‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
٢٣١
  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ، 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬?‫?א‬? ‫א‬‫א‬ ?‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫؛‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬       ‫א‬     
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬E ٢٣١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EHF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬   ‫א‬ E TDM F ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEBasebandF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫؛‬EPassbandF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 
 K٣W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

-١‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
Introduction to Digital Communications

Signal Types‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J١

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E AnalogF J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E DigitalF J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Signal Signal

Time Time

  
  J J
 
 EF‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J١‫א‬
 
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
 Analog Communication Systems‫א‬ J
 Digital Communication Systems‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EDeterministic SignalsF‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ERandom SignalsF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EPeriodF‫א‬‫א‬EPeriodic SignalsF‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬EAperiodic SignalsF‫א‬ J
 
E Sinusoidal Signals F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬EPulse SignalsF‫א‬‫א‬ENonsinusoidalF‫א‬
 KEKKK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F
 
General Block Diagram‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J١‫א‬
 K
 
 
‫ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬
 
‫ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬ TX
Source Coding Channel Coding Multiplexing Band-pass
Formatting
  Modulation

 
 
‫ﻓﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬
  ‫ﻓﻚ اﻟﺘﻌﺪد‬ ‫آﺸﻒ اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة‬ Band-pass RX
Formatting Source Decoding
 
Channel Decoding Demultiplexing
Demodulation

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١‫א‬
-٣‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 Information Source‫א‬
،،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬EKKK،،،
 KEKeyboard‫א‬F
 
  Formatting‫א‬
 E Digital Symbols F    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
EQuantizationF‫א‬ESamplingF‫א‬
 KEQuantized LevelsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Source Encoding‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   KE Redundant Information F
 KEAnalog to Digital ConversionF
 
 Channel Encoding‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E ChannelsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Multiplexing‫א‬
K‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ E Time Division Multiplexing F ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
‫א‬E Code Division Multiple AccessF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ TDM‫א‬‫א‬
 KCDMA‫א‬‫א‬
   
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  Band-pass Digital Modulation‫א‬‫א‬

E Digital WaveformsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   E Radio Frequencies F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬EAudio FrequenciesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Band-pass Digital Demodulation‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Demultiplexing ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 Channel Decoding‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Source Decoding‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ESynchronizationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E EncryptionF‫א‬
 KEDecryptionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital ‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J١

Communications
 
 W‫א‬
  
K‫א‬‫א‬ERegenerationF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
KEM-aryF‫א‬
KE‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬EHardwareF‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬ETDM and CDMAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬FDM
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
K‫א‬ K٩
 
 W‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، F ‫א‬ ‫א‬       K١
KE64 kb/s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4kHz‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ESynchronizationF‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 
 
-٦‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 KEBERF‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 KEBWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 Digital Coding‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 Morse Code ١ J٤ J١
‫א‬E ١٨٣٦‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  E Dash F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ E Dot F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K٣ J١‫א‬
 

-٧‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 ٣ J١‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KE●FE▬F J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 ١ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 A, F, X, 4, 8
 W‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 A  ● ▬
 F  ● ● ▬ ●
 X  ▬ ● ● ▬
 4  ● ● ● ● ▬
8 ▬ ▬ ▬ ● ●
, ▬ ▬ ● ● ▬ ▬
 
-٨‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 Baudot Code ٢ J٤ J١

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ١٨٧٠F‫א‬‫א‬
 E   32   F      KE Teleprinter F ‫א‬
 K٤ J١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 
 
 E٤ J١F‫א‬
 ASCII  ٣ J٤ J١
 
American Standard Code for Information  F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
E Data Communications F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    E Interchange
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥ J١‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬K128‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٩‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 ٢ J١
 KASCII‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A, N, y, 9, :
 W‫א‬
A → 1 0 0 0 0 0 1, N → 0 1 1 1 0 0 1, y→ 1001111

9→ 1001110 : →0101110

- ١٠ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
ASCIIE٥ J١F‫א‬

- ١١ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  J
  J
  J
  J
  J
  J
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٧
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬K٩
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٢
C, m, p, 1, 7
 KASCII‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٣
K, W, s , 6, ), +
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ J 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬ J 
 
 
 K٥W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  Sampling Theory‫א‬ J٢ 

 ١ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    K 
 ‫א‬   E ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 KESamplingF‫א‬
E Continues-time Signal F   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬      E Discrete-time Signal F    
‫א‬‫א‬ESampling TimeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J٢F‫א‬E J١ J٢F‫א‬KTs
 K‫א‬E J١
x(t)
Xs(t)

t t
-Ts 0 Ts 2Ts 3Ts ……

-‫أ‬- -‫ب‬-
 
 
 EF‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢‫א‬
 
Unit Impulse Signal ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J٢
 

- ١٣ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،٢ J٢ ‫א‬     δ(t)  
 K‫א‬
p(t) δ(t)

A
1
τ

time time

-‫أ‬- -‫ب‬-
 
 EF‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٢F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J 


  (t ) dt  1

(1-2)

 K٣ J٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ١٤ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

3δ(t-5) 4δ(t) 2δ(t+1)

4
3 2

t t t
5 0 -1

-3δ(t-4) -2δ(t+3) 5δ(t-6)

5

4 -3 t t
t
6
-2
  -3
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٢F‫א‬
،٤ J٢‫א‬
 W‫א‬

P (t )   a  (t  n T )
n  
s (2-2)

 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬a
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ts
 K‫א‬n
 
p(t)

a
· · · · · · t
-2Ts -Ts 0 Ts 2Ts 3Ts

 
 E٤ J٢F‫א‬

- ١٥ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K 
 
 ١ J٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 3 δ(t + 2) J-5 δ(t - 4) J8δ(t - 3) J
 
 
 W‫א‬
8δ(t-3)
-5δ(t-4) 3δ(t+2)
8

4 t t
t
3 0 -2

  -5
 
 ١ J٢E٥ J٢F‫א‬
 
 ٢ J٢
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
5
P(t )   2  (t  n T )
n  3
s

 KTs = 2ms
W‫א‬

- ١٦ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

p(t)

2
t
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

 ٢ J٢٦ J٢‫א‬

 Fourier Transform  ٣ J٢

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E Time DomainF‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KE tF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KEOscilloscopeF‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،E Frequency DomainF‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬KE fF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KESpectrum Analyzer F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Fourier  F     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
Periodic SignalsF‫א‬‫א‬EFourier SeriesF،EMethod
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFourier Transform FE
 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
،‫א‬‫א‬ X(ω)‫א‬ x(t)،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬

- ١٧ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  


 x(t ) e
 jt
X ( )  dt (3-2)

 
 .radian/second ‫ ( وﺗﻘﺎس ﺑﻮﺣﺪة‬Angular Frequency ) ‫ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺮدد اﻟﺰاوي‬ω
KEω = 2πfF‫א‬‫א‬،f‫א‬‫א‬

  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  x(t) ،‫א‬  X(ω)،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬


1
 X ( ) e
 jt
x(t )  d (4-2)
2 
 
١ J٢‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
F F
 Km(t) M(ω)W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢‫א‬
Time Function, f(t) Frequency Spectrum, F(ω)
δ(t) 1
u(t) π δ(ω) + 1/j ω
1 2π δ(ω)
e-at u(t) 1/(a + j ω)
sin (2πfot) 0.5 [ δ(f-fo) - δ(f-fo) ]
cos (2πfot) 0.5 [ δ(f-fo) + δ(f-fo) ]
te-at u(t) 1/(a + j ω)2
 

- ١٨ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

Rectangular Pulse ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٢

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،
 K٧ J٢‫א‬K‫א‬
 
AT Sinc (ω T/2)
p(t) AT
F
A

ω
t
-T/2 T/2 -2ω1 -ω1 ω1 2ω1

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Esinc x = sin x/x F‫א‬WSinc
Pulse Width،E‫א‬F‫א‬WT
 Amplitude،E‫א‬F‫א‬WA
 Fundamental Frequency،E= 2π/TFE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Wω1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E = 4π/TF ‫א‬‫א‬W2ω1
 Ksinc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 
 K٨ J٢‫א‬٣ J٢
 

- ١٩ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

p(t)

t
-4 4

 E٨ J٢F‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬A = 3T = 8،‫א‬
ω1 = 2π/T = 2π/8 = π/4, 2ω1 = 4π/T = 4π/8 = π/2, …..
 W

24 Sinc (ω 8/2)
24

- π/2 -π/4 π/4 π/2

  
 ٣ J٢E٩ J٢F‫א‬ 
 
 Triangular Pulse ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٢
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K١٠ J٢‫א‬
 

- ٢٠ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

AT Sinc2 (ω τ/2)

p(t)
F
A

ω
t
-τ τ -2ω1 -ω1 0 ω1 2ω1
 
‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٢F‫א‬
 
K‫א‬τ‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬W2τ
Amplitude،E‫א‬F‫א‬WA
 Fundamental Frequency،E= 2π/ τFE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Wω1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E= 4π/ τF‫א‬‫א‬W2ω1
‫א‬‫א‬Ksinc2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 K١١ J٢‫א‬٤ J٢
 
p(t)

t
-5 5
 
 E١١ J٢F‫א‬
 
- ٢١ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 W‫א‬
 
10 Sinc2 (ω 5/2)
10

-4π/5 -2π/5 0 2π/5 4π/5

  
 ٤ J٢E١٢ J٢F‫א‬ 
 
 Sampling Theory ‫א‬٤ J٢
 
E Audio F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،E VideoF‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E Analog to Digital ConversionF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
KED/AF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EA/DF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EtF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E SamplingF‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬      K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٢٢ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

Ideal Sampling ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٢

 
E Unit ImpulsesF δ(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬m(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KTsE Sampling PeriodF‫א‬
        Kms(t)    ‫א‬ Ts ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

p (t )    (t  n T )
n  
s (2-)

ms (t )  m(t )  p(t ) (2-6)

 
ms (t )   m(t )  (t  n T )   m(T )  (t  n T )
n  
s
n  
s s (2-7)

‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٣ J٢ ‫א‬ 
   E Multiplier or Mixer F ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬


m(t) ms (t )   m(T )  (t  n T )
n  
s s


p (t )    (t  n T )
n  
s

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٢F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬fsESampling FrequencyF‫א‬Ts
،  ‫א‬   ١٤ J٢ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٣ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
‫א‬F m(t)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P(f)  ‫א‬ p(t)‫א‬ M(f) ‫א‬E  W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، KMs(f)  ‫א‬ ms(t) ‫א‬
W‫א‬

1
P( f ) 
Ts
 ( f  nf )
n  
s (8-2)


1
Ms( f ) 
Ts
 M ( f  nf )
n  
s (9-2)

 
 δ(f)‫א‬‫א‬E Unit ImpulseF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ١٥ J٢‫א‬KM(f)‫א‬،M(f)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٤ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

m(t)

p(t)

t
Ts 2Ts 3Ts 4Ts

ms(t)

t
Ts 2Ts 3Ts 4Ts

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٢F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬Ms(f)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٥ J٢‫א‬
KEfsF‫א‬M(f)
‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E LPFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KW‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٥ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

M(f)

f
-W W

P(f) fs = 1/Ts

1/Ts

f
-2fs -fs 0 fs 2fs

LPF Ms(f)

A/Ts
· · ·
f
-2fs -fs -W W fs 2fs

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٢F‫א‬

 Sampling Theorem ‫א‬٢ J٤ J٢

 
،E WF W‫א‬ m(t)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

f s  2W (10-2)
 
،‫א‬‫א‬ KNyquist fs = 2W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Nyquist‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٦ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ٥ J٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬m(t)
  fs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 KNyquist٪٢٠
M(f)

f , kHz
-5 5
 
 
 W‫א‬
W‫א‬5kHzm(t)،‫א‬
 
fs = ( 1 + 0.2 ) × 2 × 5 kHz = 12 kHz

‫א‬ 12 m(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬
K2 kHzE Guard BandF،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬fc‫א‬
 
5 kHz < fc < 7 kHz

‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٧ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

M(f)

f, kHz
-5 5

P(f) fs = 1/Ts

1/Ts

f, kHz
-24 -12 0 12 24

LPF Ms(f)

A/Ts
· · ·
f
-24 -12 -5 0 5 7 12 17 24
 
 
 ٥ J٢E١٦ J٢F‫א‬
 
 ٦ J٢
‫א‬K‫א‬E ١٧ J٢‫א‬F m(t) 
 KNyquistfs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
W‫א‬5kHzm(t)١٧ J٢‫א‬
 
fs = 2 × 5 kHz = 10 kHz

،‫א‬‫א‬E Guard BandF،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬
- ٢٨ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

M(f)

f, kHz
-5 5

P(f) fs = 1/Ts

1/Ts

f, kHz
-20 -10 0 10 20

LPF Ms(f)

A/Ts
· · ·
f
-20 -10 -5 0 5 10 20
 
 
 ٦ J٢E١٧ J٢F‫א‬
 
 ٧ J٢
 
‫א‬K‫א‬E ١٨ J٢‫א‬F m(t)
 KNyquist٪٢٠fs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
W‫א‬5kHzm(t)١٨ J٢‫א‬
 
fs = ( 1 – 0.2 ) × 2 × 5 kHz = 8 kHz

- ٢٩ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫א‬    E Guard Band F     ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬EAliasingF‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
M(f)

f, kHz
-5 5

P(f) fs = 1/Ts

1/Ts

f, kHz
-20 -10 0 10 20

LPF Ms(f)

A/Ts
· · ·
f
-16 -8 -5 0 5 8 16
 
 ٧ J٢E١٨ J٢F‫א‬
 
Natural Sampling ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤ J٢
 
‫א‬ p(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  KTs        m(t) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 Kms(t)‫א‬Ts‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

p (t )   h(t  n T )
n  
s (11-2)

