اتصالات البيانات والشبكات 1 PDF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٣-٦ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٤٢
 ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

?‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
 ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 

‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ K ‫א‬    
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
W‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٦

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ١J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬WK‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Data ‫א‬ ‫א‬  Data Transmission ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ Communication
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    {   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬   {‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E ‫א‬
E١{٠F   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
Terminals‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Data Networks‫א‬
 K?‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
     Computer Communication ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
   ‫א‬    {‫א‬    E F   
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬٢J ١
‫א‬‫א‬ Nodes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ?  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬      EF     
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K     ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ١
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W‫א‬  J 
  ?        ? ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W‫א‬  J 

J J F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    { ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ 
{ MUX ‫א‬ ‫א‬ {E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
KATM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W‫א‬ ‫א‬  J 

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ (Microprocessor) ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Integrated Service Digital  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   Network (ISDN)
 K‫א‬
-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ١
‫א‬ {‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (End User Modules) ‫א‬‫א‬J 
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    {  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬    {‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
Data Terminal  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  Host ‫א‬    
 KEnd System‫א‬‫א‬{Equipment (DTE)

 Interface Processing Modules ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Local Circuits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
     ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  {  K‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Backbone Channel‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Trunks‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ {K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬ E١J ١F‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W ‫א‬    {‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Interface and
processing unit
backbone communication
channel
Local communication
channel Host devices
١J ١ 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٣J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬ 
-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KMaster/Slave ‫א‬
{‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
 ‫א‬١J ٣J ١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬ ١J ١J ٣J ١
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 mainframes ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   {‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢J ١F‫א‬‫א‬


Host computer
center
M T
M T
 

  
W‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J  J F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E
‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬     ‫א‬
-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K{‫א‬
 KE٣J ١F


Main frame Main frame
Mini Mini Mini Mini

Computer Computer Computer Computer
Micro Micro Micro Micro Micro Micro Micro Micro

comp. comp. comp. comp. comp. comp. comp. comp.
 ٣J ١ 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
J F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ E
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
KE٤J ١FK‫א‬
-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
PC PC PC
PC PC PC
 ٤J ١ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٣J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   KE   J   J  J F 
 WE‫א‬F
 Mesh Topology‫א‬ J ١
point-to-‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ point
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥J ١FK
  ‫א‬  N‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 WM‫א‬‫א‬
M = N(N-1)/2 

- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K •
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  •
K‫א‬

 Star Topology ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢  
J F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦J ١FK‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
Tree Topology ‫א‬ J ٣

   ‫א‬  {‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬     K‫א‬      
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
   K‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
KE٧J ١F
- ١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Bus Topology ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬   {point-to-point ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 multipoint‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨J ١F

- ١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬        •
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  •
K‫א‬
 Ring Topology‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ {‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
E٩J ١FK‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
- ١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬        •
K‫א‬‫א‬
 WHybrid Topologies‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
      ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٠J ١F?‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  


 ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١J ٣J ١
F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 E‫א‬ J ‫א‬  J  J    J  J   J  J 
 W
 Local Area Network (LAN) ‫א‬‫א‬J ١  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
   K ١٠     ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١١J ١F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  


 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
{‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 LANs‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬ LAN LAN‫א‬
   ‫א‬           ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬    MAN ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٢J ١F‫א‬K
- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

 
 Wide Area Networks (WAN)‫א‬‫א‬J ٣  
‫א‬  ‫א‬    LANs ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
   Big MAN     Big LAN    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{{{‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  { ‫א‬{{
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ {‫א‬
  {‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
{‫א‬‫א‬{Public Switched Data Network (PSDN) ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬         ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
   E١٣J ١F‫א‬ K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   {‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  


 ‫א‬ X.25 ‫א‬   {‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Leased Line‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬        ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Circuit Switching ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٤J ١F‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  


  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    K ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 {‫א‬‫א‬  {‫א‬ {‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬
         ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 Packet Switching ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
?? ?? ?? ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE١٥J ١F

‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    
KDatagramE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   K‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Virtual Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
Packet ‫א‬ Circuit Switching ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Switching
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ E ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J ١FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١
 X.25‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ X.25‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ? X.25? W‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE١٧J ١F  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 Frame Relay‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٤J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Frame Relay‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬X.25‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
Frame ‫א‬‫א‬E١٨J ١F‫א‬KL٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KRelay


 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤J ١
‫א‬ X.25‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Frame Relay
    ATM‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   {‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬Frame Relay‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  •
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ATM       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
1.2{L622{L155.52‫א‬‫א‬
 KL
٤٨‫א‬٥F٥٣‫א‬‫א‬ •
   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Integrated Service Digital Network ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٤J ١

 W(ISDN)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KISDN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬K
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩J ١F‫א‬K‫א‬

- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
LK ١٤٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ISDN‫א‬‫א‬

B-  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  L K ٦٤ ‫א‬   W ‫א‬ 
D- Channel ‫א‬   L K ١٦ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Channels
  L K ٦٤ ‫א‬  {(Basic Rate) ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
ISDN?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(Primary Rate)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ N-ISDN‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬FL ١{٥٤٤‫א‬‫א‬ ISDN
B-  L K ٦٤ ‫א‬       ٢٣   ‫א‬ 
KE ٢٣B+DF D-ChannelLK ٦٤‫א‬‫א‬ Channels
 B-ISDN?‫א‬‫א‬ ISDN?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 WISDN
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 {‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬ ‫א‬     {  ‫א‬ { ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    {‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  J ٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬ {‫א‬ {‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥

 Internet ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٤J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
       ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬
      ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
        ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬         
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬TCP/IP

- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬      J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K
   ‫א‬     ‫א‬      J ٣
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
  ‫א‬ ( IP Address )     { ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
E ٢٣٥ ١٦٢F‫א‬E ١٩٤٢٥٥٢٣٥١٦٢F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ E ١٩٤ ٢٥٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
uniform resource locator  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ address (URL)
 (KSU)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ KSU.EDU.SA‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    K(SA) ‫א‬ ‫א‬   (EDU) 
K IP‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬W‫א‬ URL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
W  {‫א‬ ‫א‬   J ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J E ‫א‬ F ‫א‬
www.microsoft  {‫א‬  http   {http:// www.microsoft.com
K‫א‬‫א‬com{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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E-mail‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬     {  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

File Transfer‫א‬ J ٢
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
News Group‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬      
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Gopher Lists‫א‬ J ٤
‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Shat‫ א‬J ٥
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ E‫א‬F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬
 ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Web page EF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٦

     ‫א‬   ‫א‬    
  ‫א‬ {‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
        ‫א‬       
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 {    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 {‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
  J    W    ‫א‬     
 K{J J IBM
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬    ‫א‬      ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

Network Model‫א‬ J ١
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Network Protocols‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
Interface ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
 ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Network Architecture‫א‬ J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Peer Layers‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Network Entity‫א‬ J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
n‫א‬K‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ n+1‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K Peer Entity ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Layer service ‫א‬ J ٧

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E ‫א‬  F   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ {
 KService Access Point‫א‬
Layer Data‫א‬ J ٨
‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Header‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Open System Interconnection (OSI)‫א‬‫א‬J 
Organization for ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٩٨٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ International Standardization (ISO)
‫א‬‫א‬ OSI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ISO‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٨٣{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ CCITT ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٠J ١FEF




 Physical LayerE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J ١  
   ‫א‬    OSI‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 Data Link Layer ‫א‬J ٢  
 E‫א‬  J ‫א‬  J ‫א‬ F ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Frame    K‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬ J ‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬
 KSDLCHDLC‫א‬‫א‬
 Network Layer ‫א‬J ٣  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ Packets   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬ Routing ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KIP ‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  {‫א‬      ‫א‬    
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 Transport Layer ‫א‬J ٤  

‫א‬      ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
TCP‫א‬ IP TCP/IP ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 SPX‫א‬ IPX SPX/IPX ‫א‬W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
(software tools)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K(hardware) ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Session Layer ‫א‬J ٥  
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Buffer‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬ Half Duplex ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KFull Duplex ‫א‬

 Presentation Layer ‫א‬‫א‬J ٦  
- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   W  K‫א‬‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E EBCDIC‫א‬ ASCII‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    K‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Application Layer‫א‬J ٧  
‫א‬‫א‬ OSI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
File Transfer  ‫א‬   W ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   Protocol (FTP)
 KE-mails‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(STMP)
 ‫א‬‫א‬J   

 (Transmission Control Protocol /Internet Protocol-TCP/IP)

‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K Internet- Satellite- Packet Radio- ARPA NetK
 KE٢١J ١FOSI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ 
 W
 Network Interface Layer‫א‬ J ١
OSI ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   Token Ring ‫א‬   Ethernet ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  E  J  J  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ATM-Frame Relay-X.25 W‫א‬     
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬     {‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K Gateways ‫א‬‫א‬Routers‫א‬‫א‬

 Internet Layer‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬  OSI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
         ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 IP    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       {‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    K‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   E  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ IP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ Router ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
Reverse  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K    ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RARP‫א‬‫א‬{EF IP
 KIP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬Internet‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Routing Information Protocol (RIP)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
Internet Control Message Protocol ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
  Multi Casting ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ K (ICMP)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E ‫א‬ ‫א‬F
Internet Group  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 KManagement Protocol (IGMP)
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 Transport Layer‫א‬J ٣

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   OSI‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{E‫א‬F TCP‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ?‫א‬ ?   ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬User Datagram Protocol (UDP)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    K ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬   packets   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    TCP ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬J 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(ACK) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬  (NACK) ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Ports‫א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ TCP‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬UDPTCP‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)  ‫א‬
K‫א‬EF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٢J ١F

F T S D T S
T E M N F N
P L T S T M
Application N P P P
layer E
T
Port
-23- Number
-21- TCP -25- -53- -69- 165
Transport UDP
layer
٢٢J ١


