rolled section steel
2
3
GT, F
Tube
Tube
Tube
Tube
Section 12B
12-45
12-46
Section 12B
B1-30
B1-30
B1-30
B1-30
B1-30
PASS
0.000E+00
PASS
0.000E+00
PASS
0.000E+00
PASS
0.000E+00
FAIL
0.000E+00
SNiP- 5.12
-8.750E+01
SNiP- 5.12
-8.750E+01
SNiP- 5.14
-8.750E+01
SNiP- 5.15
-8.750E+01
SNiP- DISPL
-8.750E+01
0.73
0.000E+00
0.06
0.000E+00
0.97
0.000E+00
0.84
0.000E+00
1.59
0.000E+00
LOADING/
LOCATION
2
4.167E+00
2
4.167E+00
2
4.167E+00
2
4.167E+00
2
4.167E+00
Section 12B
12-47
12-48
Section 12B
= C285
= 206.E+06 KPA
= 280.E+03 KPA
=
=
=
:
:
:
:
:
:
1.00E+01
4.19E-03
4.19E-03
z-axis
633.E-07
428.E-06
240.E-06
123.E-03
100.E-01
0.00E+00
y-axis
390.E-08
557.E-07
415.E-07
305.E-04
333.E-02
0.00E+00
Conventional notations assumed in presentation of results: +, , /, *,**, SQRT, their respective meanings addition,
subtraction, division, multiplication, raising to the second power
(squared) and square root. Conventional notations of stresses,
coefficients and characteristics of steel resistance comply with
accepted in SNiP, only Greek letters are changed by their names
(e.g. , -GAMAC; -ALFA; -BETA, -ETA, -FI, etc.).
Section 13
South African
Codes
13-1
Section
13A
13-2
Section 13A
Default
Description
Value
*450 N/mm2
FYSEC
*450N/mm
FC
* 30N/mm
MINMAIN
8mm
MINSEC
8mm
MAXMAIN
50mm
CLT
20mm
CLB
20mm
Clear
Cover
reinforcement
CLS
20mm
Clear
Cover
reinforcement
TRACK
0.0
for
for
outermost
outermost
bottom
side
WIDTH
*ZD
DEPTH
*YD
Section 13A
Default
Description
Value
0.0
ELY
1.0
ELZ
1.0
13-3
13-4
Section 13A
Section 13A
N O.
M20
LENGTH:
D E S I G N
R E S U L T S
Fe450 (Main)
7500.0 mm
SIZE:
380.0 mm X
Fe450 (Sec.)
715.0 mm
COVER: 25.0 mm
Load Case
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
13-5
13-6
Section 13A
Section 13A
N O.
M20
LENGTH: 3660.0 mm
D E S I G N
Fe450 (Main)
CROSS SECTION:
R E S U L T S
Fe450 (Sec.)
4 END JOINT:
SHORT COLUMN
915.6
INITIAL MOMENTS
MOMENTS DUE TO MINIMUM ECC.
:
:
About Z
0.00
18.31
About Y
0.00
18.31
SLENDERNESS RATIOS
ADDITION MOMENTS (Maddz and Maddy)
:
:
7.96
0.00
4.88
0.00
555.13
21.91
13-7
13-8
Section 13A
13-9
13B
13B.1 General
The South African Steel Design facility in STAAD is based on the
SAB Standard SAB0162-1: 1993, Limit States Design of Steel
Structures. A steel section library consisting of South African
Standards shapes is available for member property specification.
The design philosophy embodied in this specification is ba sed on
the concept of limit state design. Structures are designed and
proportioned taking into consideration the limit states at which
they would become unfit for their intended use. Two major
categories of limit-state are recognized - ultimate and
serviceability. The primary considerations in ultimate limit state
design are strength and stability, while that in serviceability is
deflection. Appropriate load and resistance factors are used so that
a uniform reliability is achieved for all steel structures under
various loading conditions and at the same time the chances of
limits being surpassed are acceptably remote.