- ٣٠ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 KE h(t) 1 for 0  t  τ, h(t)  0 otherwise F‫א‬‫א‬h(t)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٨ J٢‫א‬
 


m(t) ms (t )   m(t ) h(t  n T )

n  
s


p(t )   h(t  n T )
n  
s

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٩ J٢F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ٢٠ J٢‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٣١ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

m(t) M(f)
F

f
t
-W W
p(t) F P(f)
sinc ‫ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ داﻟﺔ‬

f
t
Ts -2fs -fs fs 2fs
ms(t) F Ms(f)

f
t
Ts 2Ts 3Ts

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠ J٢F‫א‬
،‫א‬ P(f)W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .f = 1/τ‫א‬
KMs(f)‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFlat-topF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE Natural SamplingF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K٢١ J٢‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬
  

- ٣٢ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

X(t) X(t)

t t

-‫ب‬- -‫أ‬-
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬،‫א‬٢١ J٢‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ٣٣ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 12 δ(t + 9) J-5 δ(t + 3) J4δ(t - 7) J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
8
 
P(t )   4 (t  n Ts )
n  5  
 
 W‫א‬ J٥
p(t)

t
-1 1
 
 W‫א‬ J٦
p(t)

t
-2 2
 
 ‫؟‬δ(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

    ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬    ‫א‬  x(t)     J٩
  fs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
KNyquist٪٢٥
P(ω)

ω
-6 6
 
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬x(t) J١٠
fs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 KNyquist٪١٠
P(ω)

ω
-5 5
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١١
 K20%‫א‬Nyquist fs ‫א‬W = 10kHz  J 
 K40%‫א‬Nyquist fs ‫א‬W = 8kHz  J 
 KNyquist fs ‫א‬W = 4kHz  J 
 K20%‫א‬Nyquist fs ‫א‬W = 15kHz  J 
 
 

- ٣٥ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EPAMF‫א‬‫א‬ J 
  
 EPWMF‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 EPPMF‫א‬‫ א‬ J 
 
 
 K٤W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٤ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  Pulse Modulation ‫א‬ J٣ 

 
 ١ J٣
،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    K   
،‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J٣‫א‬KEKKK،،،F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ERectangular PulseF‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ‬a - Square Wave

‫ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺔ‬b- Triangular wave

‫ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﺴﻨﻨﺔ‬c- Sawtooth wave

 ‫א‬١ J٣‫א‬

- ٣٥ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬،AEAmplitudeF‫א‬،E٢ J٣‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
KEFrequencyF‫א‬TEPeriodF‫א‬،τEWidthF
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬EUnipolarF‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣ J٣‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬EBipolarF‫א‬‫א‬
 
P(t)

f = 1/T
A
τ
t
T/2 T

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٣F‫א‬

P(t) f = 1/T

A/2
t
T/2 T

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٣F‫א‬ 
 
E ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E PM‫א‬ FM‫א‬،AM‫א‬F‫א‬
 KESinusoidal WaveF‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 
- ٣٦ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 WEAnalog Pulse ModulationF‫א‬‫א‬ J

 
 KPAM‫א‬‫א‬EPulse Amplitude ModulationF‫א‬ J  
 KPWM‫א‬‫א‬EPulse Width ModulationF‫א‬ J  
 KPPM‫א‬‫א‬EPulse Position ModulationF‫א‬ J  
 
 WEDigital Pulse ModulationF‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KPCM‫א‬‫א‬EPulse Code ModulationF‫א‬ J 
 KDM‫א‬‫א‬EDelta ModulationF J 
 
EBaseband ModulationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Pulse Amplitude Modulation‫א‬٢ J٣

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ESamplingF‫א‬
 K
EMultiplexingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   KE Transmission Media F ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٧ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

          E PAM F ‫א‬    
‫א‬،‫א‬،KE Noise PerformanceF ‫א‬
 KEPPMF‫א‬EPWMF‫א‬PAM
 KEPAMF‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣‫א‬
p(t)  
Carrier
 
 
 
t
 
 
x(t) Modulating Signal
 
t  
 
 
PAM PAM Modulated Signal
 
 
t  
 
 
 
 EPAMF‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬EPAMF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KEFlat Top SamplingF‫א‬‫א‬
 ١ J٣
‫א‬K‫א‬1 kHzx(t) 
 KEPAMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٨ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 W‫א‬
x(t)

Modulating Signal

t,ms
0.5 1

p(t) Carrier

PAM PAM Modulated Signal

 
 ١ J٣E٥ J٣F‫א‬
 
 PAM Modulator Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٦ J٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPAMF ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ESwitchF‫א‬‫א‬WEFETFQ1‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   “ON” ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   KE Sampling Gate F
 K‫א‬‫א‬“OFF”‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،x(t) ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬x(t)‫א‬‫א‬WOp-amp 1‫א‬
 E Voltage Follower F ‫א‬      WOp-amp 2 ‫א‬ 
 KRL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬op-amp 1‫א‬‫א‬WR‫א‬
  Kop-amp 1‫א‬‫א‬WR1 and R2‫א‬

- ٣٩ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 
EPAMF‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٣F‫א‬
 
 Pulse Width Modulation‫א‬٣ J٣
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 KEPWMF ‫א‬٧ J٣‫א‬
 
E TriangleFE SawtoothF،‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٨ J٣‫א‬EComparatorF‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٠ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  
p(t) Carrier

Modulating Signal

PWM PPM Modulated Signal

 
 EPWMF‫א‬E٧ J٣F‫א‬

 
PWME٨ J٣F‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ٢ J٣
K‫א‬ 10 kHzx(t)  
 KEPWMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬
x(t)

Modulating Signal

t,ms
1

p(t) Carrier

PWM

 
 ٢ J٣E٩ J٣F‫א‬
 
 Pulse Position Modulation‫א‬٤ J٣
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

- ٤٢ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،E PPM F ‫א‬    ١٠ J٣ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
p(t) Carrier

t
x(t)
Modulating Signal

PPM PPM Modulated Signal

t
  
 
 EPPMF ‫א‬E١٠ J٣F‫א‬
 
 ٢ J٣
 
K‫א‬         10 kHz x(t)    
 KEPPMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٣ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

x(t)

Modulating Signal

t, ms
0.5 1

p(t) Carrier

PPM

t
 
 
 ٣ J٣E١١ J٣F‫א‬

- ٤٤ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K5V100 kHz‫א‬ J٣
 ‫؟‬EPAMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 ‫؟‬EPAMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 
x(t)
Modulating Signal

t,ms

p(t) Carrier

t
(
PAM PAM Modulated Signal

 
 
 ‫؟‬EPPMF‫א‬EPWMF‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 ‫؟‬EPAMF‫א‬EPWMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨

- ٤٥ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
x(t)
Modulating Signal

t,ms

p(t) Carrier

t
(
PWM PWM Modulated Signal

t
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
x(t)
Modulating Signal

t,ms

p(t) Carrier

t
(
PPM PPM Modulated Signal

- ٤٦ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPCMF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 K٨W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٧ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫א‬ J٤ 
 
Pulse Code Modulation

 ١ J٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،PM‫א‬،FM‫א‬،AM‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،PWM‫א‬،PAM‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،PPM‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBaseband Digital ModulationF‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 KPCM ‫א‬‫א‬EPulse Code ModulationF‫א‬ J  
 EDifferential pulse code modulationF‫א‬‫א‬ J  
 KDPCM ‫א‬‫א‬
 KDM ‫א‬‫א‬EDelta ModulationF J  
 KADM ‫א‬‫א‬EAdaptive Delta ModulationF‫א‬ J  
 
 WEBass Band Digital ModulationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 KASK‫א‬‫א‬EAmplitude Shift KeyingF‫א‬‫א‬ J  
 KFSK‫א‬‫א‬EFrequency Shift KeyingF‫א‬‫א‬ J  
  KPSK‫א‬‫א‬EPhase Shift KeyingF‫א‬‫א‬ J  
‫א‬E M-ary ModulationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
KE QPSK, QAM, …F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٨ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  
PCM Block Diagram‫א‬٢ J٤
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E PCMF‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،E Binary WordsF
‫א‬‫א‬،E Alec ReevesF‫א‬ ١٩٣٧‫א‬ PCM‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEBell LabsF١٩٦٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KEPAMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EQuantizationF J 
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KEPCMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤‫א‬
 
x(t) PCM
‫ﻣﺮﺷﺢ‬ ‫أﺧﺬ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻤﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻣّﺰ‬
Filter Sampler Quantizer Encoder
Data

fc = fm fs ≥ 2fm
 
  EPCMF‫א‬١ J٤‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬x(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EfmF‫א‬
 KfmECutoff FrequencyF
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 KPAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 KEQuantized LevelsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬W‫א‬
KE Binary WordsF‫א‬E BinaryFE‫א‬F
W‫א‬EMF‫א‬‫א‬ENF‫א‬‫א‬

M  2N (1-4)

 W
 
N  Log 2 M (2-4)
 
‫א‬EPulse Code Modulated SignalF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KPCM‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
E‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬PCM
 PCM ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ERepeatersF‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 Quantization ‫א‬٣ J٤
 
E    F ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،  
  E Quantized Values F ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   
 W
 K‫א‬ERoundingF‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ETruncationF‫א‬ J
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ١ J٤
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
١ J٤
Value Rounding Truncation
2.1 2 2
3.89 3.9 3.8
22.16 22.2 22.1
5.89 5.9 5.8
0.45 0.5 0.4
0.29 0.3 0.2
 
 W‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ Uniform Quantization ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KEQuantized StepsF‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  
 ‫א‬Nonuniform Quantization ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
  Uniform Quantization ‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J٣ J٤
 
KE ΔVF‫א‬‫א‬ +V –V‫א‬ ٢ J٤‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
M = 2V/ ΔV
 
 

V
ΔV

t
0

-V
  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٤F‫א‬
 
 ٢ J٤
 
K256‫א‬‫א‬+10 V-10 V‫א‬m(t)
 KENormalizedF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 W‫א‬
 
 WEΔxF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
x   0.0039
256
 WEΔVF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
20V
V   0.0078V
256
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E UnipolarF‫א‬ J 
  KE
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E BipolarF‫א‬ J 
 KE
EMidtreadF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٣ J٤‫א‬‫א‬،KEMidriseF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

t t

Midrise Midtread
Quantizer Quantizer


 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٤F‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  Unipolar Encoding ‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J١ J٣ J٤

 
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E NF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E MF‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬   K    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
Quantized F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ETsF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ENormalizationF‫א‬‫א‬KESignal
Xu ≤ 1F‫א‬  Xu‫א‬KEActual ValueF‫א‬‫א‬
 4 N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE 0 ≤
 KE24 = 16F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
WΔXu‫א‬ENormalized Step SizeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

1 (3-4)
X u  2 N 
2N

WΔvu‫א‬EActual Step SizeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

vu  X u V fs  2 N V fs (4-4)
 
 KEFull-Scale VoltageF‫א‬‫א‬Vfs
 
WXu(max)‫א‬ K٣

X u (max)  1  X u  1  2 N (5-4)

WVu(max)‫א‬ K٤

vu (max)  X u (max) V fs (6-4)

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

WEu،EPeak Unipolar Normalized ErrorF‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

X u
Eu   2  ( N 1) (7-4)
2

Weu،EActual Peak Unipolar ErrorF‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

eu  Eu V fs  2 ( N 1) V fs (8-4)
 
 ٣ J٤
‫א‬،EVfs = 10 V F‫א‬‫א‬
 WKEN= 8F‫א‬‫א‬
 ΔXu‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
Δvu‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
Xu(max) K
Vu(max)‫א‬ K
 eu‫א‬K
 
 W‫א‬
  
  J
1 1
X u  2  N  2  8  8
  0.0039
2 256
  J

vu  X u V fs  0.0039 10 V  0.039 V

  J
X u (max)  1  X u  1  0.0039  0.9961
 J
vu (max)  0.9961  10V  9.961V

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  J
eu  Eu V fs  2 (8 1) 10V  29 10V  0.0195V

 KE10 VF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  Bipolar Encoding ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J١ J٣ J٤
 
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬FE MF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
E NF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E TsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KEQuantized SignalF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ENormalizationF ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬  
KE-1 ≤ Xb ≤1F‫א‬Xb‫א‬KEActual ValueF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬4N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE24 = 16F‫א‬‫א‬
 
WΔXb‫א‬ENormalized Step SizeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١

1
X b  2 N 1  N 1 (9-4)
2
WΔvb‫א‬EActual Step SizeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

vb  X b V fs  2 N 1 V fs (10-4)
 WXb(max)‫א‬ J٣

X b (max)  1  X b  1  2 N 1 (11-4)

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

WVb(max)‫א‬ J٤

vb (max)  X b (max) V fs (4-12)

 WEu،EPeak Unipolar Normalized ErrorF‫א‬‫א‬ J٥

X b
Eb   2 N (4-13)
2

Weu،EActual Peak Unipolar ErrorF‫א‬‫א‬ J٦

eb  Eb V fs  2 N V fs (4-14)
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٤ J٤
‫א‬،EVfs = ± 8V F‫א‬‫א‬
 WKEN= 6F‫א‬‫א‬
 ΔXb‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
Δvb‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
Xb(max) J
 Vb(max)‫א‬ J
 eb‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬
  J
1 1
X b  2  N  1  2  6  1  2  5    0.03125
25 32

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  J

vb  X b V fs  0.03125  8V  0.25V

  J
X b (max)  1  X b  1  0.03125  0.96875
 J
vb (max)  0.96875  8V  7.75V
  J
eb  Eb V fs  2 N V fs  26  8V  0.125V