‫א‬ HTTP‫א‬EF‫א‬{
‫א‬K‫א‬ ٥٣‫א‬DNS ‫א‬٨٠
‫א‬H IP‫א‬W ‫א‬ TCP/IP‫א‬
 IP‫א‬ W   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ Socket    ‫א‬  
١٩٥{١٧٥K{٢٢{١١W٨٠(Socket) ‫א‬W‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
٨٠‫א‬١٩٥K١٧٥K٢٢K١١IP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬HTTP‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   (Client) ‫א‬    K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠٢٤‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ UDPTCP(Source Port)‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Error Detection‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Flow Control‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Packets Numbering‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ (Packet Switching)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬      ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     {      ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬   TCP ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬ TCP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬     
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ? Connectionless‫א‬?
- ٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ UDP‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٣J ١FKUDP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TCP

FTP TELNET SMTP HTTP SHTTP DNS SNMP NFS RPC TFTP
TCP UDP
IP
Ethernet Token ring FDDI PPP X.25

network network network network network
٢٣J ١ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬


‫א‬   ‫א‬        E٢٤J ١F ‫א‬
  KTCP/IP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
Transmitter
Receiver
Service and
application layer Service and
application layer
Data
TCP Transport
layer TCP Transport
layer
segment
IP layer
IP layer
Data gram
Layer of reaching Layer of reaching

to the network to the network
Sever Router PC
HTTP IP HTTP
TCP Interface TCP

network
IP IP
Interface Ethernet PPP Interface

network network network network
 J ١
- ٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 Application Layer‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
KOSI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 KUDPTCP‫א‬

 WW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TCP/IP‫א‬J
 
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)‫א‬J ١ 
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
FTP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ TCP‫א‬FTP‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬TCP‫א‬‫א‬FTP‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K( Server )‫א‬ ٢١
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ٢٠   ‫א‬
 K(Client)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ FTP‫א‬
 J       ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J  ( ASCII Code)
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K          ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   FTP ‫א‬  (Servers) ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(Clients)

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
TCP‫א‬(Explorer) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ٨٠‫א‬ (Web Server) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ TCP‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 TCP‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  HTTP ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) ‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬   (E-mail) ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥‫א‬ ‫א‬ SMTP
 K‫א‬
 
 Post Office Protocol (POP) ‫א‬J ٤
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ POP‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٢٥‫א‬‫א‬١١٠‫א‬

 Domain Name System (DNS) ‫א‬J ٥
              ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   DNS ‫א‬  K‫א‬
‫א‬    DNS    TCP/IP    K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K  ‫א‬ IP    ‫א‬   (Hosts)
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬ IP‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  DNS  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TCP/IP‫א‬

Dynamic Host Configuration  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J ٦
 Protocol (DHCP)
‫א‬‫א‬(Workstations)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  DHCP         KDHCP ‫א‬   TCP/IP
IP‫א‬‫א‬IP
 K‫א‬

Simple Network Management  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  J ٧
 Protocol (SNMP)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ (Agents)
 KSNMP

 Telnet ‫א‬J ٨
(Server/Client) L   TCP/IP ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬       ‫א‬
‫א‬Telnet‫א‬KTelnet 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Telnet
 ‫א‬           Telnet ‫א‬ 
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     {    ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ TCP ‫א‬   Telnet ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬FDX‫א‬
 K‫א‬Telnet‫א‬

- ٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 Packet Internet Groper (PING) ‫א‬‫א‬J ٩

     K TCP/IP     PING ‫א‬ ‫א‬
      ‫א‬ TCP/IP ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
echo request     PING   K    ‫א‬
‫א‬   Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  echo reply‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ICMP ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Trace Route‫א‬‫א‬J ١٠
‫א‬‫א‬{PING‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬ F ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KUDPICMP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 NETSTAT ‫א‬‫א‬J ١١
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K TCP‫א‬E F {

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 
 KInternational Standardization Organization (ISO) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
International Telecommunication union  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J ٢
 K(ITU-T)
American National Standardization Institute ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J ٣
K(ANSI)
Institute of Electrical & electronic ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J ٤
KEngineer (IEEE)
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 KElectronic Industrial Association (EIA) ‫א‬J ٥

 KInternet Society‫א‬J ٦
 KATM Forum ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٩
 ‫؟‬ISDN‫א‬W١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬W١١
 K‫א‬J ‫א‬W‫א‬W١٢
 KOSI‫א‬‫א‬W١٣
 KTCP/IP‫א‬‫א‬W١٤
 KTCP‫א‬W١٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٦
 ‫؟‬‫א‬TCP/IP‫א‬OSI‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬W١٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬W١٨
 KTCP/IPOSI‫א‬
 KManchester‫א‬ J
K‫ א‬J
KIP‫ א‬J
KSegmentation‫ א‬J
KEthernet J
KUDP J
Kports‫ א‬J
KFull Duplex‫א‬‫א‬ J
KASCII Code J
K‫א‬ J
KTCP J
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٩
 K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬  Connectionless ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   W٢٠
 W‫א‬
 KUDP J
KTCP J
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
KICMP J
KIGMP J
KIP J
 W‫א‬‫א‬W٢١
 K‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬     W٢٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K J
K J
K J
K J
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   KL         ‫א‬ W٢٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬ATM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢٤
 ‫א‬   ATM ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ W٢٥
 KUNI ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
- ٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ١J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W
(Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬ -١
 KEF‫א‬
 ( InformationF‫א‬ -٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Data )‫א‬ -٣
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬KKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–
 (SignalsF‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K––
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

- ٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J 


 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Analog SignalsFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫أ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E١J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





- ٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  


Digital SignalsFF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-‫ب‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬KKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 E٤J ٢FE٣J ٢F




Data ConversionsFF‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٢
ETransducersF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E٥J ٢F

 ‫א‬– J 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬J  J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬– J 

  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K(CodecF
 ‫א‬– J 
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 KE

- ٥٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٢
 ESpeed of Data Transmission and BandwidthF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
٧J  ٥FE ٨F ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ J J ٨J 
 K‫א‬ASMO‫א‬ASCII‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Ebit/secFLELF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 L٦٠٠  ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 LK٥٦–L٩٦٠٠  ‫א‬PCM‫א‬
 LK١١٥  ‫א‬
 LK٦٤–LK١٦  ‫א‬‫א‬
 LK٦٤–LK٣٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 L٣–L١٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 L١٠–L٥  ‫א‬‫א‬
 L١–L١٠٠–١٠ LAN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 L٦٢٢–١{٥٤٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
- ٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (NyquistF
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Bit RateFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ bit/sec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Nyquist RateF
‫א‬Tb‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ fs‫א‬
 W
  R = 1/Tb = n . fs
 W
 RW(bit rateF‫א‬‫א‬
 n:‫א‬
 fsW‫א‬
  Tb:‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 R=2W
 WW(band widthF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
 Wn = 8 bits‫א‬fs = 8 K Hz‫א‬‫א‬PCM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KR‫א‬J ١
- ٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 KW‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 KTb‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 W‫א‬
R = n fs = 8 x 8 = 64 K bit /secJ ١
2- W= R/2 =64/2 = 32 K Hz

 Tb= 1/R = 1/64 = 14.625 micro secJ ٣
 EBaud RateF‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬Baud/sec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
Baud Rate = 1/ Tbaud
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WETbaudFtime interval of baud
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬J
 one baud = 5 bits or 7 bits
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
One baud = 7 bits or 8 bits or more
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Baud Rate = 1/ TBaud = 1/20 m sec = 50 baud/sec
- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 (Transmission ImpairmentsF‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EAttenuation) ‫א‬‫א‬ ١-٥-٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٦J ٢F
 Nf = - 10 log10 Pf /P1000 dB
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ : Nf
f‫א‬:Pf
 ١٠٠٠‫א‬:P1000



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 EDelay DistortionF‫א‬ ٢-٥-٢
‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 KE٧J ٢F
‫اﻹﺷﺎرة‬ ‫اﻹﺷﺎرة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
٧J ٢ 


 (Time JitterF‫א‬‫א‬ ٣-٥-٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨J ٢F
- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫اﻹﺷﺎرة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‬
 ٨J ٢ 

 EInter-symbol InterferenceF‫א‬‫א‬ ٤-٥-٢
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٩J ٢FK‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‬
٩J ٢ 
 

(Cross Talk)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥-٥-٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
- ٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

 (Intermodulation Noise) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٥J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (Electrical Interference)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٥J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EThermal NoiseF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٥J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٠J ٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 N o = K o . T watt/ hz 
-23
Ko = 1.38× 10 J/K :  
T :‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
‫ﻗﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎء‬
١٠J ٢  ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬


 (Impulse Noise )‫א‬‫א‬٩J ٥J ٢

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١١J ٢FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﻗﺪرة‬
‫اﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎء‬
١١J ٢  ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬


 EChannel CapacityF‫א‬ ٦-٢
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 R‫א‬ -‫أ‬
 Kbit/sec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ENoiseF‫א‬J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EEError Rate‫א‬J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K0‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬0
ESignal-to-Noise RatioF‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 C = W log2 ( 1 + S/N ) bit/sec 
 W
 L‫א‬: C
 ‫א‬‫א‬: W
 ‫א‬‫א‬: S
 ‫א‬‫א‬ : N
 Log2 x = log10 x / log10 2 = 3.322 log10 x
 W
- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
EC ‫א‬F ‫א‬

 K ٣٤٠٠‫א‬
 ‫א‬K١٠٠٠‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KS/N‫א‬
W‫א‬
 C = W x 3.322 log10 ( 1+ S/N 
=W x 3.322 log10(1+1000)
=3400 x 3.322 log10 (1+1000)
= 34 k bit/sec
(S/N)dB = 10 log10 S/N

 =10 log10 1000 = 30 dB
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EPeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KEb/No 
Eb/No = S.Tb / Ko.T = S/R.Ko.T 
 Eb/No dB = 10 log10 S/R.KoT 
 = 10 log10 S – 10 log10 R – 10 log10 Ko – 10 log10 T
 = SdBw – 10 log10 R + 228.6dBw – 10 log10 T
 W
 1/10000Eb/No= 8.4db‫א‬‫א‬
 T= 290 ‫א‬‫א‬R= 2400 bit/sec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 Eb/Nodb = Sdbw – 10 log10 R + 228.6dbw – 10 log10 T
 8.4db = Sdbw – 10 log10 R + 228.6dbw – 10 log10 T
= Sdbw – 10log10 2400 + 228.6dbw -10log10 290
Sdbw = - 161.8 dbw
- ٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ W١
 K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
 K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W
 W٤
 ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬ 

