 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ١٠٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
١٦١
  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  

 
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
‫א‬  ? ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ?  ?  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬       
  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬–٢
K‫א‬–٣
K‫א‬–٤
، ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬( RTD )‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K(Thermistor)‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  

، (Venturi )
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
،(Hot  ‫א‬‫א‬، (Rotameter )‫א‬، (Orifice)‫א‬
wire anemometer)

 K (Pitot tube)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

١
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –١
 K‫א‬–٢
 
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

-١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬١ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J١ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
 K‫א‬‫א‬–٢
 K‫א‬–٣
 K‫א‬–٤
 K‫א‬–٥
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬٢ J١ J١
، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬، ‫א‬EFW‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،٩٧‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٩٧‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢
 
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
-٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١
 
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE، ،،، ، F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E،،،،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ISOF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١F

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

  ‫א‬   ١
m Length Meter
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ٢
Kg Mass Kilogram
   ‫א‬   ٣
s Time Second
A ‫א‬   ٤
 ‫א‬ Ampere
Ampere
K ‫א‬‫א‬   ٥
Kelvin Kelvin
 E١F

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K٢١٠Z‫א‬×‫א‬Z‫א‬W
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٥-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
1012 T  ‫א‬
109 G  
106 M  
103 k  
102 h  
10 da  
10-1 d  
10-2   c  
10 -3   mm  
10-6  µ  
10-9   n  
 10-12 p  
10-15 f  
10-18 a  
 E٢F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

-٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  Kg • m s 2 N    ‫א‬
 ٢
LK
 K J    ‫א‬
N•m
 L  W  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
J/s
 L‫א‬ V  ‫א‬‫א‬
w/A
 L Ohm   ‫א‬
V/A  ‫א‬
  N m2 Pa    ‫א‬
٢
L
 E٣F
 

-٧-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 WE٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
ft  ‫א‬    ١
lb  ‫א‬     ٢
S  ‫א‬    ٣
A ‫א‬    ٤
F°     ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬
lbf  ‫א‬     ٦
 E٤F
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬–
 ١٠٠Z١
 ١٠Z١
 W‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬١٠٠٠Z‫א‬١
 W‫א‬–
 ٠{٢٣٩Z١
 E٥F
-٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬–
 ٣٠{٤٨Z‫א‬
 ٠{٣٠٤٨Z‫א‬
 ١٢Z‫א‬
 W‫א‬–
 ٢،٢Z‫א‬١
 W‫א‬–
 ٤،٤٥Z١
 W‫א‬–
 ١٠٥٥ZEBTUF‫א‬١
 W‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬٠{٧٤٦Z‫א‬٧٤٦Z١
 E٦F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
9
F ο = C ο + 32
5
  W‫א‬‫א‬
ο 5 ο
C = ( F − 32)
9
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K = C ο + 273.15
 W
  F ο ‫א‬‫א‬
  C ο ‫א‬‫א‬
  K ‫א‬‫א‬
-٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W
W‫א‬‫א‬KE 25C ο F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K–K–
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
9
F ο = C ο + 32
5
9
  = × 25 + 32
5
= 77C ο
 W‫א‬
K = 77 + 273
= 350 K

-١٠-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬ J٢
 
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

-١١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬٣ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬١ J٣ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬–٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬–٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٤
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬–٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬–٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

D
  E= × 100%
T
 W
   EZ‫א‬‫א‬
 TZ ‫א‬‫א‬
D Z‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 KE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٠،١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E°١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E°١١F
11 − 10
= × 100 %
 E 10
E = 10 %

-١٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

-١٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬٤ J١
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬١ J٤ J١
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J J‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣

-١٥-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤ J١
 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
M
 S =
V
 
‫ א‬=S
‫א‬‫א‬=M
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬=V
 
 
 

-١٦-
 ‫א‬
E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ٢ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬١ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١
K‫א‬٣ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١

 

- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E٠{٠٥FE٠{١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 E١–٢F
 
‫א‬E٠{١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬،E١ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬H١٢Z
 ٠{٣H١٢Z 
 ١٢{٣Z

- ١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 KE٥١FE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 KE٠{٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 KE٥١{٨٠F‫א‬‫א‬ J٤

E٢–٢F

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥

- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
 
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬٣ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬E٠{٠١F
 E٣ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

E٣–٢F
 
٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٠{٥F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٠{٠١F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
١٥٣٠٥١٠
K‫א‬  J٣
 KE٥٠FE٢٥F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 

- ٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E‫א‬F‫א‬١ J٣ J٢
،E٠{٠١F‫א‬،E٥{٢٥F‫א‬‫א‬E٣–٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
 KE٠{٥FZ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE٥FZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢
 KE٠{٥FZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣
 KE٠{٢٨FZ٠{٥٠LE٠{٥×٠{٢٨FZE٢٨FZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٤
 KE٥{٧٨FZE٠{٢٨H٠{٥H٥FZ‫א‬‫א‬–٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٢
E٢{١٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
E٢{١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
KE٢{١٤F‫א‬‫א‬E٠{٠٤F‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E٥٠F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
KE٠{٠١

- ٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 
E٤–٢F

- ٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٢

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 KE٩×٣٥FE١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J EF
KE٩×٣٠FE١٠٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J E
F
KE٩×٢٠FE٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J E
F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

E٥–٢F
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ، ‫א‬ EF  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( 00F ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E0F ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1FK‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E2 FK‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٢٨ -
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 

 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

  ١ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K E ١٠٠F‫א‬
 K١٨٠E
 ٢١٢F‫א‬E
 ٣٢F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K  ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 
 
 
- ٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

:‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{E١ J٣F}
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

E١–٣F

 
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 K ٣٨{٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K ٢٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٣٨{٨
 
 
- ٣١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  ٧٨{٣٣   ١٠٠ J  ‫א‬  K١
  ٣٦{١١   ١٣٠{٥٦ J    K٢
  ١١٠{٥٥   ٩٢{٢٢ J    K٣
 E٨F
 

 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٣٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K
 K‫א‬E٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K ٧٦‫א‬ ١٠٠‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠
 
 ‫א‬
،١٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٣٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬٣ J٣
K ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢–٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

‫أﻧﺒﻮب ﺑﻮردن‬

E٢–٣F

 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 
 E F‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
0To 50C  K١
 CH3CL

‫א‬‫א‬
 90To 170 C  K٢
CH3CH2OH

 
-180To -130C  K٣
N2

E٩F



 

 

- ٣٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{٢}
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Steady State)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
( Bimetallic strip Thermometer)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ( -30 to 550 C° )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K٪١

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬

‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮم‬

‫ذراع‬ ‫ ﺷﻜﻞ‬U

‫ﻟﻮﻟﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺣﻠﺰوﻧﻲ‬

‫وردة‬

‫ﻟﻮﻟﺒﻲ ﻣﺰدوج‬

E٣–٣F

 
 

- ٣٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F
 
 K( Blower )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K( Steady State )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 

- ٣٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٣
‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬E٤–٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 

E٤–٣F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬E‫א‬F
 
- ٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 
Type Thermocouple Max. Max.thermo-
Temperature volltageV0 at 0
C
T  Cu-CuNi 400 C° 20.869 mV
E NiCr-CuNi 1000 C° 76.352 mV
 J Fe-CuNi 1200 C° 69.536mV
K NiCr-Ni 1372 C° 54.865 mV
 E١٠F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E٥–٣F
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬FEF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F
 
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
E 
 
 F
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ (Type K )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٤٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٤٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

(Positive temperature cefficient) ( PTC )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R2 = R1 [1 + αET2-T1F ] ( 1)
 
 
 W
 KT2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬R2
 KT1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬α
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
R = R0 [ 1 + aT + bT ] (2)
 
 

 W
 KT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R
 KT0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R0
 K‫א‬a, b
 
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬(Wheatstone Bridge)‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- ٤٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

E٦–٣F
 
( R3 ) (R2 R1)
 ‫א‬‫א‬( R4 )  ‫א‬ ( G )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
R R
4
= 2

R 3 R 1

Or
R2
R4 = R3 ×
R1
 KE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( R4 )
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-220 to 600 C°
، ‫א‬،
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬

 
 
 
- ٤٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬FRTD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬E ١٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

- ٤٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K(Thermistor)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٤٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،( PTC)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
⎛ B (
1
−
1
) ⎞
 R = R × ⎜ e ⎟
T To
⎝ ⎠
o

W
 B Z‫א‬
 R° Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 TZEF‫א‬‫א‬
 TºZ( 293 K)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

- ٤٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬( (Negative temperature coefficient)NTC)‫א‬‫א‬

–0.01 K–
 W(NTC)‫א‬(PTC)‫א‬
 
(NTC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (PTC)E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
   