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬KE M = 24 = 16F‫א‬‫א‬E N = 4F ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫؛‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٢ J٤
Unipolar Bipolar
Decimal Binary
Normalized Normalized
 Value  Number
Decimal Value Decimal Value
 15  1111 15/16 = 0.9375  7/8 = 0.875
 14  1110 14/16 = 0.875  6/8 = 0.75
 13  1101 13/16 = 0.8125  5/8 = 0.625
 12  1100  12/16 = 0.75  4/8 = 0.5
 11  1011 11/16 = 0.6875  3/8 = 0.375
 10  1010 10/16 = 0.625  2/8 = 0.25
 9  1001 9/16 = 0.5625  1/8 = 0.125
 8  1000  8/16 = 0.5  0/8 = 0
 7  0111 7/16 = 0.4375  -1/8 = -0.125
 6  0110  6/16 = 0.375  -2/8 = -0. 25
5  0101  5/16 = 0.3125  -3/8 = -0.375
4  0100  4/16 = 0.25  -4/8 = -0.5
3  0011 3/16 = 0.1875  -5/8 = -0.625
2  0010  2/16 = 0.125  -6/8 = -0.75
1  0001 1/16 = 0.0625  -7/8 = -0.875
0  0000  0/16 = 0  -8/8 = -1
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ٥ J٤
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K٤ J٤ ‫א‬   x(t)     J
 10 kHz ‫א‬    ‫א‬ KE Rounding F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
K4‫א‬
K٢ J٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 
 W‫א‬
 Wfs‫א‬ETsF‫א‬  J
Ts = 1/fs = 1/10 kHz = 0.1 ms
  ،E    F ‫א‬   x(t) ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬16‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 

15/16
14/16
13/16 ‫اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻤﺔ‬
12/16 Quantized Curve
11/16 ‫اﻹﺷﺎرة‬
10/16 ‫اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬
9/16 (t)
8/16
7/16
6/16
5/16
4/16
3/16
2/16
1/16
0 time, ms
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

 
E٤ J٤F‫א‬
- ٥٩ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫א‬         ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   J

K٥ J٤‫א‬‫א‬K٢ J٤
  
 ٥ J٤
Sampling Normalized Binary
 Time Decimal Vale  Value
 0  3/16  0011
 0.1  6/16  0110
 0.2  7/16  0111
 0.3  8/16  1000
 0.4  7/16  0111
 0.5  9/16  1001
0.6 10/16  1010
0.7 8/16  1000
 
 ٦ J٤
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ K٥ J٤ ‫א‬   x(t)    J
‫א‬  20 kHz ‫א‬     KE Rounding F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
K4
 
 ٢ J٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 

 W‫א‬
Wfs‫א‬ETsF‫א‬ J
 
Ts = 1/fs = 1/20 kHz = 0.05 ms

  ،E    F ‫א‬   x(t) ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬16‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٠ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

7/8 ‫اﻹﺷﺎرة‬
6/8 ‫اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬
5/8 (t)
4/8
3/8 ‫اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻤﺔ‬
2/8 Quantized Curve
1/8
0 time, ms

-1/8 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

-2/8
-3/8
-4/8
-5/8
-6/8
-7/8
-8/8

 
 E٥ J٤F‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J
K٣ J٤‫א‬‫א‬K٢ J٤
 ٣ J٤
Sampling Normalized Binary
 Time Decimal Vale  Value
- 0.05  3/8  1011
 0.0  5/8  1101
 0.05  4/8  1100
 0.1  -3/8  0101
 0.15  -6/8  0010
 0.2  -6/8 0010
0.25 -6/8 0010
0.3 -4/8  0100
0.35 1/8 1001
- ٦١ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 Dynamic Range‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٤

 
E VmaxF ‫א‬ E DRF ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E ΔVF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EVmin F
 KEResolutionFKEDACF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Vmax Vmax
DR    2 N 1 (15-4)
Vmin Re solution

 W‫א‬
 
V 
DRdB   20 log  max   20 log 2 N 1   (16-4)
 Vmin 
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬N
 W‫א‬
DR  2 N  1  2 N  DR  1
(17-4)
N  log 2 ( DR  1)  3.32 log ( DR  1)

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
No of Bits, N No of Levels, M DR (dB)
1 2 0
2 4 9.54
3 8 16.9
4 16 23.52
5 32 29.83
6 64 35.99
7 128 42.08
8 256 48.13
- ٦٢ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ٧ J٤
 
46 dB‫א‬‫א‬،E fm = 4kHzF‫א‬ PCM 
 WK± 2.5 V‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬
 
Nyquist J
 
f S  2 f m  2  4 kHz  8 kHz
 WE4-17F J
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
46 dB  100.05 46 dB  199.5

N  log 2 ( DR  1)  3.32 log (199.5  1)  7.64  8 bits

 WE4-15F J
 
Vmax 2.5V
DR   199.5  Vmin   0.0125V
Vmin 199.5

Vmin V 0.0125V
Quantization error     0.006V  6 mV
2 2 2

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  Nonuniform Quantization ‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J٣ J٤

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬  E Quantization Step F ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 KE٦ J٤‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
Output

Input

  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٤F‫א‬
 
‫א‬ECompressionF‫א‬E٧ J٤‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
Uniform  F    ‫א‬    E  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    F
 ‫א‬‫א‬KEQuantizer
 KECompandingF‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬EExpansionF
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
Input Analog to Digital
Compressor Converter (ADC) Transmitter

Channel

Output Digital to Analog

Expander Converter (DAC) Receiver
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٤F‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬EOutputF‫א‬EInputF‫א‬‫א‬،
K٨ J٤‫א‬
Output

Input

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٤F‫א‬
 
 KA- μ-،‫א‬‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

  μ-Law Companding μ – ١ J٣ J٣ J٤

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   KE vi F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ E vo F
K‫א‬
 v 
ln1   i   
 Vi max  (18-4)
vo  Vo max , for vi  0
ln 1     
 W
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vomax
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vimax
 KE μ = 255F‫א‬μ
  
Kμ = 0‫א‬μ‫א‬٩ J٤‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
μ‫א‬E٩ J٤F‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Vi max  vr

vie   1   Vo max  1 ,
 for vr  0 (19-4)
  
 W
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬vie
 K‫א‬‫א‬vr
 
٨ J٤
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬ μ
Vimax = 16 V, Vomax = 2 V, μ = 255.
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
vi = 0V, 2V, 4V, 8V, 10V, 12V, 16V.
 W‫א‬
  ‫א‬  Evi = 2VF ‫א‬  ‫א‬   (18-4)  
 K‫א‬

 2V 
ln1  255 
 16V  ln 32.875 3.49
vo  2V  2V  2V  1.26V
ln 1  255 ln 256 5.55

 K٦ J٤‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦ J٤
vi , Volts  vo , Volts
0  0
 2  1.26
 4  1.5
 8  1.75
 10 1.83
 12 1.89
16 2

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 K١٠ J٤‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 
Output
2 × ×
× ×
1.5 ×
×
1

0.5

Input

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

 
 ٧ J٤‫א‬E١٠ J٤F‫א‬
 
 
A- Law Companding  A J ٢ J٣ J٣ J٤
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEviF‫א‬‫א‬EvoF

vi
A
Vi max v 1
vout  Vi max , 0 i 
1  ln A Vi max A
 v  (20-4)
1  ln A i 
vout  Vi max  Vi max  , 1  vi  1
1  ln A A Vi max
 

- ٦٨ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 W
 KEA = 87.6 FKEA ≥ 1 FA
 
KA = 1‫א‬ A‫א‬ ١١ J٤‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 A‫א‬E١١ J٤F‫א‬
 
Signal to Noise Ratio for Quantized    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ٤ J٤
Pulses
 
‫א‬ +V –V‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KΔV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EMF‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬± ΔV/2
 WE1 Ω‫א‬‫א‬F

2 2
 VP  P   M  V  M 2 V 2
PS       (21-4)
 2   2  4
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 W‫א‬،EQuantization Noise PowerF‫א‬

V 2
e  2
q (22-4)
12
 
 WESNRF‫א‬‫א‬

M 2 V 2
P P 4
SNR  S  S   3M 2 (23-4)
PN 2
eq V 2

12
 
 WEdBF‫א‬ESNRF‫א‬‫א‬
 
P  P 
( SNR) dB  10 log  S   10 log  S
 e2 
 
  ...  30 log M 2
(24-4)
 PN   q 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٩ J٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
s(t) = 3 cos 500 π t (Volts)
W
K PS‫א‬ K
‫א‬ K
 KEN=10F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 KSNR = 40 dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

- ٧٠ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 W‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 
M  210  1024

3V  (3V ) 6V
V    5.86 10  3 V  5.86 mV
1024 1024

 W E٢١ J٤F J
 
M 2 V 2 1024 2  5.86 mV 
2
36
PS     9W
4 4 4

W E٢٢ J٤F J
 
V 2 5.86 mV 
2
34.339 10  6
e 
2
q    2.86 10  6 W
12 12 12

 W E٢٣ J٤F J
 
PS 9W
SNR   6
 3.14 106
PN 2.86 10 W

SNR dB  10 log 3.14 106   64.98 dB

 W E٢٣ J٤F J

- ٧١ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

M V 2 2

P P 4
SNR  S  S2   3M 2
PN eq V 2

12
104
10  3 M  M 
4 2 2
 3333.33
3

M  3333.33  57.73

M  2 N  N  log 2 57.73  5.85  6

PCM Applications  ‫א‬٥ J٤

 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    PCM  
 W،
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ،EDigital Telephone Systems  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K١
E N =8F‫א‬،Efs = 8kHzF‫א‬،EA-Law or μ-Law F‫א‬
K‫א‬256
EDigital Audio in ComputersF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
،EDigital Audio in CD, DVD and Blue-RayF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬Efs = 44.1kHzF‫א‬
K96kHz
KEDigital VideoF‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬ECoders and DecodersF‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
KETelemetryF‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬E Space CommunicationsF‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
KPCM‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٢ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫؟‬‫א‬  J٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
W‫א‬‫א‬  J٦

Value Rounding Truncation

2.5
1.89
2.167
5.809
0.415
3.29
 

 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ +5 V  -5 V   ‫א‬ m(t)     J٧
KENormalizedF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K128

 ‫א‬،EVfs = 10 V F‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
 WKEN= 8F‫א‬‫א‬
 ΔXu‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
Δvu‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
Xu(max) J
Vu(max)‫א‬ J
 e‫א‬ J

- ٧٣ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

K‫א‬x(t)  J٩

 KERoundingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K4‫א‬50 kHz‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢ J٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 

15/16
14/16
13/16
12/16
11/16
10/16
9/16
8/16
7/16
6/16
5/16
4/16
3/16
2/16
1/16
time, ms

 
‫א‬‫א‬،Efm = 10kHzF‫א‬PCM J١٠
 WK± 5 V‫א‬36 dB
 K‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

- ٧٤ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 K‫א‬ J
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١١
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ μ J١٢
 
Vimax = 12 V, Vomax = 3 V, μ = 255.

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
vi = 0V, 1V, 3V, 6V, 10V, 12V.
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١٣
  
s(t) = 5 cos 200 k π t (Volts)
 W

K PS‫א‬ K
‫א‬ K
 KEN=8F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
KSNR = 30 dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١٤
  
s(t) = 2 sin 2M π t (Volts)
 W

K PS‫א‬ K
‫א‬ K
 KEN=10F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

KSNR = 25 dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، J١٥
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، J١٦
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، J١٧
  K‫א‬‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬



٥
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
   
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KEDPCMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 K‫א‬ J 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 KEADMF‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 
 K٣W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
  Delta Modulation  J٥ 
 

 ١ J٥
 
E Baseband Digital ModulationF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬PCM ‫א‬‫א‬EPulse Code ModulationF‫א‬ J  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EDifferential pulse code modulationF‫א‬‫א‬ J  
 KDPCM ‫א‬‫א‬
 KDM ‫א‬‫א‬EDelta ModulationF J  
 KADM ‫א‬‫א‬EAdaptive Delta ModulationF‫א‬ J  
 
K‫א‬E DPCM, DM and ADMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬PCM
 KX(k-1)‫א‬‫א‬X(k)
 
 Differential pulse code modulation‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥
 
‫א‬‫א‬EDPCMF‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،X(k-1)‫א‬‫א‬ X(k)
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬     
،ESamplerF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KEDPCM EncoderF‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬DPCM
 
‫א‬‫א‬ PCM‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EQuantized LevelsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K
E ΔVF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 KESNRF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KDPCM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥‫א‬
 
 

Differentiator
_ Quantize Encoded DPCM
X(k) + d(k)
+ Encoder
ADC dq(k)

d(k) = X(k) – X(k-1)

X(k-1)
Delay
Ts
 

 DPCM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥‫א‬
 
 ١ J٥
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E ٢ J٥‫א‬F x(k)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ x (t ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KDPCM‫א‬
 K٣‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E J٢ J٥‫א‬Fx(k)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 KE J٢ J٥‫א‬Fd(k)‫א‬‫א‬Ts
 
X(k) d(k)
10
8 8
6
5
5 4
3 3 3
2
kTs
kTs
0 Ts 2Ts 3Ts 4Ts 5Ts 0 Ts 2Ts 3Ts 4Ts 5Ts

-‫أ‬- -‫ب‬-
 
 ١ J٥E٢ J٥F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬d(k)‫א‬،٣‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
Encoded dq(k)

100
011
010 010
001

t
0 Ts 2Ts 3Ts 4Ts 5Ts
 
 ‫א‬DPCME٣ J٥F‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٥‫א‬F dq(k)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KX(k)‫א‬
Differentiator
X (k) = dq(k) +
+
dq(k) + X (k)
+

X (k- Delay
Ts
 
 DPCM‫א‬٤ J٥‫א‬
 
 Delta modulation ٣ J٥
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬       DPCM    E DM F   
K‫א‬
K   ‫א‬   ? 0 ?  ،? 1 ?  ،   ‫א‬  
‫א‬K‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K٥ J٥‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
+ Quantizer DM
+

