MORNING STAR POLYTECHNIC

COLLEGE
CHUNKANKADAI

EXHUST POWER GENERATION AND AIR FILLING USING

IC ENGINES

A Project Report
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of diploma
In

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Project guided by
Mr.T.KAMILLAS FRANKLIN,M.E
Submitted By
NAME
J.AJEESH
P.AJIN RAJ
P.ALAN BINO SUGIHAR
R.ALEX
A.ALEX MON
A.M.ANAND

SL.NO
12208566
12208568
12208570
12208571
12208572
12208573

DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,

TAMILNADU
2013-2014

MORNING STAR POLYTECHNIC

COLLEGE
CHUNKANKADAI

Department Of Mechanical
Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This

is

to

certificate

that

the

project

entitled

EXHAUST POWER GENERATION AND AIR

FILLING USING IC ENGINES is a bonafide work
done
by..
reg.no........ of final year diploma in
mechanical engineering, during the year 2013-2014.

Guide
Of The Department

Head

Mr.T.KAMILLAS FRANKLIN,M.E
Mr.T.KAMILLAS FRANKLIN,M.E

Submitted For The Board Examination Held At

Morning Star Polytechnic College On ..

Internal Examiner
External Examiner
Place : Chunkankadai
Date :

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I thank my God almighty who is the
SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE and the one who guided
me in all aspects to bring out this project a successful
one.
My special thanks to my loving parents and
my beloved friends for their help in bringing out this
project successfully.
I wish to express my sincere thanks to the
correspondent Rev.Fr.P.PAUL RICHARD
JOSEPH,M.A.,M.Phil who provide me an opportunity
to do this project work in this esteemed institution.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to our
principal Mr.V.VINCENT
JAYASEELAN,B.E.,M.Tech .,M.A.,M.Ed.,M.Phil for
his encouragement while doing this project.
I also express my heart full thanks to my head
of
the
department
and
my
project
guide
Mr.T.KAMILLAS
FRANKLIN,M.E., for his keen

involvement in successful completion of my project

work.
I also thank for our all staff members for their
guidance while preparing my project work.
Also I thank the entire member who helped
directly and indirectly to complete my project work.

CONTENTS

CONTENTS

1
2
3
4
5

SYNOPSIS
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE SURVEY
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS AND
DRAWING
FABRICATION OF PARTS

WORKING PRINCIPLE

7
8

ADVANTAGES
APPLICATIONS

9
10
11

COST DETAILS
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY

SYNOPSIS

SYNOPSIS
This system is used to fill air in the tyer during the occurrence of
unexpected punctures in the wheels. The project consists of an
engine in which its exhaust is made to generate electricity. The
exhaust gases from the engine has high velocity or pressure which
is enough to run the turbine. The power is stored in the battery and
it is used to run a compressor to fill air to the tyre.

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
The output of the engine exhaust gas is given to
the input of the generator blades, so that the electrical
energy produced. This electrical energy is used to store
the battery. This power, the alternate power must be
much more convenient in availability and usage. The
next important reason for the search of effective,
unadulterated power are to save the surrounding
environments including men, machine and material of
both the existing and the next forth generation from
pollution, the cause for many harmful happenings and
to reach the saturation point. The most talented power
against the natural resource is supposed to be the

electric

and

automobiles.

solar
The

energies

that

best

suit

the

unadulterated

zero

emission

electrical and solar power, is the only easily attainable

alternate source. Hence we decided to incorporate the
solar power in the field of automobile, the concept of
many Multi National Companies (MNC) and to get
relieved from the incorrigible air pollution.

CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS

CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS

air inlet

rectifier & charge

controller

exhaust gas

Turbine

Generator

Motor

Battery
atm air inlet
exhaust
gas

compressor

compressed air out

COMPONENTS

COMPONENTS

IC engine
nozzle

 Turbine generator
Battery
Air compressor
Wheel setup

IC ENGINE
An internal

combustion

engine (ICE)

is

an engine where

the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in

a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working
fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine the
expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases
produced by combustion apply direct force to some component
of the engine. The force is applied typically to pistons,turbine
blades, or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a
distance, transforming chemical energy into useful mechanical
energy. The first commercially successful internal combustion
engine was created by tienne Lenoir around 1859. and the
first modern internal combustion engine was created in 1864
by Siegfried Marcus.
The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an
engine in which combustion is intermittent, such as the more
familiar four-strokeand two-stroke piston engines, along with

