اساسيات علم الحراريات والموئع

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ١٠١
    ١٠١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

???‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
    ١٠١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ١٠١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬W 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬، ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
"International System 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬(SI)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬of Units"
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KSI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 (1)W
 m / sec  miles / hr 60 
 W‫א‬
 1 ft = 0.3048 m, 1 mile = 5280 ft, 1 hr =3600 sec
 W‫א‬‫א‬
m
 0.3084 × =1
ft
ft
 5280 × =1
mile
sec
 3600 × =1
hr
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ miles ⎞ ⎛ m⎞⎛ ft ⎞ ⎛ 1 hr ⎞ (60 ) (0.3048) (5280 ) m m
 ⎜ 60 ⎟ ⎜⎜ 0.3048 ⎟⎟ ⎜ 5280 ⎟⎜ ⎟ = = 26.8
⎝ hr ⎠ ⎝ ft ⎠ ⎝ miles ⎠ ⎝ 3600 sec ⎠ 3600 sec sec
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SI‫א‬‫א‬
 WSI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(1 m)‫א‬‫א‬ •
(1 kg)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
(1 sec)‫א‬‫א‬ •
(1 K)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K( m3 )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K١
( m/sec )‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬،(N)Newton‫א‬W‫ א‬K٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEm/sec2)
-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K٤

KE N m 2 FL‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K٥
K( kg/m3)L‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
Km3/kg
K(J)‫א‬E N ⋅ m FK‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K٧
K( Watt, W)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
10-1 d  deci 10 da  deca
10-2 c  centi 102 h hecto
10-3 m  milli 103 k kilo
10-6 µ micro 
106 M mega
10-9 n nano 
109  G  giga
10-12 p pico 1012 T  tera‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
1
 F = ma
gc
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬gc‫א‬ a ‫א‬m‫א‬F
 W‫א‬‫א‬SI ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
1
 1 newton =
× 1 kg × 1 m 2
sec
gc
kg m
 gc =1 
newton × sec 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
1
 1 lb f = × 1 lbm × g ft
sec 2
gc
ft lbm
‫א‬
  32.174 ‫א‬‫א‬E g c F‫א‬‫א‬
lb f sec 2
 K‫א‬ SI ‫א‬‫א‬
Btu‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WSI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 Btu = 1054.35 J (or N. m)
 (SI System)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KNkg
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ،‫א‬،W ‫א‬N.m J
K
-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W
KW ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،400 kJ‫א‬‫א‬
Power, P = 2 × 400 kJ
hr
⎛ kJ ⎞⎛ 1000J ⎞⎛ hr ⎞
P = ⎜ 800 ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 222.2 J = 222.2 W
⎝ hr ⎠⎝ kJ ⎠⎝ 3600 sec ⎠ sec
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E1 = 4000 J
 E2 = 10 W.hr
  E3 = 20 kN.m
 KBTUkJ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
⎛ kJ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎛ 3600 sec ⎞⎛ kJ ⎞ ⎛ kJ ⎞
= (4000 J ) ⎜ + (20 kN .m )⎜
J
∑E ⎟
⎝ 1000 J ⎠
+ ⎜10 hr ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜
⎝ sec ⎠⎝ hr ⎠⎝ 1000 J ⎠
⎟ ⎟
⎝ kN .m ⎠
∑E = 4 + 36 + 20 = 60 kJ
⎛ 1BTU ⎞
∑E = (60 kJ ) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 56.87 BTU
⎝ 1.055 kJ ⎠
-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Heat Transfer

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Modes of Heat Transfer W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Steady versus Transient Heat Transfer‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬KE١٢F‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
٢‫א‬ ٥‫א‬
15 C 7C 12 C 5C
q1 q2
L
15 C 7C 7C
15 C
q1 q1=q2
L

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢F

 One-dimensional Steady State Heat Transfer W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

20 C 3C
20 C
3C 3C
20 C
3C
3C
20 C 3C
3C
q 3C
3C 3c
20 C 3C
3C 3C
20 C 3C
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢F‫א‬
-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Conduction Heat Transfer
Steady State Conduction- One Dimension ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KK‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Fourier's Law of Heat ConductionW‫א‬‫א‬
T1 T2
∆x
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٢F‫א‬
-١٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٢F‫א‬

 ∆x  E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٢FE٣٢F‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬FA
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Fourier‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
W‫א‬
A dT
q∝− (2 − 1)
dx
‫أو‬
k A dT
q = − (2 − 2)
dx
 thermal conductivity‫א‬‫א‬k ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (2-2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
k A ( T1 − T 2 )
 q = (2 − 3)
∆x
-١١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 E١٢F
‫א‬‫א‬EE٥٢F‫א‬‫א‬F0.25m 6m8 m
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K0.8 w/m˚C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K4 ˚C‫א‬ 15˚C‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬
(١ ‫ ـــ‬٢)E٥٢F‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
A = 8 * 6 = 48 m2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2-3)‫א‬‫א‬

k A ∆T
q=
∆x
0.8 × 48 × (15 − 4)
q= = 1690 W
0.25
-١٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 E٢٢F
‫א‬0.9W/mºCk‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.3m5m3m‫א‬
‫א‬K2 ºC‫א‬ 16 ºC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٢٢FE٦٢F
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K = 0.9 W/m ºC
A =3 * 5 = 15 m2
∆x = 0.3 m
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
k A ∆T 0.9 × 15 × (16 − 2)
q= = = 630 W
∆x 0 .3

-١٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Thermal Conductivity W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬k‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 k (W/m oC) k (W/m oC)
0.72 ‫א‬  2300 ‫א‬‫א‬
0.613 ‫א‬  429 ‫א‬
0.54  ‫א‬  401 ‫א‬
0.17   317 ‫א‬
0.153   237 ‫א‬
0.13   80 ‫א‬
0.072 ١٢  8.9 ‫א‬
0.026 ‫א‬  0.78 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

‫ﻋﻠﺰل‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎذج ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ‬
L L
‫ﺳﺨﺎن آﻬﺮﺑﻲ‬
 ‫ﺟﻬﺎز ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧٢F

-١٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧٢F‫א‬
(L) ‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F
 (q = I * V) 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kq‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،

∆T
 = (2−4)
q
(∆x
kA
)
K ∆x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ q‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
kA
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F (∆V)‫א‬‫א‬(I)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(R)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F∆T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬q‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ∆x ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
kA

∆T
q= (2 − 5)
R


T1 T2
q
R
-١٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
A composite plane wall ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬E٨ ٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T1 T2 T3 T4
q
A k1 k2 k3
A
∆ Χ1 ∆ Χ2 ∆ Χ3
T1 T2 T3 T4
R1 R2 R3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨٢F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆T
q=
( ∆x
kA
)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∆T
R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ∆x ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
kA
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆x
R=
kA
-١٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
q ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٨٢F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
T1 − T2
q=
R1
T − T3
q= 2
R2
T − T4
q= 3
R3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T1 − T4
q= (2 − 6)
R1 + R2 + R3

K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
∆T‫اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬
q= i = n +1
( 2 − 7)
∑ Ri
i =1
 
∆T‫اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ = T1 − Tn +1
-١٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 E٣٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T1 − T2
q=
R
∆x 0.25
R= = = 0.00651
kA 0.8 × 48
15 − 4
q= = 1689.7 W ≈ 1690 W
 0.00651
 K‫א‬‫א‬

( ٤ ‫ ــ‬٢ )
(k= 0.78 W/m oC)‫א‬1.5m0.8m‫א‬،E٩J ٢F
‫א‬‫א‬K10mm‫א‬4mm‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.026 W/mK ‫א‬‫א‬
 K-8 oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬15 oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

T1 − T4
q=
R1 + R 2 + R 3
 ‫א‬
A = 0 .8 * 1 . 5 = 1 .2 m 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

∆x 1 0.004
R1 = R 3 = = = 0.00427 °C
k × A 0.78 * 1.2 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
∆x 2 0.01
R2 = = = 0.3205 °C
k × A 0.026 × 1.2 W

-١٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
T1 T2 T3 T4
q
A ‫زﺟﺎج‬ ‫هﻮاء‬ ‫زﺟﺎج‬
∆ x1 ∆ x2 ∆ x3
T1 T2 T3 T4
R1 R2 R3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬

R ‫اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ = R1 + R 2 + R 3

R ‫اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ = 0.00427 + 0.3205 + 0.00427 = 0.32477 °C
W

15 − (− 8 )
∴q = = 70.82 W
0.32477
Heat conduction through hollow ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 cylinders
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
T2 r1
r2
T1
q
k

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠٢F


 ‫א‬r1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kk ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬lr2
K ‫א‬‫א‬T2T1‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
dT
q = − kA r
dr
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  dT  ‫א‬‫א‬  Ar 
dr
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.temperature gradient‫א‬

Ar = 2 r l
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ dr  dT ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2πkl∆T
q= (2 − 8)
ln r r2
1
 W‫א‬‫א‬
∆T
q= (2 − 9)
⎛ ln r r ⎞
2
⎜ ⎟ 1
⎜ 2πkl ⎟
⎝ ⎠
-٢٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
⎛ ln r2 r1 ⎞
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∆T(R)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ⎜⎜ ⎟ 
⎟
⎝ 2πkl ⎠

 WE٥٢F
6 cm ‫א‬‫א‬2 cm(k= 43 w/m oC)‫א‬‫א‬
40 m  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬60 o
C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬35 oC
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬KE١٠٢F‫א‬
 3 cm(r1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 5 cm‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(r2)‫א‬‫א‬
 40 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 k= 43 w/m oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(2-9)‫א‬
∆T
q=
⎛ ln r r ⎞
2
⎜ ⎟ 1
⎜ 2πkl ⎟
⎝ ⎠
(60 − 35)
∴q = = 528903W
ln 5
3
2π × 43 × 40

Composite Cylinders:‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
r2r1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١١٢F‫א‬l
 W

-٢١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
r4
r3
q
r2
T4 r1
T3 T2 T1
k1
k2
k3

T1 T2 T3 T4
R1 R2 R3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١٢F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆T
q =
R1 + R 2 + R 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ∆T
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K(T1-T4)K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
r2
ln r
 R1 = 1
A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2πk A l

r3
ln r
R2 = 2
B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2πk B l

-٢٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
r4
ln r
  R 3 = 3
C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2πk c l
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

q= ( 2 − 9)
∑R
 WE٦٢F
2cm‫א‬‫א‬( k = 85 W/m K) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K(k = 0.2 W/m K)‫א‬3cm ،4cm ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،100 o
C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬600 oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
r3  r2  r1 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
r1 = 1 cm
r2 = 2 cm
r3 = 5 cm
r3
q
r2
r1
T3 T2 T1
k1
k2
T1 T2 T3
R1 R2
 E٦٢FE١٢٢F
-٢٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬،E١٢J ٢F
2
r2
ln r ln
R1 = 1
= 1 = 0.005806
2πk A l 2π × 19 × 1
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬
5
ln r
r3 ln
R2 = = 2 2 = 0.7292
2πk B l 2π × 0.2 × 1
 W(2-9)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
600 − 100
q=
∑R
500 500 W
q= = 680.3
0.005806 + 0.7292 0.735 m
-٢٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Convection Heat Transfer
 W
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KTw‫א‬T∞
‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KKE١٣J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
Kfluid motion ‫א‬‫א‬
‫ﻣﺎﺋﻊ‬
u
Τω
h
q
Tw 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٣٢F
-٢٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 Natural convection WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F

 Forced convection :E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Newton Law of Cooling

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

q = h × A (Tw − T∞ ) (2 − 10)

‫א‬ ‫א‬ A (W/m2 C)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬h
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(m2)‫א‬‫א‬

Tw − T∞
 q =
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝h×A⎠
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬ ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞
⎟ 
⎝ h× A⎠

Tw − T∞
 q =
R

-٢٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٤J ٢F
Tw
Rconv= 1/ h

‫א‬E١٤٢F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٢F‫א‬

h (W/m2 C)  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
5-25  E‫א‬F
10-500  E‫א‬F
100-15000  EF
2500-25000  
5000-100000  
h‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٢F‫א‬

 WE٧٢F
120 oC‫א‬ ‫א‬1000 W/m2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 20 oC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 q = h × A (Tw − T∞ )
-٢٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
q = h × (Tw − T∞ )
A
1000 = h × (120 − 20)
1000 W
∴h = = 10 2
100 m °C
:‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
k‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∆xE١٥J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KAho‫א‬‫א‬hi‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Ti − T1
 q= (I )
Rconvi
T1 − T2
q= ( II )
R‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬
T2 − To
 q= (III)
R convo
T1 T2
Ti To
q
hi ho
∆Χ

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥٢F
-٢٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Ti − To )
 q= ( 2 − 11)
Rconvi + R‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬+ Rconvo

1
 Rconvi = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
hi × A

∆x
 R‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬ = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
k×A

1
 Rconvo = ‫א‬‫א‬
ho × A

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(2-9)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٨٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K90 C ‫א‬10 mm‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K15 C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2800 W/m2 C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬50 W/m C‫א‬‫א‬
 K11 W/m2 C
 W‫א‬
 KE٨٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦٢F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
 Rconvi = = = 0.000357
hi × A 2800 × 1

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

∆x 0.01
 R ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬ = = = 0.0002
k × A 50 × 1
-٢٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
T1 T2
q
Ti=90C To=15 C
k=50
hi=2800 ho=11
10mm

Ti T1 T2 To
Rconvi Rwall Rconvo


 E٨٢F‫א‬‫א‬E١٦٢F

 ‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
 Rconvo = = = 0.0909
ho × A 11 × 1
 ‫א‬
0.000357 + 0.0002 + 0.0909 = 0.0915
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Ti − To ) 90 − 15 W
 q= = = 820 2
Rconvi + R‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬+ Rconvo 0.0909 m

 WOverall heat transfer coefficient‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E١٧J ٢F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 q = U × A × (T i−To ) (2 − 12)
 W(2-10) ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬U
(Ti − To )
q = (2 − 13)
1
( )
UA
-٣٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
T1 T2
Ti q
hi k ho
To
∆χ
Ti T1 T2 To
Rconvi Rwal Rconvo
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧٢F
 W‫א‬‫א‬(2-11)(2-13) ‫א‬
1
 = Rconvi + R‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬ + Rconvo
UA
 W
1 1 ∆x 1
 = + +
UA hi A kA ho A
 
1 1 ∆x 1
 = + + ( 2 − 14)
U hi k ho

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2-14) ‫א‬
 Khohi‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١٨J ٢F‫א‬

1 1 ∆x 1 ∆x 2 1
= + + + (2 − 15)
U hi k1 k2 ho

-٣١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
T1 T2 T3
Ti
q
hi k2
k1 ho
A
A
To
∆ Χ1 ∆ Χ2

Ti T1 T2 T3 To
Rconvi Rw2 Rconvo

 Rw1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨٢F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1 1 ∆x 1
 = + ∑k + ( 2 − 16)
U hi ho
∆x
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬hohi‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ∑ 
k
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE٩٢F
 W‫א‬E١٩J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬
U‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 T3‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K50mm‫א‬‫א‬150mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٣٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
T1 T2 T3
q
hi=10w/m2 C
To=-10 C
Ti=20 C k1=1.6 k2=0.14
A ho=40w/m2 C
A=1.5m*0.8m
∆ Χ1 ∆ Χ2

Ti T1 T2 T3 To
Rconvi Rw2 Rconvo

 Rw1
 E٩٢FE١٩٢F
 W‫א‬
W(2-15) ‫א‬U‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
1 1 ∆x1 ∆x 2 1
 = + + +
U hi k1 k2 ho

1 1 0.15 0.05 1
= + + + = 0.57589
U 10 1.6 0.14 40
 U = 1.736 W oC
m2
 W(2-12)‫א‬q‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 q = U × A × (T i −To )

q = 1.736 × (1.5 × 0.8) × (20 − 10) = 20.832 W

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،WT3‫א‬‫א‬ •

T3 − 10 T3 − 10 T − 10
 q = = = 3
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 0.0208
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
h
⎝ o × A ⎠ 40 × 1.5 × 0.8

 ∴T3 = 10.415 oC
-٣٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
:‫א‬‫א‬ U ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ri ‫א‬‫א‬L ‫א‬E٢٠٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ . k ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ ro ‫א‬
 To ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ hi ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ Ti‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .ho ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

T2 r1 r2
T1
hi,Ti
ho,To
q
k
Ti T1 T2 To
Rconvi Rcyl Rconvo
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠٢F

1
 Rconvi = E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
hi Ai

ln rr o
 Rcyl = i
EF‫א‬‫א‬
2πkl

1
 R convo = EF‫א‬‫א‬
h 0Ao
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Ti − To Ti − To
q = = (2 − 17)
∑R 1 ln 1
ro
ri
+ +
h i A i 2πkl h o A o
-٣٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Ao ‫ و‬Ai 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Ui) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

q = U i A i (Ti − To ) (2 − 18)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2-17)(2-18)‫א‬
 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ro
1 1 A i ln Ai ri
 = + +
Ui hi 2πkL Aoho

‫א‬‫א‬ (Uo)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
q = U o A o (Ti − To ) (2 − 19)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ro
1 Ao A o ln r 1
= + + i
Uo Aihi 2πkL ho
r3
q
r2
‫ﺑﺨﺎر‬
r1
T3 T2 T1
hi,T i
k1 ho,To
‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ زهﺮ‬
k2
‫ﺻﻮف‬
‫زﺟﺎﺟﻲ‬
Ti T1 T2 T3 To
Rconvi Rcyl R‫ﻋﺎزل‬ Rconvo
 E١٠٢F‫א‬E٢١٢F
 WE١٠٢F
5 cm ‫א‬‫א‬(k=80w/m C)‫א‬‫א‬320 oC‫א‬
‫א‬K5 o
C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5.5 cm‫א‬
-٣٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬Kk=0.05W/m C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،3cm ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬18W/m2C60W/m2C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢١J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 A i = 2πri l = 2π × 0.025 ×1 = 0.157 m 2
A o = 2πro l = 2π × 0.0575 × 1 = 0.361 m 2
 W‫א‬
1 1 °C
Rconvi = = = 0.106
Ai hi 0.157 × 60 W
2.75
ln r
r2 ln
2 .5 °C
R cyl = 1
= = 0.0002
2πk 1 l 2π(80)(1) W
r3
ln r ln 52..75 °C
 R insulation = 2
= 75
= 2.35
2πk 2l 2π(0.05)(1) W
1 1 °C
 R convo = = = 0.154
h o A o 18 × 0.361 W
 ‫א‬
o
0.106 + 0.0002 + 2.35 + 0.154 = 2.61 C/W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ti − To 320 − 5
q= = = 120.7 W
∑R 2.61 m
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ti − T2 320 − T2 320
 q= = =
R convi + R cyl 0.106 + 0.0002 0.1062
320 − T2
120.7 = ⇒ T2 = 320 − 120.7 × 0.1062 = 307.18 °C
0.1062

-٣٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Thermal Insulation ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٩٩١‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٢J ٢F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﻋﺎزل‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢٢F

 cork 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬fiberglass‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Insulation Critical Thickness ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(A)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٣٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬r1،E٢٣٢F،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Kro‫א‬‫א‬k‫א‬T1‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Kh‫א‬‫א‬To‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬q‫א‬‫א‬
T1 − To
q = ro
ln r1 1
+
2πkl h (2πro l)
‫א‬Kroq ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ro‫א‬

k
ro = (2 − 20)
h

q ro
T2
T1
To r1
‫ﻋﺎزل‬
k
T1 T2 To
Rcyl Rconvo

 ‫א‬E٢٣٢F
 Krcr‫א‬(2-20) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ro
-٣٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬ k‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kh‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K rcr‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬0.05 W/moC
 W‫א‬‫א‬K 5 W/m2 oC‫א‬
0.05 W
k m °C
 rcr , max = max ≈ = 0.01 m = 1 cm
h min 5 W
m 2 °C
‫א‬‫א‬(1mmF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE١١٢F
7 mm3 mm‫א‬‫א‬(k=0.15 W/m C)
‫א‬‫א‬K12 W/m2 oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬30 oC‫א‬5m
،8 Volts‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٣٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
q ro
T2
T1
To r1
‫ﻋﺎزل‬
k
T1 T2 To
R‫ﻋﺎزل‬ Rconvo

 E١١٢F‫א‬E٢٤٢F

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 W(resistance heating) ‫א‬‫א‬
 q = V × I = 8 volts × 10 A = 80 W

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
 Rconvo = = = 0.76 °C
h × ( 2πro l ) 12 × 2π × 0.0035 × 5 W

 EF‫א‬

ro
ln ln 13..55
 R‫ﻋﺎزل‬ =
r1
= = 0.18 °C
2πkl 2π ( 0.15 )( 5 ) W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T1 − To
 q=
∑R
-٤٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
∴ T1 = To + q × ∑ R = 30 + 80 × ( 0.76 + 0.18 ) = 105 °C

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
k 0.15
 ∴ ro = = = 0.0125 m = 12.5 mm
h 12

1 1
 Rconvo = = = 0.2122 °C
h × ( 2πro l ) 12 × 2π × 0.0125 × 5 W

ln rro1 ln 121.5,5
 R‫ﻋﺎزل‬ = = = 0.45 °C
2πkl 2π ( 0.15 )( 5 ) W

 ∴ T1 = To + q × ∑ R = 30 + 80 × 0.6623 ≈ 83 °C
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kh‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٤١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Reynolds ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ non-dimensional
‫א‬KPrandtl number‫א‬Nusselt NumberNumber
Kh‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
ρ×u×l
 Rel = 
µ
µ × cp
 Pr = ‫א‬
k
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬Rel < 5×105‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Nul = 0.664 × Rel0.5 × Pr
1
3
h×l
 Nu = 
k
 
1
(2-21) h = ( k / l ) × 0.664 × Rel0.5 × Pr 3
 Rel > 5×10 ‫א‬

5
‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 Nul = 0.036 × Rel 0.8 × Pr
1
3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1
(2-22) h = ( k / l ) × 0.036 × Rel × Pr
0.8 3
-٤٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ρ ×V × D
 Re D =
µ
 ReD<2300‫א‬
 K،‫א‬

 NuD = 4.364

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(2-23) h = 4.364 × (k / l)
 ReD>2300‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.8
Nu D = 0.023 Re D × Pr 0.4
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

0.8 0.4
(2-24) h = (k / D) × 0.023 Re D × Pr

EKKKKKKK،‫א‬،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

q = h A (Tw − T∞ ) 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١٢٢F
60 o
C‫א‬1m،E٢٥J ٢F،15 o
C‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K3 m/sec
h‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
-٤٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 c p = 1000 J / kg  k = 0.0267 W / m o C  µ = 0.864 × 10 −5 kg / m / s  ρ = 1.137kg / m 3

‫ﻣﺎﺋﻊ‬
u
Τω
h
q
Tw 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٥٢F
 W‫א‬
 
ρ× u ×l 1.137 × 3 × 1
 Rl = = = 3.947 × 105
µ 0.864 × 10− 5
 ‫א‬
µ × cp −5
0,864 × 10 × 1000
 Pr = = = 0.325
k 0.0267

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، Rl < 5 × 10 5 


W
 Nu l = (k / l)0.664 Re l 0.5 Pr = (0.0267 / 1)0.664(3.947 × 10 5 ) 0.5 (0.325) = 7.657
1 1
3 3
m2 o C

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 q = h × A × (Tw − T∞ ) = 7.657 × (1 × 1) × (60 − 15) = 344.56 W
-٤٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Heat Transfer from Finned Surfaces :‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 W

q = h × A (Tw − T∞ )

‫א‬ ‫א‬h‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ h‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KA‫א‬‫א‬
A‫א‬ K  ‫א‬
،‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٢٦J ٢F

x x x
 ‫א‬ E٢٦J٢F  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧J ٢F،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ E٢٧J٢F 


-٤٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(2-25) q = η F A h (TF − T∞ )

‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬h‫א‬ηF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T∞‫א‬‫א‬TF


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٨J ٢F‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

rF
ro
ri
tF
‫א‬
Ti
L
T1 
T
T2
‫א‬E٢٨J٢F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(2-26) q = A i h i (Ti − T1 )
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

2π k L
(2-27) q = (T1 − T2 )
r2
ln
r1
-٤٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

q = A o h o (T2 − T∞ ) + A F h o η F (T2 − T∞ )
(2-28) AF
= A o h o (1 + η F )(T 2 −T∞ )
Ao

 W
(2-29) A o = 2π × ro (L − t F × n F )
(
(2-30) A F = π rF2 − ro2 2 × n F)
 W(2-26, 2-27, 2-28)‫א‬

q
(2-29) Ti − T1 = = Ri q
Aihi

⎛ r ⎞
⎜ ln 2 ⎟
r1 ⎟
(2-30) T1 − T2 = ⎜ q = Rc q
⎜ 2π k L ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1 ⎟q=R q
(2-31) T2 − T∞ = ⎜ ⎟ o
AF
⎜⎜ o o
A h (1 + ) η F ⎟
⎟
⎝ Ao ⎠

 W(2-29, 2-30, 2-32)‫א‬

T1 − T∞ = q (R i + R c + R o )

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Ti − T∞
(2-32) q =
(R i + R c + R o )
 W
1
Ri =
Aihi

-٤٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
⎛ r ⎞
⎜ ln 2 ⎟
r1 ⎟
Rc = ⎜
⎜ 2π k L ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
1
(2-33) R o = ⎜ ⎟
⎜ AF ⎟
⎜ A o h o (1 + )η F ⎟
⎝ Ao ⎠

 
3 mm10 cm‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨J ٢F
K20 cm‫א‬3 mm‫א‬‫א‬5050 cm
‫א‬K30 o
C‫א‬‫א‬70 oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

3 ‫א‬15 W/m2oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K85%‫א‬54 W/m2oC‫א‬‫א‬W/m2oC
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
A i = 2π ri L = 2π × 0.05 × 0.5 = 0.157 m 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 A o = 2π ro (L − n F × t F ) = 2π × 0.053 × (0.5 − 50 × 0.003) = 0.117 m 2
 W‫א‬
A F = π (rF2 − ro2 )2 × n F F = π (0.12 − 0.053 2 ) × 2 × 50 = 2.259 m 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
Ri = = = 0.4246
A i h i 0.157 × 15

-٤٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
⎛ r ⎞ 5 .3
⎜ ln 2 ⎟ ln
r1 ⎟
R c = ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 5 = 0.000344
2π k L 2π × 54 × 0.5
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1 ⎟= 1
Ro = ⎜ ⎟ = 0.165
AF 2.259
⎜⎜ A o h o (1 + )η F ⎟⎟ 0.117 × 3 × (1 + ) × 0.85
⎝ A o ⎠ 0 . 117
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ti − T∞ 70 − 30
q= = = 67.8 W
(R i + R c + R o ) 0.4246 + 0.000344 + 0.165
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 W‫א‬‫א‬
A o = 2πro L = 2 × π × 0.053 × 0.5 = 0.1665 m 2
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
R o = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = = 2.002 m 2
⎝ Aoho ⎠ 0.1665 × 3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ti − T∞ 70 − 30
q= = = 16.48 W
(R i + R c + R o ) 0.4246 + 0.000344 + 2.002

 K311%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J

o
T2 = T∞ + q R o = 30 + 67.8 × 0.165 = 41.2 C
-٤٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Radiation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٩٢F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

30 C
5C ‫هﻮاء‬ ‫ﻧﺎر‬
900 C
‫اﺷﻌﺎع‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٩٢F

-٥٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Blackbody Radiation W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬"Black Body"‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 F‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 WK‫א‬‫א‬
KE٣٠J ٢F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫ﻓﺮاغ‬
‫ﺟﺴﻢ ﺳﺎﺧﻦ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٠٢F‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
E٣١٢F •
-٥١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬FE٣١٢F‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Stefan Boltzman's Law 
. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
(2-34) E b = σ × T4 W
m2
  σ
 σ = 5.669 × 10 −8 W
m2 ⋅ K 4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EbK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬
-٥٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 WE١٤٢F
‫א‬‫א‬ .800 K ‫א‬ 20 cm E٣٢٢F‫א‬
.5 min ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
800
c m
K 20
‫آﺮة‬
 E١٤٢FE٣٢٢F
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Eb = σ × T 4 = (5.669 × 10 −8 )(800) 4 = 23224 W

m2
‫א‬Eb‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 A = 4 π × r 2 = πD2 = π × (0.2)2 = 0.1257 m2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
 Q rad = E b × A × ∆t = 23224 2
× 0.1257 m 2 × 300 sec = 875.8 kJ
m
-٥٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 Emissivity ( ε ) W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬Ts‫א‬
(2-35) q emit max = σ × A × Ts4 W
 K(ε=1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬Ts‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(2-36) q = ε × σ × A × Ts4 W
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ε 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( ε = 1) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (0 ≤ ε ≤ 1)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٥٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E E
 ε = =
Eb σ × T4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E

 WA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E = ε × A × σ × T4 W
‫א‬‫א‬ATs  ‫א‬ ε  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Tsurr‫א‬EF
 W‫א‬‫א‬
(2-37) Q rad = ε × σ × A × (Ts4 − Tsurr
4
)W
-٥٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WE١٥٢F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬22 C‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K25 C ‫א‬10 C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
30 C‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K0.95‫א‬‫א‬1.4 m2‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Qrad = ε × σ × A × (Ts4 − Tsurr
4
)W
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Q rad , win = 0.95 × 5.67 × 10 −8 × 1.4 × (303 4 − 283 4 ) = 152 W

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Q rad , summer = 0.95 × 5.67 × 10 −8 × 1.4 × (303 4 − 298 4 ) = 40.9 W

 ε‫א‬ ‫א‬  ε‫א‬  ‫א‬
0.90  ‫א‬  0.07  ‫א‬‫א‬
0.85-0.93   0.03  
0.93-0.96  ‫א‬ 0.03  
0.82-0.92   0.02  
0.96  ‫א‬ 0.17  
0.95  ‫א‬‫א‬ 0.98  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٢F

-٥٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Absorptivity, Reflectivity & Transmissivity W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٣٣J ٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬ J ٣

‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬
‫ﺷﻌﺎع ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬
‫ﺷﻌﺎع ﻣﻤﺘﺺ‬
‫ﺷﻌﺎع ﻧﺎﻓﺬ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٣٢F
‫א‬‫א‬α"Absorptivity" ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
τ"Transmissivty"‫א‬‫א‬ρ" Reflectivity" 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
(2-38) α + ρ + τ = 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 α+ρ =1
 ‫א‬
 α = 1   ρ = 1
-٥٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ α‫א‬

 ‫א‬τ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ρ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
The View FactorW‫א‬

orientation ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬shape factor‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ F1→ 2 KEF‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F2→1 KE2F‫א‬E1F‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٣٤J ٢FKE1F‫א‬
(2-39) Fi →i =0
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kconvex‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K??‫א‬‫א‬concave‫א‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ اﻓﻘﻲ‬ F1--1 =0
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺤﺪب‬
F1--1 =0
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻌﺮ‬ F1--1 0
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٤٢F
 WE٣٥J ٢F
(2-40) Fi → j =1
-٥٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬Ki j 

‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢ ‫داﺋﺮة‬
١ ‫داﺋﺮة‬
F1--2 =1

 ‫א‬E٣٥٢F


-٥٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬K20.5 C‫א‬‫א‬20C‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א؟‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K0.01m(1.5m * 2m) •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 5cm ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K15 cm‫א‬‫א‬
T1=38C T2 T3=- 2 C
‫ﻋﺎزل‬ ‫ﺟﺪار‬
q
k=0.04 k=1.37
∆ Χ1 ∆ Χ2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
50 C‫א‬2.5 cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
16 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.8mm‫א‬‫א‬K3500 W/m2 C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W/m C
 K20 C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬7.6W/m2C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٥٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
T2 r1 r2
T1
hi,Ti
ho,To
q
k
Ti T1 T2 To
Rconvi Rcyl Rconvo
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
4cm 5cm ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬1cm ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬20 C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬100 C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K50 W/m2 C ‫א‬
 K0.04 W/m C  54W/m C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (k= 0.156W/m C) 0.635 cm ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K 21 C E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ho=8.52 W/m2 C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬65.5 C‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٦٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬∆x‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K ∆x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ak‫א‬‫א‬
kA
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
∆T = -10 – ( -30 ) = 20 °C > 0
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،∆T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K∆V = V1-V2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
W،‫א‬
A = 1.5 * 2 = 3 m2

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆ X 1 0 . 05 o
R ‫ﻋﺎزل‬ = = = 1 . 25 C
K1 0 . 04 W
∆Χ 2 0.15 o
R‫ﺟﺪار‬ = = = 0.109 C
K2 1.37 W
 ‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RTot = Rins + RWall = 1.25 + 0.109 = 1.359
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆T ( 38 ) − ( −2 ) 40
 q= = = = 29.43 W 2
ΣR 1.359 1.359 m
-٦١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ri = 1.25 cm
ro = ri + ‫اﻟﺴﻤﻚ‬
= 1.25 + 0.08 = 1.33 cm
= 2 π (0 . 0125 ) × l = 0 . 0786 m 2
AO = 2πro l
= 2π (0 . 0133 )* 1 = 0 . 0836 m2
1 1
RCOVI = = = 0.00364
hi Ai 3500 * 0.0785
1 1
RCONVO = = = 1.574
ho AO 7.6 * 0.0836
ro
Ln
ri L n1 . 33 0 .062035
R CLY = = 1 . 25 = = 0 .0006
2π k l 2 π (16 ) * 1 100 .531
∑R = 1.57825
∆Τ 50.20 30
q = = = = 19 W
ΣR 1.57825 1.57825 m
-٦٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
r1 = 2.5 cm = 0.025 m
 r2 = 3.5 cm = 0.035 m
r3 = r2 + ‫اﻟﺴﻤﻚ‬ = 7.5 cm = 0.075 m
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
r2 3. 5
ln ln
r1
 R1 = = 2.5 = 0.00099 = 9.9 × 10 − 4 °C / W
2πkl 2π ( 54 × 1 )
r 7 .5
ln 3 ln
r2 3 .5
R2 = = = 3.03 °C / W
2πkl 2π ( 0.04 × 1 )
1 1
Rconv = = = 0.04244 °C / W
h( 2πrl ) 50 ( 2π ( 0.075 × 1 )
∆Τ 100 − 20 80
q = = = = 26.03 W
ΣR 3.0734 3.0734 m
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T1 − T2
q=
R1
T2 = T1 − q × R1
= 100 − ( 26.03 × 0.00099 ) = 99.97 °C
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
k 0.156
ro = = = 0.0183 = 1.83 cm
h 8.52
1 1
R conv = = = 1.021 °C / W
h( 2πrl ) 8.52( 2π ( 0.0183 × 1 )
r 1.83
ln o ln
ri 0.65
R cond = = = 1.056 °C / W
2πkl 2π × ( 0.156 × 1 )
RTot = ΣR = 2.0767 °C / W
∆T 65.5 − 21 44.5
q= = = = 21.4 W / l
ΣR 2.0767 2.0767
-٦٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١


- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ •
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Physical Properties of Fluids
 Density:ρ‫א‬L١
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W
‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ m kg
ρ= = (3.1)
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ V m3
20 C‫א‬‫א‬K1000 kg/m3 4ْ C ‫א‬‫א‬
EKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK1.2 kg/m3‫א‬
 Specific weight γ‫א‬‫א‬L٢

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫اﻟﻮزن‬ W N
γ = = (3 .2 )
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
mg
γ = ρg = (3.3)
V
Specific volume v :‫א‬‫א‬L٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V 1 m3
v= = (3.4)
m ρ kg
 Specific Gravity SG‫א‬‫א‬L٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(4 C)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
ρf
SG = (3.5)
ρw
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P ×V = m × R × T ( 3 .6 )
P
ρ= (3.7)
RT
 W
p = N m2 ‫א‬‫א‬
R ( R= 287 J/kg K) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T (K) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ρ kg/m3 ‫א‬
 WE١J ٣F
‫א‬K3.6 m ‫א‬K4 m‫א‬2 cm ‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬ 9772 kg ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ m kg
ρ= =
m = 9772 kg
π
V= d2 ×h
4
d= ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
h = E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:V ‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ‬
π
V= × 2 × 3.6 = 11 ⋅ 31 m
2 3
4
- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
m 9772 kg
ρ= = = 864 3
V 11 ⋅ 31 m

 WE٢J ٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬6750 kg ‫א‬1000 kg/m3‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 h‫א‬ w ‫א‬L ‫א‬
‫א‬Fw‫א‬ E ‫א‬‫א‬F2w‫א‬ w‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 WV‫א‬
V = l × w × h = 2w × w × w = 2w 3
m
ρ =
V
6750
1000 =
2 w3
6750
w3 = = 3.375
2000
w = 3
3.375 = 1.5 m
∴ l = 2 × w = 2 × 1 .5 = 3 .0 m
∴ h = w = 1 .5 m
- ٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
WE٣٣F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬1.6 k‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(0.001 m3)  1000 cm3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
m 1 .6 kg
ρf = = = 800 3
V 2 × 0.001 m
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ρf 800
SG f = = = 0.8
ρw 1000

- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Viscosity ‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬K 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KK 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬


u=U
F
y
‫ﻣﺎﺋﻊ‬
τ
u=0

 ‫א‬E١٣F
‫א‬E١٣FF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬A ‫א‬ y ‫א‬‫א‬ U 
 KF ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬shear stress  F ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬ τw ‫א‬
F
τw = (3.8)
A
‫א‬u ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Wy ‫א‬
du
τw ∝
dy
- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W
du
τw = µ × (3 − 9)
dy
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬µ
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
τ
µ = w
( 3 − 10 )
⎛⎜ du ⎞
⎝ dy ⎟⎠
N ⋅s
 µ= = Pa.Sec ?‫א‬?EKKFEKKF‫א‬‫א‬
m2
E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 kinematic Viscosity
µ ⎛ m 2 ⎞
γ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ( 3 . 11 )
ρ ⎝ sec ⎠
 Km ‫א‬
2
sec
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣F
 WE٤٣F
dv 1
‫א‬ = 100 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬τ‫א‬
dy sec
. 10 −3 Pa. sec ‫א‬‫א‬
dv
τ =µ×
dy
∴τ = 10 −3 × 100 = 0.1 Pa
- ٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Fluid static's
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Pressure ‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F ⎛ N ⎞
P = ⎜ ⎟ ( 3 − 12 )
A ⎝ m 2 ⎠
⎛ N ⎞
⎜ 2 ⎟
= Pascal (Pa )
⎝ m ⎠
 W
P = (Pa)    ‫א‬‫א‬
 F =(N)     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 A= (m2)    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
( m)
1Pa = 1 N 2
1bar = 100000 N ( m ) = 100kPa

2
E٥٣F
‫א‬‫א‬K1kN ‫א‬ 5mm (piston)‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
π
A= d2
4
- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
F
P=
A
1000
∴P = π
4 × 50 2 × 10 −6
kN
P = 509
m2
  P = 509 kPa = 5.09 bar


‫اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ‬ 
 
 
 ٥٣E٢٣F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(b)‫א‬‫א‬(a)‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(d)‫א‬‫א‬(c)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
(a) (b)
(c) (d)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٣F‫א‬
Pressure Head ‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(ρ)   h
A
‫ ﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬٤-٣ ‫ﺸﻜل‬
(ρ)E٥٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(m)‫א‬(F)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬(P)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(g)‫א‬
P = ρ ×g×h (3 − 13)
⇒ ∆P = ρ × g × (∆h ) (3 − 14)
 h‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 E٦٣FW
‫א‬،‫ א‬450cm  250cm  300cm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1000kg/m3.
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٦٣F‫א‬E٥٣F
 F = m×g
 F = (ρ × V ) × g
 F = ρ × (A × h )× g
kg m
F = 1000 3
× 0 . 25 m × 0 . 30 m × 0 . 45 m × 9 . 81 2
m sec
F = 331 N
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F 331 N
P= = = 4400 2
A 0.30 × 0.25 m
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 P = ρ × g ×h

kg m
 P = 1000 3
9.81 2 × 0.45 m
m sec
N kN
P = 4400 2
= 4.40 2 = 4.40 kPa
m m
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 E٧٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 200m  300m B A 
 K1023 kg3 ‫א‬
m
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E3-10F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 A ‫א‬
  PA = ρ × g × h A
PA = 1023 × 9.81 × 300
PA = 3.011 × 10 6 Pa
 B‫א‬‫א‬
 PB = ρ × g × h B
 PB = 1023 × 9.81 × 200

PB = 2.007 × 10 6 Pa
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
PA − PB = 3.011 × 10 6 − 2.007 × 10 6 = 1.004 × 10 6 Pa

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆P = PA − PB = ρ × g × ∆h
= 1023 × 9.81 × (300 − 200 ) = 1.004 × 10 6 Pa
- ٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 E٨٣F
: ‫( ﺇﻟﻰ‬101.325 kN/m2) ‫א‬‫א‬
. 1000 kg/m3  •
. 13.6 ‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
،(13.6) ‫א‬‫א‬،(1000kg/m3) ‫א‬،(101.325kN/m2)
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K(9.81m/sec2)‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 p = ρ ×g ×h

101.325 × 100000 N
 hH 2o =
p
= m2
ρ H 2o × g 1000 kg × 9.81 m
m3 sec 2
∴ h H 2o = 10.33 m
10.33m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ρ Hg = ρ H 2o × 13.6

ρ Hg = 1000 × 13.6 kg
m3
- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

101.325 × 100000 N
 hHg = m2
(13.6 × 1000 kg 3 )( 9.81 m 2 )
m sec

h Hg = 0.76 m
10.33m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0.76m ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1.013 bar ‫ ﺃﻭ‬101.3 kN/m2 ‫א‬‫א א‬(standard)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
1 atm ‫א‬‫א‬
EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 E٩٣F
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬0.61m3.66m ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

917kg/m3‫א‬1000kg/m3 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K101.3 kN/m2‫א‬‫א‬

po
h2 ‫ﻧﻔﻂ‬
p2
h1 p1 ‫ﻣﺎء‬
 E٨٣F‫א‬E٧٣F
 W‫א‬
p1‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p2‫א‬E٨٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 = p0 + ρ 2 gh2
p2
 p2 = ( 101.3 × 1000 N 2 ) + ( 917 kg 3 ) ⋅ ( 9.81 m
m m sec 2
) ⋅ ( 3.05m )

= 128737 N
m2
 W‫א‬‫א‬ p1 ‫א‬‫א‬
 p1 = p2 + ρ1 gh1
 p1 = 128737 N
m2
+ ( 1000 kg 3 ) ⋅ ( 9.81 m
m sec 2
) ⋅ ( 0.61m )
= 134721.1 N
m2
- ٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
p1( guage ) = p1 − p0( atm )
= 134721.1 − 101.3 × 1000
= 33421.1 N
m2
 3.34 kN/m2‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 Pressure Measurement ‫א‬

 the barometer‫א‬
p p h
p p
‫أ‬-‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ب‬-‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

 ‫א‬E٨٣F

‫א‬E٩٣F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(p)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬ ،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ρ‫א‬‫א‬h‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 p = ρ×g×h
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬g
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.013 bar ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 1.013 × 100000 = 1000 × 9.81 × h
1.013 × 100000
 h = = 10.326 m
1000 × 9.81
- ٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10.326 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬13.6‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 1.013 × 100000 = 13600 × 9.81 × h

1.013 × 100000
 ∴h = = 0.76 m = 760 mm
13600 × 9.81

 K(760 mm Hg)‫א‬760 mm‫א‬‫א‬ 

 The ManometersW‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬U

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬KU
 KE٩٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KC‫א‬B‫א‬
 Kh‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬
- ٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 pB = pC = p 0 + ρ Hg gh (3 − 15)
D
A h
C B
‫ﻣﺎﺋﻊ‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٩٣F

 differential manometer‫א‬‫א‬
K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(h)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KC‫א‬D‫א‬
 Kz‫א‬‫א‬h‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p2‫א‬D‫א‬
 K(h + z)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p1‫א‬C‫א‬
 p1 + ( h + z ) ρ A g = p2 + ρ B gh + ρ A gz

p1 − p2 = ρ B hg + ρ A gz − ρ A gz − ρ A gh
- ٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫ﻣﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻊ‬
P P
1 2
z
A‫ﻣﺎﺋﻊ‬
h
C D
‫א‬‫א‬E١٠٣F
 p1 − p 2 = ( ρ B − ρ A ) gh ( 3 − 16 )
‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(3-12) ‫א‬KB‫א‬A
 p1 − p 2 = ρB × g × h (3 − 17)
 inclined manometerW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬xx sinθh ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 .‫א‬‫א‬ θ‫א‬
 p1 − p 2 = ρgx sin θ (3 − 18)

P1
P2
‫ﻏﺎز‬ x
h θ ‫ﺧﻂ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١١٣F

- ٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Fluids in Motion
  Types of Fluid Flow‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫(א‬particles) 
  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬،E١٢٣F(laminar flow)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٢٣F،(turbulent flow) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٢٣F  ‫א‬‫א‬E١٢٣F
Fluids in Motion ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
٣F‫א‬‫א‬،steady uniform flow‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬ (convergent) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٤
‫א‬‫א‬E١٤٣F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K(steady non-uniform flow) ‫א‬
- ٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
A B A B
A B
A B
E١٣٣F  E١٣٣F
 Rate of FlowW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
⋅
 K Q ‫א‬‫א‬

A
v
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤٣F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⋅
Q = A×v (3 − 19)
m3
sec
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⋅
m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬
 ρ=
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
∴ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ = ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ × ‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
∴m = V × ρ
m& = ρ × Q& ( 3 − 20 )
- ٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 E١١٣F
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ اﺣﺴ ﺐ‬.0.6 m/sec  15mm ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Q& = A × v


3
Q& = π4 ( 0.015 ) 2 × 0.6 = 106.02 × 10 −6 m
sec
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 m& = ρ × Q&
 m& = 1000 × ( 106.02 × 10 −6 ) = 0.106 kg
sec

- ٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 Continuity EquationE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
⋅
 m = ρ 1 × A1 × v1 = ρ 2 × A2 × v 2 (3 − 21)

continuity equation E ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬E٢١٣F‫א‬
. law of conservation of mass ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ρ1 = ρ 2 = ρ
 W
 A1 × v 1 = A2 × v 2 (3 − 22)

 ∴ Q1 = Q2

 WE١٢٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬converging pipe 
‫א‬‫א‬،0.3 m3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،0.15m ‫א‬0.46m
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

A1
A2
v1 v2
 E١٠٢F‫א‬E١٥٣F
- ٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Q = A1 × v1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q
 v1 =
A1
 WA1‫א‬‫א‬

π π
 A1 =
4
d12 =
4
(0.46 ) = 166.19 ∗10
2 −3
m2
0 .3
 ∴ v1 = = 1 .8 m
sec
1.66019 ∗ 10 −3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

0 .3
 v2 =
Q
= = 16.98 ≅ 17 m
A2 π
4
( 0.15 2 ) sec

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 A1 × v1 = A2 × v 2

A1 × v1 π
× d12 × v1
 ∴ v2 = = 4
4 × d2
π 2
A2

 π
× 0.46 2 × 1.8 m
∴v2 = 4
= 16.93
π
4
× 0.15 2
sec
 WE١٣٣F
 5cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬998kg/m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬3.75cm‫א‬7.5cm
 W‫ א‬0.015m3/sec‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
3
2
1
 E١١٣F‫א‬E١٦٣F
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⋅
 m 1 = ρ × A1 × v1

⋅ ⋅
 m1 = ρ × Q 1

⋅

3
∴m1 = (998 kg )(0.015 m )
m 3
sec


= 14.970 kg
sec
 ‫א‬‫א‬
⋅ ⋅
 m1 = 2 × m3

⋅ 1 ⋅
 ∴m 3 = × m1
2
 1 
= × 14.97 = 7.485 kg
2 sec
- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 A1‫א‬
 A1 = π4 × d12 = π4 × (0.05) 2 = 0.001963 m 2


 Q1 = A1 × v1

Q1
 v1 =
A1

 0.015 m
sec
3
= = 7 .6 m
0.001963 m 2 sec
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 A3‫א‬
 A3 = π4 × d 32 = π4 × (0.0375) 2 = 0.001104 m 2

3
Q3 0.0075 m
 v3 = sec = 6.76 m
A3 0.001104 m 2 sec

- ٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Energy of a liquid in motion ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K? ?
 ‫א‬
"the capacity to do  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.work"
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ (١
K‫א‬ (٢
K‫א‬ (٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
potential energy W‫א‬

datum linez m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
⎛ m ⎞
 potential energy = m × g × z ⎜ kg × 2
× m⎟ (3.23)
⎝ sec ⎠
‫א‬،"J"‫א‬‫א‬"Joule"?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ ﺧﻂ اﺳﻨﺎد‬datum line

 ‫א‬ m‫א‬E١٧٣F
⎛ J ⎞
 potential energy per unit mass = g × z ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (3.24)
⎝ kg ⎠
- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 Pressure Energy ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬p‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬pA‫א‬
 KQ 
⋅
 Q = A×v

⋅
KEF v = Q A
‫א‬pA‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫(א‬work)‫א‬
 work = force × dis tan ce
 work = p × A × v
Q
 work = p × A ×
A

work = p × Q
⋅
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ m ‫א‬‫א‬
⋅ ⋅
 m = ρ ×Q
 WEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⋅
p ×Q p ⎛J ⎞
 work done per unit mass = = ⎜ ⎟
⋅
ρ ×Q ρ ⎝ kg ⎠
 J
kg
،‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ⎛⎜⎜ p ⎞⎟⎟ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
⎝ρ⎠
p
 pressure energy = (3.25)
ρ
- ٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 kinetic energyW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬m‫א‬‫א‬
 ( 1
2 × m × v2 )E‫א‬F
 W
 kinetic energy = 12 × m × v 2 (3.26)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ J ⎞
 kinetic energy per unit mass = 12 × v 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (3.27)
⎝ kg ⎠
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 WK‫א‬
 ‫א‬H‫א‬H‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
p
 total energy per kg = g×z+ + 12 × v 2 (3.28)
ρ
‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W(height or head)‫א‬
(potential head)‫א‬
(pressure head)‫א‬
(velocity head)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬
2
p v
 total head per kg = z+ + (3.29)
ρ × g 2g
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N m 3 sec 2 m 2 sec 2
 total head per kg = m + × × + ×
m 2 kg m sec 2 m
 W
 total head per kg = m + m + m = m
- ٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 Bernoulli Equation
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?W
  ‫א‬
 
E ‫א‬‫א‬F
 W?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

K‫א‬ + ‫א‬ + ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
p1 v12 p v2
 + gz1 = 2 + 2 + gz 2 (3 − 30)
ρ 2 ρ 2
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
B C
E١٨٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KC BA‫א‬Kh‫א‬‫א‬v
 C‫א‬‫א‬=B‫א‬‫א‬=A‫א‬‫א‬
  
2 2 2
pA v pB v pC v
 + A
+ gz A = + B
+ gz B = + C
+ gz C (3.31) 
ρ 2 ρ 2 ρ 2
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  B‫א‬A
K
 W‫א‬
pB vC2
 0 + 0 + gz A = +0+0 = 0+ +0
ρ 2
- ٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬B ‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬C‫א‬

2 2
pA v pB v
 + A
+ gz A = + B
+ gz B
ρ 2 ρ 2
A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬B
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

pA v A2 pB v B2
 + + gz A = + + gz B + energy loss between A and B (3.32)
ρ 2 ρ 2

 WE١٤٣F
1.52m/sec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K9.14m/sec‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K2.339kPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬15.2m‫א‬‫א‬
 K983 kg/m3‫א‬‫א‬ 998 kg/m3‫א‬
W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
v12 v22
 p1
+ + gz1 =
p2
+ + gz2
ρ1 2 ρ2 2
2.339 × 1000 1.52 p 2
9.14 2
 + + 9.81 × 0 = 2 + + 9.81 × 15.2
998 2 983 2
 2.344 + 1.155 + 0 = p 2 + 41.77 + 149.112
983


- ٩٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ht = h s + hv (3.33)
‫א‬K‫א‬ hv‫א‬‫א‬hs‫א‬‫א‬ht
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
v2
 hv =
2g

v = 2 gh v (3.34)
 W
   (m/sec) ‫א‬ v
 (m)‫א‬ hv 
:(١٥ ‫ ــ‬٣ )‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬21.6m  22m ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

∴ hv = ht − hs
 hv = 22 − 21.6 = 0.4 m
∴v = 2 ghv = 2 × 9.81 × 0.4 = 2 .8 m

sec
- ٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
WE١٦٣F
‫א‬  ‫א‬
13600kg/m3‫א‬1.2kg/m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 20mm
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
pv = ρghHg

= 13600 × 9.81 × 0.02 = 2668.32 N
m2
 
pv v2
 =
ρ air 2

pv
 v2 = 2×
ρ air

 2668.32 
v = 2× = 66.7 m
1 .2 sec

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 Pitot TubeW
K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F‫א‬
p1 v12 p2 v 22
 + + gz1 = + + gz 2
ρ 2 ρ 2
 ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 W
p1 v12 p 2
 + =
ρ 2 ρ
v12 p 2 − p1
 =
2 ρ
 v2 = 2×
( p 2 − p1 )
( 3 . 35 )
ρ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ p2‫א‬‫א‬p1
 K‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺮآﻮد‬
2
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ 1
‫اﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎن‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬

 ‫א‬E١٩٣F
- ١٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 Venturi-Meter ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٨٣F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F‫א‬

1 2

 ‫א‬E٢٠٢F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬
p1 v12 p v2
 + + gz1 = 2 + 2 + gz2
ρ1 2 ρ2 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
p1 v12 p2 v 22
 ∴ + = + (I )
ρ1 2 ρ2 2
v 22 − v12 p1 − p 2
 =
2 ρ
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A2
 v1 = × v2
A1
 W‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(I)

- ١٠٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
2( p 1 − p 2 )
 v2 = (3.36)
A22
ρ × (1 − )
A12
 K ‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F‫א‬‫א‬ A2A1
:( ١٨ ‫ ــ‬٣ ) ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K25 C‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬2.5 cm E٢F‫א‬7.5 cmE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬42.1 cm
 K‫א‬‫א‬
:‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬
 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
2 × ∆p 2 g × ∆h
 v2 = =
A2 A2
ρ (1 − 22 ) (1 − 22 )
A1 A1

2 × 9.81 × 0.421
 ∴ v2 = 2
⎛ 0.0252 ⎞
1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟
2 ⎟
⎝ 0.075 ⎠

8.08
 v2 = = 8.18 = 2.86 m
sec
0.988

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3
⋅ 0.0014 m
 sec = 1.4 lit
3
Q = A2 × v2 = π4 × (0.025) × 2.86 = 0.0014 m
2
= = 84 lit
sec 3 sec min
0.001 m
lit
- ١٠٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 Orifice MeterW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K  ‫א‬
K ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2( p 1 − p 2 )
 v2 = (3.37)
A22
ρ × (1 − )
A12
1 2
 ‫א‬WE٢١J ٣F
WE١٩٣F
‫א‬‫א‬K0.3 m/secE٢١J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،0.06 m‫א‬0.3 m
 KCv = 0.82 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
2 × ∆p
 v2 = Cv 2
⎛ A ⎞
ρ × ⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ A1 ⎠
 W‫א‬‫א‬ v 2 ‫א‬
 
v 1 ⋅ A1
 v2 = 
A2
- ١٠٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 v 2 = 7.5 m / sec ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A 22
v 22 × ρ × ( 1 − )
A12
 ∆p = = 73048 .9 Pa
2 × C v2






- ١٠٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Fluid Flow in Piping and Ducts
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
–F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬KE‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬v
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K 
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
ρ ×v×d
Re = (3.38)
µ
‫א‬ ρ 
‫א‬ µ 
- ١٠٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K ‫א‬‫א‬
10000 K ‫א‬2100
10000‫א‬2100 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٢٠٣F
ρ = 1050 kg/m3 ‫א‬‫א‬ 2cm  ‫א‬
.10000  . µ = 995*10-6 Pa.sec 
 W‫א‬
ρ ×v×D
Re = = 10000
µ
µ × 10000 995 × 10 − 6 × 10000

∴v = = = 0 . 1895 m
ρ×D 1050 × 0 . 05 sec
3
Q = A× v = π4 × (0.05) 2 × 0.1895 = 3.72 × 10−4 m
sec
∴Q = 0.372 lit = 22.3 lit

sec min
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Ksurface roughness‫א‬
- ١٠٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬energy head loss‫א‬‫א‬pressure drop‫א‬
 Kfriction head loss‫א‬‫א‬

1 2
D
‫اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎن‬
 L
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢٣F

‫א‬‫א‬E٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2) (1)‫א‬
l v2
p1 − p 2 = f × × ×ρ (3 − 39)
D 2
 K‫א‬ρ،‫א‬v،‫א‬f
 KN/m2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WH‫א‬‫א‬

p1 − p 2 l v2
 Hf = = f × × (3 − 40)
ρ×g d 2g
 Km‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  (Re = ρ × V × d )  •
µ
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (Relative roughness)‫א‬‫א‬ •
 E‫א‬‫א‬F ∈D
 (f)‫א‬ •
- ١٠٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
∈
 (material)‫א‬
mm
Riveted Steel‫א‬ 0.9-9
Concrete ‫א‬ 0.3-3
 Cost Iron 0.26
Galvanized Iron 0.15
Asphalted Cast Iron 0.12
 Commercial Steel 0.046
Drawn Tubing 0.0015
Glass Smooth
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧٣F
Moody Diagram

‫א‬‫א‬ (1944)‫א‬‫א‬
Friction ‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Reynolds Number Factor
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ •
 Re ≤ 2 × 10 3

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
64
f = (3.41)
Re
0.001 ‫א‬‫א‬ Re ≥ 4 × 10 3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬Smooth Pipe ‫א‬

0.316
 f .= (3.42)
Re 0.25

- ١٠٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
Rough Pipe‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Zone.
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬
 (d‫א‬ (∈) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Transitional Zone‫א‬‫א‬
 W
µ=0.014 6mm15m‫א‬‫א‬
 K848 kg/m32 m/sec‫א‬Pa.sec

 W‫א‬
 
ρ ×v×D 848 × 2 × 0.006
Re = = = 727
µ 0.014
. 2100 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
64
f =
 Re
64
f = = 0.088
727
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
l v2
p1 − p 2 = f × × ×ρ
 d 2
15 22
p 1 − p 2 = ∆p = 0.088 × × × 848 = 373.12 kpa
0.006 2
1 2
6 mm
‫اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎن‬
15 m
 ‫א‬E٢٢٣F‫א‬
- ١١٠ -
‫א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫‪  ١٠١‬‬ ‫א‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎك‬
‫رﻗﺎﺋﻘﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻳﺎن‬
‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻳﺎن‬
‫ﻣﻮاﺳﻴﺮ ﻣﻠﺴﺎء‬
‫رﻗﻢ رﻳﻨﻮﻟﺪز‬
‫اﺿﻄﺮاﺑﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﻮاﺳﻴﺮ ﺧﺸﻨﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺸﻮﻧﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Moody Diagram‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ ( ٢٣ -٣‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻣﻮدي‬

‫‪‬‬
‫‪- ١١١ -‬‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 WE٢F
 Q = 20 l
min
‫א‬‫א‬10m  (∆P) ‫א‬‫א‬
. µ = 50 ×10−3 Pa sec1030kg/m3‫א‬3.81cm
 W‫א‬

m3 0.02 m 3 3
Q = 20 l = 0.02 = = 3.333 × 10 −4 m
min min 60 sec sec
 W
Q = A× v
Q 3.333 × 10 −4
∴v = = = 0.292 m
A π4 × ( 0.0381 ) 2 sec
m
 = 0.292
sec
 ‫א‬

ρ ×v× D 1030× 0.292× 0.0381
Re = = = 229.2
µ 50 ×10−3
Q Re ≤ 2100
 Laminar Flow ‫א‬
l V2
∆p = f ρ
D 2
f =
64
Re
‫א‬‫א‬
64
f = = 0.279
229.2
 ‫א‬‫א‬
10 ( 0 .292 ) 2
∆p = 0 .279 × × × 1030 = 3215 .5 Pa
0 .0381 2
- ١١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
WE٣F
 80°C ‫א‬‫א‬3 L/sec‫א‬‫א‬
 40m 52.5mm
3
971.64 kg/m 80 C‫א‬
0.358*10-3 Pa.sec  80 C ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
3
Q=3L = 0.003 m
sec sec
 ‫א‬
Q 0.003
V= = = 1.386 m
A π 2
sec
(0.0525)
4
 
ρ × v × D 971.64 × 1.386 × 0.0525
Re = = = 197500 ≈ 200000
µ 0.358 × 10 − 3
 40000
.‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ε = 0.000046 m ‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
ε 0.000046
= = 0.000876
D 0.0525
0.000876 ‫א‬‫א‬ Re = 197500 ‫א‬
f = 0.0208
 ‫א‬‫א‬
L V2
∴ ∆p = f × × ρ
D 2
40 (1.386) 2
= 0.0208 × × 971.64 = 14.8 kPa
0.0525 2
- ١١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Correction Factor‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢١F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬50mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K0.881.386m/sec80 C(٢)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬425pa/m
∆p
 ∴ = 425 × 0.88 = 374 Pa / m
m
40 m‫א‬‫א‬
∴ ∆P for 40m = 374 × 40 = 15 kPa
- ١١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Pressure drop, pa / m
1000
1500
2000
3000
100
150
200
300
400
500
800
30
40
50
80
0.03
0.06 0.1
15
mm
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
20
mm
25
mm
0.5
m
35
mm
/s
1
40
mm
50
Water flow rate,
mm
1m
60
2
mm
/s
3 4 5
75
mm
10
0 mm
L/s
8 10
12
5 mm
15
0
1.5
mm
20
20
2m
V
/s
0
e
mm
30 40 50
loc
3m
/s
ity
25
/s
0 mm
4m
80 100
30
0 mm
/s
200 300
 20°C ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
1.05
1.00
‫ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬Correction factor
0.95
Ve
loc
ity
4.0
m /s
3.0
m /s
2.0
0.90 m
/s
1.0
m
/s
0.85
0.5
m
/s
0.80
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature, °C
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Pressure Drop in Fittings ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
EKKKK،T،F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬   T 
 ‫א‬
(mm) (mm) EF
  90° 45°  
15 15.80 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.2 5 0.2
20 20.93 0.8 0.5 1.2 0.2 6 0.25
2.5 26.46 0.9 0.6 1.5 0.3 8 0.28
35 34.04 1.2 0.7 1.8 0.4 11 0.42
40 40.90 1.5 0.9 2.1 0.5 14 0.51
50 52.51 2.1 1.2 3.0 0.6 17 0.65
60 62.65 2.4 1.5 3.7 0.8 20 0.79
75 77.92 3.0 1.8 4.6 0.9 24 0.90
100 102.3 4.3 2.4 6.4 1.2 38 1.27
125 128.2 5.2 3.0 7.6 1.5 43 1.70
150 154.1 6.1 3.7 9.1 1.8 50 2.00
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣F
 W
‫א‬75mm  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬30m‫א‬‫א‬  90 o 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K 1.008 ×10 −3 Pa / sec ‫א‬ 998.21 mg
kg
‫א‬.6 L/sec
 W‫א‬
 = 3.0 m  (90°) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 = 9 ×3 = 27 m ‫א‬

 = 0.90 m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 = 2.7 m
 = 30 m ‫א‬‫א‬
 L = 30 + 27 + 2.7 ‫א‬‫א‬∴ 
  = 59.7 m 

0.006
 V =
Q
= ‫א‬
A π
(0.07792) 2
4
 = 1.258 m / sec 
 W
p×v× D 998.21 × 1.258 × 0.07792
 Re = = 
µ 1.008 × 10 −3
  = 97071
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  ∈ = 0.00046 = 0.0006 ‫א‬‫א‬

D 0.07792

 f = 0.0208 E‫א‬F‫א‬

L V2
 ∆p = f × ρ ‫א‬
D 2

2
 = 0.0208 ×
59.7
×
( 1.258 )
× 998.21 
0.07792 2
 = 12587 Pa = 12.587 kPa 
- ١١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
pumps and pumping requirements :‫א‬‫א‬

K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬(pressure head)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫(א‬power)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(flow rate)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K(efficiency)‫א‬
 K

p2,v2
٢‫א‬
z2
p1,v1
z1
‫ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬
١‫א‬ w

 ‫א‬E٢٤٣F‫א‬
 WE٢٤F‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬E١F‫א‬
p1 v12 p 2 v 22
 + + z1 g + w = + + z 2 g + ( ∆p frict ) (3.43)
ρ 2 ρ g

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،2.1 Pa sec1100 kg/m3
‫א‬‫א‬K(w)‫א‬‫א‬50 kg/sec52.51mm
- ١١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬90°‫א‬‫א‬
 K30 kPa
p2,v2
3m
٢‫א‬
‫א‬
1m
3m
p1,v1
‫ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬
3m 1m
15m
3m
١‫א‬ W 1m
 ‫א‬E٢٥F
 
2 2
p1 v p v
 + + z1 g + w = 2 +
1
+ z 2 g + ( ∆p frict )
2
ρ 2 ρ g
K‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F‫א‬،‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
v 22
 w = + z 2 g − z1 g + (∆p ) frict
2
H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
ρ × v × D 1100 × v × 0.0508
 Re = =
µ 2.11
 W‫א‬
Q 50
 v = = = 0.35 m
sec
A 1100 × 60 × ( π4 (0.0521) 2 )
- ١٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
ρ × v × D 1100 × 0.35 × 0.05251

 Re = = = 9.6 〈 2100
µ 2.11
 K‫א‬
 f‫א‬
64 64
 f = = = 6.67
Re 9.6
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L V2
 ∆p = f×ρ
D 2
L = 1 + 1 + 3 + 2 + 15 + 3 + 1 + 3 + 6 × 2.1 + 1 × 0.6 + 2 × 0.65

L = 29 + 12.6 + 0.6 + 1.3 = 43.5 m
 ∆p = 6.67 ×
43.5
×
(0.35) × 1100 = 372.1 kPa
2
0.05251 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ∆p tot = 372.1 + 30 = 402.1 kPa
 W‫א‬EF
∆p tot 402.1 × 1000 N
 = m2 = 365.55 J
ρ 1100 kg
kg
m3



- ١٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Pressure Drop in Air Duct Flow ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
L ρv 2
∆p = f ×
D 2
1
∆p = k ( ρv 2 ) 
2
L
k =(f × ) (3.44) 
D
 Resistance Coeff. or Press. Loss Coefficient ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Dampers)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
Le
K= f
D
KD
∴ Le =
f
Le = Equivalent Length(m)‫א‬‫א‬
 K =‫א‬‫א‬
 f =‫א‬‫א‬
 D =(m)‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 P = ∆p × Q
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Friction Loss ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
L v2
∆p = f × × ×ρ
D 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
Dynamic Press. Losses ‫א‬

ρ v2
∆p = K
2
 W‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫ א‬K١
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 KKKK‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Diagrams)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.2m3‫א‬015m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬012m3‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1.15 kg/m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
997 15002750 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
100 1/sec 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
.0.001 Pa.sec ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬0.85‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
F
2.87 × 10 −3 N sec/ m 2

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .7.5 cm ‫א‬ EF
K‫א‬‫ א‬ 6000N
‫א‬(R-134a)7.5 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
K1 MPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1206 kg/m3
 .95 kPa E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 150 kPa ‫א‬ EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .999kg/m3‫א‬K101.325 kPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 750 kg/m3
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬2m‫א‬ 3m‫א‬‫א‬K103kg/m3
K1 bar‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2m ‫ﻧﻔﻂ‬
3m
‫ﻣﺎء‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (‫)أ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬30 C‫א‬1.5 bar‫א‬‫א‬ (‫)ب‬
‫א‬‫א‬،250 mmB‫א‬،400mm*300mmA

 ‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،BA0.2 bar‫א‬‫א‬
 K18 m/secA‫א‬‫א‬R = 287J/kg K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
1
4m
d = 100 mm
2
‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E F
 80 C ‫א‬6 L/sec‫א‬‫א‬ EF
801 kg/m3 80 C ‫א‬‫א‬K40m52.5 mm
 K4.46*10-3 Pa.sec80 C‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K60mm‫א‬‫א‬42 m‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ 45˚‫א‬  90˚ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،480 L/min‫א‬‫א‬0.02‫א‬
 KE1000kg/m3‫א‬FK‫א‬


- ١٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬K‫א‬
m 1
 ρ= =
V v
 W‫א‬‫א‬
V 1
 v= =
m ρ
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 m = ρ ×V
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 mg = 2750 × 0.12 = 330 kg
 W‫א‬
 ms = 1500 × 0.15 = 225 kg
 W‫א‬
 mw = 997 × 0.2 = 199.4 kg
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ma = 1.15 × 0.53 = 0.61 kg
 Wmt‫א‬‫א‬
 mt = 755 kg
 W‫א‬‫א‬
mt 755
 ρt = = = 755 kg 3
Vt 1 m
- ١٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vt 1

3
vt = = = 0.001325 m
mt 755 kg
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
du
 τ =µ×
dy
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ du ‫א‬µ‫א‬τ
dy
 W‫א‬‫א‬
τ = 0.001 × 100 = 0.1 Pa
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
E
F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F
 p =
A
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 A = π × r 2 = π4 × D 2 = π4 × (0.075) 2 = 0.004418 m 2
 ∴ p = 6000 = 1358080 Pa ≈ 1358 kPa

0.004418
EF
7.5 m
R-134a
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 p = ptop + p134a = ptop + ( ρ × g × h)134a
 p = 1000000 + (1206 × 9.81 × 7.5) = 1088704 Pa = 1088.7 kPa

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p

EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 p abs = p g + p atm = 150 + 95 = 245 kPa
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 p = ρ ×g ×h
 101.325 = 999 × 9.81 × h

101.325 ∗ 10 3
 ∴h = = 10.34 m
999 × 9.81
 E13600 kg/m3‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 p = ρ ×g ×h
 101.325 × 10 3 = 13600 × 9.81 × h

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ρ 1 × A1 × v1 = ρ 2 × A2 × v 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ •
A1 × v1 = A2 × v 2
- ١٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A B
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EBF‫א‬EAF‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١F‫א‬A‫א‬
p1
 ρ1 =
RT1
1.5 × 10 5
 ρ1 = = 1.725 kg
m3
287 × (30 + 273)
 E٢F‫א‬B‫א‬
p2 (1.5 − 0.2) × 10 5
 ρ2 = = = 1.495 kg
m3
RT2 287 × (30 = 273)
 E٢F( B)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ρ 1 × A1 × v1 = ρ 2 × A2 × v 2
‫א‬‫א‬،v2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
ρ 1 × A1 × v1 1.725 × (0.4 × 0.3) × 18
 v2 = = = 39.87 m
sec
ρ 2 × A2 1.495 × (0.25) 2
- ١٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
p1 v12 p2 v 22
 + + z1 g = + + z2 g
ρ 2 ρ 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F‫א‬
E١F‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
v 22
 = z1 g − z 2 g = g ( z1 − z 2 )
2
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ،4m  ( z1 − z2 ) 
v2 = 2 × g × ( z1 − z 2 )

v2 = 2 × 9.81 × 4 = 8.86 m
sec
 WQ‫א‬‫א‬
⋅
Q = A 2 ×v 2
⋅ 3
Q = π4 ( d 22 ) × v 2 = π4 (0.1) 2 × 8.86 = 0.0695 m
sec
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬
W‫א‬E‫א‬
L v2
 ∆p = f × × ×ρ
D 2
 EF
⋅
Q 10 × 0.001
 v = = π = 4.62 m
sec
A 4 × (0.0525) 2
 W
ρ ×v× D 801 × 4.62 × 0.0525
 Re = = = 43561 〉 40000
µ 4.46 × 10− 3
- ١٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F0.046 mm‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
ε 0.000046
= = 0.000876
D 0.0525
 f‫א‬‫א‬
f = 0.025
W‫א‬‫א‬
L v2
∆p = f × × ×ρ
D 2
40 (4.62) 2
 ∆p = 0.025 × × × 801 = 162827.3 Pa = 162.8 kPa
0.0525 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 L = 42 + 8 × 2.4 + 4 × 1.5 + 6 × 0.79 = 71.94 m
E0.001m3‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬
⋅
Q = A× v
Q 480 × 0.001
v = = = 2.6 m
A 60 × ( π4 × (0.06265) 2 ) sec
 ‫א‬‫א‬
L v2
 ∆p = f × × ×ρ
D 2
71.94 2 .6 2
 ∆p = 0.02 × × × 1000 = 77333 Pa = 77.333 kPa
0.06265 2
- ١٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬١٨

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 Thermodynamics‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
Thermodynamic Definitions
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،  ‫א‬boundaries‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬surroundings‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kflexible 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬closed system   ‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬open system  ‫א‬
 KE٢J ٤FE١J ٤FK‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬E١٤F


- ١٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤F

?
 ‫א‬?‫א‬K ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K"properties".
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬intensive ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
100 oC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
extensive ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
homogeneous   ‫א‬‫א‬ K  ‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KK ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
- ١٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
1-2K
  ‫א‬ process‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(2)‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
thermodynamic cycle  ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE1-2-3-1‫א‬FE٣J ٤F‫א‬

p ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
2
3 ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫اﺟﺮاء‬
1-2-3-1‫دورة‬
1 ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
 v
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٤F

 reversibility‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٤J ٤F،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
KE٤J ٤F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬FK
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ •
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

p p
v v
‫إﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ إﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٤F

 the state of the working fluid ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kworking fluid
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(pure working fluid)‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
 v1  p1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE٥J ٤F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (1)
‫א‬ T1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٥J ٤F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(2)‫א‬
 K(2)‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬
- ١٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
J  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬،‫א‬

1 1
p 1 p T
2 2
2
v T v

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٤F

   ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫ א‬equation of state‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 p×v = R×T (4 − 1)

 
 p = ρ×R ×T (4 − 2)
 
 p×V = m×R×T (4 − 3)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N/m2 ‫א‬‫א‬ p
- ١٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
m3 ‫א‬‫א‬ V
m3/kg ‫א‬‫א‬ v
kg ‫א‬ m
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ T
J/kg K ‫א‬‫א‬ R
kg/m3 ‫א‬ρ

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K101.325 kPa25 oC‫א‬‫א‬
 KR=287 J/kg K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 p × v = R ×T

 (101.325 × 1000) × v = 287 × (25 + 273)

287 × 298

3
∴v = = 0.884 m
101.325 × 1000 kg

- ١٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W
17 ‫א‬100 bar30،E٦J ٤F‫א‬
75 bar
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K˚C
 K260 J/kg K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K7 ˚C‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 p×V = m×R ×T

m2 ‫א‬‫א‬،m1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 p ×V (100 × 105 )(30 × 10− 3 )

∴ m1 = 1 = = 3.98 kg
R × T1 260 × (17 + 273)
 p ×V (75 × 105 )(30 × 10− 3 )

∴ m2 = 2 = = 3.09 kg
R × T2 260 × (7 + 273)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 m1 − m 2 = 3.98 − 3.09 = 0.89 kg

‫ﺻﻤﺎم‬
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﺿﻐﻂ‬
O2
‫أﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬

 ‫א‬WE٦J ٤F

- ١٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
specific heatW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kcv ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬cp‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٤F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Cp kJ/kg K  ‫א‬ Cp kJ/kg K  ‫א‬

 0.45  ‫א‬  0.9 ‫א‬
 0.65  ‫א‬  0.386  ‫א‬
 1.0  ‫א‬‫א‬ 0.8  ‫א‬
 4.187  ‫א‬
25 oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٤F

R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ k  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kcv‫א‬cp‫א‬
Energy ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E،،F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 K

 heat‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 work ‫א‬
‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٤F‫א‬
 KL،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
- ١٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫ﻣﻨﻔﺎخ‬ L
F

‫ﺑﺼﻴﻠﺔ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٧٤F

 W‫א‬‫א‬
pE٨J ٤F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬p0p‫א‬Kp0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 wout‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬
p p0
‫اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺒﺲ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٨٤F

‫א‬‫ א‬p0p‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kwin

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬
‫ﺣﺮآﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﺮآﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ‬

‫ﺷﻐﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﺷﻐﻞ ﺳﺎﻟﺐ‬

 E٩٤F  E٩٤F

- ١٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
electric work‫א‬‫א‬displacement work‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kshaft work‫א‬

displacement workW‫א‬‫א‬
 W K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 w = F × dl

 K‫א‬‫א‬W F ‫א‬‫א‬ dl

 F=p×A
 K‫א‬A‫א‬p
 W‫א‬EF‫א‬pF
 W = p × A × dl
 WdV‫א‬‫א‬dV‫א‬ dl×A

dW = pdV
 WE١٠J ٤F،1-2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
W = ∫ pdV ( 4 − 4)
1

p1 1
p
2
p2
V1 dV V2
p2 p1

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٤F
- ١٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
constant volume process :‫א‬‫א‬ .١
‫א‬
(4-5) V = C
 KC
 E١١J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

p 3
‫زﻳﺎدة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
1 V=C
2
‫ﻧﻘﺼﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
V1=V2=V3 v
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١٤F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬dV‫א‬‫א‬
2
(4-6) W = ∫ pdV = 0
1
 constant pressure process W‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(4-7) p = C
- ١٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 KC
 E١٢J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻧﻀﻐﺎط‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺪد‬
p3 p1 p2
p1=p 2=p 3
-ve +ve
V
V3 V1 V2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٤F

 K‫א‬V3V1V2V1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
v2
(4-8) w12 = ∫v 1
p dV = p × ( V2 − V2 ) = + ve work
 W‫א‬
v3
 w13 = ∫v p dV = p × (V3 − V1 ) = − ve work
1
 W
‫א‬‫א‬،0.5 m3 2 bar0.2 m3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

2
W = ∫ pdV = p(V2 − V1 ) = 2 × 10 5 (0.5 − 0.2) = 6 × 10 4 J
1
- ١٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
isothermal processW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(4-9) pV = C
 KC


p
3
p3
‫א‬
pV=C
p1 
1
p2 2
V
V3 V1 V2

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٣٤F

‫א‬1-2‫א‬‫א‬KE١٣J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬1-3‫א‬‫א‬

V2
 w = ∫V pdV
1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
mRT
 p=
V
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

V2
dV
= mRT [ln V ]V
V
W = mRT ∫ 2
V V
1
V2
(4-10) W = mRT ln
V1




- ١٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
0.4 ‫א‬‫א‬ 27 oC‫א‬1 bar0.2 m3‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،m3
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

V
W = mRT ln 2
V1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

p1V1 = mRT
V2 0.4
∴W = p1V1 ln = 1 × 10 5 ln = 69314.7 J
V1 0.2
p 3
p3 ‫א‬
pVk=C
p1 
1
p2
2
V
V3 V1 V2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ٤F

adiabatic processW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

- ١٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 pV k = C
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬k
 W‫א‬K،E١٤J ٤F‫א‬

V2
⎡ V − k +1 ⎤
 w=∫
V2 dV
pdV = C ∫ k = C ⎢ ⎥ [
= C V21−k − V11−k ]
V1 V ⎣ − k + 1 ⎦V 1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬

p1V1 − p2V2
(4-11) W =
k −1
 W
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0.015m3  1.02 bar  22 o
C ‫א‬‫א‬
‫ اﺣﺴ ﺐ‬6.8bar 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.1.4 ‫א‬ k ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
p
6.8 bar
pV1.4=C
‫א‬
1.02 bar
V
V2 0.015 m3
 E١٥٤F‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 pV k = C 
 p1V1k = p 2V2k 
- ١٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
1/ k
V2 ⎛p ⎞
= ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟
V1 ⎝ p2 ⎠
1 / 1.4
V2 ⎛ 1.02 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟
0.015 ⎝ 6.8 ⎠
V2 = 0.00387 m 3
 W12 ‫א‬
p1V1 − p 2 V2
w12 =
k −1
10 5 (1.02 × 0.015 − 6.8 × 0.00387)

w 12 = = − 2754 J = − 2.754 kJ
1 .4 − 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E١٦J ٤F‫א‬
 . ١٢٣١‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬w12‫א‬12‫א‬
1
w12 = × (5 − 1.5) × 10 2 × (0.15 − 0.05) + 1.5 × 10 2 × (0.15 − 0.05)
2

w12 = 32.5 kJ
 32
w23 = 1.5 × 10 2 × (0.15 − 0.05)

w23 = 15 kJ
 13
 w13 = 0

 1231‫א‬
- ١٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 w1231 = w12 − w23 = 32.5 − 15 = 17.5 kJ

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬w23‫א‬

p (ba)r
5 1
1.5 3 2
v (m3)
0.05 0.15
 E١٦٤F

- ١٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 First law of thermodynamic

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K  ‫ א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬1.17 kW
 ‫א‬K?‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1.9 kW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Qin Qout
‫ﺳﺨﺎن‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
1.17 – 1.9 = – 0.73 kW


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K730W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?W
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ∑Q = ∑W (4 − 12)
- ١٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 WE٧٤F
‫א‬‫א‬E١٧J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ w1 ‫א‬‫א‬
 1.421 kg sec
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ‬
W 1=?
 
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬
Qin=2800kJ/kg
system
‫اﻟﺤﺪود‬
boundary
 
W 2= 5kw Qout=2100kJ/kg
 ‫א‬E١٧٤F
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

∑ Q = ∑W 

 2800 × 1.421 − 2100 × 1.421 = W1 − 5

∴W1 = 700 × 1.421 + 5

W1 = 999.7 kw
- ١٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 First Law for a non-flow SystemW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

p p p
a
1 1
1
3 3 2 3 2
2
(‫)أ‬ V (‫)ب‬ V (‫)ج‬ V
 E١٨٤F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٨ ‫ ـ‬٤F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E١٨ ‫ ــ‬٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
gain in intrinsic ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WKenergy
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kloss in intrinsic energyE١٨ ‫ ــ‬٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬uinternal energy‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(J, kJ)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬U(J/kg)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٥٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(4-13) q − w = ∆u
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ∆u 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 90kJ / kg ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 45kJ / kg

 W‫א‬

q = −45kJ / kg
w = −90 kJ / kg
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

q − w = ∆u
− 45 − (−90) = u 2 − u1
45 = u 2 − u1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 : 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ 200 kJ / kg ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 420 kJ / kg 
 K100kJ / kg ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
q − w = ∆u
q − 100 = (200 − 420)
q = −120kJ / kg

 120kJ / kg ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
(١٩ ‫ ــ‬٤ ) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
- ١٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W
100 300 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.2 kgE١٩J ٤FF‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬5 kJpaddle wheel‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KkPa
 E0.7165 kJ/kg K‫א‬cvFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩J ٤F
 Q − W = ∆U
Q = 0K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
− W = ∆U

∴ − (−5 kJ ) = ∆U
 K5 kJ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 U 2 − U1 = + 5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬U1U2
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ∆U = mcv (T2 − T1 )

 5 = 0.2 × 0.7165 × (T2 − 300)


∴ T2 = 334.89 K = 61.89 °C
E pv = RT F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

⎛T ⎞
 p2
= ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟
p1 ⎝ T1 ⎠
⎛ 334.89 ⎞
 p2 = 100 × ⎜ ⎟ = 111.63 kPa
⎝ 300 ⎠
- ١٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 E٩٤F
‫א‬K95 ˚C15 ˚C1200 W‫א‬‫א‬ 1.2kg  
،4.18 kJ/kg ˚C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.7 kJ/kg ˚C‫א‬‫א‬0.5kg‫א‬‫א‬
KE
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 E‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q −W = ∆U
 W‫א‬
Q = ∆U sys
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ∴Q = ∆U w + ∆U teapot

 Q = ( mcv ∆T )w + ( mcv ∆T )teapot
Q = 1.2 × 4.18 × ( 95 − 15 ) + 0.5 × 0.7 × ( 95 − 15 ) = 429.3 kJ

 W429.3 kJE1.2 kJ/secF1.2 kW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
429.3 kJ
 t ( ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ) = = 358 sec ≈ 6 min
1.2 kJ
sec
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q = ∆U sys = 1.2 × 4.18 × ( 95 − 15 ) = 401.28 kJ
401.28 kJ
t ( ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ) = = 334.4 sec = 5.57 min
1.2 kJ
sec
- ١٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K E٢٠J ٤F‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K(2)‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Ku1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
c12
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
2
 KZ1g‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 E‫א‬p‫א‬vFKp1v1‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬FKQ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 KE

(1)
Q

‫א‬
Z1
(2)
W 
Z2
datum ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠٤F

- ١٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Ku2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
c 22
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
2
 KZ2g‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 E‫א‬p‫א‬vFKp2v2‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫• א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ c2 ⎞ ⎛ c2 ⎞
m& ⎜⎜ u1 + 1 + z1 g + p1 v1 ⎟⎟ + Q − W = m& ⎜⎜ u 2 + 2 + z 2 g + p 2 v 2 ⎟⎟ ( 4 − 14)
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
‫א‬‫א‬u‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

h = u + pv = ( 4 − 15)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬h
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬

⎛ 2
c ⎞ ⎛ c 2
⎞
 m& ⎜⎜ h1 + 1
+ z1 g ⎟⎟ + Q − W = m& ⎜⎜ h2 + + z2 g
2
⎟⎟ ( 4 − 16)
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
 
‫א‬‫א‬K280kPa‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠J ٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 6m‫א‬
KE1000kg/m3 ‫א‬FK‫א‬
- ١٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
p2
z2
6m
z1 W
p1
 ‫א‬
 E٢١J ٤F
 K‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( 4-16)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

⎛ c2 ⎞ ⎛ c2 ⎞
 m& ⎜⎜ u1 + 1 + z1 g + p1 v1 ⎟⎟ + Q − W = m& ⎜⎜ u 2 + 2 + z 2 g + p 2 v 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
p1v1 + z1 g − w = p2 v 2 + z 2 g

− w = p2 v 2 − p1v1 + z 2 g − z1 g

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬
p2 − p1
 −w = + g ( z 2 − z1 )
ρ

280 × 1000
−w = + 9.81 × 6
1000

w = − 338.86 J
kg
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫ א‬K١
 KE٢١J ٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫دﺧﻮل اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﺧﺮوج اﻟﻤﺎء‬
 ‫א‬E٢١J ٤F

‫א‬
‫א‬
mw,Tw
ma,Ta
‫א‬‫א‬
ma,Ta
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
mw,Tw
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢٤F‫א‬

W
⎛ c2 ⎞ ⎛ c2 ⎞
m& ⎜⎜ h1 + 1 + z1 g ⎟⎟ + Q − W = m& ⎜⎜ h2 + 2 + z 2 g ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Q = m& ∆h
- ١٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Q w = m& ( hw 2 − hw1 )
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Q a = m& ( ha 2 − ha1 )
W
Qa ‫هﻲ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻮاء‬
Qw ‫هﻲ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء‬

 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Qa = − Qw
 Condenser & Evaporator‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ c12 ⎞ ⎛ c 22 ⎞
& ⎜
m ⎜ h1 + + z1 g ⎟⎟ + Q − W ⎜
= m ⎜ h2 +
& + z2 g ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Q = m& ( h2 − h1 )

 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(4-17) Q = m& (h3 − h2 )
 W‫א‬
(4-18) Q = m& ( h1 − h 4 )
- ١٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Qout
3 2

W



4 Qin 1

 E٢٣J ٤F
 
R-134a‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K241.63 kJ/kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،417 kJ/kg‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
Q ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ‬
h2 h1
 E٢٤J ٤F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤J ٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Q = h2 − h1 = 241.63 − 417 = − 175.37 kJ

kg

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
175.37 kJ/kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
h1 h2
 Q
 E٢٥J ٤F
 
R-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٥٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،396 kJ/kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،256 kJ/kg‫א‬‫א‬134a
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⋅
Q = m ( h 2 − h1 )
Q = 396 − 256 = 140 kJ

kg
  Heat Exchanger W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٦J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
Q1 = m& ( h 2 − h1 )
١ ‫دﺧﻮل ﻣﺎﺋﻊ‬
out
٢ ‫ﺧﺮوج ﻣﺎﺋﻊ‬
١ ‫دﺧﻮل ﻣﺎﺋﻊ‬
‫א‬ in
 ١ ‫ﺧﺮوج ﻣﺎﺋﻊ‬
 E٢٦٤F

- ١٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬
Q 2 = m& ( ha − hb )
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KQ2Q1
:‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴَﺎ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﻬـﺎ ﺷﻐﻞ‬

 TurbineW‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
h1
h2
 E٢٦J ٤F
− w = h 2 − h1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬h2h1
 WK‫א‬‫א‬
w = h1 − h2
 CompressorW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  h2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K h1
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
− W = m& ( h2 − h1 )
- ١٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
h2

  W
h1

 EJ F

 w = −( h2 − h1 )

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 PumpW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦J ٤F
 W
W = − m& ( h2 − h1 )

W = m& ( h1 − h2 )
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

h2
h1 W
‫א‬
 E٢٦J ٤F

- ١٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 NozzleW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 KE٢٧J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
q − w = ∆h + ∆KE
c 22 c12
h2 − h1 = − ( − )
2 2
c 22 c12
(4-19) = + (h1 − h2 )
2 2
1 2
‫دﺧﻮل اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﺧﺮوج اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ‬

 E٢٧J ٤F

 ‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE٢٨J ٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
1 2
‫دﺧﻮل‬ ‫ﺧﺮوج‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬

‫א‬E٢٨J ٤F

- ١٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

C 22 − C12
q − w = h2 − h1 +
2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(4-20)∴ h2 = h1

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬100 kJ

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
∴ h2 = h1 = 100 kJ
- ١٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
The Second Law Of Thermodynamics
 W
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬20%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬80%
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? •
- ١٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬? •
K?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE٢٩J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫إﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ‬
Qout W in ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‬
L1 Wf
L2
Wf
Qin W out ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫إﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ‬
‫( اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬٢٩-٤) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KWin
‫א‬‫א‬KQout‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Win = Qout + W f


- ١٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Qin‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬
W ‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Qin = Wout + W f

 W‫א‬QoutQin

Win = Wout + 2W f

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wf‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
40 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬50 kJ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KkJ
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Q Q = Wout + W f
∴W f = 50 − 40 = 10 kJ
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬50 kJ10 kJ

- ١٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

40
η= = 80%
50

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

2 2
dQ
(4-21) ∫ ds ≥ ∫
1 1 T
dQ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ds‫א‬‫א‬
>‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ =K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(dQ=0)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(4-21)‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٠J ٤F‫א‬

ds = 0(4-21)W1-2‫א‬‫א‬

 ds > 0(4-22)W1-2'‫א‬

- ١٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
T
p=c 2'
2
‫اﺟﺮاء ﻻ اﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫إﺟﺮاء اﺗﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ‬
p=c
1
s
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٠J ٤F


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
h2 − h1
 η isent =
h2' − h1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Heat Engines ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
Sink‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ESource‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٣١J ٤F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 W
،E‫א‬F‫א‬ 1-2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3‫א‬‫א‬K2-3‫א‬‫א‬
 3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1‫א‬
- ١٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٣١J ٤F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

T 2
‫ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬
V=c s=c ‫ﺷﻐﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻔﺎد‬
3
1 T=c
‫ﺣﺮارة ﻣﺰاﻟﺔ‬
s
‫א‬E٣١J ٤F
‫א‬‫א‬QH 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣٢J ٤F‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬QL ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ∑ Q = ∑W
 KQL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬QH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(4-23) QH − QL = W

‫א‬
TH
QH
QL
TL
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٣٢J ٤F
- ١٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:ηth‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫اﻟﺸﻐﻞ‬ W
(4-24)η th = =
‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ QH
 W‫א‬
QH − QL
 ηth =
QH
QL
(4-25) ηth = 1 −
QH
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(4-25)‫א‬
‫א‬Esteam power plant)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬E٣٣J ٤F
QL ‫א‬QH‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬W‫א‬
 K

W ‫اﻟﺸﻐﻞ‬
 
QH ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬
system boundaries
 
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﺰاﻟﺔ‬
 QL
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٣J ٤F
- ١٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫ اﺣﺴ ﺐ א‬.800 kJ/kg  1600 kJ/kg ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
TH
QH = ?
W = 800 kJ/kg
QL = 1600
TL
‫א‬
 E٣٤J ٤F
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٣٤J ٤F‫א‬
 QH − QL = W

 Q H = 1600 + 800 = 2400 kJ

kg
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
work done W
η th = =
heat sup plied QH

 η th =
work done
=
800
= 0.3333 = 33.33 %
heat sup plied 2400
 The Heat Pump & The RefrigeratorW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 QH ‫א‬ TL ‫א‬ QL ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ W  TH ‫א‬

- ١٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫ﻣﺼﺐ ﺣﺮاري‬
TH
QH
‫א‬ W
QL
TL
‫ﻣﺼﺪر ﺣﺮاري‬
 ‫א‬E٣٥J ٤F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W = QH − QL
Coefficient Of ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
QL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬KPerformance(COP).
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬
QL QL 1
(4-26) COPREF = = =
W QH − QL ⎛ QH ⎞−1
⎜ ⎟
⎝ Q L⎠

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬QH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
QH QH 1
(4-27) COPHP = = =
W QH − QL 1 − ⎛⎜ L
Q ⎞
⎟
⎝ QH ⎠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(4-28) COPHP − COPREF = 1
- ١٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W
‫א‬‫א‬200 kJ/kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬600 kJ/kg‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
K •
K‫א‬ •

‫ﻣﺼﺐ ﺣﺮاري‬
TH
Q H = Q R = 600
‫ﺁﻟﺔ ﺣﺮارﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺳﺔ‬

w = 200 kJ/kg
QL = Q A = ?
TL
‫ﻣﺼﺪر ﺣﺮاري‬

 E٣٦J ٤F
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (QA)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٣٦J ٤F‫א‬
 W = Q A − QR
 − 200 = Q A − 600
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ∴QA = 400 kJ
kg
 W‫א‬‫א‬
QA
 COPREF =
W
400
 COPREF = =2
200
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
QR
 COPHP =
W
- ١٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

600
 COPHP = =3
200
 K١ + ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 The Carnot Cycle:EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T-s‫א‬E٣٧J ٤F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1-2 ‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬2-3‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3-4‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬4-1‫א‬‫• א‬
T
1 2
TH
TL
4 3
s s s
 1 2
 ‫א‬E٣٧J ٤F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

QL
 η th =1− ( 4 − 29)
QH
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٢١J ٤F
2 2
dQ
∫ ds = ∫
1 1
T
- ١٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

2
(4-30) Q = ∫ T ds = T (s 2 − s 1 )
1

 W

 QH = TH ( s2 − s1 )
 Q L = TL ( s1 − s2 )
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

QL TL ( s 2 − s 1 ) T
(4-31)η c = 1 − =1− =1− L
QH TH ( s 2 − s 1 ) TH

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
(4-32) W = ηc QH

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٨J ٤F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1-2 ‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬2-3‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3-4‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬4-1‫א‬‫• א‬

T
4 3
TH
TL
1 2
s s s
 1 2
 ‫א‬E٣٨J ٤F
- ١٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬WQLQH
 QL = TL ( s 2 − s1 )
 Q H = TH ( s1 − s2 )
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ∑ Q = ∑W
 W = Q H + Q L = −( TH − TL )( s 2 − s1 )

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

QL
(4-33) COPREF =
W

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

TL ( s2 − s1 ) TL
(4-34) COPREF = =
( TH −T L)( s2 − s1 ) TH − TL

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

QH
(4-35) COPHP =
W
TH ( s2 − s1 ) TH
(4-36) COPHP = =
( TH −T L)( s2 − s1 ) TH − TL
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،40 oC, -10 oC‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

TL
COPREF
TH − TL
− 10 + 273
COPREF = 5.26
40 + 10
- ١٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W (‫)أ‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬7°C‫א‬27°C‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 8m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KR = 320 J/kg K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K10kg

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
200 kPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،isothermal‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K4 m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،2 m3‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V2
 W = ∫ pdV = p1V1 (ln )
V1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬2.3 MN/m2 ‫א‬‫א‬
K8 cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،7.5 cm

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
- ١٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
p(kPa)
1
620
pvk = c
0.15 1.0 v(m3)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،50 kJ/kg‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K350 m/sec2300 kJ/kg‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،70 m/sec160 kJ/kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬(nozzle)‫א‬
،2790kJ/kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K60 m/sec3025kJ/kg‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬0.1m2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K0.19 m3/kg‫א‬
- ١٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ .40% 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬620 kPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬FK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،50 kJ/kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬m3
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
T
1 2
TH
TL
4 3
s1 s2 s
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٧J ٤F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬ × ‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

EF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 pV = mRT
K‫א‬
 W
V
= ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ⇒
V1 V2
= 
T T1 T2

E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
8 V2
=
(27 + 273) (7 + 273)
300 ×V2 = 8 × 280
8 × 280
∴ V2 = = 7.466 m3
300
 W‫א‬
W = ∫ pdV = p ( v 2 − v1 )
 W = 120 kPa × (7.466 − 8) = − 120000 × 0.534 = − 64080 J = − 64.08 kJ
- ١٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
pV = mRT
 W‫א‬
 pV = ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬

 ∴ p1V1 = p 2V 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
V2
 W = p1V1 × ln
V1
4
 W = 200 × 2 × ln = 277.26 kJ
2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W = p(V2 − V1 )
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬8 cm‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 V2 − V1 = π4 d 2 (0 − 0.08) = − π4 × (0.075) 2 × 0.08 = − 0.00035343 m 3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W = p (V 2 − V1 )
 W = 2.3 ∗ 10 6 × ( −0.00035343) = − 812.9 J
- ١٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
p1V1 − p 2V 2
 W=
k −1
 Kp2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
k 1. 5
⎞
⎛V ⎛ 0.15 ⎞
 ⎟⎟ = 620 × ⎜
p 2 = p1 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟ = 620 × 0.0581 = 36.02 kPa
⎠
⎝ V2 ⎝ 1.0 ⎠
620 × 0.15 − 36.02 × 1.0 56.98
 ∴W = = ≈ 114 kJ
1.5 − 1 0.5
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
q − w = ∆u
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
⋅ c ⋅ c2
m(h1 + 1
+ z1 g ) + Q − W = m(h2 + 2 + z 2 g )
2 2


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K ‫ א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 q − w = ∆u
Q
2 1
EF‫א‬
- ١٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
50 − w = 0
∴ w = 50 kJ
kg
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
⋅ c12 ⋅ c2
 m(h1 + + z1 g ) + Q − W = m(h2 + 2 + z 2 g )
2 2
Qout
‫ﺑﺨﺎر ﻣﺘﻜﺜﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺎر‬

‫اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬c2‫א‬
c12 c2
 h1 + + Q = h2 + 2
2 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
(350) (70) 2
 2300 + + Q = 160 +
2 2
 2300 + 61.250 + Q = 160 + 2.450
 ∴Q = − 2198.8 kJ / kg
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c12 c2
 h1 + = h2 + 2
2 2
60 2 J c2
3025 × 1000 ( J )+ ( ) = 2790 × 1000 ( J ) + 2
kg 2 kg kg 2
c 22
3025000 + 1800 − 2790000 =
2

c 22
= 236800
2
∴ c = 236800 × 2 = 688 m
sec
 W m& ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ m& ‫א‬
A× c
 m& = ρ × A × c =
v
0.1 × 688
 m& = = 31.6 kg
sec
0.19
- ١٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ T1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 p1 × v1 = R × T1

p1 × v1 620 × 103 × 0.1
 ∴ T1 = = = 216 K
R 287

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ TL ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
TL
 ηtherm = 1 −
TH

TL
 0.4 = 1 −
216

 ∴ TL = 129.6 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
TL 129.6
 COPref = = = 1 .5
TH − TL 216 − 129.6

- ١٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 


٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬
Kh‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١١
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٢٨
- ١٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬K  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬


- ١٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 E٨F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
k A ( T1 − T 2 )
q =
∆x
∆T
q=
R
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬R ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬
thermal conductivity ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، k ‫א‬‫א‬ .a
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
q= i =n+1
∑R
i =1
i
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
∆T
q=
⎛ ln r2 r1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2πkl ⎟
⎝ ⎠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
q=
∑R
 ∑ R ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬K-30 C‫א‬‫א‬-10 C‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א؟‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K0.01m(1.5m * 2m) •
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬∆x‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K ∆x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ak‫א‬‫א‬
kA
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
∆T = -10 – ( -30 ) = 20 °C > 0
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،∆T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K∆V = V1-V2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
W،‫א‬
A = 1.5 * 2 = 3 m2

 ‫א‬K3 cm370 W/m C  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K1m2 ‫א‬100 C ‫א‬‫א‬400 C‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
k A ∆T 370 × 1 × ( 400 − 100)
 q = = = 3700000 W
m2
= 3700 kW
m2
∆x 0.03

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬15cm‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K5cm
T1=38C T2 T3=- 2 C
‫ﻋﺎزل‬ ‫ﺟﺪار‬
q
k=0.04 k=1.37
∆ Χ1 ∆ Χ2
 ٣‫א‬E١٥F
 W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆x1 0.05
R1 = = = 1.25 °C
k1 0.04 W
∆x 2 0.15
R2 = = = 0.109 °C
k2 1.37 W
∴ ( R1 + R 2 ) = 1.359 °C
W
 Wq‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆T 38 − ( −2)
 q = = = 29.43 W
m2
R1 + R2 1.359
- ١٩٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬9cm‫א‬ 5cm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K43W/mC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬40 m‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،40 C‫א‬‫א‬70 C‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

T2 r1
r2
T1
q
k
٤‫א‬E٢٥F
 KW‫א‬
 W‫א‬
r1 = 2.5 cm

r2 = 4.5 cm
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

2π × k × L (T1 − T2 )
 q =
ln rr12

2π × (43)(40)(70 − 40)
 q =
ln 24..55
 324212 .36
q = = 551581 .7 W = 551 .582 kW
0 .58778666
- ١٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬1cm5cm‫א‬(k = 54 W/m C)‫א‬ K٥

(k = 0.038 W/m C)6.4 cm(k=0.149W/m C)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬315 C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2.5cm
 E1m‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،38 C‫א‬

r4
r3
q
r2
T4 r1
T3 T2 T1
k1
k2
k3
٥‫א‬E٣٥F
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
r1 = 1.5 cm

r2 = 2.5 cm
r3 = 8.9 cm
r4 = 11.4 cm
 W‫א‬‫א‬
r2
ln ln 12..55 0.5108256
 R1 =
r1
= = = 0.00151
2πk1L 2π × 54 × 1 339.292

- ٢٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
r
ln r32 ln 82..95 1.26976
 R2 = = = = 1.3563
2πk2 L 2π × 0.149 × 1 0.93619

r4
ln ln 118..94 0.247562
 R3 =
r3
= = = 1.03686
2π × k3 L 2π × 0.038 × 1 0.238761

 ∑R = 0.00151 + 1.3563 + 1.03686 = 2.39467 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆T 315 − 38
 q = = = 115.65 W
∑ R 2.39467
 WT3‫א‬‫א‬
T3 − T4 T3 − 38
q = =
R3 1.03686
T3 − 38
 115.65 =
1.03686
∴ T3 = 157.9 °C
- ٢٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬LD‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.01 m2 m1.5 m K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 ‫א‬K3 CM370 W/M C  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K1m2‫א‬100 C‫א‬‫א‬400 C‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 54kW  .٨

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ اﺣﺴ ﺐ א‬8.4mm ‫א‬‫א‬(k=50.5W/m C)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 135 C  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.124 C ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬93 C 370 C‫א‬‫א‬15 cm K٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1m2K=0.78 W/mC
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K0.01m(2m*1.5m) K١٠
K‫א‬
‫א‬KK0.3m 6m4m(k=0.8 W/m C )‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6C 14C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬3 kW2.5cm 1m2‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢
K‫א‬∆T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K0.2 W/m C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 85C ‫א‬‫א‬13cm‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬K0.035W/mC
K
qcond
∆x
 ١٢‫א‬E٦٥F

‫א‬‫א‬Ek=0.7F10 cm‫א‬‫א‬ K١٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ek=0.065F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEk=0.48F4cm
E1m2‫א‬‫א‬FK80%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1m2 17 W/m c‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬30cm‫א‬ K١٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬q‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
10 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬50 C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬250 C
K100 C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬25 cm ،15 cm،cm
0.25m6m8m K١٦
‫א‬0.8W/m C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬K10hr‫א‬15C،4C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
SR0.3/kWh
- ٢٠٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
:‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
W‫א‬‫א‬
Ti − To
q =
∑R
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ Σٌ R 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
W
 Σ R = Rconvi+ Rcond + Rconvo


W‫א‬‫א‬ •

∆x
R‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬ =
k×A
‫א‬‫א‬ •
ln rroi
Rcyl =
2πkl
‫א‬ •
1
 Rconv =
h ×A
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
k
rcr =
h
- ٢٠٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W
270 K‫א‬(k = 0.7 W/m C) 10 cm‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K40 W/m2 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،10 W/m2 K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬330 K
 K‫א‬
T1 T2
‫ﺟﺪار‬
To
q
k=0.7 Ti
ho
hi
∆Χ
١‫א‬E٧٥F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W 1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
hi
1
 = 0.025 K
W
40
 W‫א‬
∆x 0 .1
 = = 0.1429 K
W
k 0 .7
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
 = = 0 .1
ho 10
 W‫א‬
∑R = 0.025 + 0.1429 + 0.1 = 0.2679 K
W
 Wq‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٠٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
(Ti − To ) 330 − 270

 q = = = 223.96 W
∑R 0.2679 m2
50 C‫א‬2.5 cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

‫א‬0.8mm‫א‬‫א‬K3500 W/m2 C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬16 W/m C ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬7.6W/m2C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K20 C

 W‫א‬
T2 r1 r2
T1
hi,Ti
ho,To
q
k
Ti T1 T2 To
Rconvi Rcyl Rconvo
٢‫א‬E٨٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
 Ri = = = 0.00364 °C
hi Ai 3500 × (2π × 0.0125 × 1 W
 W‫א‬
- ٢٠٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
r
ln r12 ln 00..0125
0133
Rt = = = 0.00062 °C
2π × kL 2π × 16 × 1 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
Ro = = = 1.575 °C
ho Ao 7.6 × (2π × 0.0133 × 1) W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆T 50 − 20
q = = = 19 W
∑ R 1.57926

‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K0.03W/m C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10 mm‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
r
ln r32 ln 12..33
33
Rins = = = 2.9745 °C
2π × k × L 2π × 0.03 × 1 W

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1 1
Ro = = = 0.89877 °C
ho Ao 7.6 × (2π × 0.0233 × 1) W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆T 50 − 20
q = = = 7.74 W
∑ R 3.87753
 W‫א‬
19 − 7.74
‫اﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎن‬ = = 0.5926 = 59.26 %
19
- ٢٠٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
r3
q
r2
‫ﺑﺨﺎر‬
r1
T3 T2 T1
hi,Ti
k1 ho,To
‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ زهﺮ‬
k2
‫ﺻﻮف زﺟﺎﺟﻲ‬
Ti T1 T2 T3 To
Rconvi Rcyl R‫ﻋﺎزل‬ Rconvo
 ٣‫א‬E٩٥F

5 cm‫א‬(k = 0.17 W/m C)‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
3 W/m2 C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬20 C‫א‬‫א‬200 C‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K200 C‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
k 0.17
 ro = = = 0.0567 = 5.67 cm
h 3 .0

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(T1 − T∞ )
 q = ro
ln 1
+
r1
2πkL 2πro × L × h

(200 − 20)
q = 5.67
= 105.7 W
ln 1 m
2.5
+
2π × 0.17 × 1 2π × 0.0567 × 1 × 3.0
- ٢٠٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 q = h × A(T1 − To )
 
 q = 3.0 × 2π (0.025) × 1(200 − 20) = 84.4 W
m
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3.17 cm 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٠٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
W
Kq‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬4mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
F‫א‬8mm‫א‬‫א‬ 
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(k=0.035 W/m C)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 mm‫א‬(k=15.1 W/mC)
4 W/m2 C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬3C‫א‬

25 C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬9W/m2 C
 K‫א‬‫א‬20 C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(k=0.15 1mm
 10 m  2mm K٥
‫א‬K8V‫א‬10A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KW/m C)
h=18 W/m2 C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬30 C‫א‬‫א‬

‫؟‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
Kk= 400 W/m C‫א‬‫• א‬
K10cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K12 cm‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬110 ˚C •
K30 C‫א‬‫• א‬
- ٢١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
15 W/m2  10000 W/m2 ˚C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

K ‫א‬‫א‬C
K5cm‫א‬ •
0.2 W/m ˚C‫א‬ •
K120 ˚C‫א‬(k = 15 W/m ˚C)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 K0.2 cm‫א‬1.6cm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K25 C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬40 ˚C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬70 W/m2 ˚C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬20 W/m2 ˚˚C
K0.038 W/m ˚˚C
(k = 0.13 W/m ˚˚C)E‫א‬‫א‬F K٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.5 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K0.1mm
28˚C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K0.026 W/m ˚C‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.1m2‫א‬‫א‬
K25 W/m2 ˚C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-5 ˚C‫א‬


 ٨‫א‬E١٠٥F

- ٢١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 E٨F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
:‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W
‫א‬015m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬012m3‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬K1.15 kg/m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.2m3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬997 15002750
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬
m 1
 ρ= =
V v
 W‫א‬‫א‬
V 1
 v= =
m ρ
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 m = ρ ×V
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 mg = 2750 × 0.12 = 330 kg
 W‫א‬
 ms = 1500 × 0.15 = 225 kg
 W‫א‬
 mw = 997 × 0.2 = 199.4 kg
 W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ma = 1.15 × 0.53 = 0.61 kg

 Wmt‫א‬‫א‬
 mt = 755 kg
 W‫א‬‫א‬
mt 755
 ρt = = = 755 kg
m3
Vt 1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vt 1

3
vt = = = 0.001325 m
mt 755 kg

287J/kg ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬25 C‫א‬1 bar‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬300 C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
p 1 × 10 5
 ρ1 = = = 1.169 kg
m3
RT1 287 × ( 25 + 273)
p 1 × 10 5
 ρ2 = = = 0.608 kg
m3
RT2 287 × (300 + 273)


100 1/sec ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
.0.001 Pa.sec ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
du
 τ =µ×
dy
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ du ‫א‬µ‫א‬τ
dy
 W‫א‬‫א‬
τ = 0.001 × 100 = 0.1 Pa
- ٢١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬0.85‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K2.87*10 Ns/m2
-3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،0.156 m3 137 kg K٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬11.3 .kg
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
⎡ ⎛ r ⎞2 ⎤
 u (r ) = u 0 ⎢1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ r1 ⎠ ⎥⎦
 W‫א‬‫א‬r‫א‬r1
 (r = 0)‫א‬
 (r = r1)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬u0
 τ (r) ‫א‬

- ٢١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 W‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ •
 p = ρ ×g ×h
K‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ٢١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W
6000N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K7.5 cm‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F
 p =
A
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 A = π × r 2 = π4 × D 2 = π4 × (0.075) 2 = 0.004418 m 2

6000
 ∴p = = 1358080 Pa ≈ 1358 kPa
0.004418
‫א‬(R-134a)7.5 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K1 MPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1206 kg/m3
7.5 m
R-134a
 ٣‫א‬E١١٥F
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 p = ptop + p134 a = ptop + ( ρ × g × h)134 a
 p = 1000000 + (1206 × 9.81 × 7.5) = 1088704 Pa = 1088.7 kPa

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p
.95 kPa E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 150 kPa ‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 p abs = p g + p atm = 150 + 95 = 245 kPa
 .999kg/m3‫א‬K101.325 kPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 p = ρ ×g ×h
 101.325 = 999 × 9.81 × h

101.325 ∗ 10 3
 ∴h = = 10.34 m
999 × 9.81
 E13600 kg/m3‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 p = ρ ×g ×h
 101.325 × 10 3 = 13600 × 9.81 × h
- ٢١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬K2kN‫א‬10cm‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K500m 200m K٢
1000kg/m3‫א‬
750 kg/m3 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬2m‫א‬3m‫א‬‫א‬K103kg/m3
K1 bar‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2m ‫ﻧﻔﻂ‬
3m
‫ﻣﺎء‬
٣‫א‬E١٢٥F
K‫א‬5m/sec15mm‫א‬ K٤
K20 C‫א‬‫א‬2barE
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K30C‫א‬‫א‬ 1.4 barEF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.03bar‫א‬
K187.8R‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬2000m‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K(1002kg/m2)‫א‬
12mE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬K101KN /m2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬103kg/m3‫א‬K‫א‬
K600kg/m31 bar‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬800kg/m38m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
.0.97 bar‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
13.6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬400mm‫א‬ •
7.9kg/m2 (specific weight)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 400mm ‫א‬ •
- ٢١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ρ 1 × A1 × v1 = ρ 2 × A2 × v 2
W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ •
 A1 × v1 = A2 × v 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬30 C‫א‬1.5 bar‫א‬‫א‬ K١
،250 mmB‫א‬،400mm*300mmA‫א‬
B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،BA0.2 bar‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A‫א‬‫א‬R = 287J/kg K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K18 m/sec
 W‫א‬

A B

 ١‫א‬E١٣٥F
- ٢٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EBF‫א‬EAF‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١F‫א‬A‫א‬
p1
 ρ1 =
RT1
1.5 × 10 5
 ρ1 = = 1.725 kg
m3
287 × (30 + 273)
 (٢)‫א‬B‫א‬
p2 (1.5 − 0.2) × 10 5
 ρ2 = = = 1.495 kg
m3
RT2 287 × (30 = 273)
 E٢F( B)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ρ 1 × A1 × v1 = ρ 2 × A2 × v 2
‫א‬‫א‬،v2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
ρ 1 × A1 × v1 1.725 × (0.4 × 0.3) × 18
v2 = = = 39.87 m
ρ 2 × A2 1.495 × (0.25) 2 sec
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
4m
d = 100 mm
2

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٤٥F
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
p1 v12 p2 v 22
+ + z1 g = + + z2 g
ρ 2 ρ 2
- ٢٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
E١F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
v 22
 = z1 g − z 2 g = g ( z1 − z 2 )
2
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ،4m  ( z1 − z2 ) 
v2 = 2 × g × ( z1 − z 2 )

v2 = 2 × 9.81 × 4 = 8.86 m
sec
 WQ‫א‬‫א‬
⋅
Q = A 2 ×v 2
⋅ 3
Q = π4 ( d 22 ) × v 2 = π4 (0.1) 2 × 8.86 = 0.0695 m
sec
- ٢٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬0.15
 0.3m‫א‬‫א‬1800lit/min K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
0.5m/sec12mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K3mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 37 C ‫א‬3.09 bar0.15m‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4m/sec‫א‬‫א‬
K4m/sec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬100mm(1)‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬ (2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K50 mm
 ‫א‬(2)‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 0.1mAB0.015m3‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬0.05mBE0.025mBD0.025mBCB‫א‬
‫א‬،BE ‫א‬BC‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K4 m/sBD‫א‬
KBEBCAB
‫א‬‫א‬KBA‫א‬ K٦
K0.056m3930 kg/m3015 mA‫א‬C
0.03 m3/s870 kg/m30.1mB
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬0.175 mC‫א‬

KC‫א‬
A
‫اﻟﺨﺰان‬ C
B

 ٦‫א‬E١٥٥F
- ٢٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬h‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬ K٧
Q‫א‬‫א‬
 Q = A 2 gh
400 kPa3m/sec0.5 m800 kg/m3 K٨
K30 m‫א‬0.15 m‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK3.5 mK‫א‬‫א‬

‫دﺧﻮل‬
30 m
z1 ‫ﺧﺮوج‬
z2
‫ﺧﻂ اﺳﻨﺎد‬

 ٨‫א‬E١٦٥F

- ٢٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
W‫א‬E‫א‬
L v2
 ∆p = f × × ×ρ
D 2
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
W‫א‬‫א‬
64
 f =
Re
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧

 W
80 C‫א‬6 L/sec‫א‬‫א‬J ١
801  80 C ‫א‬‫א‬K40m52.5 mm
 K4.46*10-3 Pa.sec80 C‫א‬‫א‬kg/m3
 W‫א‬
⋅
Q 10 × 0.001
 v = = π = 4.62 m
sec
A 4 × (0.0525) 2
 W
ρ ×v× D 801 × 4.62 × 0.0525
 Re = = = 43561 〉 40000
µ 4.46 × 10− 3
 K‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F0.046 mm‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
ε 0.000046
= = 0.000876
D 0.0525
 f‫א‬‫א‬
f = 0.025
- ٢٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
L v2
∆p = f × × ×ρ
D 2
40 (4.62) 2
 ∆p = 0.025 × × × 801 = 162827.3 Pa = 162.8 kPa
0.0525 2
K60mm‫א‬‫א‬42 m‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬K‫א‬ 45˚‫א‬ 90˚‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،480 L/min‫א‬‫א‬0.02‫א‬
 KE1000kg/m3‫א‬FK‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L = 42 + 8 × 2.4 + 4 × 1.5 + 6 × 0.79 = 71.94 m
 E0.001m3‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬
⋅
Q = A× v
Q 480 × 0.001
v = = = 2 .6 m
A 60 × ( π4 × (0.06265) 2 ) sec
 ‫א‬‫א‬
2
L v
 ∆p = f × × ×ρ
D 2
71.94 2.6 2
 ∆p = 0.02 × × × 1000 = 77333 Pa = 77.333 kPa
0.06265 2
- ٢٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬K0.5m3/min 150mm K١
W920kg/m3‫א‬84*10-3 Pa.sec‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
Re •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
،400mm‫א‬،1.49*10-3Pa.sec‫א‬،0.01m/sec‫א‬
 K870 kg/m3‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
150 •
K0.0001‫א‬‫א‬50000 •
K0.01‫א‬‫א‬50000 •
K60mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬42m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
45˚‫א‬490˚‫א‬8‫א‬
‫א‬0.02f‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬6
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬480 l/min‫א‬
- ٢٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 E١٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫ א‬K٩
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٣

 W
‫א‬‫א‬7°C‫א‬27°C‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8m3‫א‬‫א‬
KR = 320 J/kg K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K10kg
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
pV = mRT
 K‫א‬
 W
V V1 V2
= Cons tan t ⇒ = 
T T1 T2
- ٢٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
8 V2
=
(27 + 273) (7 + 273)
300 ×V2 = 8 × 280
8 × 280
∴ V2 = = 7.466 m3
300
 W‫א‬
W = ∫ pdV = p ( v 2 − v1 )
W = 120 kPa × (7.466 − 8) = − 120000 × 0.534 = − 64080 J = − 64.08 kJ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫إﻟﻰ‬ 0.178 m3 ‫א‬‫א‬ 200kPa  K٢
‫ א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 1.549 m3
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W = ∫ pdV = p ( v 2 − v1 )
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
W = 200 kPa × (1.549 − 0.178) m 3 = 274.2 kJ
200 kPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،isothermal‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬K4 m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،2 m3‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V2
 W = ∫ pdV = p1V1 (ln )
V1
 W‫א‬
- ٢٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K١
2.3 MN/m2 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،7.5 cm‫א‬‫א‬
K8 cm
‫א‬50kJ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،0.2m30.01m3‫א‬
K
‫א‬5m3‫א‬‫א‬ 520 C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1kg‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
W10m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫• א‬
 R = 287 J/kg K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 10 m3 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬5 m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5 kg K٢

W‫א‬3 bar‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬0.15m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
0.286 ‫א‬‫א‬57C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.42kg
KkJ/kg K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K0.286 kJ/kg K‫א‬‫א‬15 bar‫א‬‫א‬0.12 kg‫א‬‫א‬0.0075m3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
R=0.286 kJ/kg ‫א‬‫א‬ 97 C‫א‬‫א‬1.12 bar‫א‬‫א‬0.1 kg‫א‬
KK
- ٢٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
‫א‬0.005 m3 ‫א‬1.1bar , 0.1 m3‫א‬
K‫א‬ k =1.4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.73 kJ/kg K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬K1.09 kJ/kg K
،‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬W K١١
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K15 C،12 bar80 kg‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢
F‫א‬‫א‬60C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ER=0.286 kJ/kg K‫א‬‫א‬
 4 m3‫א‬‫א‬10 m3‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K3 bar‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬1bar‫א‬‫א‬ K١٤
K1.43 kg/m3
K15 m3‫א‬‫א‬5 m3 6.3bar K١٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 37 C‫א‬0.15m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٦
KER= 0.286 kJ/kg KF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K10.2 bar‫א‬‫א‬
Vi=0.01m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K١٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬KV2=0.02 m3‫א‬‫א‬p=140 kPa
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٨
‫א‬‫א‬2kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٩
K4 m32 m3‫א‬‫א‬300 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢٠
 KK‫א‬
- ٢٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
p(kPa)
1
620
pvk = c
0.15 1.0 v(m3)
٢٠‫א‬E١٧٥F


- ٢٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ •
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 q − w = ∆u
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
⋅ c ⋅ c 22
m(h1 + 1
+ z1 g ) + Q − W = m(h2 + + z2 g)
2 2
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،50 kJ/kg‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 q − w = ∆u

Q
2 1
 EF‫א‬
50 − w = 0
- ٢٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
∴ w = 50 kJ
kg
.‫א‬ 22 kJ ‫א‬ 20 kJ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫اﺣﺴﺐ‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q − W = ∆U
Q − ( −22) = 20
∴Q = 42 kJ
 ‫א‬‫א‬
350 2300 kJ/kg‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
،70 m/sec160 kJ/kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Km/sec
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KE٥F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
⋅ 2 ⋅ 2
c c
 m(h1 + 1
+ z1 g ) + Q − W = m(h2 + + z2 g)
2
2 2

Qout
‫ﺑﺨﺎر ﻣﺘﻜﺜﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺎر‬

‫اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ‬

 ‫א‬
c1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬c2‫א‬
- ٢٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
c12 c 22
 h1 + + Q = h2 +
2 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(350) 2 (70) 2
 2300 + + Q = 160 +
2 2

 2300 + 61.250 + Q = 160 + 2.450

 ∴ Q = − 2198.8 kJ / kg
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
650 kJ/kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬20 kg/minEF K٤
K‫א‬200 m/sec300 m/sec‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬360 kJ/kg
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
- ٢٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
⋅ c12 ⋅ c2
m(h1 + + z1 g ) + Q − W = m(h2 + 2 + z 2 g )
2 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c 12 c2
m& ( h1 + ) + Q = m& ( h 2 + 2 )
2 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
20 (300) 2 20 ( 200) 2
 (650 + )+Q = (360 + ) , (
kg kJ
× )
60 2 60 2 sec kg

 231.667 + Q = 126.667

 ∴Q = − 104 kW
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3750 W‫ א‬K١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
420 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬200 kJ/kg ‫א‬kJ/kg
K100 kJ/kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1090 kJ/kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1850 C‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.73 kJ/kg K
‫א‬‫א‬K27 C‫א‬5 bars‫א‬K300 Liters‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K127 C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K0718 kJ/kg K‫א‬


- ٢٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
W Q − QL Q
 η th = = H = 1− L
QH QH QH
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
QL QL
 COPREF = =
W QH − QL
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
QH QH
COPHP = =
W QH − QL
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
W Q − QL Q T
η th = = H = 1− L = 1− L
QH QH QH TH
 E٤٥F
‫א‬‫א‬ 175 kJ/kg ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K144 kJ/kg‫א‬
Qout
3 2

W



4 Qin 1


 W‫א‬
- ٢٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
QL QL 144 144
 COPREF = = = = = 4.65
W QH − QL 175 − 144 31
 ،EF‫א‬‫א‬
QH QH 175 175
COPHP = = = = = 5.65
W Q H − Q L 175 − 144 31
 E٦٥F
wout
 
Qin
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬
system boundary
 
win Qout
- ٢٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬‫א‬K300 K‫א‬100 kPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬،3.5‫א‬
 ‫א‬
(k=1.4)K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،80%

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬20 C200 C‫א‬ K٢
 KQLQH‫א‬15 kW
‫א‬ .30% 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬500 kPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، kJ/kg٤٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.15 m3‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
172 kJ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،20 C200 C‫א‬ K٥
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
600 kJ/minQL‫א‬QH‫א‬120 C-30 C‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ إذا‬.30%  (shaft power)  136 hp  K٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K35000kJ/kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
kW
 W = η th × Q H = 136 hp × 0.7355 = 100 kW
hp

- ٢٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
W
η th =
QH
W 100
 ∴ QH = = = 333.4 kW
η th 0 .3
∴ Q L = Q H − W = 333.4 − 100 = 244.3 kW

‫א‬
⋅
m qH = QH

⋅ 333.4 kW
m = = 0.0095 kg
35000 kJ sec
kg
- ٢٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

Area m2  ‫א‬
A
c Velocity m
sec  ‫א‬
kJ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Cp Constant pressure specific heat kg. k
 
kJ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Cv Constant volume specific heat kg ⋅ k
 
COP Coefficient of performance -  ‫א‬‫א‬
d ,D Diameter m  ‫א‬
E Total energy kJ  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Eb Blackbody emissive Flux W / m2
 ‫א‬‫א‬
f Friction Factor -  ‫א‬
F Force N  ‫א‬
Fij View factor -  ‫א‬
g Gravitational acceleration m
sec 2  ‫א‬‫א‬
G Incident radiation W 2
m ‫א‬‫א‬
Gr Grashof number  ‫א‬
h Enthalby kJ
kg  ‫א‬
W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
h Convection heat transfer coefficient m ⋅ °C
2
 
W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
k Thermal conductivity m °C
 
L Length; half thickness of a plane wall m  ‫א‬
m Mass kg  ‫א‬
-٢٤٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
m& Mass flow rate kg

sec ‫א‬‫א‬
Nu Nusselt number -  
p perimeter m  ‫א‬
Ρ pressure kPa  ‫א‬
Ρr Prandtl number -  ‫א‬
Q Total amount heat transfer kJ  ‫א‬‫א‬
q& Heat flux W
m2 
Q& Volume flow rate m3
sec ‫א‬‫א‬
r Radius m  ‫א‬
rcr Critical radius of insulation m  ‫א‬‫א‬
R Gas constant kJ
kg ⋅ K  ‫א‬‫א‬
R Thermal resistance °C  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
Ru Universal gas constant kJ
kmol ⋅ K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Re Reynolds number m  
x Thickness m  ‫א‬
t Time sec  ‫א‬
T Temperature °C or K ‫א‬‫א‬
Initial Temperature ,inside ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ti °C or K
Temperature  ‫א‬‫א‬
u Internal energy, velocity kJ
kg
m
s  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
U Overall heat transfer coefficient m ⋅ °C
2
‫א‬
3
v Specific volume ,velocity m
kg
m
s  ‫א‬‫א‬
V Total volume m3  ‫א‬
W& power kW  ‫א‬
α Absorptivity ; Thermal diffusivity, m2
sec  ‫א‬
-٢٤٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Emissivity ;heat exchanger or fin

ε
effectiveness
-  ‫א‬
η fin Fin efficiency -  ‫א‬
µ Dynamic viscosity kg
m ⋅ sec
, Pa ⋅ sec ‫א‬‫א‬
v Kinematic viscosity m2
sec ‫א‬‫א‬
ρ Density
kg
m3
 ‫א‬
σ Stefan-Boltzmann constant - 
τ Transmissivity, Shear stress - ‫א‬،‫א‬
atm Atmospheric -  
cyl Cylinder -  ‫א‬
e Electrical -  
i Inlet, initial, or indoor conditions -  
o Outdoor conditions -  
rad Radiation -  ‫א‬
s Surface -  ‫א‬
surr Surrounding Surface -  ‫א‬‫א‬
sys System -  
w wall -  ‫א‬‫א‬
∆ Difference -  ‫א‬
∞ Ambient conditions -  ‫א‬‫א‬
-٢٤٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬،K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K١٩٨٢K‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
١٩٨٢K‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
KL،‫א‬LK‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
KJ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K١٩٩٢J ‫א‬L،‫א‬‫ א‬.٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1. Heat Transfer: A practical Approach- Yunus A. Cengel, McGraw-Hill
1998
2. Heat Transfer, J P Holman, 8th edition – 1997.
3. Heat Transfer, Lindon C. Thomas,1992.
4. Principles of Refrigeration, Dossat,4th ed. 1997.
5. Engineering Fluid Mechanics, Roberson-Crowe.1995.
6. Applied Thermodynamics, Eastop & McConkey, 5th ed. 1996.
7. Classical Thermodynamics, Gordon Van Wylen, Richard Sonntag, 4th ed
1994.
-٢٤٥-
 ‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٧  W‫א‬
٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠  
١٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
١٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٦  ‫א‬‫א‬
١٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦  
٢٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦  
٢٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٤  ‫א‬‫א‬U ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٧  ‫א‬‫א‬
٤١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٥٠  
٥١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
٥٤  ‫א‬
٥٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦٤  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٦٥  
٦٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٦٦  ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
٧٠  ‫א‬
٧٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٨٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨٣  ‫א‬
٨٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
٨٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٨٧  ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬
٨٨  ‫א‬
٩٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
٩٤  ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬
٩٥  ‫א‬
٩٦  ‫א‬
٩٧  
٩٩  
١٠٠  ‫א‬
١٠١  
١٠٢  ‫א‬
١٠٤  ‫א‬
١٠٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٦  
١٠٦  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
١٠٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٩  
١١٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٢٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
١٢٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٢٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
١٢٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٢٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
١٣٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٣٤  
١٣٥  W‫א‬‫א‬
١٣٧  ‫א‬
١٣٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٣٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٢  ‫א‬
١٤٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٣  ‫א‬
١٤٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٦٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٦٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٧١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٧١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ١٠١  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
١٧٤  ‫א‬
١٧٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٧٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٨١  E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
١٨٢  ‫א‬
١٨٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٣  W‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٥  
١٩٦  W‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢١٢  W‫א‬‫א‬
٢١٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
٢٢٨  W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٢٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٤٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
٢٤٥  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
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اساسيات علم الحراريات والموئع

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اساسيات علم الحراريات والموئع

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K٤

10-2 c  centi 102 h hecto

10-3 m  milli 103 k kilo

10-12 p pico 1012 T  tera‫א‬

Modes of Heat Transfer W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Fourier's Law of Heat ConductionW‫א‬‫א‬

Thermal Conductivity W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫ﺟﻬﺎز ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة‬

A composite plane wall ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Heat conduction through hollow ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Natural convection WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 Forced convection :E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 Newton Law of Cooling

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٤J ٢F

1000 = h × (120 − 20)

Rconvi Rwall Rconvo

Rconvi Rwal Rconvo

Rconvi Rw2 Rconvo

Rconvi Rw2 Rconvo

q = 1.736 × (1.5 × 0.8) × (20 − 10) = 20.832 W

Rconvi Rcyl Rconvo

Rconvi Rcyl R‫ﻋﺎزل‬ Rconvo

Thermal Insulation ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

∴ T1 = To + q × ∑ R = 30 + 80 × ( 0.76 + 0.18 ) = 105 °C

 Rel > 5×10 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، Rl < 5 × 10 5 

 q = h × A × (Tw − T∞ ) = 7.657 × (1 × 1) × (60 − 15) = 344.56 W

Heat Transfer from Finned Surfaces :‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ E٢٦J٢F  

‫א‬‫א‬ E٢٧J٢F 

 W(2-29, 2-30, 2-32)‫א‬

Blackbody Radiation W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Eb = σ × T 4 = (5.669 × 10 −8 )(800) 4 = 23224 W

Absorptivity, Reflectivity & Transmissivity W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻌﺮ‬ F1--1 0

 ‫א‬‫א‬Ki j 

16 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.8mm‫א‬‫א‬K3500 W/m2 C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Rconvi Rcyl Rconvo

= 1.25 + 0.08 = 1.33 cm

 Specific weight γ‫א‬‫א‬L٢

Specific volume v :‫א‬‫א‬L٣

 Specific Gravity SG‫א‬‫א‬L٤

1bar = 100000 N ( m ) = 100kPa

  P = 509 kPa = 5.09 bar

‫ ﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬٤-٣ ‫ﺸﻜل‬

 PB = 1023 × 9.81 × 200

PA − PB = 3.011 × 10 6 − 2.007 × 10 6 = 1.004 × 10 6 Pa

p1( guage ) = p1 − p0( atm )

= 134721.1 − 101.3 × 1000

 Pressure Measurement ‫א‬

  Types of Fluid Flow‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Fluids in Motion ‫א‬‫א‬

 A1 = π4 × d12 = π4 × (0.05) 2 = 0.001963 m 2

Energy of a liquid in motion ‫א‬‫א‬

 Pressure Energy ‫א‬

∴v = 2 ghv = 2 × 9.81 × 0.4 = 2 .8 m

 v 2 = 7.5 m / sec ‫א‬

µ × 10000 995 × 10 − 6 × 10000

∴Q = 0.372 lit = 22.3 lit

Concrete ‫א‬ 0.3-3

 Cost Iron 0.26

Galvanized Iron 0.15