٢٠٠
 ،٣‫א‬W٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٨‫א‬٥
 KL٤٨٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  

 K٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK٦٤‫א‬

‫א‬K
 ٣‫א‬‫א‬
 W٨
 ‫؟‬١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W٩
 ‫؟‬٢٤٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WW١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
J
‫א‬‫א‬K٤‫א‬W١١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K n = 8 bits‫א‬PCM
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬ W ‫א‬W١٢
  K
- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Transmission Channels) ‫א‬
(Transmission Channels)‫א‬
٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 (Transmission Channels)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ETransmission ChannelsF‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٦٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 ١J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬E ‫א‬FGuided‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬FUnguided‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EGuided Media F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 F‫א‬‫א‬
 E 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE

 ETwisted Pairs Wires) ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٣
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬twisting
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
-٦٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 EShielded Twisted Pairs- STPF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
6A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1A‫א‬STP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 E١J ٣FK‫א‬‫א‬

 EUnshielded Twisted PairsJ UTPF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬UTP‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢J ٣FKSTP
-٧٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  

 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬ UTP-cat1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L٤ ١{٥ Cat2
10BaseT-100BaseT4-  L١٠ ١٦ Cat3
Tele.Sys.
Token Ring LAN  L١٦ ٢٠ Cat4
100BaseTx Fast- MAN Fast  L١٠٠ ١٠٠ Cat5
1000BaseT4-Gigabit Ethernet  L١٠٠٠ ١٠٠ Cat5e
1000BaseTx – Gigabit Ethernet  L١٠٠٠ ٢٥٠ Cat6
MAN‫א‬LAN ‫א‬ L١٥٠J ١٠٠ ١٥٠ STP
‫א‬
 ECoaxial Cables) ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٢J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٣J ٣F
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L٥٠٠‫א‬٥٠٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٧١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  



Radio ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬RG ‫א‬Government(RG)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
thick ‫א‬
 ‫א‬RG-8 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KEthernet
‫א‬ RG-11{ RG-58 {RG-9‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
Kthick Ethernet‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬RG-59‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 EOptical Fiber F‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Repeaters
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Cable Composition‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٣J ٢J ٣


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٣F‫א‬
 W
 core‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
 K
-٧٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬cladding‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬jacket‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EMultimode FiberF‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٥J ٣F


EMultimode Graded-Index Fiber F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٦J ٣FK‫א‬
-٧٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  

    
ESingle Mode FiberF‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٧J ٣FK‫א‬


EFiber Sizes F‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
62.5/125  62.5 125
 50/125 50 125
100/140 100 140
8.3/125 8.3 125
-٧٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K٥ •
KL٢‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
LAN‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫• א‬
 EUnguided Media) E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣

‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
-٧٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬K٣٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 EOmnidirectional AntennaF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W
KEUnidirectional Antenna)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

 W(Propagation Mode) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬(Surface PropagationF‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 E٨J ٣FK‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ٨J ٣ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ETroposphereF‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٩J ٣FK‫א‬‫א‬
-٧٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬
‫א‬ ٩J ٣ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬EIonosphereF‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٩٠‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٠J ٣FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬
‫א‬ ١٠J ٣ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ELine of SightF‫א‬‫א‬J 
K١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١١J ٣FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٧٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬ ‫א‬
١١J ٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬    ≤ 3 K Hz    ‫א‬
(ELFF‫א‬
‫א‬  3 – 30 K Hz    –
 (VLFF
  30 – 300 K Hz   ––
 (LFF  
  300–3000 K Hz   ‫א‬‫א‬
 (MFF
(HFF 3 – 30 M Hz   ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 30 – 300 M Hz  ‫א‬ J J 
 (VHFF ‫א‬‫א‬
-٧٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬ 300–3000 M Hz  EF‫א‬ J 

 (UHFF  ‫א‬J 
  3- 30 G Hz  E‫א‬F‫א‬ J J J 
 (EHFF  
‫א‬ 30- 300 G Hz  ‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  
 300- 3000 G Hz  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  3- 30 T Hz  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 30- 300 T Hz    ‫א‬
 300- 3000 T Hz    ‫א‬
 3x1018-    
 3x1023Hz

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 EMicrowaves F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬{٢٠١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٢J ٣FK‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
-٨٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬ EF ‫א‬
١٢J ٣

 ESatellite) ‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eup linkF ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K(down linkF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Downlink‫א‬‫א‬ Uplink‫א‬‫א‬
C 3.7 to 4.2 Ghz 5.925 to 6.425 Ghz
Ku 11.7 to 12.2 Ghz 14 to 14.5 Ghz
Ka 17.7 to 21 Ghz 27.5 to 31 Ghz
 
‫א‬E ٣٠١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ٥٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٨١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٣J ٣FK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
 ERadio Broadcast F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ Eomnidirectional antennasF‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٨٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
E١٤J ٣FK(UHF)
 ‫א‬‫א‬(VHF)‫א‬‫א‬(HF)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬(AM)‫א‬( M )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
 KK١٦٠٠
٣٠٣‫א‬‫א‬(AM) ‫א‬(SW)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K
K١٠٨٨٨‫א‬‫א‬(FM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K١٠٠١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
١٤J ٣ ‫א‬


 ECellular Telephony) ‫א‬‫א‬J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
(base ‫א‬(mobile station)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٨٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬cell‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬station)
‫א‬‫א‬(mobile telephone switching center)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢{٣١٩٠٠J ١٨٠٠J ٩٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٥J ٣FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 EWireless LANsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥{٣٠–٥{١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
٥{٣٥–٥{١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KL
 ٢٠‫א‬
 KL٢٠‫א‬٥{٨٢٥–٥{٧٢٥‫א‬‫א‬
-٨٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  

 EInfrared Links F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٣١٠x ٣J ١١١٠x٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬J ‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
٨ LK
 ٧٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
L
 ٢J L
 K
 ١١٥ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
-٨٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣

 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬RG-8‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬٤٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K٦‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦
 KKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫ א‬J
-٨٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬J

 KKKKKKKKK‫א‬RG‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
 KJ

 K‫א‬……‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KJ
 KJ
 K‫א‬J
 KJ

 K…{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
-٨٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 K‫א‬J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KJ
 KJ
 KJ
 KJ

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٨‫א‬‫א‬W٧
 K‫א‬
 

 


 
-٨٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬
٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



-٨٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 ١J ٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Data CodingF‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ECoderF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (DecoderF‫א‬
 KCodec‫א‬‫א‬

 (Encoding of Digital Data)‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٩٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE1‫א‬‫א‬0‫א‬‫א‬0‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٩١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬

١J ٤

 EUnipolar NRZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KELowF‫א‬‫א‬EHighF‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WNRZ – Level‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-‫أ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬{  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K0‫א‬‫א‬

+V
NRZ -L
0
0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
٢J ٤ 

 

-٩٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 EEEncoding‫א‬
 KTb‫א‬‫א‬ VH‫א‬W1‫א‬‫• א‬
 KTb‫א‬‫א‬0 V‫א‬W0‫א‬‫• א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K0,s‫א‬1,s
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 EENRZ – Space‫א‬–‫א‬‫ א‬-‫ب‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

+V
NRZ -S
0
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
٣J ٤ 

 EEncodingF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1 ‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬0V1‫א‬‫א‬0V
 K‫א‬Tb
-٩٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W0‫א‬ ‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬+V0‫א‬‫א‬0V‫א‬
K‫א‬Tb
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K1,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ENRZ – MarkF–‫א‬‫ א‬-‫ت‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

+V
NRZ -M
0
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
٤J ٤ 

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W1‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬+V1‫א‬‫א‬0V‫א‬
 KTb‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W0‫א‬‫• א‬
KTb‫א‬‫א‬+V0‫א‬‫א‬+V
-٩٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K0,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 EEPolar Encoding‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٤
 ‫א‬+V  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K-V

‫א‬‫א‬
NRZ RZ ‫א‬
NRZ-L NRZ-I  
٥J ٤ 


-٩٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 EEPNRZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٢J ٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EPNRZ – LevelF–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
+V
PNRZ -L
-V
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
 J ٤ 

 (Encoding)‫א‬
 KTb‫א‬‫א‬+V‫א‬W1‫א‬‫• א‬
.Tb‫א‬‫א‬–V‫א‬W0‫א‬‫• א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
1,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬0,s‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
-٩٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  

 EPNRZ – IF–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K1,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
+V
PNRZ -I
-V
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
J ٤ 

 (Encoding)‫א‬
-V+V‫א‬W1‫א‬‫• א‬
 KTb‫א‬‫א‬1,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KTb‫א‬‫א‬–V ‫א‬W0‫א‬‫• א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬
K1,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
0,s‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٩٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 EPRZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٢J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0,s ‫א‬1,s‫א‬
 KEV, 0 , +V

+V
PRZ
-V
1
1 0 0 0 1 1 0
J ٤ 

 (Encoding)‫א‬
0 ‫א‬‫א‬ W1‫א‬‫• א‬
+V‫א‬ Tb/2{‫א‬
 K0V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–V ‫א‬Tb/2{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W0‫א‬‫• א‬
K0V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬
‫א‬0,s‫א‬1,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
KTb‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
-٩٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 EPolar Bi-phaseF‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٢J ٤


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 EEPolar Manchester–‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–V ,+V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KEthernet ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

+V
-V
1
1 0 0 0 1 1 0
J ٤ 

 (Encoding)‫א‬
+V‫א‬Tb/2{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W1‫א‬‫• א‬
 K–V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–V‫א‬Tb/2{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W0‫א‬‫• א‬
K+V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬
-٩٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬0,s‫א‬1,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
KTb‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 EPolar Differential ManchesterF‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬ J 



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Token Ring)