300 Cº-100 Cº‫א‬ 600 Cº-200 Cº ‫א‬
   
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١
 
 

- ٥٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 (Thermistor) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧F
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 
 W‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
––
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ١ J٤
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬(A)‫א‬(F) ‫א‬( P )‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
F
 P =
A
 KLZ‫א‬،(Pascal)‫א‬‫א‬
 KE Patm F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  1atm = 101325 N
2
W
m
 WEpsiF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1 atm = 14.7 psi
 
  ( Atmospheric Pressure )‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 1 bar = 100000 Pascal = 100 Kilopascal
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،( Absolute Pressure )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K Pg–( Gauge Pressure )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
P abs
= P atm
+P g
 
P abs
= P atm
−P vac

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬Pvac

- ٥٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،،( U )W‫א‬
 
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬،،W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٥٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
( ρgh )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( ρ )( A )( h )‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬( g )
 

E١–٤F
 
 
 E∆PF‫א‬E١–٤F‫א‬
 
 
∆P = ρ g (∆h)

‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬، ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ( mm Hg, mm H2O )‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K( P = ρgh )‫א‬
 

- ٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫ﻣﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ذو اﻟﺴﺎق اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﺑﺎروﻣﺘﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺎﺋﻞ‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‬

E٢–٤F
 

- ٥٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٤
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬ U‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 KU
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٥٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٥٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ٤ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KHelicalSpiralCK‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 


 
E٣–٤F

 
 
 
 
 

- ٥٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٤
‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

- ٥٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٦٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٤
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٦١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ‬

‫ﺟﻬﺎز ﻣﺮاد ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺗﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻜﺒﺲ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ‬

‫ﺻﻤﺎم ﺗﻬﻮﻳﺔ‬

E٤–٤F
 
 ‫א‬١ J٥ J٤
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 
F m× g
 P= =
A A
 
( g )،‫א‬( m )،‫א‬( A )،‫א‬( F )،‫א‬( P )
 K‫א‬
- ٦٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 K
 

- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٦٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ١ J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 Absolute Humidity ‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬

(R.H) Relative humidity ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

m p
 φ = =
v v

m v , saturated p v , sat .

 
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pv 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pv,sat 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬mv 
 ‫א‬‫א‬mvsat
( ω )‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
 
m p
ω = v
= 0 . 622 v

  m air p air

p
= 0 . 622 v

p − p
atm v

 
 Dew Point.E‫א‬F‫א‬ J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( Dry bulb temperature )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ( Wet bulb temperature)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K( Psychrometric chart )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬٢ J٥
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
 
 

 Hygrometer‫א‬١ J٢ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Lithium Chloride ) ‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬( Carbon Particle )‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،
 
 W‫א‬٣ J٢ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٥٢‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Dry Bulb Temperature )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Wet Bulb Temperature )E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Psychrometric Chart)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( Psychrometric Chart )‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( Humidstat )‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
KE٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K،،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ١ J٦
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K  J٢
K‫א‬  J٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K( v )‫א‬ELF‫א‬  J١
K( Q )‫א‬E٣LF‫א‬  J٢
•
 KE m F‫א‬ELF‫א‬  J٣
 
 ( Q )‫א‬١ J١ J٦
‫א‬(A ) EF( V ) ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬( Q )
 Q= V . A
•
 E m F‫א‬٢ J١ J٦
‫א‬( V )( A )( ρ )‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
•
 = ρ AV m
Continuity Equation‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١ J٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
• •
=
  mim o

ρ ×V × A = ρ ×V × A
i i i o o o

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 (Bernoulli Equation )٤ J١ J٦

( Incompressible Flow )‫א‬
  ‫א‬ 
 
 
2 2
P +V
1 1
+ g h = P +V 2 2
+ g h2
 
ρ1
2 1
ρ 2
2
 W
 K‫א‬P
 K‫א‬ρ
 K‫א‬V
 K‫א‬H
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬٥ J١ J٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬–١
• •

  m1 = m2
ρ ×V × A = ρ ×V × A
1 1 1 2 2 2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  V 1 × A1 = V 2 × A2
 ‫א‬–٢
2 2

  P1 + V 1 = P +V 2
2
ρg 2g ρg 2g
 ‫א‬‫א‬
∆P = P −P 1 2

  ρV 2 ⎡ ⎛
2
⎞
2
⎤
∆P = ⎢1 − ⎜ A 2 ⎟ ⎥
2g ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ A 1 ⎠ ⎦

