 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 103

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
103
   103  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  

 
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
‫א‬  ? ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ?  ?  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬       
   103  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
K‫א‬–3
K‫א‬–4
{ ‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬( RTD )‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
K(Thermistor)‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
   103  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  

{ (Venturi )
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
{(Hot wire anemometer)‫א‬‫א‬{ (Rotameter )‫א‬{ (Orifice)‫א‬
 K(Pitot tube)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

1
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬–2
 
 K٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

-1-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬1 J1
 ‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J1 J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬{
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬–4
 K‫א‬–5
-2-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬2 J1 J1
{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{ ‫א‬EFW‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{97‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬97‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

-3-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 
 K٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
-4-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬2 J1
 
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE{{{{{F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E{{{{F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ISOF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 WE1F

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

  ‫א‬   1
m Length Meter
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 2
Kg Mass Kilogram
   ‫א‬   3
s Time Second
A ‫א‬   4
 ‫א‬ Ampere
Ampere
K ‫א‬‫א‬   5
Kelvin Kelvin
 E1F

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 K210Z‫א‬×‫א‬Z‫א‬W
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-5-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
1012 T  ‫א‬
109 G  
106 M  
103 k  
102 h  
10 da  
10-1 d  
10-2   c  
10 -3   mm  
10-6  µ  
10-9   n  
 10-12 p  
10-15 f  
10-18 a  
 E2F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

-6-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  Kg • m s 2 N    ‫א‬
 2
LK
 K J    ‫א‬
N•m
 L  W  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
J/s
 L‫א‬ V  ‫א‬‫א‬
w/A
 L Ohm   ‫א‬
V/A  ‫א‬
  N m2 Pa    ‫א‬
2
L
 E3F
 

-7-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 WE4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
ft  ‫א‬    1
lb  ‫א‬     2
S  ‫א‬    3
A ‫א‬    4
F°     5
 ‫א‬‫א‬
lbf  ‫א‬     6
 E4F
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬–
 100Z1
 10Z1
 W‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬1000Z‫א‬1
 W‫א‬–
 0,239Z1
 E5F
-8-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬–
 30.48Z‫א‬
 0,3048Z‫א‬
 12Z‫א‬
 W‫א‬–
 2،2Z‫א‬1
 W‫א‬–
 4،45Z1
 W‫א‬–
 1055ZEBTUF‫א‬1
 W‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬0.746Z‫א‬746Z1
 E6F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
9
F ο = C ο + 32
5
  W‫א‬‫א‬
ο 5 ο
C = ( F − 32)
9
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K = C ο + 273.15
 W
  F ο ‫א‬‫א‬
  C ο ‫א‬‫א‬
  K ‫א‬‫א‬
-9-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W
W‫א‬‫א‬KE 25C ο F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K–K–
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
9
F ο = C ο + 32
5
9
  = × 25 + 32
5
= 77C ο
 W‫א‬
K = 77 + 273
= 350 K

-10-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J1
 K‫א‬ J2
 
 K٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

-11-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬3 J1
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬{‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬1 J3 J1
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬–3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
 K‫א‬

-12-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬–5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬–6
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

D
  E = × 100%
T
 W
   EZ‫א‬‫א‬
 TZ ‫א‬‫א‬
D Z‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 KE1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE0،1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E°10F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E°11F
11 − 10
E = × 100 %
  10
E = 10 %

-13-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

-14-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬4 J1
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬1 J4 J1
 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J J‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{  ‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –1
‫א‬‫א‬
 { ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3

-15-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬2 J4 J1
 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{E1F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
M
 S =
V
 
‫ א‬=S
‫א‬‫א‬=M
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬=V
 
 
 

-16-
 ‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

2
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 2 J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬1 J1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J1
K‫א‬3 J1
K‫א‬‫א‬4 J1

 

- 17 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J2

 K٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

- 18 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{E0,05FE0,1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1 J2F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 E1–2F
 
‫א‬E0,1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1 J2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ {  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E1 J2F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬{E1 J2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬H12Z
 0.3H12Z 
 12.3Z