+V
-V
1
1 0 0 0 1 1 0
J ٤ 

 (Encoding)‫א‬
1‫א‬Tb/2{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W1‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K01‫א‬‫א‬XOR
0‫א‬Tb/2{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W0‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K01‫א‬‫א‬XOR
-١٠٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬
KTb‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 (Scrambled Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤

K–V, 0 , +V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  (AMI)‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬1,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

+V
AMI
-V
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
١١J ٤ 

 (Encoding)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬1,s‫א‬W1‫א‬‫• א‬
KTb‫א‬‫א‬0VW0‫א‬‫• א‬
-١٠١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K
‫א‬1,s‫א‬1,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K0,s
+V‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
K–V
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K0,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 EHDB3F‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬0,s‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K0,s‫א‬HDB3‫א‬KAMI

 (Encoding)‫א‬
 KAMI‫א‬Tb‫א‬‫א‬+V1 •
XY00X000X‫א‬0000‫א‬ •
KVBYV
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬000X‫• א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 000X‫• א‬
‫א‬
K‫א‬1,s‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬X000X‫• א‬
K
‫א‬1,s‫א‬‫א‬0000‫א‬Y00X‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٠٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬ X,YY00X‫• א‬
KY
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
-١٠٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
AMI
+V
-V
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
HDB3
Original 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
Signal
HDB3 1 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 1 0 0 0 1 -1 1 0
AMI
+V
-V
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
HDB3
Original 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
Signal
HDB3 1 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 1 -1 1 0 0 1 -1 1 0
J ٤ 

-١٠٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 EB8ZSF‫א‬٣J ٣J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KAMI‫א‬0,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬B8ZS‫א‬
KHDB3, AMIB8ZS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٣J ٤F



 (Encoding)‫א‬
 KAMI‫א‬Tb‫א‬‫א‬+V1 J
K000WX0YZ‫א‬00000000‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬000NP0PN‫א‬000WX0YZ‫ א‬J
KW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬000PNoNP‫א‬000WX0YZ‫ א‬J
KW‫א‬
KZ000WX0YZ‫א‬1 J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B8ZS
-١٠٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤
 EM- arry Encoding and Modulation RateF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(Shift KeyingF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

EAmplitude Shift Keying-ASKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EEFrequency Shift Keying-FSK‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٠٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 EEPhase Shift Keying-PSK‫א‬‫א‬J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ٤F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬(modulation rateF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Baud rate
KM=2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬M‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

-١٠٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ M>2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬4PSKM=2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BPSK‫א‬ J
‫א‬ M = 4 =22
KE١٥J ٤F


‫א‬8PSKM=2‫א‬‫א‬ BPSK‫א‬J 
J ٤F ‫א‬M=8=23
 KE١٦
-١٠٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  


M‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
M = 2n
n = log2 M
-١٠٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K360°/MZM-ary‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K180°/MZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W
 KM = 2n = 22 = 4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n = 2‫א‬J
 KM = 2n = 23 = 8‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n = 3‫א‬J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٤
 EPerformance of M-array Encoding SystemsF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KES/NF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ M>2‫א‬
L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L
 R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kmodulation rate‫א‬
 WLD
 D = Baud Rate = bit rate / Baud length = R/n Baud/ sec.
n = log2 M
R = D . n = D log2 M bit/sec.
Binary Encoder M-array Encoder

Digital Data R bits/ sec D baud rate
١٧-٤ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

-١١٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{D{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧J ٤F‫א‬

 W‫א‬{W{‫א‬
D = 2W
R = D . n = D log2 M = 2W log2M bit/sec
W = R/ 2 log2 MHz
Mlog2 M‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬L١٠‫א‬8- PSK
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٨٠
 W‫א‬
 M = 8 = 23 = 2n
 n = Baud length = 3 bits
R = 10 M bit/sec
D = R/n = 10 M /3 = 3.33 M Baud/sec
 W = D/2 = 1.66 M Hz

 EEQuaternary Phase Shift Keying-QPSK‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٤
‫א‬٤M = 4M-ary Encoding‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E11100100F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
QPSK‫א‬E١٨{١٩{٢٠J ٤F ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١١١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  

 
-١١٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
-١١٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤

1,s‫א‬‫א‬NRZ-L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥
 ‫؟‬0,s‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NRZ‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

KL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8-PSK‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧
 W ASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK J 
 
 Digital-to-digitalJ
 Digital-to-analogJ
-١١٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 Analog-to-analogJ
 Analog-to-digitalJ

 WPCM‫א‬J 
 Digital-to-digitalJ

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 Digital-to-digitalJ

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
NRZ-LJ
RZJ
B8ZSJ
 HDB3J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
UnipolarJ
NRZ-LJ
NRZ-IJ
RZJ
 ManchesterJ
-١١٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
10110101011001‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨
 KAMINRZ-L

‫א‬K8-PSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬W٩
 KLK٦٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K4-PSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٠

 

 

 
-١١٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Digital Data ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Digital Data ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Communication)
 Communication)
٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 (Digital Data Communication)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
  
(Digital Data Communication)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
-١١٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 ١J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EDigital Data Transmission MethodsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
١-٥ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬


 EEParallel Transmission‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٢J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٥F‫א‬
n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ n‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
-١١٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kone clock pulse ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J ٨ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦٤J ٣٢J ١٦
1
0
CPU
0 Memory
1
1
٢-٥ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

 (Serial Transmission)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬n ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬n ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J ٥FK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
1 0 0 1 0
‫א‬ ‫א‬
٣-٥ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬


‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١١٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬J  ‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EAsynchronous TransmissionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
1,s‫א‬0,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨٥
    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬frame

 KTb0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K٨٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K2TbTb1‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬10‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J ٥F ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤

start stop
Idle slot one 5- 8 bit data ch. bit 1-2 Remain idle
of line bit odd even bits or next-start bit
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
٤-٥ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

-١١٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  

 EETransmission Efficiency‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 W‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬k
 Transmission Efficiency = k/n×100 %
  
=8/11X100% = 72.73 %
waste percentage= 100% - 72.73 % =27.27 %


 ESynchronous TransmissionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Block ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٦J ٨‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 K‫א‬Block‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٦J ٨‫א‬‫א‬J
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
-١٢٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٥F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
8-bit flag control Block of Data Error control 8-bit flag

(sync.) 8 or 16 bits 2400bits 8 or 16 bits (sync.)
٥-٥ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Transmission Efficiency = k/n×100 %
=2400/2432 × 100%
 =98.68 %
 waste percentage= 100% - 98.68% =1.32 %

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
high-level data link ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kcontrol protocol (HDLC)

 EETransmission Modes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦J ٥F
-١٢١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
٦-٥ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬


 EESimplex Mode‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٣J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{E٧J ٥F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬J ‫א‬
 K
Simplex
Broad
Cost
Radio
٧-٥ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

 EHalf Duplex Mode -HDXF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٥F ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٢٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
Half- Duplex
Station A Station B
٨-٥ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

 
 E(Full Duplex Mode-FDX‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٩J ٥F 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Full- Duplex
Station A Station B
٩-٥ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

 EFull/Full Duplex Mode-F/FDXF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠J ٥F‫א‬
-١٢٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
Station B
Station A
Station C
Full/ Full- Duplex
١٠-٥ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬


 Error ControlFF‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Noise)‫ א‬J
K(Limited bandwidthF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
KEBit rateF‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٥F‫א‬
 K‫א‬
-١٢٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  


 ETypes of ErrorsF‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٤J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٢J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Types of errors
Random Burst
errors errors
١٢-٥ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

 ERandom ErrorsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬single error‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
-١٢٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0  ‫א‬‫א‬
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0  ‫א‬‫א‬
 error

 EBurst ErrorsF‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 K
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 
0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 
 errorerror
  
error detection‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬error correction‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬Eparity bits‫א‬‫א‬FEredundant bits
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬XOR‫א‬‫א‬KE١٣J ٥F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

0+0=0 1+1=0 0+1=1  1+0=1
-١٢٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
Error Control
Error Error
Detection Correction
١٣-٥ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 EError DetectionF‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ٥

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٤J ٥F
Error Detection
Techniques
Vertical or Cyclic
Horizontal Redundancy
Redundancy Checking
Checking
١٤-٥ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

 EParity check BitF‫א‬‫א‬J 
  ‫א‬٨٧‫א‬
‫א‬1,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬even parity‫א‬‫א‬odd parity‫א‬‫א‬
-١٢٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
1,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
1010111 1« 1010111 0« 1010111

 Longitudinal Redundancy Check-LRCFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KLRC
‫א‬LRC‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KLRC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
w1= 11100111,w2= 11011101,w3= 00111001,w4= 10101001W‫א‬‫א‬
 w1= 11100111  W‫א‬‫א‬
      W2= 11011101      
W3= 00111001      
w4= 10101001 
       
LRC= 10101010      
 WLRCH‫א‬‫א‬
W1 W2 W3 W4 LRC
-١٢٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
11100111 11011101 00111001 10101001 10101010


 ECyclic Redundancy Check-CRCF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬CRC‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٩{٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬polynomial‫א‬
 W‫א‬10‫א‬‫א‬

1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1ZDZ‫א‬
X7 + X5 + X2 + X + 1ZD(X)‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
CRC-12 = 1100100000011 = X12 + X11 + X8 + X + 1
CRC-16 = 11000000000000101 = X16 + X15 + X2 + 1
CRC- ITU-T = 10001000000100001 = X16 + X12 + X5 + 1

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

D = 10110111 , D(X) = X7 + X5 + X4 + X2 + X + 1 W‫א‬G
g = 110011 , g(x) = X5 + X4 + X + 1 W‫א‬‫א‬G
-١٢٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬
‫א‬b(x){b(x)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬g(x)‫א‬mXm×D(x)/g(x)
 Km = 5‫א‬CRC‫א‬‫א‬
Xm×D(x)= X5×(X7+X5+X4+X2+X+1)
= X12+X10+X9+X7+X6+X5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

X7+X6+X4+X2+X+1
X5+X4+X+1 X12+X10+X9+X7+X6+X5
X12+X11+X8+X7
X11+X10+X9+X8+X6+X5
X11+X10 +X7+X6
X9+X8+X7 +X5
X9+X8 +X5+X4
X7 +X4
X7+X6 +X3+X2
X6 +X4+X3+X2
X6+X5 +X2+X
X5+X4+X3 +X
X5+X4 +X+1
3
X +1 = remainder = b(x) , b = 01001 = CRC