variants, such as the six-stroke piston engine and the Wankel

rotary engine. A second class of internal combustion engines
use

continuous

combustion: gas

turbines, jet

engines and

most rocket engines, each of which are internal combustion

engines on the same principle as previously described. Firearms
are also a form of internal combustion engine.
Internal combustion engines are quite different from external
combustion engines, such as steam or Stirling engines, in which
the energy is delivered to a working fluid not consisting of,
mixed with, or contaminated by combustion products. Working
fluids can be air, hot water,pressurized water or even liquid
sodium, heated in a boiler. ICEs are usually powered by energydense fuels such as gasoline or diesel, liquids derived from
fossil fuels. While there are many stationary applications, most
ICEs are used in mobile applications and are the dominant
power supply for cars, aircraft, and boats.
Typically

an

ICE

is

fed

with

fossil

fuels

like natural

gas or petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel fuel or fuel

oil. There's a growing usage of renewable fuels like biodiesel for
compression ignition engines and bioethanol for spark ignition
engines. Hydrogen is sometimes used, and can be made from
either fossil fuels or renewable energy.

NOZZLE
A nozzle is a device designed to control the direction or
characteristics of a fluid flow (especially to increase velocity) as
it exits (or enters) an enclosed chamber or pipe.
A nozzle is often a pipe or tube of varying cross sectional
area, and it can be used to direct or modify the flow of a fluid
(liquid or gas). Nozzles are frequently used to control the rate of
flow, speed, direction, mass, shape, and/or the pressure of the
stream that emerges from them. In nozzle velocity of fluid
increases on the expense of its pressure energy.
A gas jet, fluid jet, or hydro jet is a nozzle intended to eject
gas or fluid in a coherent stream into a surrounding medium.
Gas

jets

are

commonly

found

in gas

stoves, ovens,

orbarbecues. Gas jets were commonly used for light before the
development of electric light. Other types of fluid jets are found
in carburetors, where smooth calibrated orifices are used to
regulate the flow of fuel into an engine, and in jacuzzis or spas.
Another specialized jet is the laminar jet. This is a water jet
that contains devices to smooth out the pressure and flow, and
gives laminar

flow,

as

its

name

suggests.

This

gives

betterresults for fountains.

Nozzles

used

for

feeding hot

furnace or forge are called tuyeres.

blast into

a blast

Jet nozzles are also use in large rooms where the distribution
of air via ceiling diffusers is not possible or not practical.
Diffusers that uses jet nozzles are called jet diffuser where it
will be arranged in the side wall areas in order to distribute air.
When the temperature difference between the supply air and
the room air changes, the supply air stream is deflected
upwards, to supply warm air, or downwards, to supply cold air.

TURBINE
A turbine, from the Greek , tyrb, ("turbulence")

is a

rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow

and

converts

it

into

useful work.

turbine

is

a turbomachine with at least one moving part called a rotor

assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached.
Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and impart
rotational

energy

to

the

rotor.

Early

turbine

examples

are windmills and waterwheels.

Gas, steam, and water turbines have a casing around the
blades that contains and controls the working fluid. Credit for
invention of the steam turbine is given both to the British
engineer Sir Charles Parsons (18541931), for invention of
thereaction

turbine and

to

Swedish

engineer Gustaf

de

Laval (18451913), for invention of the impulse turbine. Modern

steam turbines frequently employ both reaction and impulse in

the same unit, typically varying the degree of reaction and

impulse from the blade root to its periphery.
A

working

and kinetic

fluid

contains potential

energy (velocity

energy (pressure head)

head).

The

fluid

may

becompressible or incompressible. Several physical principles

are employed by turbines to collect this energy:
Impulse turbines change the direction of flow of a high velocity
fluid or gas jet. The resulting impulse spins the turbine and
leaves the fluid flow with diminished kinetic energy. There is no
pressure change of the fluid or gas in the turbine blades (the
moving blades), as in the case of a steam or gas turbine, all the
pressure drop takes place in the stationary blades (the nozzles).
Before

reaching

changed

the

to velocity

a nozzle. Pelton

turbine,
head by

the

fluid's pressure

accelerating

wheels and de

Laval

the

head is

fluid

with

turbines use

this process exclusively. Impulse turbines do not require a

pressure casement around the rotor since the fluid jet
is created by the nozzle prior to reaching the blades on the
rotor. Newton's second law describes the transfer of energy for
impulse turbines.
Reaction turbines develop torque by reacting to the gas or
fluid's pressure or mass. The pressure of the gas or fluid
changes as it passes through the turbine rotor blades. A
pressure casement is needed to contain the working fluid as it
acts on the turbine stage(s) or the turbine must be fully
immersed in the fluid flow (such as with wind turbines). The
casing contains and directs the working fluid and, for water