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J2 J2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1
 KE51FE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J2
 KE0,8F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J3
 KE51,80F‫א‬‫א‬ J4

E2–2F

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J5

- 20 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
 
 K٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬3 J2
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬E0.01F
 E3 J2F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

E3–2F
 
 50 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬، E0.5F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE0,01F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
1530510
K‫א‬  J3
 KE50FE25F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 

- 22 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E‫א‬F‫א‬1 J3 J2
{E0,01F‫א‬{E5,25F‫א‬‫א‬E3–2F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 KE0,5FZ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 KE5FZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 KE0,5FZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 KE0,28FZ0,50LE0,5×0,28FZE28FZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
 KE5,78FZE0,28H0,5H5FZ‫א‬‫א‬–5
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J3 J2
E2,14F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
E2.1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
KE2.14F‫א‬‫א‬E0,04F‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E50F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
KE0,01

- 23 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 
E4–2F

- 24 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J2
 
 K٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- 25 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 J2
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J4 J2

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

E9×35FE10F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J EF
 K
E9×30FE105F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J E
F
K
KE9×20FE5F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J E
F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- 26 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

E5–2F
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J4 J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- 27 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬3 J4 J2

‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ، ‫א‬ EF  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( 00F ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J1
‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E0F ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1FK
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E2 FK‫א‬‫א‬  J4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 

- 28 -
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

3
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫ א‬K1
K‫א‬ K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
 

 K٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

- 29 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

  1-3

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K E 100F‫א‬
 K180E
 212F‫א‬E
 32F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K  ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬K1
K‫א‬ K2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
 
 
 
- 30 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

:‫א‬‫א‬3 J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ {E1 J3F}
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

E1–3F

 
 J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ 
 K 38.3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K 260‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،38,8
 
 
- 31 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  78.33   100 J  ‫א‬  K1
  36.11  130.56 J    K2
  110.55   92.22 J    K3
 E8F
 

 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- 32 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 K‫א‬‫א‬
{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
 K
 K‫א‬E5F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K 76‫א‬100‫א‬
  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬100
 
 ‫א‬
،100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- 33 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬3 J3
K ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2–3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

‫أﻧﺒﻮب ﺑﻮردن‬

E2–3F

 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

- 34 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 
 E F‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
0To 50C  K1
 CH3CL

‫א‬‫א‬
 90To 170 C  K2
CH3CH2OH

 
-180To -130C  K3
N2

E9F



 

 

- 35 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{2}
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K2
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Steady State)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
( Bimetallic strip Thermometer)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 J3
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
 ( -30 to 550 C° )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K٪1

- 36 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬

‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮم‬

‫ذراع‬ ‫ ﺷﻜﻞ‬U

‫ﻟﻮﻟﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺣﻠﺰوﻥﻲ‬

‫وردة‬

‫ﻟﻮﻟﺒﻲ ﻣﺰدوج‬

E3–3F

 
 

- 37 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3F
 
 K( Blower )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
K( Steady State )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 

- 38 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{{‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5 J3
 ‫א‬
   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬E4–3F‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 

E4–3F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬E‫א‬F
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 
Type Thermocouple Max. Max.thermo-
Temperature volltageV0 at 0
 C
T  Cu-CuNi 400 C° 20.869 mV
E NiCr-CuNi 1000 C° 76.352 mV
 J Fe-CuNi 1200 C° 69.536mV
K NiCr-Ni 1372 C° 54.865 mV
 E10F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E5–3F
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE ‫א‬‫א‬FEF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 42 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4F
 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
E 
 
 F
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ (Type K )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K4
K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K6
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K7
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- 43 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- 44 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

(Positive temperature cefficient) ( PTC )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6 J3

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R2 = R1 [1 + αET2-T1F ] ( 1)
 
 
 W
 KT2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬R2
 KT1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬α
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
R = R0 [ 1 + aT + bT ] (2)
 
 

 W
 KT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R
 KT0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R0
 K‫א‬a, b
 