 WT(x){‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T(x) = Xm × D(x) + b(x)
 = X12+X10+X9+X7+X6+X5+X3+X
 WT{‫א‬
 T = 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 = Data + CRC

-١٣٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  

 EError CorrectionF‫א‬ ٢J ٤J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 EAutomatic Repeat Request –ARQF‫א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (ARQ)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
E٥١٢٢٥٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KARQ‫א‬K

 W‫א‬?Stop-and-Wait ARQ‫א‬‫א‬?
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ACK‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NACK‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
-١٣١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٥J ٥F ‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Tx Rx
Frame 0
ACK0
Frame 1
ACK1
Wait time
out Frame 0 lost
Frame 0
ACK0
Frame 1
NACK1
Frame 1
ACK1
١٥-٥ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬


 Forward Error Correction-FECFF‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Hamming codecyclic code‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
-١٣٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬1,2,4,8,16,.. ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
m{ ‫א‬‫א‬k{
 ‫א‬n{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 n = m + k = 2m -1 W
n = 2m -1 = 23 – 1 = 7Wm = 3
k = n – m = 7 – 3 = 4 bits
 K3Z‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬

3,5,6,7‫א‬‫א‬1,2,4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 d d d m d m m  W
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 000
1001
2010
3011
4100
5101
6110
 7111

 EInterfacingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٣٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬–‫א‬––F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Interface‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬"Data Circuit Equipment (DCE)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬DCE, DTE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٦J ٥F‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  DCE‫א‬DTE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬(Interface PortF ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

-١٣٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  

 EMechanical Characteristics F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬J J  J 
 ‫א‬J F
 K‫א‬‫א‬


 EElectrical CharacteristicsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
DCE‫א‬DTE‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 (Functional Characteristics)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

-١٣٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 EEProcedural Characteristics‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Electronic Industries Association (EIA)‫א‬‫א‬
International Telecommunication Union- Telecommunication Standards ‫א‬
RS-232EIA-232 ‫א‬‫א‬Committee(ITU-T)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KDCE‫א‬‫א‬DTE‫א‬‫א‬

-١٣٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  

 EModem UnitF‫א‬ ٦J ٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٣٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬EJ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KDCE
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٩J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٣٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PSK- QAM‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
FSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬Bell‫א‬ J 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
209202103‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
-١٣٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  

Modem Line Operating Synchronization Modulation Max. Bit
 Series Facility  Mode  Mode  Type Rate
 103 Dail-up  FDX Asynchronous  FSK 300 b/s.
 202 S Dail-up  HDX Asynchronous  FSK 1200 b/s.
 202 T Private HDX/FDX Asynchronous  FSK 1800 b/s.
 209 A Private HDX/FDX  Synchronous 16-QAM 9.6k.b/s.
 209 B Dail-up  HDX  Synchronous 16-QAM 9.6 k.b/s.
 
 ITU-T‫א‬CCITT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ V
KV.34 V.29 ‫א‬‫א‬

 Recommendation  Description
 V.29  9600 b/s – FDX – Leased Circuits
 V.32 9600 b/s – FDX – Leased Circuits + Echo Supression
 V.33  14.4 k.b/s – FDX – Leased Lines
 V.34  (V.fast) ITU- 28.8 k. b/s Standard
 V.39  (V.fast) ITU- 56 k. b/s Standard

-١٤٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬W١
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{KKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{KKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KJ ‫א‬J J
 KJ J J
 KJ J J
 KJ J J

 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KVRCJ
-١٤١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 KLRCJ
 KCRC J
 K‫א‬‫א‬J

 K‫א‬1101111‫א‬1110111‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬J
 K‫א‬J
 KJ
 K‫א‬J

 KCRC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬J
 K‫א‬J
 K‫א‬J
 KJ

 K‫א‬1010‫א‬111111‫א‬‫א‬J 
111111000J
1111110000J
111111J
 1111111010J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬{
 ٢٤٠W٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{01101011‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
-١٤٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  

{10010101 01001111 11010000 11011011‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬LRC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬11001100111‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K0101‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 

-١٤٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Multiplexing) ‫א‬
 (Multiplexing)‫א‬
٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 (Multiplexing)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 EMultiplexingF‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١٤٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 ١J ٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KEMultiplexingF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬–J  F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ EF
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٦F‫א‬


 EFrequency Division Multiplexing -FDMF‫א‬‫ א‬٢J ٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  B.Wch. ≥ B.W1 + B.W2 + B.W3 + - - - - - + B.Wn
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬
-١٤٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
KE٢J ٦F ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
De -
M M
Sour U
٢ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ -٦ Source 1
ce 2
U X
Source 3

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٦F ‫א‬K
 ١٦٠٥K
 ٥٣٥‫א‬
ECATVF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦

-١٤٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  


 EFDM Carrier SystemsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١-٢-٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ AT&T‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ITU-T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EEBasic Group‫א‬‫א‬J 
١٢‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ AT&T-FDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EK٤ ‫א‬F
٤٨K١٠٨ K٦٠‫א‬AM-SSB
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢  ‫א‬K
 KE٤J ٦F‫א‬
-١٤٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  


 ESuper GroupF‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬  AT&T- FDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
AM-SSBE٦٠F
‫א‬ K
 ٢٤٠K
 ٦١٢K
 ٤٢٠‫א‬
‫א‬ KK٤٨‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬LK
 ٥٠ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EMaster GroupF‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AT&T-FDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
AM-SSBE٦٠٠F‫א‬
٢٤٠٠FK
 ٢٥٢٠K  ٥٦٤‫א‬
 ٣٣٢٤K  
K K
 ٢٥٢‫א‬‫א‬EK
 ١٢٠HK
‫א‬L
 K
 ٢٥٠ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥J ٦F‫א‬
-١٤٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  


 EJumbo GroupF‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ AT&T-FDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
AM-SSB‫א‬E٣٦٠٠F‫א‬
٢٠{٥٤٨  ٣{٥٦٤‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١{٨٦٤H١٥{١٢F١٦{٩٨٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢{٨٣١
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE١٠٨٠٠F‫א‬

 ETime Division Multiplexing -TDMF‫א‬‫ א‬٣J ٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
Eslot  ‫א‬  F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
Rch. ≥ R1 + R2 + R3 + - - - - - - + Rn
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W Rch.
-١٤٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١-٣-٦
 EESynchronous Time Division Multiplexing
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ FBuffers
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬KKKKKKKKK
 KE٦J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬



Demultiplexer‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٧J ٦F‫א‬

-١٥٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  



 EEFraming‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 { ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eframing bitsF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨J ٦F1‫א‬0‫א‬‫א‬



 EBit StuffingF‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ {
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٥١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬(bit stuffing
Emultiplexer) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEclock pulses F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
(De-F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kmultiplexer
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KK٢Z‫א‬W١
 KK٤Z‫א‬W٢
 KK٢Z‫א‬W٣
 KL٧٢٠٠Z‫א‬‫א‬W١١J ٤‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KPCM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
KK٤Z2f1Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
KK٨Z2f2Z‫א‬‫א‬ J
WK٤Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬H٢ ‫א‬H١ ‫א‬‫א‬Z ‫א‬
KE٩J ٦FZ٣‫א‬
-١٥٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
o
tSource 1
tSource 1
S
urce 1
٩-٦ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
١٦‫א‬‫א‬{٤
 K١٦L٤٠٠٠Z
PCM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
KLK٦٤Z١٦×K٤Zn.fZ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١١J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬ J
٨‫א‬‫א‬ L
 K
 ٨LK
 ٧{٢‫א‬‫א‬
K٢
K٦٤Z٨×K٨Z  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
KL
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PCM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KLK١٢٨Z٢×LK٦٤Z‫א‬٣٢Z٨×٢H١٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠J ٦F‫ א‬J
-١٥٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
16 bits PCM-TDM 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
bits bits bits bits bits bits bits bits
32 bits frame
١٠-٦ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
 (Digital Services) ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J ‫א‬J F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEJ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 WSwitched 56/ Service‫א‬L٥٦‫ א‬E١
L
 K
 ٥٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Digital Service Unit (DSU)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬KL
 K
 ٥٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EDigital Data Service -DDSF‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
LK
 ٦٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Kdigital leased line‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١٥٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 EEDigital Signal Service -DS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

‫א‬DDSDSU‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 EAT&T-TDM Digital Carrier System)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
ECCITT-TDM Digital Carrier Sys.F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

J Digital Carrier Systems) (AT&T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬T-1‫א‬Digital Signal Format ( DS-1)
‫א‬KT-1Carrier Line ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٤Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KK٤Z‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
KK٨Z‫א‬ K٣
Kµ-Companding Law ‫א‬١٢٨ZQ{‫א‬ K٤
K٧Zn{‫א‬ K٥
K١Z‫א‬ K٦
K١Z‫א‬ K٧
K١٩٣Z١HE١H٧F×٢٤ZNZ‫א‬ K٨
KL١{٥٤٤Z١٩٣×K٨ZN.fsZRZ‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
 KDS-1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٦F‫א‬


-١٥٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
Ch.2 Ch.24 Fb
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits
Ch.1
micro sec
193 bits
125

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
AT&T-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٦F‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬TDM
J 
 ‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KAT&T‫א‬‫א‬



-١٥٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  

 AT&T-TDM‫א‬
‫א‬ DS ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 T1 DS-1  LK١{٥٤٤  ٢٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T1-c DS-1c  LK٣{١٥٢  ٤٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T2 DS-2  LK٦{٣١٢  ٩٦  J J ‫א‬
T3 DS-3  LK٤٤{٧٣٦  ٦٧٢ J J 
T4 DS-4  LK٢٧٤{١٧٦  ٤٠٣٢ J J 
 T5 DS-5  LK٥٦٠{١٦  ٨٠٦٤ J J 