In the STAAD implementation, members are proportioned to resist
the design loads without exceeding the limit states of strength,
stability and serviceability. Accordingly, the most economic
section is selected on the basis of the least weight criteria as
augmented by the designer in specification of allowable member
depths, desired section type, or other such parameters. The code
checking portion of the program checks whether code requirements
for each selected section are met and identifies the governing
criteria.
13-10
Section 13B
Section 13B
I Shapes
The following example illustrates the specification of I- shapes.
1 TO 15 TABLE ST IPE-AA100
H shapes
Designation of H shapes in STAAD is as follows.
For example,
18 TO 20 TABLE ST 152X37UC
PG shapes
Designation of PG shapes in STAAD is as follows.
3 TABLE ST 127X64X15C
Double Channels
Back to back double channels, with or without spacing between
them, are specified by preceding the section designation by the
letter D. For example, a back to back double channel section
PFC140X60 without spacing in between should be specified as:
13-11
13-12
Section 13B
Section 13B
Double Angles
To specify double angles, the specification ST should be
substituted with LD (for long leg back to back) or SD (short leg
back to back). For equal angles, either SD or LD will serve the
purpose. Spacing between angles may be provided by using the
word SP followed by the value of spacing (in current length unit)
after section designation.
13-13
13-14
Section 13B
TUB60X30X2.5
Tube symbol
Thickness
Height
Width
Thickness
Pipe symbol
Diameter
Section 13B
For example:
13-15
13-16
Section 13B
16 TABLE ST TUB40X2.5SHS
17 TABLE ST TUBE TH 0 WT 0 DT 50
18 TABLE ST TUBE TH 0.02 WT 100 DT 50
20 TABLE ST PIP48X2.0CHS
21 TABLE ST PIPE OD 0.5 ID 0.48
PRINT MEMBER PROPERTIES
FINISH
Section 13B
Axial Tension
The criterion governing the capacity of tension members is based
on two limit states. The limit state of yielding in the gross section
is intended to prevent excessive elongation of the member. The
second limit state involves fracture at the section with the
minimum effective net area. The net section area may be specified
by the user through the use of the parameter NSF (see Table 3B.1).
STAAD calculates the tension capacity of a member based on
these two limits states per Cl.13.2 of SAB0162-1: 1993.
Parameters FYLD, FU and NSF are applicable for these
calculations.
Axial Compression
The compressive resistance of columns is determined based on
Clause 13.3 of the code. The equations presented in this section of
the code assume that the compressive resistance is a function of
the compressive strength of the gross section (Gross section Area
times the Yield Strength) as well as the slenderness factor (KL/r
ratios). The effective length for the calculation of compression
resistance may be provided through the use of the parameters KX,
KY, KZ, LX, LY and LZ (see Table 3B.1). Some of the aspects of
the axial compression capacity calculations are:
1. For frame members not subjected to any bending, and for truss
members, the axial compression capacity in general column
flexural buckling is calculated from Cl.13.3.1 using the
slenderness ratios for the local Y-Y and Z-Z axis. The
parameters KY, LY, KZ and LZ are applicable for this.
2. For single angles, asymmetric or cruciform sections are
checked as to whether torsional-flexural buckling is critical.
But for KL/r ratio exceeding 50,as torsional flexural buckling
is not critical, the axial compression capacities are calculated
by using Cl.13.3. The reason for this is that the South African
code doesnt provide any clear guidelines for calculating this
value. The parameters KY, LY, KZ and LZ are applicable for
this.
13-17
13-18
Section 13B
Section 13B
13-19
13-20
Section 13B
Default Value
Description
Name
Kt
1.0
Ky
1.0
Kz
1.0
Lt
Member length
Ly
Member length
Lz
Member length
Fyld
300Mpa
Fu
345Mpa
NSF
1.0
Section 13B
13-21
Default Value
Description
Member Length
Unsupported
length
in
bending
compression of top flange for calculating
moment resistance
Member Length
Unsupported
length
in
bending
compression
of
bottom
flange
for
calculating moment resistance
Name
UNT
UNB
Cb
1.0
Ssy
Ssz
Cmy
1.0
Cmz
1.0
Track
13-22
Section 13B
Default Value
Description
Name
intermediate detail level.