Integrator
 

 E٥ J٥F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
X(k) d(k) dq(k)
+ Quantizer
+ One bit DM

+
+
+

y(k)
Delay, Ts Accumulator or
Integrator
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٥F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
KEfs >> 2fmF‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
?0?‫א‬?1?F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
 ٢ J٥
 
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٥‫א‬Fx(t)

 K x (t ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬

-٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

x(t)
x (t

Δ
Ts

NRZ Pulses

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 Binary Digits
 
 
 ٢ J٥E٧ J٥F‫א‬
 
E IntegratorF‫א‬ DM‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K٨ J٥‫א‬ELPFF‫א‬‫א‬

Xq(k) Low-Pass
XDM ∫ X(k)
Filter
 
 
 ٨ J٥‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

Xq(k)

-٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 

XDM + Low-Pass
+ Filter X(k)
+

Delay, Ts

 
 ‫א‬E٩ J٥F‫א‬
  ٣ J٥
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ E ١٠ J٥‫א‬F x(t)

 Kfs = 1 MHz‫א‬K x (t ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
x(t)

 Ts = 1/1MHz = 1 μs
x (t )

t,μs
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Ts

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

 
 ٣ J٥E١٠ J٥F‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KNyquist‫א‬
-٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 
 W
 
 EStepF‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ 
 ،ESlope Overload DistortionF  
 K١١ J٥‫א‬
 EStepF‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 ‫א‬،EGranular NoiseF
 K١١ J٥

Overload Distortion Granular Noise

x(t)


x (t )
Δ

Ts
NRZ Pulses

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 Binary Digits
  
 
 ‫א‬E١١ J٥F‫א‬
 
‫א‬،EAdaptiveF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EΔF‫א‬
K ‫א‬

-٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
AdaptiveDelta modulation ‫א‬٤ J٥

      E ADM F ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E  F  EΔF ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K
  ٤ J٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E ١٢ J٥‫א‬F x(t)

 K x (t ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

x(t)


x (t )

Ts

NRZ Pulses

0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 Binary Digits

 ٤ J٥E١٢ J٥F‫א‬

 

-٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
،EΔF‫א‬،‫א‬
      ‫א‬   ،   x(t) ‫א‬  
 Kx(t)‫א‬

-٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬EDPCMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
KDPCM‫א‬EDelayF‫א‬ K٤

‫א‬‫א‬ E ١٣ J٥‫א‬F x(k) K٥


‫א‬ x (t ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KE DPCMF‫א‬‫א‬
K٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

X(k)
9
8 7
6

3
2

kTs
0 Ts 2Ts 3Ts 4Ts 5Ts
 
 E١٣ J٥F‫א‬
 
KDPCM‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬ K٧
KPCM K٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬ E ١٤ J٥ ‫א‬ F x(t) K١١

K x (t ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

x(t)

 
 E١٤ J٥F‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٥‫א‬Fx(t) K١٢

 K x (t ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 

x(t)

 
E١٥ J٥F‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ETDMF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬

 KETDMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
  
 KEPAM-TDMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 KEPCM-TDMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

.٤ W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
  J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬‫א‬ J٦

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

١ J٦

‫א‬‫א‬       E Multiplexing F ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
    ‫א‬    ،‫א‬   ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
،EFDMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E Frequency Division MultiplexingF‫א‬‫ א‬K١
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

،ETDMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ETime Division MultiplexingF‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،ESDMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESpace Division MultiplexingF‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  E    F ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩١ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   K ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EWavelength Division MultiplexingF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
   ،         ،E WDM F
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ECode Division Multiple AccessF ‫א‬‫ א‬K٥

‫א‬،‫א‬E CodeF‫א‬،E CDMAF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
ERegenerationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEData RateF‫א‬
 
،ETime and Frequency MultiplexingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
KEGSM, GPRSF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Basics Time Division Multiplexing‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٦

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬        TDM  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬ 
‫א‬E Time SlotsF‫א‬E ChannelF‫א‬ K
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،ESynchronous TDMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
  K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٢ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

    ،E Asynchronous TDM F ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫ א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
SW1‫א‬،١ J٦‫א‬‫א‬ ،E‫א‬ ٣F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ SW2‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

Message1
Quantize
Message 2
&
Encode Channel

Message 3
Switch 1 or Multiplexer

Switch 2 or Demultiplexer
Message1 LPF

Message 2 LPF
Decode

Message 3 LPF
 
 
 TDM‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٦F‫א‬
 
 PAM TDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٦
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

- ٩٣ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ١ J٦
،‫א‬TDM‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 5‫א‬‫א‬ J 
fs ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 EFlat-TopF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
τ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
τ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬EPositive dcF‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬ESync PulsesF‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
3

4 2
2 1 3 5
4
1 4
5 2
5
···· 1
3

Frame # 1 Frame # 2 Frame # N

Sync Pulses
 
 
 PAM TDM E٢ J٦F‫א‬
 
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W١ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٤ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
‫א‬،
 KEfsF‫א‬EFramesF‫א‬‫א‬W٢
 K10000‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10 kHz‫א‬
 PAM‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 k‫א‬‫א‬ J 
  EW = fmF W Hz‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 Efs= 2fm FNyquist‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬ J 
 EBT = 0.5/τF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
‫א‬     K٣ J٦ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،   
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ BT ‫א‬
 W‫א‬

4
5
k-1 k
2
3
····
1 k-2

 
 E٣ J٦F‫א‬

WEFrame TimeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

1 1
T f  Ts  
2W 2 fm

- ٩٥ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

τ‫א‬ K٢
T f ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K٣

K BT‫א‬‫א‬

0.5 0.5
BT    kW
 1
2kW
 
    BT ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٦ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬ PAM TDM
 ٧‫א‬‫א‬ J 
  2 kHz‫א‬‫א‬ J 
.BT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ BT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
.Nyquist 25%‫א‬
3
7
2 6
1 4
5
····
One Frame
 

 E٤ J٦F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  J
BT  k W  7  2 kHz  14 kHz
- ٩٦ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
  J
 WE٤ J٦F‫א‬
7Z‫א‬‫א‬ J
 8Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ وﻳﺴﺎوي‬τZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
τZ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
f s  (1  0.25 )  2 W  1.25  2  2 kHz  5 kHz
1 1
Tf    0.2 ms  200 s
f s 5 kHz
7 data pulses  1 sync pulse  8 open spaces  16
T 200 s
  f   12.5 s
16 16
0.5 0.5
BT    40 kHz
 12.5 s

 PCM - TDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٦
 
PCM ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ PCM-TDM‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬KDS-0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E Digital Signal - level zeroF
 KDS-0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٦
 
3400 Hz 300 Hz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،PCM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
900 HzE3400-300 = 3100 HzF‫א‬‫א‬
 KE28 = 256F‫א‬8،256‫א‬K4000 Hz
- ٩٧ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

WELine SpeedF‫א‬DS-0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
8000 samples / sec ond  8 bits / sample  64 kbits / sec ond  64 kb / s
Analog Parallel
Signal PCM Code
0 to 4
Antialiasing Sample Analog-to- Parallel to 8-bit
Filter and Digital Serial Serial
LPF Hold Converter Converter PCM

Sample Conversion Line Speed

Pulse Clock Clock
  8 kHz 1.536 MHz 64 kHz
 
DS-0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٦F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
E LPFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE Antialiasing FilterF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEfm = 4 kHzF fm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WESample and HoldF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E fs = 8 kHzF‫א‬‫א‬
 KETf = 1/8kHz = 125 μs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F٦ J٦‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٩٨ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

time time
PAM Signal After Holding
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٦F‫א‬

‫א‬WEAnalog to Digital ConverterF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،EADCF‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE Parallel-to-Serial ConverterF ‫א‬‫א‬
      ، ‫א‬  ADC     8  ‫א‬ 
 K ،
 
 Digital Carrier Systems‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٦

    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   KEHierarchy System F ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Digital Carrier SystemsT1‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥ J٦
 
،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٩٩ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 24W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 TDM‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J 
 PCM‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 8kb/s W‫א‬‫א‬ J 
μ-LawW‫א‬ J 
256W‫א‬ J 
8W‫א‬‫א‬ J 
125 μs W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K٧ J٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Sample 1 Sample 1 Sample 1 Sample 1 Sample 1 Framing
Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3 Channels 4 - 23 Channel 24 Bit ‫ﻳﺘﺒﻊ‬
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 168 bits 8 bits One Bit

Sample 2 Sample 2 Sample 2 Sample 2 Sample 2 Framing

Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3 Channels 4 - 23 Channel 24 Bit ‫ﻳﺘﺒﻊ‬
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 168 bits 8 bits One Bit

··
·· Number of frames = 8000 per second

·
Sample 8000 Sample 8000 Sample 8000 Sample 8000 Sample 8000 Framing
Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3 Channels 4 - 23 Channel 24 Bit
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 168 bits 8 bits One Bit

 
T1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٦F‫א‬
 
 WELine SpeedF‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ١٠٠ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

24channels / frame  8 bits / channel  192 bits / frame

192 bits / frame  8000 frames / sec ond  1536 kb / s  1.536 Mb / s

    
‫א‬،E٧ J٦‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

192 bits  one framing bit  193 bits

192 bits / frame  8000 frames / sec ond  1544 kb / s  1.544 Mb / s

 
،E T1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K٨ J٦‫א‬
 
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
Sample

Frame

4
24 96 channel 6
789 bits
1 channel 24 channels 7
8 bits 193 bits 4032 channel
672 channel 34272 bits
5592 bits
 
 
 ‫א‬TDM‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٦F‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ELine SpeedF‫א‬‫א‬
 K١ J٦

- ١٠١ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ١ J٦
American Line Number of Voice
 Hierarchy  Speed  Channels
 DS-0  64 kb/s  1
 T1  1.544 Mb/s  24
 T2  6.312 Mb/s  96
 T3  44.736 Mb/s  672
 T4  274.176 Mb/s  4032
 
 
 
 Digital Carrier SystemsE1 ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥ J٦
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KEPDHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPlesiochronous Digital HierarchyF‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 30W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬ESignalingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،2W‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 TDM‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J 
 EPCM-30‫א‬FPCM‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J 
A-LawW‫א‬ J 
256W‫א‬ J 
8W‫א‬‫א‬ J 
125 μs W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 WELine SpeedF‫א‬‫א‬
 
32 channels / frame  8 bits / channel  256 bits / frame

256 bits / frame  8000 frames / sec ond  2048 kb / s  2.048 Mb / s

 
 K٩ J٦‫א‬‫א‬،E1‫א‬
  
0 1 2 16 30 31

For an Alarm and For Common

Frame Alignment Signaling
One Frame, Tf = 125 μs
 
 E1‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٦F‫א‬
 
،E E1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K١٠ J٦‫א‬
 
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
Sample

Frame

3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
30 120 480 1920 7680
Channels Channels Channels Channels
1 Channel 30 + 2
8 bits Channels
256 bits

 
 ‫א‬TDM‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٦F‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   E Line Speed F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ E Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy F ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K٢ J٦‫א‬‫א‬،PDH
 
 
 

 ٢ J٦
European Line Number of Voice
 Hierarchy  Speed  Channels
 DS-0  64 kb/s  1
 E1  2.048 Mb/s  30
 E2  8.448 Mb/s  120
 E3  34.368 Mb/s  480
 E4  139.26 Mb/s  1920
 E5  564.992 Mb/s  7680
 
 
 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٦
 
 W،‫א‬PDH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 KEStandardsF‫א‬ K٥
- ١٠٤ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

KEProtection SchemesF‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
KEHub and Ring NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 
‫א‬،ESDHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬EAdd Drop FunctionF‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 
Synchronous Transport Module‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ SDH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    K155.52 Mb/s   E STM-1 F
 KE٣ J٦‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٣ J٦
European Line Number of Voice
 Hierarchy  Speed, Mb/s  Channels
STM-0 51.84
STM-1 155.52 1890
STM-4 622.08 7560
STM-16 2488.32 30240
STM-64 9953.28 120960
STM-254 39813.12 483840
 

- ١٠٥ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

‫؟‬TDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬ PAM TDMK٤

 
 20‫א‬‫א‬ J 
  4kHz‫א‬‫א‬ J 
.BT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ BT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FKNyquist20%‫א‬
KE

3
7
2 6
1 4 20
5
····
One Frame

 E١١ J٦F‫א‬
 
W١٢ J٦‫א‬ PAM TDM K٥

- ١٠٦ ‐
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

3
τ 7
2τ = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2 6
1 4 40
5
····
3τ
One Frame
 
 E١٢ J٦F‫א‬
،10 kHz‫א‬‫א‬ BT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KNyquist10%‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
.DS-0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬،10 kHz‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 KE8‫א‬F256‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،10 kHz‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
 K512‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،10 kHz‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
 20 %‫א‬‫א‬512‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KNyquist
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬EPDHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢
‫؟‬ESDHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
 ‫؟‬SDH PDH‫א‬‫א‬ K١٤

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 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J 
 
 K٦W‫א‬‫א‬
 
  W‫א‬‫א‬
  J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

-١٠٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
  
 Digital Transmission ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 
 ١ J٧
 
F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ،   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬ F ‫א‬   ‫א‬ E‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KELAN‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J
‫א‬EAM, FM and PM‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ J 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬
 KEASK, FSK, PSK,…‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬FESymbolF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EQAM, QPSK, …F‫א‬
 KEPhaseFEAmplitudeFEM-ary
 EEncodingF‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KEDSL،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬EPCMF
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٧‫א‬
 

-١٠٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٩٧٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺗﻤﺎﺛﻠﻲ‬

Analog Modulator Receiver

Signal AM, FM, PM Channel
Demodulator

--‫أ‬-

‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﺗﺼﺎﻻت رﻗﻤﻲ‬

Discrete Dig. Mod. Receiver
Signal ASK, FSK, Channel Demodulator
PSK

--‫ب‬-
‫اﻹرﺳﺎل اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ ﻟﻺﺷﺎرات اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﻴﺔ‬

Sampler Decoder
Analog Quantizer Digital And
Signal Encoder Comm. D/A
PCM, DM System Converter

--‫ج‬-
 
 
 J،‫א‬‫א‬ J،‫א‬‫א‬ J،‫א‬‫א‬١ J٧‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
KE01‫א‬  F‫א‬ 
KEBERF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
    ‫א‬  E SNR F ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
KEBERF‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBandwidthF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬   E ‫א‬ F ‫א‬   E Encoding F ‫א‬  
KESignal ElementsF
 
Transmission Modes ‫ א‬ ٢ J٧
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  Serial Transmission ‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J٢ J٧
 
،E TbF ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   E Least Significant Bit, LSB F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬    KE٢ J٧ ‫א‬F ،‫א‬ E Most Significant Bit, MSBF  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٧F‫א‬
 
Parallel Transmission ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٧
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٧‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬EAttenuationF‫א‬ J 
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٧F‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 
،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬   E ٤ J٧ ‫א‬ F   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   
 KEShift RegistersF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
   ‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٧F‫א‬
 
 Asynchronous Transmission‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٧
 
E StartF‫א‬‫א‬،E ٥ J٧‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE BytesF‫א‬E Gap F‫א‬‫א‬،E StopF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 KEClock SignalF‫א‬
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٧F‫א‬
 
Synchronous Transmission ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢ J٧
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٦ J٧‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  KE Gaps F ‫א‬   E Stop F ‫א‬  E Start F ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E Clock SignalF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٧F‫א‬
 
 Line Coding ‫א‬٣ J٧
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬EDigital DataF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
F‫א‬E Digital WaveformsF‫א‬E BasebandF
 KE‫א‬
 
 Line Coding Parameters ‫א‬١ J٣ J٧
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
WESignal SpectrumF‫א‬‫ א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EdcF‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EAc couplingF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     WE Synchronization F ‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،E Clock Frequency F ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬EClock ExtractionF‫א‬‫א‬
K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE Error CorrectionF‫א‬ 

 K 

ESignal Interference and Noise ImmunityF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WETransparencyF‫ א‬
KE?0??1? ‫א‬F

‫א‬‫א‬WECost and ComplexityF‫א‬‫ א‬

K‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬EClock RecoveryF‫א‬‫א‬ 
K
KEdcF‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 Line Code Types‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٧
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،EPulse DurationF‫א‬‫א‬W 
 
 ،NRZ‫א‬‫א‬ENon return-to-zeroF‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ETbF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EτF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،RZ‫א‬‫א‬E Return-to-zeroF‫א‬‫א‬ J 
Kτ = 0.5 Tb KETbF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EτF‫א‬
 
 W،EPulse Voltage LevelF‫א‬W 
 
 ?0?‫א‬ E+ A VoltsF?1?‫א‬،EUnipolarF‫א‬ J
  KRZNRZK‫א‬
 ?0?‫א‬ E+ A VoltsF?1?‫א‬،EpolarF‫א‬ J

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
  KRZNRZKE- A VoltsF
 ?1?‫א‬،EDipolarF‫א‬ J
 dc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?0?‫א‬
 KEManchester CodeF‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 E+ A VoltsF?1?‫א‬،EBipolarF‫א‬ J
E Alternate Mark InversionF‫א‬‫א‬K?0?‫א‬ 
 KEAMIF‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Unipolar Coding‫א‬١ J٢ J٣ J٧
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WENRZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬ J 
 W‫א‬
  Kdc J 
 KEAc couplingF‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٧F‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
A
Tb = τ
0
 
 ENRZF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٧F‫א‬
 WERZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 
 
 W‫א‬
 Kdc J 
 KEAc couplingF‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBandwidthF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٧F‫א‬
 
0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
Tb
+
3 τ
A
0
 
 
 ERZF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٧F‫א‬
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 ١ J٧
 
 KRZNRZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

Unipolar
NRZ

Unipolar
RZ

 
 ١ J٧E٩ J٧F‫א‬
 
 Polar Coding‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٣ J٧
 
 WENRZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 

-١١٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 Kdc J 
   W‫א‬
 KEAc couplingF‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 KEBandwidthF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٧F‫א‬
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

+A
Time
0

  -A
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٧F‫א‬
 
 WERZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 Kdc J 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 KEAc couplingF‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBandwidthF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 

-١٢٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٧F‫א‬
 
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
+A

  -A
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٧F‫א‬
 ٢ J٧
 
 K±3V‫א‬RZNRZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
 
 W‫א‬
 

+3
Time
0

-3

NRZ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺮاﺟﻊ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ‬

-١٢١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0

-3

RZ ‫اﻟﺮاﺟﻊ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ‬

 
 ٢ J٧E١٢ J٧F‫א‬
 
 
 
 Bipolar‫א‬٣ J٢ J٣ J٧
 
 ? 1 ? ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬?0?‫א‬،
  
 WENRZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 Kdc J 
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 KEAc CouplingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 
-١٢٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
   W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 KE‫א‬?0?‫א‬F‫א‬ J 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٧F‫א‬
 
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

+V

  -V
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٧F‫א‬
  ERZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 Kdc J 
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 KEAc CouplingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 KERectifierF 
   W‫א‬
 KE‫א‬?0?‫א‬F‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٧F‫א‬
  
-١٢٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

+A

-A
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ E١٤ J٧F‫א‬
 
 
 Manchester Coding٤ J٢ J٣ J٧
 
?0?‫א‬?1?‫א‬، 
 KE١٥ J٧‫א‬F
 
 W‫א‬
 Kdc J 
 KEAc CouplingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬ J 
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬ J 
 
 KE١٥ J٧F‫א‬

-١٢٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

+A

-A

Tb ‫داﺋﻤ ًﺎ هﻨﺎﻟﻚ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﻟﺐ وﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺒﺖ‬
 
 E١٥ J٧F‫א‬
 
 ٣ J٧
 K±3V‫א‬RZNRZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

-١٢٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
W‫א‬

1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
Unipolar
RZ

Bipolar
RZ

RZ-AMI

 
 
 ٣ J٧E١٦ J٧F‫א‬

-١٢٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 
 
K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬ K٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K١٠
K‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢
KRZNRZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
 
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

Unipolar
NRZ

Unipolar
RZ

 
-١٢٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬     RZ  NRZ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K١٤
K±5V

1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

NRZ
0

RZ

0
 
 
  KRZNRZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٥

1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1

Unipolar
RZ

Bipolar
RZ

-١٢٨-
  

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
  
 K٩W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

-١٢٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٨ 
 
Bandpass Digital Modulation

  ١ J٨
 
    E Bandpass F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
KE BasebandF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
KEBit RateF‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
KEHigh Spectral EfficiencyF‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫ א‬K٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Amplitude Shit Keying‫א‬‫א‬ 
Frequency Shit Keying‫א‬‫א‬ 
Phase Shit Keying‫א‬‫א‬ 
Binary Phase Shit Keying ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 Differential Phase Shit Keying‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 Quadrature Phase Shit Keying‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
M-ary Phase Shit Keying‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation‫א‬‫א‬ 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬E١ J٨‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
vc (t )  Ac sin ( ct   )  Ac sin ( 2f ct   ) (1-8)
 
vc(t)
T Phase, θ = 0
Ec

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٨F‫א‬
 W
 Kt‫א‬‫א‬Vc(t)
 K‫א‬‫א‬EAmplitudeFAc
 K‫א‬EAngular FrequencyF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ωc
 K‫א‬‫א‬EFrequencyFfc
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPhaseFθ
 
‫א‬‫א‬E Ones or ZerosF‫א‬‫א‬ m(t)‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬EContinuousFEDiscreteF
 
vc (t )  Ac (t ) sin ( 2f c (t ) t   (t ) ) (2-8)

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬E cosF‫א‬ E sinF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١ J٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
3sin ( 2π10kt ) J
 10sin ( 2π2Mt + 0) J
 2sin ( 2π105t - 0.75 ) J
 W‫א‬

0.1 t,ms
0.2 0.3

  -‫أ‬-

10

0.5 1 2 t,μs
1.5

  -‫ب‬-

-١٣٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 

t,μs
-1.36
-2
-‫ج‬-
 
 ١ J٨E٢ J٨F‫א‬
Amplitude Shit Keying‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٨
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ASKF‫א‬‫א‬
KE PCM F ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 K٣ J٨‫א‬‫א‬ASK‫א‬
 
PCM Data

1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1

time

Carrier

time

ASK

time

 
 
-١٣٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 ASKE٣ J٨F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ASK‫א‬BT‫א‬‫א‬
 
1
BT  2 f p , where f p  (3-8)
Tp
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  Tp   ،E٤ J٨ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   fp  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K
 

···
time
τ

Tp
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٨F‫א‬
 
Sinc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬   95%    ‫א‬   K٥ J٨ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،fp–fp‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kfc‫א‬‫א‬ASK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

-١٣٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
δ(f-fc)

f
fc-2fp fc-fp fc fc+fp fc+2fp

 
 
 ASK‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٨F‫א‬
 
 WR‫א‬EData RateF‫א‬،‫א‬

1 1 2
R    2 fp (4-8)
 Tp / 2 Tp
 KEb/sF‫א‬‫א‬EBits/secondF‫א‬‫א‬R
 
 ٢ J٨
  
‫א‬‫א‬ 0111010011‫א‬‫א‬ PCM
 K‫א‬ASK‫א‬KASK
 
 W‫א‬

-١٣٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
PCM Data

0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1

time

Carrier

time

ASK

time

 
 
 ٢ J٨E٦ J٨F‫א‬
 ٣ J٨
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬PCM
 
1 0 1 0 1 0 1

···
t, μs
5

10
  Period
 E٧ J٨F‫א‬
 
 W
-١٣٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 KR‫א‬ J
 KASK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KASK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬
 W٤ J٨ J
1 1
R   0.2 Mb / s  200 kb / s
 5s
 W٣ J٨ J
1 1
fp    100 kHz
T p 10 s
BT  2 f p  2 100 kHz  200 kHz
 W٥ J٨ J
 

f, kHz
800 900 1000
 
 ٣ J٨E٨ J٨F‫א‬
 
E PCMF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ASK
 KEMixerF‫א‬EMultiplierF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

-١٣٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
Multiplier
Binary PCM Data
ASK RF Signal

vc (t )  Ac sin ( 2f c t   )

Carrier
Oscillator

 ASK‫א‬E٩ J٨F‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬PCMASK،‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬،ENoncoherent DetectionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٠ J٨‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EEnvelope DetectorF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEBinary RestorationF
  
ASK Envelope Low Pass Binary
Detector Filter Restoration PCM Data
Signal

 
 ASK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠ J٨F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬      ،E Coherent Detection F  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،١١ J٨ ‫א‬      K‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬       E Multiplier F ‫א‬
 KEBinary RestorationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

-١٣٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 

ASK RF Signal v1(t) Low Pass Binary PCM

Filter Restoration Data
v ASK (t )  Ac vm (t ) sin ( 2f ct )
vc (t )  Ac sin ( 2f ct )

Carrier
Oscillator
 
 ASK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٨F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،v1(t)‫א‬‫א‬
1
sin 2 x   1  cos ( 2 x)  (5-8)
2

Frequency Shit Keying‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٨

 
،?1?‫א‬f1‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EFSKF‫א‬‫א‬
f1    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K? 0 ? ‫א‬   f0 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  PCMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ f0‫א‬
KE 
 K١٢ J٨‫א‬‫א‬FSK‫א‬
PCM Data

1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1

time

FSK
f0 f1

time

 

-١٣٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 FSKE١٢ J٨F‫א‬
 
 ،  FSK   BT ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ BT ‫א‬ ‫א‬    E Carson’s Rule F   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ fp ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FSK
 
BT  2 (f  f m )
f1  f 0
f 
2
(6-8)
f m  f p  0.5 R
BT  f1  f 0  R
 
RE fm = fp‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ fm ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Δf
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE R = 2fp‫א‬F‫א‬
 WECenter FrequencyF‫א‬‫א‬
 
f1  f 0
fC  (7-8)
2
 
  ٤ J٨
 K0111010011‫א‬‫א‬PCM
 K‫א‬FSK‫א‬ J
Ef1 = 4 MHz, f0 = 3 MHz,F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
KER = 400 Kb/sF‫א‬
 
 
 
 
-١٤٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
   J
PCM Data

0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1

time

FSK

time

 
 
 E١٣ J٨F‫א‬
 
 W٦ J٨  J
 
BT  f1  f 0  R  4 MHz  3 MHz  400 KHz  1.4 MHz
 
KE VCOF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ FSK
? 0?‫א‬ ،f1‫א‬‫א‬? 1?‫א‬
  Kf0‫א‬‫א‬
Baseband Voltage
Controlled RF FSK Signal
Data Oscillator
 
 
 FSK‫א‬E١٤ J٨F‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬FSK،‫א‬
  
‫א‬،ENoncoherent DetectionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٥ J٨‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬E BPFF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ f1‫א‬
‫א‬f0‫א‬KEOp-AmpF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E BPFF‫א‬‫א‬
Binary F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE Op-AmpF‫א‬
 KERestoration
 
  
BPF Envelope
f1 Detector
+ PCM
ASK Binary
Signal Restoration
Data
BPF Envelope -
f0 Detector
 
 
 FSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٥ J٨F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬      ،E Coherent Detection F  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J
E FSK SignalF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٦ J٨‫א‬K‫א‬
f0 f1‫א‬،E MultiplierF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    E Op-amp F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬،‫א‬
 KEBinary RestorationF‫א‬‫א‬
 

-١٤٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
vc1 (t )  Ac sin ( 2f1t )

PCM
FSK + Data
RF Low Pass Binary
Signal Filter Restoration

vc 0 (t )  Ac sin ( 2f 0t )
 
 
 FSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٨F‫א‬
 
Phase Shit Keying‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٨
 
KE?0??1?F‫א‬‫א‬EPhaseF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 BinaryPhase Shit Keying (BPSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 Differential Phase Shit Keying (DPSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
BinaryPhase Shit Keying (BPSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٨
 
KE 180º 0ºF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬     180º ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K١٧ J٨‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬KE0ºF‫א‬‫א‬
-١٤٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
PCM Data

1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1

time

Carrier

time

BPSK

time

 
 BPSKE١٧ J٨F‫א‬
 
،R‫א‬   BPSK‫א‬ BT‫א‬‫א‬
 KASK‫א‬
 
 PCM،E ١٨ J٨‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ BPSK
E +AF‫א‬? 1?،E BipolarF‫א‬E UnipolarF‫א‬
 KE-AF‫א‬?0?‫א‬
‫א‬ PCM BPSK‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩ J٨‫א‬KECoherent DetectionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

-١٤٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
Binary PCM V1(t)
BPSK RF
Signal
Bipolar Vm(t)

Vm(t) = +A or -A vc (t )  Ac sin ( 2f ct )

Carrier
  Oscillator
 
 BPSKE١٨ J٨F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ESquiring CircuitF‫א‬‫א‬vr(t)‫א‬BPSK
‫א‬E BPFF‫א‬‫א‬E 2fcF‫א‬
  E Frequency Divider F ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬Kfc‫א‬‫א‬2‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬vr(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ELPFF‫א‬
 
BPSK Squiring BPF Frequency
Circuit 2fc Divider by 2
Vr(t)

Low Pass Binary PCM

Filter Restoration Data
 

BPSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩ J٨F‫א‬
  ٥ J٨
 
 K1101100001‫א‬‫א‬PCM
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 K‫א‬BPSK‫א‬ J
‫א‬   3 MHz  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J
 KR =200Kb/s
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
  JW‫א‬
PCM Data

1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1

time

Carrier

time

BPSK

time

 
 E٢٠ J٨F‫א‬
 
 KASK‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J
BT  2 R  2  200 K  400 KHz
 KASK‫א‬ J
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 

f, MHz
2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6
 
 E٢١ J٨F‫א‬
 
 
Differential Phase Shit Keying (DPSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤ J٨
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬NRZ-MNRZ-S‫؛‬‫א‬NRZ-L‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EDPSKF‫א‬‫א‬
 
NRZ-L v1(t)
v(t)
PCM Data
DPSK
RF Signal
v2(t) = v(t-τ)
Delay Carrier
τ fc

vc (t )  Ac sin ( 2f ct )
 
 
 DPSKE٢٢ J٨F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ EX-NOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ NRZ-S NRZ-L‫א‬
 K١ J٨‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ETruth TableF‫א‬K

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 ١ J٨

A
A B Q
Q 0 0 1
B 0 1 0
 1 0 0
1 1 1
 
 
 K٢ J٨‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢ J٨
V1(t)    1  0  1  1  0  1  0  0  1  0
V2(t)    1  1  0  0  0  1  1  0  1  1
V(t)  1  1  0  0  0  1  1  0  1  1  0
Phase 0º 0º 180º 180º 180º 0º 0º 180º 0º 0º 180º
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DPSK
 
Av(t)sin2πfct v1(t)
Low- Pass Restoration PCM
Filter Circuit Data

Av(t-τ)sin2πfc(t-τ)
Delay
τ

 
 DPSK‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣ J٨F‫א‬
 
E NoncoherentF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KDPSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
  ٦ J٨
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٣ J٨
V1(t)  0  0  1  0  1  1  1  1  0  1
V2(t)                      
V(t)  0                    
Phase                  
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
V1(t)  0  0  1  0  1  1  1  1  0  1
V2(t)    0  1  0  0  1  1  1  1  1  0
V(t)  0  1  0  0  1  1  1  1  1  0  0
Phase 180º 0º 180º 180º 0º 0º 0º 0º 0º 180º 180º
  
 
QuadraturePhase Shit Keying (QPSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤ J٨
 
E M-ary Modulation F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
0, π/2, F‫א‬‫א‬E 0º, 90º, 180º and 270º F‫א‬‫א‬
  E N = 2 F   ‫א‬‫א‬  E M = 4 F    ‫א‬‫א‬  KE π, 3π/2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KEDistinct StatesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬00, 01, 10 and 11
‫א‬ ،‫א‬   E Information Capacity F ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 KEDibitF‫א‬‫א‬K٢٤ J٨‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 3  + sin  
A cos  2f ct   Dibit Dibit A cos  2f c t  
 4   4
10 11

- cos + cos

 5  Dibit  7 
A cos  2f ct   Dibit 01 A cos  2f ct  
 4  00  4 
- sin

 
 
 QPSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤ J٨F‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
    
s1 t   A cos  2f c t  , phase   45   Dibit 10
 4 4
 3 
s2 t   A cos  2f c t  , phase  3 / 4  135   Dibit 10
 4   
 5   
s3 t   A cos  2f c t  , phase  5 / 4  225   Dibit 00
 4   
 7 
s4 t   A cos  2f c t  , phase  7 / 4  315   Dibit 11  
 4 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EQPSKF‫א‬‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
V1(t) cos2πfct

V1(t) cos2πfct
Carrier
Vo1(t)
+ Vo(t)= Vo1(t)+ Vo2(t)
PCM V(t) Serial to + 90º
Data Parallel Phase QPSK
Convertor Shift
+
Vo2(t)
-sin2πfct
V2(t)

-V2(t) sin2πfct
 
 
 QPSK‫א‬E٢٥ J٨F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EPCM DataF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬     K٢٦ J٨ ‫א‬      V2(t)  V1(t)
‫א‬KE -sin2πfct F90º‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ecos2πfctF‫א‬‫א‬
 KQPSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬V2(t)V1(t)‫א‬
 
 KV(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V1(t)‫א‬ J 
 KV(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V2(t)‫א‬ J 
KEτF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
،‫א‬ PCM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K?Dibit?،EM = 22 = 4FEF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ E 00, 01, 10 and 11F‫א‬‫א‬
 K90º‫א‬BPSK‫א‬‫א‬QPSK‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
V(t)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
t
τ

V1(t)

V2(t)

2τ
 
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦ J٨F‫א‬
 
 
  ٧ J٨
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬V2(t)V1(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  V1(t)  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V2(t)
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
V(t)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
t
τ

V1(t)

V2(t)

2τ
 
 
٧ J٨E٢٧ J٨F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬QPSK
 
‫א‬‫א‬V1(t)،‫א‬‫؛‬E‫א‬FQPSK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Vr1(t)‫א‬‫א‬
E 90ºF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  V2(t)
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vr2(t)‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    QPSK  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 KEBW = R/2FBPSK

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
Vr1(t)

V1(t) cos2πfct

Carrier Vd1(t)
Vr(t) Parallel to PCM
QPSK Serial
Signal Data
+ 90º Convertor
Phase
Shift Vd2(t)
-sin2πfct
V2(t)

Vr2(t)
 
 QPSK‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨ J٨F‫א‬
 
  ٨ J٨
 10 Mb/s   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  W‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ QPSK  ‫א‬ 
 W،50 MHz‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
BW = R/2 = ½ (10 Mb/s) = 5 MHz

  J

f, MHz
47.5 50 52.5
 
 E٢٩ J٨F‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E8-PSKF8،2
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬8
 
MinimumShit Keying (MSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٨
 
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  MSK ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ PSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   MSK     
‫א‬? 0?‫א‬? 1?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  KE Modulation index, m = 0.5 F ‫א‬    ‫א‬ KE R F ‫א‬ 
 K٣٠ J٨‫א‬‫א‬MSK‫א‬
 
PCM Data

1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1

time, ms

FSK
f0 f1

time

 
 
 MSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٠ J٨F‫א‬
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 1msE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KER = 1/1ms =1kb/s F‫א‬
 W?0??1?‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬500 Hz‫א‬f0 = 2000 Hzf1 = 2500 Hz
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EContinuous PhaseF
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MSK
 K‫א‬ESynchronizationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،FSK
 
Gaussian MinimumShit Keying (GMSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٨
 
‫א‬    MSK    GMSK ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬ELPFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EModulating SignalF‫א‬‫א‬PCM
‫א‬‫א‬ ٣١ J٨‫א‬KE Gaussian Frequency ResponseF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
x2

1 2 2
G ( x)  e (8-8)
2  2
 
 KEStandard DeviationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬σ،EVariableF‫א‬‫א‬x

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
G(x)

  x
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣١ J٨F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬GMSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KPSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬EAmplitude VariationsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GMSK J 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ GMSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KGSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WGMSK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ GLPF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 VCOK٣٢ J٨‫א‬EVCOF‫א‬
 KEFrequency Modulator with m = 0.5F‫א‬‫א‬
 
Baseband Gaussian Voltage RF GMSK
LPF Controlled Amplifier
PCM Data Oscillator

 
 GLPFVCO‫א‬GMSKE٣٢ J٨F‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
m‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K0.5
 
 EQuadrature ModulatorF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣٣ J٨‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K90º‫א‬
 Km= 0.5‫א‬
 
Mixer

cos2πfct

Carrier
Input
Gaussian
PCM
Data
LPF

+ 90º
+ 90º + GMSK

Phase
Phase Shift
Shift
-sin2πfct

Mixer
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GMSKE٣٣ J٨F‫א‬
 
 Quadrature AmplitudeModulation ( QAM )‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٨
 
EAmplitudeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WM‫א‬‫א‬KP‫א‬‫א‬KA‫א‬‫א‬

M = K A × KP

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬N‫א‬N
 
N = Log2M = Log2 (KA × KP)

،، 8-Level QAM

 16-Level QAM
‫א‬K٣٣ J٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٦F‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 KPSKASKQAM‫א‬،K
 
  Q
Q

I
I

 
QAM-8
QAM -16  

QAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٤ J٨F‫א‬

 
‫א‬ ،E Binary SequenceF‫א‬‫א‬E AmplitudeF‫א‬E PhaseF‫א‬
 QAM‫א‬‫א‬KQAM-8 ٤ J٨‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 

-١٥٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 ٤ J٨
Bit Sequence Amplitude  Phase
 0 0 0  0.5  0º
 0 0 0  1  0º
 0 1 0  0.5  90º
 0 1 1  1  90º
 1 0 0  0.5  180º
 1 0 1  1  180º
 1 1 0  0.5  270º
 1 1 1  1  270º
 
 
 WQAM
 
 ‫א‬E AnalogF J 
‫א‬‫א‬E ColorF‫א‬ NTSC PAL‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     AM Stereo ‫א‬   KQAM ‫א‬   ‫א‬
KQAM
 
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    E Digital F  J 
 KEWiFi802.11،WiMAX،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  90º      QAM
  E cos2πfctF   
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ،E sin(2πfct +90º )F ‫א‬
 KE٣٥ J٨‫א‬FQAM
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
PCM Y1(t) = Ak cos(2πfct)
Ak

cos(2πfct) Y(t)

PCM Y2(t) = Bk sin(2πfct)

Bk

sin(2πfct)
 
 QAM‫א‬E٣٥ J٨F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬      QAM   
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E ASK, FSK, PSKF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬
 K٣٦ J٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
Low-pass Ak
filter

2cos(2fct)
Y(t)
2sin(2fct)

Low-pass
filter Bk
 
 
 QAM‫א‬E٣٦ J٨F‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 Information Capacity ‫א‬٨ J٨
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،   
‫א‬،EMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EM-ary ModulationF‫א‬
 KENF
Shannon-Hartley F JE CF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WETheorem
 
C  2 B Log 2 M (9-8)

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B
 
  ٩ J٨
 W،10 kHz‫א‬‫א‬
  KEM = 2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KEM = 4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KEM = 8F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬
 
 W٩ J٨‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
C  2 B Log 2 M  2 10 k Log 2 2  20 kb / s

 W٩ J٨‫א‬‫א‬  J

 
C  2 B Log 2 M  2 10 k Log 2 4  40 kb / s

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 W٩ J٨‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
C  2 B Log 2 M  2 10 k Log 2 8  60 kb / s

W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 S
C  B Log 2  1   (10-8)
 N
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  S/N  
 K‫א‬‫א‬،
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
 10-8
  
 W،4 kHz‫א‬‫א‬
 
  K20 dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K30 dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬
 
 KE100.1× 20 dB = 102= 100 F‫א‬20 dB،١٠ J٨‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 S
C  B Log 2  1    4k Log 2 101
 N
 4k  3.32 Log10 101  26.6 kb / s
-١٦٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 KE100.1× 30 dB = 103= 1000 F‫א‬30 dB١٠ J٨‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 S
C  B Log 2  1    4k Log 2 1001
 N
 4k  3.32 Log10 1001  39.85 kb / s

-١٦٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 
 
‫؟‬Bandpass‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K0.4 rad،100kHz،5V‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K-0.1rad،2000 rad/s،3V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
sin ( 2π104t + 0.25 )W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬PCM K٧
  
1 0 1 0 1 0 1

···
t, μs
2

4
  Period
 E٣٧ J٨F‫א‬
 W
 KR‫א‬ J
 KASK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KASK‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ J
 
Ksin2π106t‫א‬‫א‬ASK‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٨
‫؟‬ASK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٩
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢

-١٦٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
PCM Data

1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0

time

ASK

time

FSK

time

BPSK

time

 E٣٨ J٨F‫א‬
 
K0101011000‫א‬‫א‬PCM K١٤
 
 K‫א‬FSK ‫א‬ J
f1 = 3 MHz, f0 = 2 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KER = 500 Kb/sF‫א‬EMHz,

-١٦٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٥
KBPSK‫א‬‫א‬EPCMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K١٧
 KE ٢٢ J٨ ‫א‬ F DPSK ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K١٨
W‫א‬‫א‬
 
V1(t)  1  1  1  0  1  0  0  1  0  0
V2(t)                      
V(t)  1                    
Phase                  

KQPSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٩
K٢٤ J٨‫א‬QPSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٠
10 ‫א‬2 Mb/s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬QPSK‫א‬ K٢١
 W،MHz
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ J
 
‫؟‬‫א‬MSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٢
‫؟‬‫א‬GMSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٣
‫؟‬GMSK K٢٤
‫؟‬PSK‫א‬‫א‬QAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٥
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٦
‫؟‬QAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٧

W،10 kHz‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٨

  KEM = 16F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
KEM = 128F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
    ‫א‬   ،20 kHz  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K٢٩
 K25 dB‫א‬‫א‬

 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 K‫א‬ J 
 
 K‫א‬ J 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 K٤W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬ J٩

Source Coding

 ١ J٩
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬     ،‫א‬  ‫א‬   
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 KEADCF
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EData ReductionF‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EData CompressionF‫א‬W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
E Memoryless SourcesF‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Huffman Coding٢ J٩
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
،E ١٩٥٢‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E David Huffman‫א‬F
Shannon F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬KEBound
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ERedundancyF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E Codeword LengthF‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ESymbolsF‫א‬M
 
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
KM-1‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬10
K10٢‫א‬ K٤
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،E Huffman Code Tree F ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
L E Average or Expected LengthF ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
N
L l  P
i 1
i i (1-9)

‫א‬‫א‬Pi،i‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬liW
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬    ،  ‫א‬ 
 K
 
 ١ J٩
 K١ J٩ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬         
 K‫א‬
 
 ١ J٩
‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬
 0.3 X1
 0.22  X2
 0.2  X3
 0.12  X4
 0.1  X5
 0.04  X6
 
 W‫א‬
 
K١ J٩‫א‬P(X)‫א‬X‫א‬ K١
K0.1 + 0.04 = 0.14‫א‬‫א‬X6X5‫א‬ K٢
K0.14 + 0.12 = 0.26‫א‬‫א‬X4EX6X5F‫א‬ K٣
K0.2 + 0.22 = 0.44‫א‬‫א‬X3X2‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬٣EX3X2F‫א‬ K٥
 K0.26 + 0.44 = 0.7

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
K0.7 + 0.3 = 1.0‫א‬‫א‬X1 ٥‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K٨
 K101W‫א‬‫א‬X3
 
 WE١ J٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

L = 1 × 0.3 + 3×( 0.22 + 0.2 + 0.12 ) + 4 ( 0.1 + 0.04 ) = 2.48 bits.

X P(X) Codeword

0
X1 0.3 0

0
X2 0.22 1.0 100
0.44 0

X3 0.2 101
1 0.7
0
X4 0.12 1 110
0.26
0 1
X5 0.1 1110
0.14
1
X2 0.04 1111
  1
 
 ١ J٩‫א‬E١ J٩F‫א‬

 
Hamming Coding٣ J٩
 

-١٧٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ E Richard Hamming ‫א‬  F   
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
E Hamming DistanceF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،KEF
 KRAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E Control BitsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬FEData BitsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬E2
،‫א‬‫א‬ m،E m , nF‫א‬‫א‬
   E 8 , 7 F   ،   K‫א‬    n  
 k‫א‬‫א‬ K 7  8
 W‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬
 
n  2k  k  1 (2-9)
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
m=k+n
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 ٢ J٩
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10
 
 W‫א‬
 ٢ J٩‫א‬‫א‬،٢ J٩‫א‬‫א‬

-١٧٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 ٢ J٩
m،‫א‬‫א‬ n،‫א‬ k،‫א‬
 3  1  2
 7  4  3
 15  11  4
 31  26  5
 63  57 6
 1023  1013 10
 ٣ J٩
 K100110111010101
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 K2‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
 
F2‫א‬EParity BitsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KEKKK،16،8،4،2،1‫א‬
KEKKKK،7،6،5،3F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
W‫א‬

KE1,3,5,7,9,11,…..F‫א‬‫א‬W1 
KE2,3,6,7,10,11,14,15…..F ‫א‬W2 
KE4,5,6,7,12,13,14,15,…..F W4 
KE16-31,48-63,80-95,…..F 1616W16 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
-١٧٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
?1?‫א‬0،‫א‬‫א‬?1?‫א‬1‫א‬ K٤
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 
،7‫א‬E7 , 4F،،
 K4‫א‬3‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W
Kp1, p2, and p41, 2, 4W‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 
d3, d5,d6 and d7E3,5,6,7F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K٣ J٩‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٩
Bit position 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Encoded data bits p1 p2 d1 p4 d2 d3 d4
p1 X X X X
Parity
bit p2 X X X X
p4 X X X X

 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

p1  d 3  d 5  d 7
p2  d 3  d 6  d 7 (3-9)
p4  d 5  d 6  d 7
 
‫א‬‫א‬ XOR‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E XORF  
 W‫א‬
 
 X1 X2 Output
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 0  0  0
 0  1  1
 1  0  1
 1  1  0
 
K٤ J٩‫א‬E7‫א‬F‫א‬ K٤
 
 K12‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬1100‫א‬
  
p1  d 3  d 5  d 7  1  1  0  0  
p2  d 3  d 6  d 7  1  0  0  1  
p4  d 5  d 6  d 7  1  0  0  1  
 W7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
0111100
 
‫א‬‫א‬E1, 2 and 4‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE3, 5, 6 and 7‫א‬F‫א‬
 
E7,4F٤ J٩
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬
Data Word Decimal Value Code Word
 0 0 0 0  0  0000000
0001  1  1101001
0010  2  0101010
0011  3  1000011
 0 1 0 0  4  1001100
0101  5  0100101
0110  6  1100110
0 11 1  7  0001111
-١٧٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
1000  8  1110000
1 0 01  9  0011001
1010  10  1011010
1011  11  0110011
1100  12  0111100
11 0 1  13  1010101
1110  14  0010110
1111  15  1111111

 K6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬0110‫א‬
  
p1  d 3  d 5  d 7  0  1  0  1

  p2  d 3  d 6  d 7  0  1  0  1
p4  d 5  d 6  d 7  1  1  0  0
 W7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E6‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
1110110
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
p1  d 3  d 5  d 7  1  1  0  0
p2  d 3  d 6  d 7  1  0  0  1
p4  d 5  d 6  d 7  1  0  0  1
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ،‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  
،‫א‬KE p3‫א‬ p1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E 1 + 2 =3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬01
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Gray Coding‫א‬٤ J٩
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFrank Gray‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E Reflected Binary CodeF
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
KEADCF‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EMost Significant BitF‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E Modulo 2‫א‬F K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ٣  ‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬
 
 
 ٤ J٩
 K‫א‬1 0 0 1 0 0 1 ‫א‬‫א‬

1001001‫א‬ K١
E‫א‬‫א‬F1←1E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
1←10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 K٣
0←00‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0 K٤
   1←11‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0
  1←10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1
  0←00‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F1←11‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0
 
 1 1 0 1 10 1W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ٥ J٩
 K‫א‬K4
 
 W‫א‬
 K٥ J٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F1101
 
 1‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
1 + 1 = 0 → 0, 1 + 0 = 1 → 1, 0 + 1 = 1 → 1
 
 1 0 1 1‫א‬
 
 EN = 4 BitsF‫א‬٥ J٩
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
Gray Code Binary Value Decimal Value
0000 0000 0
0001 0001 1
0011 0010 2
0010 0011 3
0110 0100 4
0111 0101 5
0101 0110 6
0100 0111 7
1100 1000 8
1101 1001 9
1111 1010 10
1110 1011 11
1010 1 10 0 12
1011 1101 13
1001 1110 14
1000 1111 15
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EMost Significant BitF‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E Modulo 2‫א‬F K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬       ٣  ‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬
 ٦ J٩
 K‫א‬1 1 0 1 1 0 1 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 
1 1 0 1 1 0 1‫א‬ K١
E‫א‬‫א‬F1← 1E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
0← 01‫א‬‫א‬1 K٣
0← 00‫א‬‫א‬0 K٤
   1←11‫א‬‫א‬0
  0←01‫א‬‫א‬1
 0←00‫א‬‫א‬0 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F1←11‫א‬‫א‬0
 
 1 0 0 1 0 0 1W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

-١٨٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K٦ J٩‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬
 ٦ J٩
‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬
 0.24 X1
 0.21  X2
 0.2  X3
 0.12  X4
 0.1  X5
 0.08  X6
0.04 X7
0.01 X8
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬ K٨
W‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
 
m،‫א‬‫א‬ n،‫א‬ k،‫א‬
     2
    5

     7
     8
-١٨٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 K‫א‬K01011101110101010 K١٠
W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬
Data Word Decimal Value Code Word
 0 0 0  0  
001  1  
010  2  
011  3  
 1 0 0  4  
101  5  
110  6  
11 1  7  

‫؟‬‫א‬ K١٢
‫؟‬‫א‬ K١٣
 K‫א‬1 1 0 1 0 1 1 ‫א‬‫א‬ K١٤
 K‫א‬1 0 0 0 1 0 1 ‫א‬‫א‬ K١٥
W‫א‬‫א‬ K١٦

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

Gray Code Binary Value Decimal Value
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 2
0 1 1 3
1 0 0 4
1 0 1 5
1 1 0 6
1 1 1 7
-١٨٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EResolutionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
  
 
 K٦W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

-١٨٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠

Digital Image, Audio and Video Formats

 ١ J١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،E CDs, DVDs, Blue Rays, … F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K١ J١٠‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 ١ J١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 22.05 kHz‫א‬
 16 fs = 44.1 kHz‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E16 bits = 2 bytesFK
 700 MBCD
44.1×103 × 2 bytes × 2 channels = 176,400 bytes/second
One Minute: 60 × 176,400 bits/second = 10.584 MB
K‫א‬٧٤‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬30‫א‬720 pixel ×480 pixel‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬16
720 pixel ×480 pixel×30 frame/ sec×2 bytes/sample  ‫א‬‫א‬
=20.736Mb/s

One minute video requires 20.736 Mb/s × 60 = 1.244 GB

 
-١٨٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E CompressionF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E DecompressionF‫א‬
 W،ECodecF‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،Lossly‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،Lossless‫א‬ J 

،‫א‬‫א‬E Compression RatioF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E BytesF‫א‬E File Resolution FE Bit RateF‫א‬
‫א‬ mp3 - 128kb/s K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬128
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
i-Tunes and Windows Media ‫א‬١ J١٠
 
i-Tunes‫א‬  AAC 128 kb/s‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،Windows Media Player‫א‬  WMA
‫א‬‫א‬ 130‫א‬E CDF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 DVD Recorders ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١٠
 

-١٨٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
MPEG-2‫א‬‫א‬DVD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬            ‫א‬    ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 Digital Cameras ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١٠
 
     ‫א‬  JPEG ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KERAWTIFF
،‫א‬‫א‬EResolutionF‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٢ J١٠
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Format Full Name Resolution Pixels
SQCIF Sub QCIF 128 × 96 12,288
QCIF Quarter CIF 176 × 144 25,344
CIF Common Intermediate Format 352 × 288 101,376
DCIF Double CIF 528 × 384 202,752
4CIF 4 × CIF 704 × 576 405,504
16CIF 16 × CIF 1408 × 1152 1,622,016
VGA Video Graphic Array 640 × 480 307,200
QQVGA Quarter QVGA 160 × 120 19,200
QVGA Quarter VGA 320 × 240 76,800
HQVGA Half Quarter VGA 240 × 160 38,400
SVGA Super VGA 800 × 600 480,000
1024 × 768 786,432
XVGA Extended VGA
640 × 480 307,200
WQVGA Wide QVGA 480 × 272 130,560
HD High definition,(720p) 1280 × 720 921,600
FHD Full HD, (1080p), (16:9) 1920 × 1080 2,073,600
UHD Ultra HD ( 16:9) 7680 × 4320 33,177,600
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 Digital Image Formats‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١٠
 
E LossyF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE LosslessF
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬
‫א‬ ،  KE ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬        ، ‫א‬
KE 24 = 16F ‫א‬   16‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E 28 = 256F   256‫א‬‫א‬
E True ColorF‫א‬‫א‬ 16‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE224 = 16,777,216F24
 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 TIFF١ J٢ J١٠
‫א‬E Tagged Image File FormatF‫א‬‫א‬ TIFF
  K1986 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E ‫א‬      F ‫א‬ 
‫א‬،E PublishingF‫א‬،E GraphicsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    KE Digital Cameras F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E Scanners F ‫א‬
 E.TIFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 GIF٢ J٢ J١٠
‫א‬EGraphics Interchange Format F‫א‬GIF
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E AnimationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
E LosslessF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  256
Repeated Patterns of F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPixels
 KPNG‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 E.GIFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 PNG٣ J٢ J١٠
  
E Portable Network GraphicsF‫א‬‫א‬ PNG
‫א‬‫א‬K1996‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GIF‫א‬‫א‬
PNG-8PNGK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 24‫א‬‫א‬ PNG-24E 256 ColorsF‫א‬‫א‬ 8‫א‬‫א‬
 KE16 Million ColorsF‫א‬‫א‬
 E.PNGF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 JPEG٤ J٢ J١٠
 
Joint Photographic Experts Group?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?JPEG
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   JPEG   
 KELosslyF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬60%‫א‬
 KJPEG2000‫א‬JPEG‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E.JPGF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 BMP٥ J٢ J١٠
 
Bitmap Picture ‫א‬ BMP
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE.BMPF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٣ J١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٣ J١٠
‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
901 K  ‫א‬TIFF
928 K  ‫א‬TIFF
319 K  JPEG
 188 K  JPEG
50 K  E FJPEG
741 K  PNG
286 K  E256FGIF
 
 
  Digital Audio Formats‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١٠

‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 MPEG-3 ١ J٣ J١٠
KMP3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E MPEG Audio Layer IIIFE MPEG-1 Layer IIIF
‫א‬‫א‬ 1994‫א‬ MP3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WMP3K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  With Constant Bit Rate‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬With Variable Bit Rate‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٤ J١٠
kHz،fs‫א‬ Kb/s،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96,
 32, 44.1 and 48 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, MPEG-1 Layer III
 256, 320
 16, 22.05, and 24 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56 64,
MPEG-2 Layer III
80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160
 
‫א‬‫א‬ 128 kb/s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K 
 ‫א‬ E Up to 320 kb/s F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬ECD QualityF‫א‬‫א‬
 K44.1 kHz‫א‬ J
 K16‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K2‫א‬‫א‬ J
 E.MP3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١٩٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 ٤ J١٠
 K96 kb/sMP3‫א‬‫א‬،700MB
 
 W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Bit rate = 96kb/s = 96/8 = 12 kB/s ( one byte = 8 bits )
12 kB/s × 60 = 720 kB/ minute
700 MB/ 720 kB/minute = 972 minutes.
 