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥J ٦
Asynchronous Statistical Time-DivisionMultiplexing (STDM)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ { ٢٠J
٢٠‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬١٠‫א‬{
 ‫א‬
‫א‬٪٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬PCM-TDM‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KSTDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٥٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  

 ESystem PerformanceF‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬STDM‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
{‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬k‫א‬n
‫א‬‫א‬k‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬k<n
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
HDLC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١٣J ٦F 
 KSTDM
Beginning Address Control STDM FCS Encoding

Flag Field Field Data Field Flag
١١-٦ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ٦F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


-١٥٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  

 EEWave-Division Multiplexing -WDM‫א‬‫ א‬٦J ٦
FDM‫א‬‫א‬WDM‫א‬‫א‬
De-mux.‫א‬‫א‬Mux.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EMultiplexingF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
prism‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Fdiffraction grating‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Mux.
E١٥J ٦F‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٥٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬L
 ‫א‬{L
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 EESynchronous Optical Network -SONET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٧J ٦
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬CCITT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SONET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KSynchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SDHSONET‫א‬‫א‬
Synchronous Transport ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SONET‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٥١{٨٤Signal Level-1 (STS-1)
 K‫א‬SDHSONET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KL
SONET electrical SONET Optical Bit rate M bit/sec. SDH electrical
signal signal signal
STS – 1 OC – 1 51.84 -
STS – 3 OC - 3 155.52 STM – 1
STS – 9 OC - 9 466.56 STM – 3
STS – 12 OC - 12 622.08 STM - 4
STS – 18 OC - 18 933.12 STM - 6
STS – 24 OC - 24 1244.16 STM - 8
STS – 36 OC - 36 1866.24 STM – 12
STS – 48 OC - 48 2488.32 STM – 16
STS - 192 OC - 192 9953.28 STM – 64
 SDHSONET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٦٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  

  ١٦‫א‬ ‫א‬WDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٠ZL
 ٢{٥×١٦OC – 48 ‫א‬
OC - 192‫א‬   ٣٢‫א‬‫א‬{L
‫א‬‫א‬L
 ٣٢٠ZL
 ١٠×٣٢
 KE١٦J ٦FOC – nSTS – n‫א‬



-١٦١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢

 ‫؟‬{FDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W٣

 ‫؟‬‫א‬TDM‫א‬‫א‬W٤

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦
 K‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{LK٦٤‫א‬‫א‬DS-0‫א‬W٧

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 FDM -
‫א‬‫א‬TDM -
‫א‬‫א‬TDM -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
-١٦٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬-
K‫א‬-

 { ‫א‬n‫א‬‫א‬TDM‫א‬ J 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 N-
n +1 -
n -1 -
n/2 -

 { ‫א‬n‫א‬‫א‬TDM‫א‬ J 

 KnKKKKKKKKKKKKKKm{‫א‬‫א‬m
 K-
K-
K-
K-

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{AT&T – FDM‫א‬ J 
 KK٤×‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
KK٤×‫א‬-
KLK٨×‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
KLK٨×‫א‬-

-١٦٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ J 
 FDM-
K‫א‬‫א‬TDM-
K‫א‬‫א‬TDM-
WDM-

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٩
 KFDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
KK٤٥‫א‬-
K٢٠٠-
K١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬TDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٠
،  ‫א‬‫א‬{LK
 ١٤{٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬T-1Line‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٦٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(ATM Networks) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(ATM Networks)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
(ATM Networks)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 EATM NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ATM‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
KATM‫א‬‫• א‬
KAALATM‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ١J ٧
‫א‬EAsynchronous Transfer Mode -ATM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ATM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬    E  J  J  F ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬LL
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ATM ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ATM‫א‬ Broad Band ISDN (B-ISDN)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬
{‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ATM ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬    E Packet Switching F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Cell Relay ‫א‬ATM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Cell)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ATM‫א‬ Frame Relay‫א‬‫א‬{
‫א‬ Frame Relay ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ATM‫א‬EF‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    {   ATM ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬ATM‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ LANs ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ATM  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   {‫א‬   ‫א‬  WANs
‫א‬‫א‬
 2.5 G b/s, 622.08 M b/s, 155.52 M b/s, 51.84Mb/s, 25.6 M b/s
{(Connection-OrientedF‫א‬‫א‬ ATM
{(Connectionless-Service)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ATM
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬     {‫א‬   
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١٠٠‫א‬
‫א‬virtual (ChannelF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ATM٢J ٧
 ‫א‬     ITU-T ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬ ATM‫א‬‫א‬
 ATM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

 ATM‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W(User PlaneF ‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬     W(Control PlaneF  ‫א‬  J ٢
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
Layer Management ‫א‬‫א‬W(Management Plane)‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Plane Management‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬User Plan‫א‬
 K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 WATM‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬{ATM‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
K622.08 Mb/s155.52 Mb/s
 E١J ٧F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ATM  •
KATM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( ATM Adaptation Layer -AAL)‫א‬ •
Higher ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ATM‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬{ATMATM‫א‬‫א‬Layer
{‫א‬ ATM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ AAL
    ATM   AAL   ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬   end-to-end    AAL    {  ‫א‬
KEOSI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬AAL
KAALE٢J ٧F‫א‬



- ١٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٧

‫א‬       W(Virtual Channel -VC) ‫א‬ ‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ATM‫א‬
 KVirtual Channel Identifier (VCI)
- ١٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
W(Virtual Channel Link -VCL)‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬ATMATM‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬VCI
 W(Virtual Channel Connection-VCC)‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ (VCLs)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  VCC‫א‬ AAL‫א‬
KVCC
‫א‬WEVirtual Path -VP) ‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬  ATM  ‫א‬
K(Virtual Path Identifier -VPI)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:(Virtual Path Link-VPL) ‫א‬‫א‬ •
VPI‫א‬‫א‬VPI(VCLs)
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W (Virtual Path Connection -VPC)‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(VCC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VCC‫א‬ ATM  VCC‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ATM
 WVCC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VCC‫א‬W‫א‬ •
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  VCC ‫א‬  WATM    •
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VCC‫א‬W‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
- ١٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ITU-I

‫א‬ VCC‫א‬W‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬  J ‫א‬  ‫א‬  F ‫א‬     •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE
K‫א‬‫א‬
K VCC‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬   {VCC     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬    ‫א‬ WE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬  •
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E ‫א‬    J   F    ‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
    {  ‫ א‬VCCs ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Congestion
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VCCs‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ {‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ITU-I
‫א‬‫א‬ VCCs‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬ VPCs
  ‫א‬‫א‬         {‫א‬  
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬{VPC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  (ATM Logical Connection- ATM) ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٧

  ‫א‬ VCCs ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ATM   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ {X.25  Frame Relay ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬‫א‬
VPI‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬ VCI ‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬ ATM
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     {  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{ATM VCC
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{VPC‫א‬‫א‬VCC
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VCCs‫א‬ boundle 
 KE٣J ٧FE‫א‬F‫א‬





‫א‬‫א‬ VPC VCCs‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬VPC‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
EVPCs‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EVCCs‫א‬F‫א‬

 WVirtual Paths‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ {  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     W   J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J ٢
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J ٣
Transmission Path‫א‬
end- ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬   VCC 
  ‫א‬     {‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬ ‫א‬F points
KE‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬        E٤J ٧F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ { •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬

 
 EControl Signaling) ‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٧
 ‫א‬  VPCs ‫א‬ VCCs ‫א‬     ATM  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬VCCs‫א‬
 ‫א‬    Semi permanent ‫א‬  VCCs  ‫א‬‫א‬   •
 K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬{{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{ ‫א‬    VCCs ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
Meta-Signaling ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬Channel
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{VPC‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬VCCs
 W‫א‬‫א‬VPCs
‫א‬    ‫א‬   {‫א‬  VCCs ‫א‬    •
 KVCCs‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ VPC‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬VPC‫א‬VCC
  ‫א‬   {‫א‬   VPC ‫א‬   ‫א‬    •
KVPC‫א‬
 (ATM Cells)ATM ٧J ٧

   E ٥٣F ‫א‬   ATM ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{٤٨٥Header
 ‫א‬  {      {‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  { •
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    { •
K‫א‬‫א‬




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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 WATM
‫א‬ ATM‫א‬W Header Format‫א‬ J ١
{ User Network Interface (UNI)‫א‬‫א‬WE٥J ٧F
 KATM


  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
{‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ٦J ٧F
 K‫א‬NNI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٧F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E b aF‫א‬  
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W Generic Flow Control (GFC) ‫א‬  ‫א‬ J ٢
٤UNI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 ٨{‫א‬  WVPI‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ١٢ UNI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NNI‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ WVCI‫א‬‫א‬J
K١٦‫א‬‫א‬Service Access Point‫א‬
{‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W Payload Type‫א‬  J ٣
‫א‬{‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ VCC ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W Cell Loss Priority (CLP)‫א‬J ٤
 CLP ٠{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CLP١‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ W Header Error Control (HEC)‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
{٣٢‫א‬ ATM‫א‬‫א‬ ٨
‫א‬ ‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
‫א‬ Real Time Applications‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٨‫א‬‫א‬WInformation Field‫א‬J ٦
K

 (ATM Services) ATM٨J ٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ATM
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WATM Forum

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 Real-Time Services ‫א‬‫א‬J ١

 W‫א‬
W(Constant Bit Rate -CBR)‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W ‫א‬   {‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W-Time Variable Bit Rate (rt-VBR) ‫א‬‫א‬ J 

  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ {‫א‬  
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ {‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬

 Non-Real-Time Services ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 W‫א‬

Non-Real-Time Variable Bit Rate ‫א‬‫א‬ J 
QoS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W(nrt-VBR)
{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W(Unspecified Bit Rate -UBR)‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬ ATM‫א‬‫א‬{
 J ١W {VBR‫א‬‫א‬ CBR
  VBR‫א‬ J ٢ ,VBR CBR ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬ J ‫א‬ J ‫א‬ J ‫א‬ J ‫א‬W‫א‬ UBR 