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬(Wheatstone Bridge)‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- 45 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

E6–3F
 
( R3 ) (R2 R1)
 ‫א‬‫א‬( R4 )  ‫א‬ ( G )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
R R
4
= 2

R 3 R 1

Or
R2
R4 = R3 ×
R1
 KE1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( R4 )
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-220 to 600 C°
K‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬

 
 
 
- 46 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬FRTD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5F
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬E 100F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4
K‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

- 47 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K(Thermistor)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- 48 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬7 J3
‫א‬‫א‬ 
{‫א‬{( PTC)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 B (
1
−
1
) 
 R = R o
× 

e T To 

W
 B Z‫א‬
 R° Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 TZEF‫א‬‫א‬
 TºZ( 293 K)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬( (Negative temperature coefficient)NTC)‫א‬‫א‬

–0.01 K–
 W(NTC)‫א‬(PTC)‫א‬
 
(NTC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (PTC)E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
   
300 Cº-100 Cº‫א‬ 600 Cº-200 Cº ‫א‬
   
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1
 
 

- 50 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 (Thermistor) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E7F
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
 
 W‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
––
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- 51 -
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

4
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 1 J4
{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬(A)‫א‬(F) ‫א‬( P )‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
F
 P =
A
 KLZ‫א‬{(Pascal)‫א‬‫א‬
 KE Patm F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N
  1atm = 101325 2
W
m
 WEpsiF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1 atm = 14.7 psi
 
  ( Atmospheric Pressure )‫א‬‫א‬2 J4
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 1 bar = 100000 Pascal = 100 Kilopascal
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{( Absolute Pressure )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K Pg–( Gauge Pressure )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
P abs
= P atm
+P g
 
P abs
= P atm
−P vac

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬Pvac

- 52 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬{{( U )W‫א‬
 
 K٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬{{W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 

- 53 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
( ( ρgh )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( ρ )( A )( h )
 K‫א‬‫א‬g )
 

E1–4F
 
 
 E∆PF‫א‬E1–4F‫א‬
 
 
∆ P = ρ g (∆ h )

‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{ ‫א‬{ ‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬ ( mm Hg, mm H2O )‫א‬‫א‬
 K( P = ρgh )‫א‬
 

- 54 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫ﻣﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ذو اﻟﺴﺎق اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﺑﺎروﻣﺘﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺎﺋﻞ‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‬

E2–4F
 

- 55 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J3 J4
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬ U‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
 KU
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٪100‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- 57 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 4 J4
‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KHelicalSpiralCK‫א‬
{
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
E3–4F

 
 
 
 
 

- 58 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬1 J4 J4
‫א‬{‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬ K2
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5

- 59 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- 60 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬5 J4
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- 61 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ‬

‫ﺟﻬﺎز ﻣﺮاد ﻣﻌﺎیﺮﺕﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻜﺒﺲ ﺕﺤﻜﻢ‬

‫ﺻﻤﺎم ﺕﻬﻮیﺔ‬

E4–4F
 
 ‫א‬1 J5 J4
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 
F m× g
 P= =
A A
 
( g ){ ‫א‬( m ){ ‫א‬( A ){ ‫א‬( F ){
 ‫א‬( P )
 K‫א‬
- 62 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬100‫א‬‫א‬K4
 K
 

- 63 -
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

5
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٪100‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- 64 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 1 J5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 Absolute Humidity ‫א‬‫א‬ J1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬

(R.H) Relative humidity ‫א‬‫א‬ J2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

m p
 φ = =
v v

m v , saturated p v , sat .

 
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pv 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pv,sat 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬mv 
 ‫א‬‫א‬mvsat
( ω )‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
 
m p
ω = v
= 0 . 622 v

  m air p air

p
= 0 . 622 v

p atm
− p v

 
 Dew Point.E‫א‬F‫א‬ J 4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 65 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( Dry bulb temperature )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ( Wet bulb temperature)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K( Psychrometric chart )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬2 J5
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J3
 
 

 Hygrometer‫א‬1 J2 J5
‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- 66 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J2 J5

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Lithium Chloride ) ‫א‬  J1
‫א‬‫א‬( Carbon Particle )‫א‬  J2
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬{
 
 W‫א‬3 J2 J5
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬152‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Dry Bulb Temperature )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Wet Bulb Temperature )E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Psychrometric Chart)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 J2 J5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( Psychrometric Chart )‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K6
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( Humidstat )‫א‬‫ א‬K7
KE6F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- 68 -
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

6
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 K٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K،،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

- 69 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 1 J6
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
K  J2
K‫א‬  J3
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K( v )‫א‬ELF‫א‬  J1
K( Q )‫א‬E3LF‫א‬  J2
•
 KE m F‫א‬ELF‫א‬  J3
 
 ( Q )‫א‬1 J1 J6
‫א‬(A ) EF( V ) ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬( Q )
 Q= V . A
•
 E m F‫א‬2 J1 J6
‫א‬( V )( A )( ρ )‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
•
  m = ρ AV
Continuity Equation‫א‬‫א‬3 J1 J6
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
• •
=
  mim o

ρ ×V × A = ρ ×V × A
i i i o o o

 

- 70 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 (Bernoulli Equation )4 J1 J6

( Incompressible Flow )‫א‬
  ‫א‬ 
 
 
2 2
P +V
1 1
+ g h = P +V 2 2
+ g h2
 
ρ1
2 1
ρ 2
2
 W
 K‫א‬P
 K‫א‬ρ
 K‫א‬V
 K‫א‬H
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬5 J1 J6
 ‫א‬‫א‬–1
• •

  m1 = m2
ρ ×V × A = ρ ×V × A
1 1 1 2 2 2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  V 1 × A1 = V 2 × A2
 ‫א‬–2
2 2

  P1 + V 1 = P +V 2
2
ρg 2g ρg 2g
 ‫א‬‫א‬
∆P = P −P 1 2

  ρV 2  
2

2

∆P = 1 −  A 2  
 
2g 
  A 1 



- 71 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  A 2∆P
Q th .
= 2
2
×
ρ
 A 
1 −  2 
 
 A 1 

  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
( Cd<1 )‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬( Friction Coefficient )‫א‬‫א‬
 
  Qactual = Cd ×Qth
 
 ( Venture )‫א‬2 J6
 ‫א‬،   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1 J6F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
C A × 2 (P 1 − P)
  Q act = d 2
× 2

 
2 ρ
1−  A  2
 
 A  1

 
 W
 K‫א‬Cd
 K‫א‬A
 K‫א‬P
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

E1–6F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J2 J6
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
K‫א‬‫א‬  J2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J3
KEVentureF‫א‬‫א‬  J4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J5
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J6
K‫א‬E160200F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J7
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J8
( V )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J9
K(Q) ‫א‬(∆Pm) ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬  J10
K‫א‬
Qact = W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( V )‫א‬  J11
V×A
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬( Orifice )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪100‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

(Orifice)‫א‬3 J6
 K( U )‫א‬‫א‬E2 J6F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  C A × 2 (P 1 − P)
Q act
= d 2
2
×
ρ
2

 
1−  A  2
 
 A  2

 W
 K( 0.65 )‫א‬Cd
 K‫א‬‫א‬A1
 K‫א‬A2
 K‫א‬‫א‬P1-P2
 K‫א‬ ρ

E2–6F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ( Orifice )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J3 J6

 KE3–6F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
K‫א‬‫א‬  J2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J3
K‫א‬EOrificeF‫א‬‫א‬  J4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J5
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J6
K‫א‬E160200F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J7
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(V)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J8
K( Q ) ‫א‬ ( ∆Pm ) ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬  J9
K‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( V )‫א‬  J10
QAct = V×A

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

( Rotameter )‫א‬4 J6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫؛‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

E3–6F
 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K٪2‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( 120 l/s )( 30 l/s ) ‫א‬K‫א‬
- 78 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( x )‫א‬ ( Q )‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Q = A + B×x
 K‫א‬( A, B )
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J4 J6
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J1
K‫א‬‫א‬  J2
( Q ).‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  J4
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J5
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( Q ) ‫א‬‫א‬  J6
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( Q )

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- 79 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،،،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- 80 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ( Hot Wire Anemometer )‫א‬‫א‬5 J6

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EL0,03F
E0,025F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E25F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J1
K‫א‬‫א‬  J2
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K( I2×R )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 I
2
× R = h × A × (T w
− T f
)
h = C 1
+ C 2
× V

 W
KEF‫א‬I
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R
K‫א‬‫א‬TW
K‫א‬‫א‬TF
K‫א‬C1,C2
K‫א‬A
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬h
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

- 81 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K،،،
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- 82 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ( Petit Tube )6 J6

‫א‬E4 J6F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

E4–6F
 
 
K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- 83 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

P tot
= P st
+ P dyn

P dyn
= P tot
− P st

  ρU
2

P dyn
=
2
2∆P
U =
ρ
 K‫א‬( U )
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
1
mgH + mV Z‫א‬
2

2
 W
 K‫א‬V
 K‫א‬m
K‫א‬‫א‬H
 { ‫א‬EF‫א‬
1 2

2 V
mgh = mgH + m

  or
V = 2 g (h − H )
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eh-HF‫א‬
 W( Q )
 
= A × V
 Q
Q = A × 2 g (h − H )
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

- 84 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J6 J6
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
‫א‬  ‫א‬( V )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
 
Q=A×V
 KE3{2F‫א‬‫א‬  J4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J6
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- 85 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E1F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{{
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2 
 K‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 
 W
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- 86 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E2F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K{{‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬{ ‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 –4 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
 
 
 
 

- 87 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E3F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K{{‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E°13F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬E°14F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3 
 
 W
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- 88 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E4F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{{{{‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1 
 K‫א‬‫א‬–2 
 K‫א‬–3 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE1F‫א‬  J1
KE1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE1F‫א‬
 W‫א‬–2 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
 
- 89 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E5F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{{{‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
   E‫א‬F    E‫א‬F
       
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
   E‫א‬F    E‫א‬F
       
 
 W
 
 
 

- 90 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E6F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬{{{‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
   E‫א‬F    E‫א‬F
       
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
   E‫א‬F    E‫א‬F
       
 
 W
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E7F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬{{{‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
       
       
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
       
       
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3 
 
 W

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E8F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{{{‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K{‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J2 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J3 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J4 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J5 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J6 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J7 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J8 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J9 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J10 
 W
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E9F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ {{{ ‫א‬ 
 K{
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
( mV )‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
     1
     2
     3
     4
     5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2 
 KE2{1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3 
 W
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E10F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{{‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E11F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Thermister )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬{{‫א‬{‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4 
 
 W
 
 
 
 

- 96 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E12F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{( U )‫א‬{‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE1F‫א‬–1 
 K( U )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J4 
 KE6FE1F‫א‬–5 
 KE4FE2F‫א‬‫א‬–6 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( ∆P )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–7
 K‫א‬
 
 W
 
 
 
 
 
- 97 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E13F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K{{‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬–1 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3 
 
 
 W
 
 
 
 
 
 

- 98 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E14F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
( Pascal ) ( kg )
   
   
   
   
   
 KE2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 
 W
 
 

- 99 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E15F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬{
 ‫א‬{ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J6
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J7
 
 W
 
 
 
 
- 100 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E16F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬{{{{‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K( A1 )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
 K( A2 )‫א‬  J2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J5
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J7
 K‫א‬
 
 W
 
 
 
 
- 101 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E17F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Orifice )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K{{‫א‬{{‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K( A1, D1 )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
 K( A2, D2 )‫א‬  J2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J5
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J7
 K‫א‬
 K( D2 )‫א‬E7FE1F‫א‬‫א‬  J8
 
 W
 
 
 
- 102 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E18F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Rotameter )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬{{{{{‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2 
 W‫א‬‫א‬–3 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
Qrot V ( m/s )
   
   
   
   
   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4 
 
 W
 
 

- 103 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E19F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬{{{‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1
( A )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Q =V ×A
 
W‫א‬‫א‬E2F‫א‬‫א‬ J3
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
     
     
     
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J4 
 
 W
 

- 104 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E20F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬{{‫א‬{{ 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–1 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( v )‫א‬–2 
 W‫א‬‫א‬( Q )‫א‬–3 

  Q = V × A {A= 0.031 m2
 W‫א‬‫א‬–4 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
     
     
     
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5 
 
 W
 

- 105 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 4{3{2{1W‫א‬W ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬٪100W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪80W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
 ٪100‫א‬‫א‬  J
   ‫א‬
 
 W
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 4{3{2{1W‫א‬W ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬٪100W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪80W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 ٪100‫א‬‫א‬  J
   ‫א‬
 
 W
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 

- 107 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 4{3{2{1W‫א‬W ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬٪100W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪80W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 
‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
٪100‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
   ‫א‬
 
 W
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 

- 108 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 4{3{2{1W‫א‬W ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬٪100W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪80W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 ٪100‫א‬‫א‬  J
   ‫א‬
 
 W
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- 109 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 4{3{2{1W‫א‬W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬٪100W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪80W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 ٪100‫א‬‫א‬  J
   ‫א‬
 
 W
 
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 

- 110 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E1F‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  W 1
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬–‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬–‫א‬– 
 ‫א‬– 
 
 W2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
  W 3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  W 4
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
A – 1 m2 = ? ft2.
B – 1 kg = ? lbm.
C – 30 C° = ? F°.
D – 2 bar = ? psi.

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E2F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  W 1
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫؟‬
 
  W 2
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
  W 3
 W 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬  
 
  W 4
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
  W 5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  W 6
 ‫؟‬{‫א‬ 
 
 

- 112 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  W1
{ ‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬{ ‫א‬W EFW‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ 
 
  W2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬  J2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J3
 
 
 

- 113 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

  W3
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE1F‫א‬‫א‬–1 
 KEK{1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2 
 KEK{01F‫א‬–3 
 
  W4
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2 
 
 W5
A – 1 ft = 0.304 m 
2 2 2
1 m = ( 1/0.304) ft

B – 1 lbm = 0.4536 kg
1 kg = ( 1/0.4536 ) lbm

C - F° = 1.8 C° + 32
= 1.8(30) + 32
= 86

D – 1 bar = 14.5 psi

2 bar = 2 ( 14.5) psi
= 29 psi
 
  

- 114 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4 
 
  W2
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –1 
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2 
 K
  
  W3
 K( Zero Pressure )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬W4
 K‫א‬‫א‬–1 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2 
 K‫א‬‫א‬–3 

- 115 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

  W5
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K( U )‫א‬‫א‬–1 
 K‫א‬‫א‬–2 
 K‫א‬‫א‬–3 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W6
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J1
 K‫א‬  J2
 

- 116 -
   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 Bimetallic Strip Thermometer  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Steady State  ‫א‬‫א‬
 Blower  ‫א‬
Thermocouples ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Wheatstone Bridge 
Atmospheric Pressure ‫א‬‫א‬
Absolute Pressure ‫א‬‫א‬
Absolute Humidity ‫א‬‫א‬
Relative Humidity ‫א‬‫א‬
Dew Point ‫א‬
Dry Bulb Temperature ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Wet Bulb Temperature ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Psychrometric Chart ‫א‬‫א‬
Continuity Equation ‫א‬‫א‬
Incompressible Flow 
Venture ‫א‬
Orifice ‫א‬
 
   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K1999{‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{–1
 
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{KK–2
 K1968{‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬
 
3 – Ernest O. Doebelin, Measurement Systems Application and Design, Fourth
Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1990.

4 – Douglas, Gasiorek, Swaffield; Fluid Mechanics, Pitman Publishing

Limited, London; 1979.
   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  

  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  RTD
 ‫א‬  Kg
 ‫א‬  A
 ‫א‬‫א‬  K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ISO
 ‫א‬  N
 ‫א‬  J
 ‫א‬  W
 ‫א‬‫א‬  V
 ‫א‬  Ohm
 ‫א‬  Pa
 ‫א‬  ft
 ‫א‬  E
 ‫א‬  S
 ‫א‬  R
 ‫א‬‫א‬  T
 ‫א‬  F
 ‫א‬  A
 ‫א‬‫א‬  Pabs
 ‫א‬‫א‬  Patm
 ‫א‬  Pvac
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   Pg
 ‫א‬  ρ
 ‫א‬  g
 ‫א‬  m
   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ω
 ‫א‬‫א‬  φ
 ‫א‬‫א‬  mair
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  mv
 ‫א‬‫א‬  mv,sat
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   Pv
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Pv,sat
 ‫א‬  Q
 ‫א‬  V
 ‫א‬‫א‬  Qth
 ‫א‬‫א‬  Qact
 ‫א‬  Cd
 ‫א‬‫א‬  Tw
 ‫א‬‫א‬  Tf
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  h
 ‫א‬‫א‬  Pst
 ‫א‬‫א‬  Ptot
 ‫א‬‫א‬  Pdyn
 
   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
.................................................................................................................................................................. 
.................................................................................................................................................................. 
1 .............................................................................................................................. ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
2 .................................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬
2 ...................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3 .................................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬
4 ...................................................................................................................‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
11 ................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
12 ........................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬
12 ............................................................................................................................................‫א‬
13 ............................................................................................................................................ ‫א‬
14 .........................................................................................................................‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
15 ................................................................................................................................................ ‫א‬
15 .................................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬
16 ............................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬
18 .................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
18 ............................................................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
20 ................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
21 ........................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
23 .................................................................................................................................... E‫א‬F‫א‬
23 ............................................................................................................................‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
25 ................................................................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
26 ................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
26 ....................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
27 ...........................................................................................................................................‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
28 ........................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
30 ............................................................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
31 ...................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
31 ...................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
32 .......................................................................................................................................... :‫א‬‫א‬
34 ...............................................................................................................................................E1F
- 36 - .......................................................................................................................................... {2}
39 ...............................................................................................................................................E3F
   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  

40 ............................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
41 ............................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
44 .....................................................................................................................................................E4F
- 47 - ........................................................................................................................................... E5F
- 48 - ........................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
50 ...................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 51 - ........................................................................................................................................... E7F
- 52 - .................................................................................................. ( Atmospheric Pressure )‫א‬‫א‬
- 53 - .................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- 56 - ........................................................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 57 - ............................................................................................................................ W‫א‬‫א‬
61 ....................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
62 ......................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- 62 - ...................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬
- 64 - ......................................................................................................................... ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- 66 - ..................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬
- 66 - .................................................................................................................. Hygrometer‫א‬L 
- 67 - ................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L 
- 67 - ................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬L 
70 ................................................................................................................‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
73 ...................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
74 ............................................................................................................................ ( Q )‫א‬
•
74 ................................................................................................................................. E m F‫א‬
74 ....................................................................................................... Continuity Equation‫א‬‫א‬
- 71 - ...................................................................................................... (Bernoulli Equation )
- 71 - ..................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
- 72 - .............................................................................................................................. ( Venture )‫א‬
77 ............................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
82 ........................................................................................................................................ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
81 .............................................................................................. ( Orifice )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
82 ....................................................................................................................................‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
83 ............................................................................................................................ ( Rotameter )‫א‬
84 ............................................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
85 ................................................................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   103  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  

87 .................................................................................................... ( Hot Wire Anemometer )‫א‬‫א‬

87 ................................................................................................................................ W‫א‬‫א‬
88 ............................................................................................................................( Petit Tube )
90 ........................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 111 - ................................................................................................................................. E1F‫א‬‫א‬
- 112 - ................................................................................................................................. E2F‫א‬‫א‬
118 ........................................................................................................................... E1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
120 ........................................................................................................................... E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 120 - ...................................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
 
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