turbines,

maintains

tube.Francis

the

turbines and

suction

imparted

most steam

by

the draft

turbines use

this

concept. For compressible working fluids, multiple turbine

stages are usually used to harness the expanding gas
efficiently. Newton's third law describes the transfer of energy
for reaction turbines.
In the case of steam turbines, such as would be used for marine
applications

or

for

Parsons type reaction

land-based
turbine

electricity

would

require

generation,

approximately

double the number of blade rows as a de Laval type impulse

turbine, for the same degree of thermal energy conversion.
Whilst this makes the Parsons turbine much longer and heavier,
the overall efficiency of a reaction turbine is slightly higher than
the equivalent impulse turbine for the same thermal energy
conversion.
In practice, modern turbine designs use both reaction and
impulse concepts to varying degrees whenever possible.Wind
turbines use

an airfoil to

generate

reaction lift from

the

moving fluid and impart it to the rotor. Wind turbines also gain
some energy from the impulse of the wind, by deflecting it at
an angle. Turbines with multiple stages may utilize either
reaction or impulse blading at high pressure. Steam turbines
were traditionally more impulse but continue to move towards
reaction designs similar to those used in gas turbines. At low
pressure the operating fluid medium expands in volume for
small reductions in pressure. Under these conditions, blading
becomes strictly a reaction type design with the base of the

blade solely impulse. The reason is due to the effect of the

rotation speed for each blade. As the volume increases, the
blade height increases, and the base of the blade spins at a
slower speed relative to the tip. This change in speed forces a
designer to change from impulse at the base, to a high reaction
style tip.
Classical turbine design methods were developed in the mid
19th century. Vector analysis related the fluid flow with turbine
shape and rotation. Graphical calculation methods were used at
first. Formulae for the basic dimensions of turbine parts are well
documented and a highly efficient machine can be reliably
designed for any fluid flow condition. Some of the calculations
are empirical or 'rule of thumb' formulae, and others are based
on classical mechanics. As with most engineering calculations,
simplifying assumptions were made.

Velocity

triangles can

be

used

to

calculate

the

basic

performance of a turbine stage. Gas exits the stationary turbine

nozzle guide vanes at absolute velocity Va1. The rotor rotates at
velocity U. Relative to the rotor, the velocity of the gas as it
impinges on the rotor entrance is Vr1. The gas is turned by the
rotor and exits, relative to the rotor, at velocity Vr2. However, in
absolute terms the rotor exit velocity is Va2. The velocity
triangles are constructed using these various velocity vectors.
Velocity triangles can be constructed at any section through the
blading (for example: hub, tip, midsection and so on) but are
usually shown at the mean stage radius. Mean performance for
the stage can be calculated from the velocity triangles, at this
radius, using the Euler equation:

Hence:

where:
specific enthalpy drop across stage
turbine entry total (or stagnation) temperature
turbine rotor peripheral velocity
change in whirl velocity
The

of

turbine

pressure

ratio

is

and the turbine efficiency.

function

Modern

turbine

design

carries

the

calculations

further. Computational fluid dynamics dispenses with many of

the simplifying assumptions used to derive classical formulas
and computer software facilitates optimization. These tools
have led to steady improvements in turbine design over the
last forty years.
The primary numerical classification of a turbine is its specific
speed. This number describes the speed of the turbine at its
maximum efficiency with respect to the power and flow rate.
The specific speed is derived to be independent of turbine size.
Given the fluid flow conditions and the desired shaft output
speed, the specific speed can be calculated and an appropriate
turbine design selected.
The specific speed, along with some fundamental formulas can
be used to reliably scale an existing design of known
performance to a new size with corresponding performance.
Off-design performance is normally displayed as a turbine
map or characteristic.

GENERATOR
In electricity generation, a generator is a device that
converts mechanical energy to electrical energy for use in an
external circuit. The source of mechanical energy may vary
widely from a hand crank to an internal combustion engine.

Generators provide nearly all of the power for electric power

grids.
The reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical
energy is done by an electric motor, and motors and generators
have many similarities. Many motors can be mechanically
driven to generate electricity and frequently make acceptable
generators.

BATTERY
An

electric battery is

device

consisting

of

one

or

more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy

into electrical energy. Each cell contains a positive terminal,
or cathode,

and

or anode. Electrolytes allow

negative

ions

to

move

terminal,
between

the

electrodes and terminals, which allows current to flow out of

the battery to perform work.
Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once
and discarded; the electrode materials are irreversibly changed
during

discharge.

battery used

Common

for flashlights and

examples
a

are

multitude

the alkaline
of

portable

devices. Secondary(rechargeable batteries) can be discharged

and recharged multiple times; the original composition of the
electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples
include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium ion
batteries used for portable electronics.
Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells
used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks

the sizeof rooms that provide standby power for telephone

exchanges and computer data centers.
According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry
generates US$48 billion in sales each year, with 6% annual
growth.
Batteries have much lower specific energy (energy per unit
mass) than common fuels such as gasoline. This is somewhat
offset by the higher efficiency of electric motors in producing
mechanical work, compared to combustion engines.

AIR COMPRESSOR
An air compressor is a device that converts power
(usually from an electric motor, a diesel engine or a
gasoline engine) into potential energy by forcing air
into a smaller volume and thus increasing its pressure.
The energy in the compressed air can be stored while
the air remains pressurized. The energy can be used for
a variety of applications, usually by utilizing the kinetic
energy of the air as it is depressurized.
A small air compressor driven by the battery is used
to fill air in the wheels

BLOCK DIAGRAM

WORKING

WORKING

 When the engine is running hot flue gases with

high pressure comes out from the engine.
The nozzle is kept to increase the velocity of the
exhaust gas and it runs the turbine. the turbine
runs a generator and electricity is produced and
stored in the battery.
The pump consumes the power from the battery
and it compresses the air to the wheels.

ADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES

The operation is very easy

It is more economic
Efficiency of the engine increases
It is easy simple in construction
It would be more helpful in emergency conditions
Reduces load to the alternator

APPLICATIONS

APPLICATIONS

It could be used in the mobile puncture services to avoid large

setup

 It could be used in two wheelers and four wheelers

COST DETAILS

COST DETAILS

BATTERY

800

ENGINE

1500

AIR COMPRESSOR

1200

TURBINE GENERATOR

1000

TOTAL COST

4500

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

Thus from this project the waste energy is utilized

from the exhaust and stored in the battery to run a compressor to
fill air to the tyre. This increases the efficiency of the engine and
reduce the cost of filling air. This could be used in two wheelers

and four wheelers to increase the efficiency of the engine and to

reduce fuel consumption
.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Singh B.R. and Singh Onkar, 2008, ENERGY STORAGESYSTEM TO
MEET CHALLENGES OF 21ST CENTURY- ANOVERVIEW-ALL
INDIA SEMINAR ON ENERGY MANAGEMENTIN PERCEPTIVE
OF INDIAN SCENARIO-held on October17-19, 2008 at Institution of
Engineer

(India),

StateCentre,

Engineer's

Bhawan,

Lucknow-

ProceedingsChapter15, pp 157-167.
2. Prof. B. S. Patel, R S BAROT, KARAN SHAH, PUSHPENDRA
SHARMA, AIR POWERED ENGINE National Conference on Recent
Trends in Engineering & Technology-B.V.M. Engineering College,
V.V.Nagar,

3. Gujarat, India,13-14 May 2011

4. Gorla, R., and Reddy, S., 2005, Probabilistic Heat Transfer and Structural
Analysis of Turbine Blade, IJTJE, Vol. 22, pp 1- 11.
5. Rose Robert, William J. Vincent, 2004, Fuel CellVehicle World Survey
2003-Break

throughTechnologies

Institute,

February

2004,

Washington,D.C.

6. B R Singh and O Singh, DEVELOPMENT OF A VANED-TYPE

NOVEL AIR TURBINE, JMES993 IMechE 2008, Proc. IMechE Vol.
222 Part C: J. Mechanical Engineering Science, pp. 2419-2426
7. Singh B.R. and Singh O., 2010, CRITICAL EFFECT OFROTOR
VANES

WITH

ONPERFORMANCE

DIFFERENT
OF

VANED

INJECTION
TYPE

ANGLES

NOVEL

AIR

TURBINE,International Journal of Engineering andTechnology, Chennai,

India, IJET-ISSN: 0975-4024,Vol. 2 Number 2(28), 2010, pp. 118-123.
8. Chen,
P.X.
Researchers
Develop
Air-powered
Motorcycle,http://blog.wired.com/gadgets/2008/08/air

powered-

mot.html(accessedAugust 2008).
9. Bharat Raj Singh, Onkar Singh, STUDY OF COMPRESSED AIR
STORAGE SYSTEM AS CLEAN POTENTIAL -ENERGY FOR 21ST
CENTURY Global Journal of researches in engineering-Mechanical
andmechanics engineering, Volume 12 Issue 1 Version 1.0 January 2012