2 = Print the design output at maximum
detail level
Dmax
1000
Dmin
Ratio
1.0
Beam
Dff
Dj1
Dj2
Section 13B
PARAMETER
CODE SAB0162
MAIN 1 all
LY 4 MEMB 1
LZ 4 MEMB 1
UNL 4 MEMB 1
CB 0 MEMB 1 TO 23
CMZ MEMB 2 1 TO 23
CMY MEMB 2 1 TO 23
SSY 0 MEMB 1 TO 23
SSZ 0 MEMB 1 TO 23
FU 450000 MEMB 1 TO 23
BEAM 1 ALL
NSF 0.85 ALL
KY 1.2 MEMB 3 4
RATIO 1.0 ALL
TRACK 2 ALL
FYLD 300000 1 TO 23
CHECK CODE ALL
FINISH
13-23
13-24
Section 13B
**************************************
STAAD.PRO CODE CHECKING
(SOUTHAFRICAN STEEL/SAB-0162-01(1993))
**************************************
ALL UNITS ARE - KNS
MET
MEMBER
TABLE
RESULT/
CRITICAL COND/
RATIO/
LOADING/
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
*
1 ST
PFC140X60
(SOUTHAFRICAN SECTIONS)
FAIL
SAB-13.9
4.321
1
-20.00
0.00
82.53
0.00
|---------------------------------------------------------------------|
| FACTORED RESISTANCES FOR MEMBER1 UNIT - KN,M
PHI = 0.90 |
|
MRZ=
14.35 MRY=
3.86
|
|
CR=
58.41 TR=
425.81 VR=
123.85
|
|---------------------------------------------------------------------|
Section 13B
**************************************
STAAD.PRO CODE CHECKING
(SOUTHAFRICAN STEEL/SAB-0162-01(1993))
**************************************
ALL UNITS ARE - KNS
MEMBER
MET
RESULT/
CRITICAL COND/
RATIO/
LOADING/
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
*
TABLE
1 ST
PFC140X60
(SOUTHAFRICAN SECTIONS)
SAB-13.9
4.321
0.00
82.53
FAIL
-20.00
1
0.00
MEMBER LENGTH =
PZ = 4.24E+02
PY = 1.52E+02
4.50E+02
FU = 285.4
13-25
13-26
Section 13B
CRZ
CTORFLX
TENSILE
CAPACITY
COMPRESSIVE
CAPACITY
FACTORED
MOMENT
RESISTANCE
FACTORED
SHEAR
RESISTANCE
Section 13B
To determine the capacity of a South African Isection column in axial compression. Column is
braced at its ends for both axes.
Given: -
FYLD = 300Mpa
Length = 6000mm
Comparison: Solution
Theory
STAAD
Difference
13-27
13-28
Section 13B
****************************************************
*
*
*
STAAD.Pro
*
*
Version
Bld
*
*
Proprietary Program of
*
*
Research Engineers, Intl.