 K
 (Available Bit Rate -ABR)‫א‬‫א‬J 
 TCP  end-to-end   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
     {‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ABR‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ TCP
Minimum Cell Rate (MCR)‫א‬Peak Cell Rate (PCR)
ATM‫א‬LAN‫א‬ABR‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K

 (AAL Services) AAL ٩J ٧
 WAAL‫א‬‫א‬ITU-I
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ATM‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
  K‫א‬‫• א‬
 
- ١٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ATM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١

 ‫؟‬ATMW٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣
 VCC‫א‬‫א‬ J
VCL‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫؟‬V P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤

 ‫؟‬‫א‬ATM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥

‫؟‬ATM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦
- ١٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(LANs and Its Instruments) ‫א‬‫א‬
(LANs and Its ‫א‬‫א‬
 Instruments)
٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
(LANs and Its Instruments)‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
.Token Bus-Token Ring- FDDI
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬5

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ١J ٨
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ 
 J F‫א‬
    
 {
 ‫א‬
 KE١J ٨F



 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K١٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
١٠٠ L
 ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K
- ١٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬EtopologyF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬
KEF‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٨
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 KServer‫א‬J 

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  EClient StationF‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EPeripherals ServerF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ERepeatersF‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢J ٨F‫א‬KOSI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KOSI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ١٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬

 
 EBridgesF‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٨F‫א‬KOSI
 K
- ١٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 

 EHUBSF‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٤J ٨F‫א‬KOSI‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

ESwitchesF‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KOSI‫א‬
{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬
E٥J ٨F ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



- ١٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KL١٠٠

 ERoutersF‫א‬J 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
E٦J ٨F ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
- ١٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

{ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ENetwork CardF‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NIC‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 KRJ45, AUI, BNC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ١٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
    ‫א‬J ٢

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ { ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٨
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦٤
 ٣٢
 ١٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬
- ١٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
{ ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Network Operating System‫א‬J
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
UnixNetWareWindows NT‫א‬‫א‬
 KLinux‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 WApplications‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WUtilities‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 EGatewaysF‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Mainframe Computers‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{PCs
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KOSI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
FIPX‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬IP‫א‬‫א‬Internet‫א‬ENetWare
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٨F‫א‬KIPX - to – IP‫א‬
 K
- ١٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬

 J 
‫א‬‫א‬ 
T- Connector 
 N- Series
‫א‬‫א‬British Naval Connector (BNC)  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬RJ45‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KEthernet‫א‬J
 .Token Bus‫א‬J
 .Token Ring‫א‬J
 KFiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)‫א‬‫א‬J
Project 802IEEE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KANSI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

WEthernet١J ٣J ٨
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ١٩٦٠  
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
K١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬L ٢{٩٤ ١٠٠‫א‬
 WEthernet‫א‬
 Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC )J
 Intel -
 Xerox-
 
- ١٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬١٩٨٢DIX 1.0‫א‬١٩٨١
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬DIXFKDIX 2.0
{٨٠٢‫א‬IEEE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬Token Ring‫א‬‫א‬IBM‫א‬
IEEE 802.3 ‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬IEEE
 KIEEE 802.5Token Ring‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬{‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K(CSMA/CD) MAC‫א‬‫א‬J 
Carrier Sense  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Multiple Access with Collision Detection [CSMA/CD]
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 {‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K(listen before talking ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬
{‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 E٨J ٨F‫א‬ K  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K {‫א‬ 
 {  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬     
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    {‫א‬        
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
EPreambleF‫א‬J
‫א‬ ( ١٠١٠١٠١٠…….F ٧‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Start Frame Delimiter -SFD)‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ١٠١٠١٠١١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Destination AddressF‫א‬‫א‬J
(Hexa Decimal System)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦.
{IEEE 802.3 Ethernet‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ROM Chip‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 00-04-76 0E-B1-68
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
ESource AddressF‫א‬‫א‬J
٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Ether Type / Length‫א‬L‫א‬J
 ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IEEE 802.3‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  Data and Padding‫א‬‫א‬J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٠٠
 ٦٤
F٦٤‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٦٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٥١٨‫א‬‫א‬٦٤‫א‬

 E Frame Check Sequence -FCS)‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٤
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ {‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 K‫א‬ E٩J ٨F


- ٢٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  (Ethernet X Base Y Standards )J 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ IEEE 802 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{E‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 W
{L‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ XX Base YW‫א‬‫א‬
{E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Base
‫א‬     {Segment     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    Y
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KX Broad Y‫א‬‫א‬
 
10 Base 5, thick Ethernet‫א‬‫א‬J
10 Base 5,thick  ‫א‬‫א‬ IEEE 802.3 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RG8 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫واﻟﺘﻲ‬ Ethernet
‫א‬     ٥٠٠   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ L  ١٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬K ٥٠٠  Y{L ١٠  X‫א‬‫א‬
٥ F  ٢٥٠٠   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 E١٠J ٨F‫א‬K ٢{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K10 Base 5‫א‬
- ٢٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬

 10 Base 2, Thin Ethernet‫א‬‫א‬J
 10 Base 2  IEEE 802    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
RG 58 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ L  ١٠   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٠٠٢F٢٠٠‫א‬
‫א‬ F ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    E  ١٨٥ ‫א‬
 K10 Base 2‫א‬ E١١J ٨F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٠٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Fast Ethernet ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ١٩٩٨   K
  ‫א‬ L  ١  ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 IEEE 802‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
   M b/s‫ א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬
CSMA/CD  ٥٠٠  10  RG8   10 Base 5
CSMA/CD  ١٨٥  10 RG58    10 Base 2
CSMA/CD  ١٠٠  10 Cat 3 UTP ‫א‬  10 Base T
 
CSMA/CD  ٢٠٠٠  10  ‫א‬ 10 Base FL
‫א‬  
- ٢٠٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
CSMA/CD  ٣٦٠٠  10 RG8   10 Broad 36

CSMA/CD  ١٠٠  100 Cat 5 UTP ‫א‬ 100 Base TX

CSMA/CD  ١٠٠  100 Cat 3 UTP ‫א‬ 100 Base T4

    100 Base FX
CSMA/CD  ٤٠٠  100 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
62.5/125
    1000 Base
CSMA/CD  1000  LX
 ٥٠٠٠ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
9/125
    1000 Base
CSMA/CD  1000  SX
 ٥٥٠ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
62.5/125
    1000 Base
CSMA/CD  1000  ZX
 ١٠٠٠٠٠ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
9/125
CSMA/CD  ٢٥  1000    1000 Base
STP  CX
 ‫א‬
CSMA/CD  ١٠٠  1000 Cat 5,5E   1000 Base T
 UTP
 ‫א‬
 IEEE 802 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Token Bus ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٨

‫א‬‫א‬IEEE 802.4IEEE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E ١١١١١١١١F‫א‬
- ٢٠٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ {
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
Token Ring‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣J ٨
CSMA/CD   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬      ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ IBM   
 ‫א‬ IEEE 802.5 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   IEEE   ‫א‬ Token Ring ‫א‬
 IBM‫א‬‫א‬ IBM Token Ring‫א‬ 
 IEEE ‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ Token Ring‫א‬‫א‬
  point- to- point‫א‬‫א‬
Multi-station ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
  Token Ring ‫א‬ ‫א‬      Access Unit (MAU)
‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬   Repeater   
‫א‬‫א‬{
- ٢٠٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬   {‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   Token Ring
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Token Passing Ring
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 {‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ {‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 RJ45  UTP Cat 5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ٤‫א‬ IEEE 802.5‫א‬{ Token Ring 
 K‫א‬‫א‬L١٦L
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬      E١٢J ٨F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٠٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣J ٨
 (Fiber Distributed Data Interface -FDDI)
American National   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ١٩٨٠   
  ‫א‬    FDDI ‫א‬   Standards Institute (ANSI)
( Ethernet-Token ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ { Ring)
‫א‬  IEEE 802.5  ANSI ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    KUNIX 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    FDDI ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     E L  ١٠٠ F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٠٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 FDDI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  FDDI    Fast Ethernet ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
   {          ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 FDDI  WAN ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٠٠    K ٢٠٠      ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  FDDI  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   {
FDDI‫א‬ LAN and MAN ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ FDDI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬K٢٠٠
Token Ring FDDI ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   IEEE 802.5‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬      ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    {IEEE 802.5 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Token Ring  ‫א‬     ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ FDDI ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬ {‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬ {  ١٠٠٠K ٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
IEEE 802.5 ‫א‬‫א‬Token Ring ‫א‬ANSI‫א‬‫א‬FDDI ‫א‬
     {‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   Dual Attachments ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  FDDI 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
     { ‫א‬      ‫א‬  
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬
 IEEE 802.5 ‫א‬‫א‬ Token Ring ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬{FDDI ‫א‬{{‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Switch 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  FDDI ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 FDDI   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ANSI    ١٩٩٠  
{UTP Cat.5 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  KCopper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI) W‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ FDDI ‫א‬  ‫א‬  IBM 
 KSTP ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢

 ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫א‬ W٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WW٤
 10 Base 2 J 
10 Base T J 

10 Broad 36 J 

1000 Base SX J 

IEEE 802.5‫א‬ ‫א‬ Token Ring ‫א‬  ‫א‬     W٥
 ‫؟‬FDDI ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬    {‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬      W٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ {Token Ring W٩
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  D{C{B{A      ‫א‬ ‫א‬      W١٠
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬KC‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 KB ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١١
 ‫؟‬10 Base 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 J 
 J 
 J 
 J 
 K10 Base 2 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ٢٠٠J RJ 45J 
 200 J RG 45J 
  ١٨٥-RG 58J 
 185 J RG 8J 
 ‫؟‬10 Base 5J 
 ١{٥J 
 ٢J 
 ٣J 
 ٢{٥J 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬J 

- ٢١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬Token Ring ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬J 

- ٢١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Wireless Networks) ‫א‬‫א‬
(Wireless Networks)‫א‬‫א‬
٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
(Wireless Networks)‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 EWireless NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ١J ٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
{‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  {‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(Satellite Communications)‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EGeostationary orbitF٣٦٠٠٠‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 EFixed Satellite Service- FSSF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 EBroadcast Satellite Service- BSSF‫א‬‫א‬J 
 EMobil Satellite Service- MSSF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 