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  A 2∆P
Q = 2
×
th .
⎛ ⎞
2 ρ
1 − ⎜ A 2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ A 1 ⎠

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
( Cd<1 )‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬( Friction Coefficient )‫א‬‫א‬
 
  Qactual = Cd ×Qth
 
 ( Venture )‫א‬٢ J٦
 ‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٦F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
C A × 2 (P 1 − P)
  Q act = d 2
× 2

⎛ ⎞
2 ρ
1− ⎜ A ⎟ 2
⎜ ⎟
⎝ A ⎠ 1

 
 W
 K‫א‬Cd
 K‫א‬A
 K‫א‬P
 

- ٧٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

E١–٦F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
KEVentureF‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
K‫א‬E١٦٠٢٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
( V )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
K(Q) ‫א‬(∆Pm) ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬  J١٠
K‫א‬
Qact = W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( V )‫א‬  J١١
V×A
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬( Orifice )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٧٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

(Orifice)‫א‬٣ J٦
 K( U )‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٦F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  C A × 2 (P 1 − P)
Q = d 2
× 2
act
⎛ ⎞
2 ρ
1− ⎜ A ⎟ 2
⎜ ⎟
⎝ A ⎠ 2

 W
 K( 0.65 )‫א‬Cd
 K‫א‬‫א‬A1
 K‫א‬A2
 K‫א‬‫א‬P1-P2
 K‫א‬ ρ

E٢–٦F

- ٧٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ( Orifice )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٦

 KE٣–٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
K‫א‬EOrificeF‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
K‫א‬E١٦٠٢٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(V)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
K( Q ) ‫א‬ ( ∆Pm ) ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬  J٩
K‫א‬
QAct =  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( V )‫א‬ J١٠
V×A

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٧٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٧٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

( Rotameter )‫א‬٤ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫؛‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

E٣–٦F
 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٢‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( 120 l/s )( 30 l/s ) ‫א‬K‫א‬
- ٧٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( x )‫א‬ ( Q )‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Q = A + B×x
 K‫א‬( A, B )
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٦
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
( Q ).‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( Q ) ‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( Q )

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٧٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،،،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٨٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ( Hot Wire Anemometer )‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٦

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EL٠{٠٣F
E٠{٠٢٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K( I2×R )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 I
2
× R = h × A × (T w
− T f
)
h = C 1
+ C 2
× V

 W
KEF‫א‬I
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R
K‫א‬‫א‬TW
K‫א‬‫א‬TF
K‫א‬C1,C2
K‫א‬A
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬h
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٨١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K،،،
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٨٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ( Petit Tube )٦ J٦

‫א‬E٤ J٦F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

E٤–٦F
 
 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- ٨٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

P tot
= P st
+ P dyn

P dyn
= P tot
− P st

  ρU
2

P =
dyn
2
2∆P
U =
ρ
 K‫א‬( U )
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
1
mgH + mV Z‫א‬
2

2
 W
 K‫א‬V
 K‫א‬m
K‫א‬‫א‬H
 ، ‫א‬EF‫א‬
1 2
mgh = mgH +
2 V
m

  or
V = 2 g (h − H )
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eh-HF‫א‬
 W( Q )
 
= A × V
 Q
Q = A × 2 g (h − H )
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

- ٨٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٦ J٦
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬  ‫א‬( V )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 
Q=A×V
 KE٣،٢F‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٨٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢ 
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 
 W
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٨٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،،‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬–٤ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
 
 
 
 

- ٨٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،،‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E°١٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬E°١٤F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١ 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢ 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣ 
 
 W
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٨٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E٤F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬، ، ،،‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬–٢ 
 K‫א‬–٣ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١F‫א‬  J١
KE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١F‫א‬
 W‫א‬–٢ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
 
- ٨٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E٥F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،،‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
   E‫א‬F    E‫א‬F
       
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
   E‫א‬F    E‫א‬F
       
 
 W
 
 
 

- ٩٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E٦F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،،،‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
   E‫א‬F    E‫א‬F
       
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
   E‫א‬F    E‫א‬F
       
 
 W
 
 
 

- ٩١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E٧F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،،،‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
       
       
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
       
       
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –٣ 
 
 W

- ٩٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E٨F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،،،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٩ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠ 
 W
 
 

- ٩٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E٩F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ،،، ‫א‬ 
 K،
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
( mV )‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
     ١
     ٢
     ٣
     ٤
     ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢ 
 KE٢،١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣ 
 W
 

- ٩٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E١٠F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٤ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٩٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E١١F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Thermister )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬–٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٤ 
 
 W
 
 
 
 

- ٩٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E١٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،( U )‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١F‫א‬–١ 
 K( U )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –٣ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤ 
 KE٦FE١F‫א‬–٥ 
 KE٤FE٢F‫א‬‫א‬–٦ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( ∆P )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٧
 K‫א‬
 
 W
 
 
 
 
 
- ٩٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E١٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،،‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬–١ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣ 
 
 
 W
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٩٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E١٤F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
( Pascal ) ( kg )
   
   
   
   
   
 KE٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣
 
 W
 
 

- ٩٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E١٥F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
 
 W
 
 
 
 
- ١٠٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E١٦F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،،،،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K( A1 )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 K( A2 )‫א‬  J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
 K‫א‬
 
 W
 
 
 
 
- ١٠١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E١٧F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Orifice )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،،‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K( A1, D1 )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 K( A2, D2 )‫א‬  J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
 K‫א‬
 K( D2 )‫א‬E٧FE١F‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
 
 W
 
 
 
- ١٠٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E١٨F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Rotameter )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،،،،،‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬–٣ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
Qrot V ( m/s )
   
   
   
   
   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٤ 
 
 W
 
 

- ١٠٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E١٩F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،،،‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
( A )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Q =V ×A
 
W‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
     
     
     
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤ 
 
 W
 

- ١٠٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E٢٠F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،،‫א‬،، 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–١ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( v )‫א‬–٢ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬( Q )‫א‬–٣ 

  Q = V × A ،A= 0.031 m2
 W‫א‬‫א‬–٤ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
     
     
     
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٥ 
 
 W
 

- ١٠٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤،٣،٢،١W‫א‬W ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬٪١٠٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬  J
   ‫א‬
 
 W
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 

- ١٠٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤،٣،٢،١W‫א‬W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬٪١٠٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬  J
   ‫א‬
 
 W
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٠٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤،٣،٢،١W‫א‬W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬٪١٠٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫ א‬ J
  
‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
   ‫א‬
 
 W
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 

- ١٠٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤،٣،٢،١W‫א‬W ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬٪١٠٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬  J
   ‫א‬
 
 W
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٠٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤،٣،٢،١W‫א‬W ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬٪١٠٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬  J
   ‫א‬
 
 W
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 

- ١١٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  W١
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬–‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬–‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬– 
 
 W٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
  W٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  W٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
A – 1 m2 = ? ft2.
B – 1 kg = ? lbm.
C – 30 C° = ? F°.
D – 2 bar = ? psi.

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  W١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫؟‬،
 
  W٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
  W٣
 W 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  
 
  W٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
  W٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  W٦
 ‫؟‬،‫א‬ 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  W١ 
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬WEFW‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ 
 
  W٢ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
 
 
 

- ١١٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

  W٣ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE١F‫א‬‫א‬–١ 
 KEK،١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢ 
 KEK،٠١F‫א‬–٣ 
 
  W٤ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢ 
 
 W٥
A – 1 ft = 0.304 m 
2 2 2
1 m = ( 1/0.304) ft

B – 1 lbm = 0.4536 kg
1 kg = ( 1/0.4536 ) lbm

C - F° = 1.8 C° + 32
= 1.8(30) + 32
= 86

D – 1 bar = 14.5 psi

2 bar = 2 ( 14.5) psi
= 29 psi
 
  

- ١١٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W١ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٤ 
 
  W٢ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١ 
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢ 
 K
  
  W٣ 
 K( Zero Pressure )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬W٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬–١ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬–٣ 

- ١١٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

  W٥ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K( U )‫א‬‫א‬–١ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬–٢ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬–٣ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 K‫א‬  J٢
 

- ١١٦ -
  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬ 
‫א‬
 Bimetallic Strip Thermometer  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Steady State  ‫א‬‫א‬
 Blower  ‫א‬
Thermocouples ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Wheatstone Bridge 
Atmospheric Pressure ‫א‬‫א‬
Absolute Pressure ‫א‬‫א‬
Absolute Humidity ‫א‬‫א‬
Relative Humidity ‫א‬‫א‬
Dew Point ‫א‬
Dry Bulb Temperature ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Wet Bulb Temperature ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Psychrometric Chart ‫א‬‫א‬
Continuity Equation ‫א‬‫א‬
Incompressible Flow 
Venture ‫א‬
Orifice ‫א‬
 
  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K١٩٩٩،‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،–١
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،KK–٢
 K١٩٦٨،‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬
 
3 – Ernest O. Doebelin, Measurement Systems Application and Design, Fourth
Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1990.

4 – Douglas, Gasiorek, Swaffield; Fluid Mechanics, Pitman Publishing

Limited, London; 1979.
  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  

  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ RTD
 ‫א‬ Kg
 ‫א‬ A
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ISO
 ‫א‬ N
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ V
 ‫א‬ Ohm
 ‫א‬ Pa
 ‫א‬ ft
 ‫א‬ E
 ‫א‬ S
 ‫א‬ R
 ‫א‬‫א‬ T
 ‫א‬ F
 ‫א‬ A
 ‫א‬‫א‬ Pabs
 ‫א‬‫א‬ Patm
 ‫א‬ Pvac
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Pg
 ‫א‬ ρ
 ‫א‬ g
 ‫א‬ m
  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ω
 ‫א‬‫א‬ φ
 ‫א‬‫א‬ mair
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ mv
 ‫א‬‫א‬ mv,sat
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Pv
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Pv,sat
 ‫א‬ Q
 ‫א‬ V
 ‫א‬‫א‬ Qth
 ‫א‬‫א‬ Qact
 ‫א‬ Cd
 ‫א‬‫א‬ Tw
 ‫א‬‫א‬ Tf
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ h
 ‫א‬‫א‬ Pst
 ‫א‬‫א‬ Ptot
 ‫א‬‫א‬ Pdyn
 
  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
.................................................................................................................................................................. 
.................................................................................................................................................................. 
١ .............................................................................................................................. ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢ .................................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬
٢ ...................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣ .................................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬
٤ ...................................................................................................................‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١١ ................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٢ ........................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬
١٢ ............................................................................................................................................‫א‬
١٣ ............................................................................................................................................ ‫א‬
١٤ .........................................................................................................................‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٥ ................................................................................................................................................ ‫א‬
١٥ .................................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬
١٦ ............................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬
١٨ .................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٨ ............................................................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠ ................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢١ ........................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٣ .................................................................................................................................... E‫א‬F‫א‬
٢٣ ............................................................................................................................‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٥ ................................................................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦ ................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦ ........................................................................................................................................‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٧ ...........................................................................................................................................‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٨ ........................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
٣٠ ............................................................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٣١ ...................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٣١ ...................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٢ .......................................................................................................................................... :‫א‬‫א‬
٣٤ ............................................................................................................................................... E١F
- ٣٦ - ........................................................................................................................................... {٢}
٣٩ ............................................................................................................................................... E٣F
  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  

٤٠ ............................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٤١ ............................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٤ ..................................................................................................................................................... E٤F
- ٤٧ - ........................................................................................................................................... E٥F
- ٤٨ - ........................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٠ ...................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥١ - ........................................................................................................................................... E٧F
- ٥٢ - .................................................................................................. ( Atmospheric Pressure )‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٣ - .................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٦ - ........................................................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٧ - ............................................................................................................................ W‫א‬‫א‬
٦١ ....................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
٦٢ ......................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٢ - ...................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬
- ٦٤ - ......................................................................................................................... ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٦ - ..................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬
- ٦٦ - .................................................................................................................. Hygrometer‫א‬L 
- ٦٧ - ................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L 
- ٦٧ - ................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬L 
٧٠ ................................................................................................................‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٣ .......................................................................................................................................‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٧٤ ............................................................................................................................ ( Q )‫א‬
•
٧٤ ................................................................................................................................. E m F‫א‬
٧٤ ....................................................................................................... Continuity Equation‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧١ - ...................................................................................................... (Bernoulli Equation )
- ٧١ - ..................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٢ - .............................................................................................................................. ( Venture )‫א‬
٧٧ ............................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨٢ ........................................................................................................................................ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٨١ .............................................................................................. ( Orifice )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨٢ ....................................................................................................................................‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٨٣ ............................................................................................................................ ( Rotameter )‫א‬
٨٤ ............................................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨٥ ................................................................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ١٦١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  

٨٧ .................................................................................................... ( Hot Wire Anemometer )‫א‬‫א‬

٨٧ ................................................................................................................................ W‫א‬‫א‬
٨٨ ............................................................................................................................( Petit Tube )
٩٠ ........................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١١ - .................................................................................................................................. E١F‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٢ - .................................................................................................................................. E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
١١٨............................................................................................................................ E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٢٠............................................................................................................................E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٠ - ...................................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 