 ٥ J١٠
‫א‬K1411.2 kb/s‫א‬EAudio CDF
 K192 kb/s128 kb/sWMP3‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬

1411.2 kb / s
For 128 kb / s :  11.025  11
128 kb / s

1411.2 kb / s
For 192 kb / s :  7.35  7
192 kb / s

 AAC ٢ J٣ J١٠

 
‫א‬EAdvanced Audio CodingF‫א‬‫א‬AAC
1997‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MP3
KMP3, MP2 , MP1MPEG-1‫א‬‫א‬MPEG-2 Part 7
 W‫א‬MP3AAC

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
From 16 FMP3EFrom 8 to 96 kHzFfs‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KEto 48 kHz
MPEG-1 MP3F‫א‬ MP3 48 K٢
KEMPEG-2‫א‬
K K٣
K16 kHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 
 E.AACF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WMA ٣ J٣ J١٠
 
    ‫א‬ E Windows Media Audio F ‫א‬   WMA  
W‫א‬‫א‬K1999‫א‬
 
KReal Audio MP3‫א‬‫א‬E Original WMAF‫א‬ WMA 
48 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEStereoF‫א‬kHz

 WMA Pro‫א‬‫א‬E Professional WMAF‫א‬‫א‬ WMA 

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬8‫א‬96 kHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ELossless WMAF‫א‬WMA 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬6‫א‬96 kHz‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬    ‫א‬    E WMA Voice F  WMA  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K20kb/s‫א‬EMonoF‫א‬22.05 kHz
 
 E.WMAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WAV ٤ J٣ J١٠
 
    ‫א‬ E Waveform Audio F ‫א‬  ‫א‬  WAV  
، WAV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1991‫א‬ IBM
‫א‬        WAV   K 
 KELinear PCMF‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬WAV
 
 K‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 KWAV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
   ‫א‬         ‫א‬ WAV  
324GB‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE232 = 4,294,967,296F،EFile Size HeaderF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E.WAVF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
  Digital Video Formats‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١٠
 
   ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،  
‫א‬‫א‬،١ J١٠‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬
      ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E Standards OrganizationsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 MPEG١ J٤ J١٠
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    E Moving Picture Experts Group F  MPEG  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1988‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ISOF‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬DVD‫א‬‫א‬
 E.MPGF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WMPEG‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬MPEG-1‫א‬‫א‬
 E1.5 Mb/sF J 
E‫א‬3030 HzF ، 1.25 Mb/s ( 352 × 242 × 30 Hz )W‫א‬ J 
 240 kb/s Etwo channelsFW‫א‬ J
 KCDrom‫א‬ J 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 EVideo Home SystemF،VHS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬MPEG-2‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E40Mb/sF J 
EHDTVF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬5‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FSurround Sound ‫א‬‫א‬
 KCDrom‫א‬ J 
  E ResolutionF ‫א‬   E Image Size F ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 2048‫א‬‫א‬E 2048 × 1536F‫א‬K
 ٤ J١٠ ‫א‬  K 3,145,728    1536   ‫א‬
 KMPEG-2‫א‬‫א‬
 
1920 × HDTV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MPEG-3‫א‬‫א‬
EMPEG-2High 1440 F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬301080
 KE٤ J١٠‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬MPEG-4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E64kb/sF‫א‬ J 
( 176 × 144 × 10 Hz )W‫א‬ J 
 10kb/sW‫א‬ J
 KVideophones‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 ٥ J١٠
Picture Size, Maximum bit
Level
Frames Per Second = 30 rate

Low 352 × 240 4 Mb/s

Main 720 × 480 15Mb/s

High
1440 × 1152 60Mb/s
1440
High 1920 × 1080 80Mb/s

 
 
 
 MPEG-4٢ J٤ J١٠
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   MP4 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ MPEG-4 Part 14  
Container  F    MP4   K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ MP3 MP4K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E Format
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
Quick F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MP4
 KETime Format
 
 E.MP4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 H.263٣ J٤ J١٠
 
E Low Bit RateF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ H.263
‫א‬١٩٩٦‫א‬EITUF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬64 kb/s‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KEVideoconferencingF‫א‬‫א‬
 KH.261‫א‬H.263‫א‬‫א‬
 
 H.264٤ J٤ J١٠
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 2003‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K MPEG-4 part 10E Advanced Video CodingF‫א‬
‫א‬       ‫א‬   ‫א‬    
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E Blue-ray DiscsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  E Encoder F ‫א‬  KE YouTube, Adobe Flash Player, i-TunesF
‫א‬‫א‬EDecoderF‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬H.264
 
 KE‫א‬50%‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬      DVD   ، 
H.264  ‫א‬ ‫א‬        MPEG-2
 K‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
-١٩٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 MOV٥ J٤ J١٠
 
‫א‬E MultimediaF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ MOV
K‫א‬Apple Computer1991‫א‬
     E Multimedia Container F ‫א‬ ‫א‬    MOV
 ‫א‬،Apple‫א‬‫א‬QuickTime‫א‬
MP4MOVK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ETracksF
 KMOV،‫א‬‫א‬KMPEG-4‫א‬
 KE.MOVF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 DivX٦ J٤ J١٠
 
E CodecsF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ DivX‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E Digital Video ExpressF DivXKMPEG-4
KQuickTime  MOV    WMV  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬   Xvid  ‫א‬   E Open Source F ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦ J١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

-٢٠٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 ٦ J١٠
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
mp3    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
Advanced Audio Coding  AAC
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
Audio Interchange File Format AIFF
 KCD‫א‬‫א‬
CD  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   
Apple Lossless Encoding  ALE
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ،     Adaptive Transform Acoustic
 ATRAC
  CD     ،‫א‬ Coding

 K
   ،‫א‬    Adaptive Transform Acoustic
 ATRAC3
 K‫א‬ Coding 3

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    Adaptive Transform Acoustic
ATRAC3plus
 KEHi-MDF‫א‬ Coding 3 plus

‫א‬‫א‬
 Audio Format  AU
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 1080i and 720p  ‫א‬  Advanced Video Coding High
 AVCHD
‫א‬    ،   Definition

 KEBlue Ray DiscsF‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
    ،‫א‬
Audio Video Interleaved AVI
 K‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Bitmap Pictures BMP
 KK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Mini  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬KE DV Cassette Digital Video DV

   5   F   

 KE1GB
 MPEG-4 Digital Video Codec Created from
DivX
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ DivX Company

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

Graphic Interchange Format GIF
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W Joint Photographic Expert Group JPEG

 ‫א‬ ?‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  Moving Picture Experts Group MPEG

 K‫א‬
  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ Moving Picture Experts Group-
MPEG-1
‫א‬      Part1

 KCD‫א‬
  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Moving Picture Experts Group-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ DVD Part2
MPEG-2

 K‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ Moving Picture Experts Group-
MPEG-4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Part4

 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
MPEG-1, Audio Layer 3 MP3
 K‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬  MP3   
MP3 Professional MP3Pro
 K
 ‫א‬     
KApple‫א‬‫א‬
QuickTime QuickTime
‫א‬
 K
‫א‬EF
   ‫א‬    
RAW Image Format RAW
Digital  ‫א‬     K‫א‬ 
 KNegative
E Streaming F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ Real Media RealMedia

 KRealVideoRealAudi
     
 K‫א‬ Sound Designer II SDII

 
 ،‫א‬  ‫א‬    
 F       
Shorten SHN
 KAIFFWAV‫א‬
 
‫א‬      
Tag Image File Format TIFF
KE Desktop PublishingF‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 MP3  ‫א‬   K  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  Vorbis Audio Format Vorbis

 K‫א‬،‫א‬
 
‫א‬      
‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬E CDF Waveform Audio WAV

    F   

 KE10MB‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 MP3K‫א‬
Windows Media Audio WMA
‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
 K64 kb/s96 kbls‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬،‫א‬ Windows Media Video WMV

 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KMPEG-4‫א‬ Xvid Xvid

 DivX‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
KCD‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
  J
 32‫א‬ J
 16‫א‬ J
‫؟‬TIFF‫א‬ K٧
‫؟‬GIF‫א‬ K٨
‫؟‬PNG‫א‬ K٩
‫؟‬JPEG‫א‬ K١٠
‫؟‬BMP‫א‬ K١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EScannerF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢
K‫א‬
‫؟‬MP3‫א‬ K١٣
MP3‫א‬‫א‬،700MB K١٤
K128 kb/s
MP3‫א‬‫א‬،700MB K١٥
K256 kb/s
K1411.2 kb/s‫א‬EAudio CDF K١٦
 K320 kb/s96 kb/sWMP3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬AAC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٧

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
‫؟‬WMA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٨
‫؟‬WAV‫א‬‫א‬ K١٩
KMPEG‫א‬ K٢٠
‫؟‬MPEG-1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢١
‫؟‬MPEG-2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٢
‫؟‬MPEG-4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٣
‫؟‬‫א‬H.264‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٤
‫؟‬‫א‬MOV‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٥
‫؟‬‫א‬DivX‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٥ J١٠ K٢٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٥ J١٠ K٢٨
 
  

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  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

1- Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications, Fundamentals and Applications, first

edition 1988.

2- Sarkar N., Elements of Digital Communications, first edition, 2003.

3- Apuba Das, Digital Communications, Principles and System Modeling, 2010.

4- Haykin S., Introduction to Analog and Digital Communications, second edition,

2007.

5- Frenzel L. E., Communication Electronics, third edition, 2001.

6- Shrader R. L., Electronic Communications, sixth edition, 1991.

7- Temes L., Schultz M.E. Electronic Communications, Schaum’s outlines, second

edition, 1998.

8- Smith J.R., Modern Communication Circuits, second edition, 1998.

9- Miller G. M., Beasley J.S., Modern Electronic Communications, seventh edition,

2002.
  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
  ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١
 ٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١
 ٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١
 ٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١ J٤ J١
 ٨ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٢ J٤ J١
 ٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKASCII٣ J٤ J١
 ١١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
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 ‫א‬
 ١٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١ J٢
 ١٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢
 ١٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣ J٢
 ١٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٢
 ٢٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٢
 ٢٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٤ J٢
 ٢٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٢
 ٢٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٢ J٤ J٢
 ٢٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤ J٢
 ٣٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
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 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٣٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١ J٣
 ٣٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٢ J٣

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 ٤٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٤ J٣
 ٤٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٤٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ١ J٤
 ٥٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٢ J٤
 ٥٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٣ J٤
 ٥٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٤
 ٥٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬١ J١ J٣ J٤
 ٥٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J٣ J٤
 ٦٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٤
 ٦٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣ J٤
 ٦٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK μ١ J٣ J٣ J٤
 ٦٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK A٢ J٣ J٣ J٤
 ٧٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٤
  ٧٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٥ J٤
 ٧٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

٨١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  ١ J٥
 ٨١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥
 ٨٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٣ J٥
 ٨٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٤ J٥
 ٩٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٩٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ١ J٦

 ٩٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٦
 ٩٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٦
 ١٠٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٦
  ١٠٣ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٦
 ١٠٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKT1‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥ J٦
 ١٠٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE1‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥ J٦
 ١٠٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٦
 ١١٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ١١٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١ J٧
  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 ١١٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٢ J٧
 ١١٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٧
 ١١٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٧
 ١١٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٧
 ١١٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢ J٧
 ١١٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٣ J٧
 ١١٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬١ J٣ J٧
 ١٢٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٧
 ١٢١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬١ J٢ J٣ J٧
 ١٢٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٣ J٧
 ١٢٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٣ J٢ J٣ J٧
 ١٢٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤ J٢ J٣ J٧
 ١٣٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ١٣٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ١ J٨
١٣٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J٨
 ١٤٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J٨
 ١٤٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٨
 ١٤٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٨
 ١٥٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤ J٨
 ١٥٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤ J٨
 ١٥٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٨
 ١٥٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٨
 ١٦١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٨
  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 ١٦٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٨ J٨
 ١٦٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
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 ‫א‬
 
 ١٧٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١ J٩
 ١٧٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢ J٩
 ١٧٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣ J٩
 ١٨٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬٤ J٩
 ١٨٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ١٩٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١ J١٠
 ١٩٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١٠
 ١٩٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKTIFF١ J٢ J١٠
 ١٩٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK..KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKGIF٢ J٢ J١٠
 ١٩٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK..KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKPNG٣ J٢ J١٠
 ١٩٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK..KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJPEG٤ J٢ J١٠
 ١٩٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK..KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKPMP٥ J٢ J١٠
 ١٩٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١٠
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