- ٢١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٩F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (up link)‫א‬
 KE١J ٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(down link)‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٩
 E‫א‬F    ‫א‬       ‫א‬  J 
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٩F‫א‬
- ٢١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٩F‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
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

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 (Very Small Aperture Terminal-VSATF
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬F    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 
(Cellular Wireless Network) ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٩

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(base station)‫א‬ (mobile station)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬cell‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(mobile telephone switching center)
‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢{٣١٩٠٠J ١٨٠٠J ٩٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫( اﻟﺘﻲ‬base station)‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(Frequency reuse) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   N  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    E٥J ٩F ‫א‬
 K‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫( وﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬Base Station )  ‫א‬ ‫א‬J
 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
E٦J ٩F{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ٢١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 (Wireless Local Loop-WLL)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٩


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫( اﻟﺘﻲ‬WLL )‫א‬
‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬E٧J ٩F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(basic station)‫א‬‫א‬WLL


 

 (Wireless Local Area Network WLAN)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٩
‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫ א‬‫א‬
- ٢١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EWLANF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠
‫א‬‫א‬Euniversal mobile telecommunications systemFUMTS
UMTS‫؛‬ WLAN‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٨J ٩F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KWLAN
‫א‬‫א‬Ehot pointsF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
E٩J ٩F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K WLAN
Electrical and Electronics  Institute ofF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEngineers/IEEE
٢‫א‬‫א‬٨٠٢{١١‫א‬١٩٩٧،‫א‬

 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬١١‫א‬‫א‬b802.11‫א‬،١٩٩٩
K٥٤‫א‬‫א‬a802.11
b802.11‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
a802.11‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬b802.11‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬g802.11‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٠٣
‫א‬‫א‬، ٥٤
 ‫א‬،b802.11
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Ealliance/WECAwireless ethernet compatibilityF
wireless FWi-Fi‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
- ٢٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،Efidelity
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





- ٢٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
- ٢٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
(down link)‫א‬‫א‬(up link)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J J ٣

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ WLL ‫א‬ J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬UMTSWLAN J ٥
- ٢٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬  242  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬ J ٣
KTCP/IP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  242  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
   ( Cable thru )   
 K{

 W‫א‬
Cat 5‫א‬UTP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ١   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ٢   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  {‫א‬  ١  
 K‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬
K         ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   T568B ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
10 Base ‫א‬ RJ 45UTP
 100 Base T4 ,1000 Base T ‫א‬{100 Base TX{ T
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬Cat 5 ‫א‬UTP  •
KRJ 45 ‫א‬٤ •
K‫א‬‫א‬RJ 45‫א‬ ECrimperF‫א‬ •
KUTP ‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •

- ٢٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  242  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
   UTP ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E١J ١٠FKT568-A ‫א‬T568-B ‫א‬
 K٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬ F ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ T568-B ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J ٢
KE‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T568-B ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
 ‫א‬    RJ 45  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫ א‬J ٦
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K‫א‬
K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J ٧
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬٧١‫א‬‫א‬ J ٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٩
- ٢٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  242  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


Pair 2 Pair 1
Pair 3 Pair 1 Pair 4 Pair 2 Pair 3 Pair 4
١ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ١ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
T568A T568B
١-١٠ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
 1 1
T568-B‫א‬RJ 45 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 10 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
100BaseT4,1000BaseT? BaseT,100BaseT? ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬
      H  2  1
       _  2  2
      ‫א‬  3  3
        1  4
       1  5
       ‫א‬  3  6
        4  7
        4  8

- ٢٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  242  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 T568-B ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K

 W‫א‬
‫א‬ Cat 5‫א‬ UTP ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٢
RJ45 ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  T568-B ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢‫א‬Cat 5‫א‬UTPJ
KRJ 45‫א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬RJ 45‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KUTP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬J

 W‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬    T568-A ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  T568-B ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
- ٢٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  242  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬ F    ‫א‬‫א‬ 568-B ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J ٢
KE‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 568-B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ٢ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     J ٤
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬    RJ 45  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫ א‬J ٦
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K‫א‬
K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J ٧
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ٧  ١  ‫א‬‫א‬  J ٨
K568-A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٩


- ٢٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  242  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
Pair 2 Pair 1
Pair 3 Pair 1 Pair 4 Pair 2 Pair 3 Pair 4
١ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ١ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
T568A T568B
٢-١٠ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬


 T568-B‫א‬RJ 45‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬   
100BaseT4,1000BaseT? 10BaseT,100Base  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
T?
‫א‬
      H  2  1
       _  2  2
      ‫א‬  3  3
        1  4
        1  5
       ‫א‬  3  6
       4  7
        4  8

 KT568-A‫א‬RJ 45 ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  242  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
100BaseT4,1000BaseT? 10BaseT,100BaseT? ‫ א‬
‫א‬
        3  1
         3  2
      ‫א‬  2  3
        1  4
       1  5
       ‫א‬  2  6
        4  7
        4  8

- ٢٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  242  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫• א‬
KUTPEOpenF‫א‬EShortF
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K UTP   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬K
K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KCat 5‫א‬Cat 5UTP •
KCat 5 •
K( Open )‫א‬UTP •
K( Short )UTP •
K‫א‬‫א‬Cat 5UTP •
KFluke 620‫א‬‫א‬ •

- ٢٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  242  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 KFluke 620‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KWire MAP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KCABLEK‫א‬SET UP‫• א‬
KUTP‫א‬‫א‬DOWNUP ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ENTER‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ENTER UP/DOWN‫א‬‫• א‬
W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
UTP CABLE
10 Base-T WIRING
Cat 5 CATEGORY
AWG 24 WIRE SIZE
No CAL to CABLE?
ON or OFF BEEPING
From 1 to 10 LCD CONTRAST
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 KUTP/FTP‫א‬‫א‬ •
KRJ45-RJ45‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  •
KFluke 620‫א‬

- ٢٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  242  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( Near End )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K( Far End )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬ W‫א‬ ‫א‬
 TOP:   ١
BOT:
 TOP:   ٢
BOT
 TOP:   ٣
BOT:
 TOP:   ٤
BOT:
 TOP:   ٥
BOT:
 
- ٢٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  242  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬( Short )‫א‬( Open )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
KCoaxial Cable‫א‬‫א‬UTP‫א‬
KCable ID‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬
EL‫א‬F Pass/Fail‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K      Fluke 620  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬UTP‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KCat 5UTP‫א‬ •
KCat 5UTP •
K‫א‬Cat 5UTP •
K‫א‬Cat 5UTP •
   (Open)       Cat 5  UTP   •
K‫א‬
K‫א‬(Open)Cat 5UTP •
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  F     RG 8  RG 58    •
KE‫א‬
KFluke 620‫א‬ •
- ٢٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  242  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ( Coax UTP )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KFluke 620 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KTest‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KCABLE‫א‬K‫א‬SET UP‫• א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     DOWN  UP ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫• א‬
KCOAXTUP
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ENTER‫• א‬
 ‫א‬    ENTER  UP/DOWN ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
COAX‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ UTP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

COAX UTP CABLE:
10 Base 2 or RG 58 10 Base-T WIRING:
N/A CAT 5 CATEGORY:
N/A AWG 24 WIRE SIZE:
NO NO CAL to CABLE ?
ON or OFF ON or OFF BEEPING:
From to 10 From 1 to 10 LCD CONTRAST:

 (Coax UTP )‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬UTP/FTP‫א‬UTP‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬  (Coupler) RJ45-RJ45‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Cable ID‫א‬
CoaxBNC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 EL‫א‬FPass/Fail‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  242  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬
    ١
    ٢
    ٣
    ٤
    ٥
    ٦
    ٧
 
- ٢٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  242  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Length)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫• א‬
K(Coax)‫א‬‫א‬UTP‫א‬
W‫א‬
(Cable  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K Fluke 620‫א‬ ‫א‬ Length)
 KCoax‫א‬ ‫א‬ UTP    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬UTP‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KCat 5UTP‫א‬ •
KCat 5UTP •
KCat 5UTP •
KCat 5UTP •
K‫א‬٣ •
     ‫א‬    Fluke 620  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  •
K‫א‬
- ٢٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  242  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ( Coax UTP ) ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 KLENGTH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    SET UP   ‫• א‬
KCABLE:‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   DOWN UP‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
KCOAXUTP
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ENTER‫• א‬
 ‫א‬    ENTER  UP/DOWN ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫• א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
COAX UTP CABLE:
10 Base-2 10 Base-T WIRING:
N/A CAT 5 CATEGORY:
N/A AWG 24 WIRE SIZE
NO NO CAL to CABLE ?
ON or OFF ON or OFF BEEPING:
From 1 to 10 From 1 to 10 LCD CONTRAST

 (Coax  UTP)‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬UTP/FTP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬  (Coupler) RJ45-RJ45‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Cable ID‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  242  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

Coax BNC‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬  •
K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ID ‫א‬   LENGTH TEST    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬{UTP
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬
    ١
    ٢
    ٣
    ٤
    ٥
    ٦
    ٧
 
- ٢٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  242  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
      ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KWindows XpWindows 2000‫א‬ •
KPCIISA •
KPCIISAEthernet •
KWindows Xpwindows 2000‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  242  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ K‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫• א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  {‫א‬      
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬
 My Network Places ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(START)‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬(NEXT)?‫?א‬‫ א‬J 

- ٢٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  242  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 TCP/IP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Windows‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ipconfig‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K( Domain )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬IP‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IP‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ IP    DNS,DHCP,WINS ‫א‬  ‫א‬   •
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬Windows XpWindows 2000 •
K •
- ٢٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  242  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
KIpconfig‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  {( My Network Places ) ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫• א‬
 ‫א‬  {Local Area Connection  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ •

  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  

- ٢٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  242  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Local Area Connection‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬DNS{DHCP{IP‫א‬TCP/IP
Local ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬TCP/IP‫א‬Area Connection
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 IP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  IP‫א‬  
  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫؟‬DNS  
 DNS‫א‬  
  Wins ‫א‬
 Wins‫א‬ ