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W
K

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K

W
K

K

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EF

KW
W

KEF

KEF

KEF

W Metallic Materials E
Ferrous Metals
KECast IronFESteelFEWrought IronF

WNon Ferrous Metals

Heavy Metals E

NickelCopper

Light metalsE

MagnisiumAluminium
Soft MetalsE
KTinLead

W Non metallic materials E

construction metals

KW

WUnits

Primary FEF

EDimension
KESecondary DimensionF

WE

EF
British Unit
Ibm

SI Unit
Kg

Symbol
M

Ft

Sec

Sec

tK

K , C

Dimension

Mass

Length

Time

Temperature

WE

SI Unit
N= (kg m/Sec2)

Symbol
F

m/sec

Pa=(N/m2)

m2

Dimension

W
W
WW
KK
WW
KK
W

KW
Tensile TestW

Compression TestWJ
Impact TestWJ

Hardness TestsWJ
WWJ
X-Ray Test E

Ultrasonic Test E
Magnetic TestE
KE


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J J

--

K
K

W
EYield stressFEProportional LimitF
KEUltimate tensile stressF

Stress & strainW

WE
W(N/m2FEPaF

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--

WStrainE

W(e)Engineering Strain

KE L0 F ( L F

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e=

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1.3

W( ) True StrainJ
K
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1.4

W ( E)Youngs ModulusE
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W
1.8

1.9

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WE{F

W
1.10

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1.12
--

EF
WHomogenous deformation

1.13

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W

1.14
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1.15

W{{

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1.16

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WKW

KE

L f = 102mm

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e=

L L f L0 102 100
=
=
= 0.02
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100

= ln(

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) = ln(

102
) = 0.0198
100

E
{

= ln(e + 1) = ln(0.02 + 1) = 0.0198

--

W( Ductile Metals ) J
( Plastic Zone ) ( Elastic Zone )

( Yield Zone )
K( Neck )

W( Semi Ductile Metals) J

K
W( Brittle Metals ) J

( Super Plastic )

K{

--

J W{
KJ J J

--

K
W
KEF

K{K

W{

F{ Young ModulusE
KEFE

F
KEFEFE

ENeckF

K{K
--

WEProportional LimitF
KEAFEF

WEElastic LimitF
KEBFK
WEYield strengthF

K(C)KE

W( Proof Stress) J

F K

KE

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(a) W{
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J A

-E -D
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WEUltimate Tensile StressF

K
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EE FWJ

WEYoungs ModulusF

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KEF

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EF {

K(StiffnessF

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KL

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W{

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W1.7

EInitial tangent modulusF
K{

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W{

EResilienceF
EEnergyF

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F
KE{FE
- -

EModulus of ResilienceF
Modulus of resilience

Modulus of resilience

Modulus of resilience

L
1
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W
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KE{FEF

W1.9

EHyper-elastic resilienceF

ERecoverable energyF

- -

E{F
K

W{

WEToughnessF

EModulus of ToughnessFK

E{F
K

xEHF{Z

LExEHF{FZ
- -

W{

WEHystericsF

EReloadedF
ELoopF

E{FEF
K

K
K

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W{

WEStrengthF

EElastic strengthF

Elastic strength

Fyield
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or =

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Efactor of safetyF E

KEF

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EUltimate Tensile strengthFWEF

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WEDuctilityF
E%ElongationF
E%Reduction of AreaF
W

WW
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100

%Elongation = 100

L0
L f L0
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=Max strain x 100

{
1.6
1.27

EF
K
W

W
- -

%Reduction of area

A0 A f
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100

1.28

W?Hydraulic Machine?

W?screw Gear?

?Hydraulic Machine?J
?
K?
W

K{

KEWF

- -

W( Screw Testing Machine )J

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KMotor

W{

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J J W{

KWMeasuring Weight

KW
W

K
K

K
W
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WE

K
K

KWE
K
:

K

K(1.F

K?Wedge Grips?WE
KWE

J W{

J
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?Length
K?stress??Strain?

?Accurate?
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K{

J
K{

KJ

J
K

KJ

J
K

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K J
young's modulus

100 GPa

KEFJ

DuctilityEWJ
ResilienceE

J
Ductility K

KJ
J
W

(E) J
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Eyl F J

EUTS F J

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E FWE

W E
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?Bearing metals?
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W

J
K

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J
K
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J
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young modulusK{

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K
WStandard Impact test

K
KIzodCharpy

W 3.1

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W
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E F K

K EAbrasionF EIndentationF

K

WK

EIndentation HardnessFW

ERebound HardnessFW

EScratch HardnessFW
K

EWear HardnessFW

EMachine ability HardnessFW

KKK

K
- -

K


K

KK

KKK

EQuenchingF EAnnealingF

ECase-hardeningF ETemperingF
KEdecarburizationF

EDestructive testF

- -

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Reckwell

KBrale

Brinell E

EP FE DF

E d F
K{

- -

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W(B.H.N.)

EFLEF=
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d
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D
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2

P
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4.
4.
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W
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d
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K

EFWE{F

EDF
=

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(10) 2

P = 3000kg

KE{F

- -

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P

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h=
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{
h

B.H.N.

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EF

K
K

- -

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W

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{
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W{
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Z W{

KE{F

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K
K
K

K{

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RockwellE

{ L
KEBraleF

EMinor loadF

EMajor loadFK

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W{

K

F
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ACBW
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C EF B
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KA

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K
K

K K
K K

K
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ECrack HuntingF

W
K

EMicro FlowsF

K EMacro FlowsF

Heat treatment
KCold working

- -

Visual Inspection

Leak Test

Penetrant Inspection
Thermal Test

Magnetic Particale Test

Ultrasonic Test

Radiography

Eddy current Test

Microwave TestJ

Type of defects
W
Inherent Defects

Processing defects

Service defects

K
K
K
W
- -

KCracks
Porosity

Tears

Lack of bond

Inclusions

J
J

EFJ

Segregation J
K

Lack of penetration in welding J

KJ
Fatigue Defects

Blow Holes J
K

KFlakesJ

pittingJ

LapsJ

Visual Inspection

W
K
surface porosity

unfilled crater

sharp notch

K
sand
shot blastingblasting
- -

phototubes photocells
K

converging lens

contrast
KBackground

Luminex penetrant & developer and fluorescent testing methods

vapor degreasing

KAcid etching

sand blasting

Capillaries
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E F
K
W

oil and whiting method

dye method

fluorescent method

radio-active method J

oil and whiting method

EF
K

W{

K
dye method
W

- -

?? J
K

K J
EF J

Ktalc

fluorescent method

Fluorescent

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EZyglo pentrexF
E6.1F
K

- -

WE6.1F
EF

Radio Active Method

- -

W
W

Low flash Volatile J

Kpoint

J
K
KEF J
K J

J
K

MAGNAFLUX INSPECTION

W
KPARAMAGNETICE
KDIAMAGNETICE

KFERROMAGNETICE

- -

W
W

- -

KCIRCULAR FIELD J
LONGITUDINAL J
KFIELD

- -

EF
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