*
*
Date=
*
*
Time=
*
*
*
*
USER ID:
*
****************************************************
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
STAAD PLANE
START JOB INFORMATION
ENGINEER DATE
END JOB INFORMATION
INPUT WIDTH 79
***********************************************
*
STAAD.PRO GENERATED COMMENT
*
***********************************************
*1 0 0 0,2 0 6 0
***********************************************
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 0 0; 2 0 6 0
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 2
MEMBER PROPERTY SAFRICAN
1 TABLE ST 356X67UB
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC MATERIAL1
E 2.0E+008
POISSON 0.3
DENSITY 76.977
ISOTROPIC STEEL
E 2.00E+008
POISSON 0.3
DENSITY 76.8195
ALPHA 1.2E-005
DAMP 0.03
END DEFINE MATERIAL
UNIT MMS KN
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL STEEL MEMB 1
UNIT METER KN
SUPPORTS
1 FIXED
LOAD 1 LOADTYPE NONE TITLE LOAD CASE 1
JOINT LOAD
2 FY -1500
PERFORM ANALYSIS
P R O B L E M
S T A T I S T I C S
-----------------------------------
NUMBER OF JOINTS/MEMBER+ELEMENTS/SUPPORTS =
2/
1/
ORIGINAL/FINAL BAND-WIDTH=
1/
1/
3 DOF
TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES =
1, TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM =
SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX =
0 DOUBLE KILO-WORDS
REQRD/AVAIL. DISK SPACE =
12.0/
3978.5 MB
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
PARAMETER
CODE SAB0162
LZ 6 ALL
LY 3 ALL
FU 450000 ALL
BEAM 1 ALL
NSF 0.85 ALL
TRACK 2 ALL
FYLD 300000 ALL
CHECK CODE ALL
1
3
Section 13B
**************************************
STAAD.PRO CODE CHECKING
(SOUTHAFRICAN STEEL/SAB-0162-01(1993))
**************************************
ALL UNITS ARE - KNS
MEMBER
MET
TABLE
RESULT/
CRITICAL COND/
RATIO/
LOADING/
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
1 ST
356X67UB
(SOUTHAFRICAN SECTIONS)
SAB-13.8
0.989
0.00
0.00
PASS
1500.00
1
0.00
MEMBER LENGTH =
PZ = 1.21E+03
PY = 2.43E+02
6.00E+02
FU = 345.0
13-29
13-30
Section 13B
Given: -
FYLD = 300Mpa
Comparison: Solution
Theory
STAAD
Difference
Section 13B
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Proprietary Program of
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35.
36.
STAAD PLANE
START JOB INFORMATION
ENGINEER DATE
END JOB INFORMATION
INPUT WIDTH 79
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 0 0; 2 10 0 0; 3 7 0 0
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 3; 2 3 2
MEMBER PROPERTY SAFRICAN
1 2 TABLE ST 406X67UB
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC MATERIAL1
E 2.0E+008
POISSON 0.3
DENSITY 76.977
ISOTROPIC STEEL
E 2.00E+008
POISSON 0.3
DENSITY 76.8195
ALPHA 1.2E-005
DAMP 0.03
END DEFINE MATERIAL
UNIT MMS KN
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL STEEL MEMB 1 2
UNIT METER KN
SUPPORTS
1 3 PINNED
LOAD 1 LOADTYPE NONE TITLE LOAD CASE 1
MEMBER LOAD
1 CON GY -104 4
1 UNI GY -26.4
2 UNI GY -7.2
PERFORM ANALYSIS
P R O B L E M
S T A T I S T I C S
-----------------------------------
NUMBER OF JOINTS/MEMBER+ELEMENTS/SUPPORTS =
3/
2/
ORIGINAL/FINAL BAND-WIDTH=
2/
2/
5 DOF
TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES =
1, TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM =
SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX =
1 DOUBLE KILO-WORDS
REQRD/AVAIL. DISK SPACE =
12.0/
3978.5 MB
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
PARAMETER
CODE SABS0162
CB 0 ALL
UNL 4 MEMB 1
FU 450000 ALL
BEAM 1 ALL
NSF 0.85 ALL
FYLD 300000 ALL
TRACK 2 ALL
CHECK CODE MEMB 1
2
5
13-31
13-32
Section 13B
**************************************
STAAD.PRO CODE CHECKING
(SOUTHAFRICAN STEEL/SAB-0162-01(1993))
**************************************
ALL UNITS ARE - KNS
MEMBER
MET
TABLE
RESULT/
CRITICAL COND/
RATIO/
LOADING/
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
1 ST
406X67UB
(SOUTHAFRICAN SECTIONS)
SHEAR
0.244
0.00
32.40
PASS
0.00
1
7.00
MEMBER LENGTH =
PZ = 1.35E+03
PY = 2.37E+02
7.00E+02
FU = 345.0
Section 13B
Given: -
FYLD = 300Mpa
Comparison: Solution
Theory
STAAD
Difference
13-33
13-34
Section 13B
****************************************************
*
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*
STAAD.Pro
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*
Version
Bld
*
*
Proprietary Program of
*
*
Research Engineers, Intl.
*
*
Date=
*
*
Time=
*
*
*
*
USER ID:
*
****************************************************
1.
2.
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4.
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10.
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24.
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33.
34.
STAAD PLANE
START JOB INFORMATION
ENGINEER DATE
END JOB INFORMATION
INPUT WIDTH 79
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 0 0; 2 8 0 0
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 2
MEMBER PROPERTY SAFRICAN
1 TABLE ST 457X67UB
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC MATERIAL1
E 2E+008
POISSON 0.3
DENSITY 76.977
ISOTROPIC STEEL
E 2E+008
POISSON 0.3
DENSITY 76.8195
ALPHA 1.2E-005
DAMP 0.03
END DEFINE MATERIAL
UNIT MMS KN
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL STEEL MEMB 1
UNIT METER KN
SUPPORTS
1 2 PINNED
LOAD 1 LOADTYPE NONE TITLE LOAD CASE 1
MEMBER LOAD
1 UNI GY -70
PERFORM ANALYSIS
P R O B L E M
S T A T I S T I C S
-----------------------------------
NUMBER OF JOINTS/MEMBER+ELEMENTS/SUPPORTS =
2/
1/
ORIGINAL/FINAL BAND-WIDTH=
1/
1/
2 DOF
TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES =
1, TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM =
SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX =
0 DOUBLE KILO-WORDS
REQRD/AVAIL. DISK SPACE =
12.0/
3978.4 MB
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
PARAMETER
CODE SABS0162
FU 450000 ALL
BEAM 1 ALL
FYLD 300000 ALL
TRACK 2 ALL
CHECK CODE ALL
2
2
Section 13B
**************************************
STAAD.PRO CODE CHECKING
(SOUTHAFRICAN STEEL/SAB-0162-01(1993))
**************************************
ALL UNITS ARE - KNS MET (UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED)
MEMBER
TABLE
RESULT/
CRITICAL COND/
RATIO/
LOADING/
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
*
1 ST
457X67UB
(SOUTHAFRICAN SECTIONS)
CLASS 4 SECT
2.000
0.00
0.00
FAIL
0.00
MEMBER PROPERTIES (UNIT = CM)
----------------------------CROSS SECTION AREA = 8.55E+01
IZ = 2.94E+04
SZ = 1.30E+03
IY = 1.45E+03
SY = 1.53E+02
MEMBER LENGTH =
PZ = 1.47E+03
PY = 2.37E+02
8.00E+02
FU = 345.0
13-35
13-36
Section 13B
Section 14
American Aluminum
Code
14-1
14
14.1 General
STAAD is currently equipped with the facilities to perform design
based on the specifications for Aluminum Structures. The
requirements of the Allowable Stress Design, Sixth edition,
October 1994, have been implemented.
The various issues related to the implementation of this code in
STAAD are explained below.
memb-list TA ST section-name
14-2
Section 14
Example
1 TO 5
9
11 33 45 67
18
15
23 25 29
TA ST CS12X11.8
TA ST I8.00X13.1
TA ST LS8.00X8.00X0.625
TA ST 1.50PipeX160
TA ST T(A-N)6.00X8.00X11.2
TA ST 20X12RectX.500Wall
Example
3 TA BACK C(A-N)7X3.61 SPACING 1.5
5 TA BACK C15X17.33 SP 0.75
Example
2 TA FRONT CS12X10.3 SP 1.0
4 TA FR CS10X10.1 SP 0.5
Section 14
Example
14 TA LD LS4.00X3.00X0.375 SP 1.5
Example
12 TA SD L3.5X3X0.5 SP 0.25
13 TA SD L8X6X0.75 SP 1.0
14-3
14-4
Section 14
The check for torsion per Clause 4.3 for open sections is currently
not done.
Default
Description
Name
Value
ALLOY
34
PRODUCT
2 - Extrusions
4 - Pipe
Section 14
14-5
Default
Name
Value
WELD
Description
In Table 3.4-2 in Section I-A of the Aluminum
specifications, it is mentioned that the value of
coefficients Kt and Kc are dependent upon whether
or not, the location of the section where design is
done is within 1.0 inch of a weld. The WELD
parameter is used in STAAD for this purpose. The
values that can be assigned to this parameter are:
0 - Region is farther than 1.0in from a weld
1 - Region is within 1.0in from a weld
STRUCTURE
DMAX
1000 in.
DMIN
0.0 in
UNL
Member
length
KY
1.0
14-6
Section 14
Default
Description
Value
LY
Member
length
KZ
1.0
LZ
Member
length
KT
1.0
LT
Member
length
STIFF
Member
length
Section 14
14-7
Default
Description
Value
0.0
SSZ
0.0
TRACK
14-8
Section 14
Default
Name
Value
BEAM
0.0
Description
If this parameter is set to 1.0, the adequacy of the
member is determined by checking a total of 13
equally spaced locations along the length of the
member. If the BEAM value is 0.0, the 13 location
check is not conducted, and instead, checking is
done only at the locations specified by the SECTION
command (See STAAD manual for details). If neither
the BEAM parameter nor any SECTION command is
specified, STAAD will terminate the run and ask the
user to provide one of those 2 commands. This rule
is not enforced for TRUSS members.
Section 14
14-9
14-10
Section 14
1100-H12
1100-H14
2014-T6
2014-T6510
2014-T6511
2014-T651
3003-H12
3003-H14
3003-H16
3003-H18
3004-H32
3004-H34
3004-H36
3004-H38
5005-H12
5005-H14
5005-H32
5005-H34
5050-H32
5050-H34
5052-H32
5052-H34
5083-H111
5086-H111
5086-H116
5086-H32
5086-H34
5454-H111
5454-H112
5456-H111
5456-H112
6005-T5
6105-T5
Section 14
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
6061-T6
6061-T6510
6061-T6511
6061-T651
6063-T5
6063-T6
6351-T5
14-11
14-12
Section 14
Section 15
American Transmission
Tower Code
15-1
15A
15-2
Section 15A
Section 15A
15-3
15-4
Section 15A
Default
Value
Description
KY
1.0
KZ
1.0
KT
1.0
LY
Member
Length
LZ
Member
Length
LT
Member
Length
FYLD
36.0 KSI
NSF
1.0
UNL
Member
Length
UNF
1.0
TRACK
0.0
DMAX
45.0 in.
DMIN
0.0 in.
RATIO
1.0
BEAM
1.0
Section 15A
Default
Value
2
Description
Parameter that indicates the member type for the purpose of
calculating the KL/R ratio
(SEE CLAUSE 3.4, PAGE 3, ASCE 10-97)
=
=
=
=
=
ELB
15-5
15-6
Section 15A
Default
Value
0.0
Description
This parameter is meant for plain angles.
0.0 = indicates that the angle is connected by both
legs and allowable stress in axial tension is
1.0FYLD.
1.0 = indicates that the angle is connected only by
the shorter leg and allowable tensile stress is
computed per clause 3.10.2 as 0.9FYLD.
2.0 = indicates that the angle is connected by the
longer leg.
DBL
0.75 in.
FYB
36 KSI
FVB
30 KSI
NHL
Notes:
All values must be provided in the current unit system.
Once a parameter is specified, its value stays at that specified number
till it is specified again. This is the way STAAD works for all codes.
15-7
15B
15-8
Section 15B
Section 15B
15-9
15-10
Section 15B
Default
Value
Description
KY
1.0
KZ
1.0
KT
1.0
LY
Member
Length
LZ
Member
Length
LT
Member
Length
FYLD
36.0 KSI
NSF
1.0
UNL
Member
Length
UNF
1.0
TRACK
0.0
DMAX
45.0 in.
DMIN
0.0 in.
RATIO
1.0
Section 15B
15-11
Table 15B.1 - Steel Design Parameters for ASCE (PUB. 52) Based Design
Parameter
Name
BEAM
Default
Value
0.0
Description
2.0 = Perform design using the section locations
specified according to the SECTION
command
3.0 = Perform design at the ends and eleven
intermediate sections of the beam
MAIN
= 4 : HANGAR MEMBERS
ELB
15-12
Section 15B
Table 15B.1 - Steel Design Parameters for ASCE (PUB. 52) Based Design
Parameter
Name
LEG
Default
Value
0.0
Description
This parameter is meant for plain angles.
3.0 = indicates that the angle is connected by both
legs and allowable stress in axial tension is
1.0FYLD.
4.0 = indicates that the angle is connected only by
the shorter leg and allowable tensile stress is
computed per clause 4.10.2 as 0.9FYLD.
5.0 = indicates that the angle is connected by the
longer leg.
DBL
0.75 in.
FYB
36 KSI
FVB
30 KSI
NHL
Notes:
All values must be provided in the current unit system.
Note: Once a parameter is specified, its value stays at that
specified number till it is specified again. This is the way STAAD
works for all codes.
Section 16
16-1
16
Run the analysis and API design which creates the Geometry
file and give preliminary design results.
16-2
Section 16
e.
Reset the LEG parameter to 2.0 and re-run the analysis to read
the modified Geometry file for the final design results.
(3.2.4-1)
(3.2.4-4)
Section 16
Kl
Kl
2 E
. If
exceeds C c the
is less than C c = 2
Fy
r
r
ratio
For
D
> 60 the lesser of F xe or F xc are substituted for F xy .
t
F b = 0.75 F y
provided
b)
D 1500
(Imperial Units)
Fy
t
F b = 0.84 1.74
Fy D
Fy
Et
16-3
16-4
Section 16
where
c)
3000
1500
D
<
<
(Imperial Units)
Fy
Fy
t
F b = 0.72 0.58
where
Fy D
Fy
Et
3000
D
300 (Imperial Units)
<
Fy
t
fa
is greater than 0.15, otherwise formula 3.3.1-3 applies. It
Fa
should be noted that during code checking or member selection, if
fa
exceeds unity, the program does not compute the second
Fa
3.3.1-1/2.
Section 16
16-5
Default
Value
1.0
Description
K value in local y-axis.
Usually, this is minor axis.
KZ
1.0
LY
Member
Length
LZ
Member
Length
FYLD
36 KSI
NSF
1.0
UNL
Member
Length
UNF
1.0
CB
1.0
MAIN
0.0
SSY
0.0
16-6
Section 16
Default
Value
Description
1.0 = No sidesway
SSZ
0.0
CMY
0.85 for
sidesway*
and
calculated for
no sidesway
CMZ
TRACK
0.0
1.0 =
DMAX
0.0
DMIN
0.0
RATIO
WELD
BEAM
1.0
WMIN
1.16 in.
WSTR
0.4 X FLYD
LEG
1.0
2.0
Section 16
16-7
16-8
Section 16
K (overlap)
K (gap)
T&Y
CROSS
CROSS (with/diaphragms)
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Section 16
16-9
16-10
Section 16
Ref I: Boone, TJ, Yura, JA and Hoadley, PW, Ultimate Strength if Tubular Joints Chord
Stress Effects, OTC 4828, 1984
Section 16
16-11
CHORD
PUNCH
GAP
FYLD
THETAT
TW
SWAP
209
211
17.992
0.984
12.752
0.787
0.000
50.00
0.00
0.000
209
210
17.992
0.984
12.752
0.787
0.000
50.00
0.00
0.000
212
202
17.992
0.787
12.752
0.787
0.000
50.00
0.00
0.000
Description
PUNCH
BRACE
CHORD
D
d
T
GAP
FYLD
THETAT
16-12
Section 16
SW AP
Description
Degrees
Used in overlap K-joint, taken as the lesser of
the weld throat thickness or thickness t of the
thinner brace in inches
If parameter SWAP 0 is used then major
moment Mz is taken for In Plane Bending
(IPB). SWAP 1 uses the minor moment My as
the IPB.
Notes:
16.14 Limitations
The parameter SELECT 1.0 should not be used while carrying out
punching shear checks. It can be used in initial runs for member
selection.
No classification of the joint is performed using the loading.
No hydrostatic checks are performed.
Section 16
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
16-13
16-14
Section 16
Section 16
16-15
16-16
Section 16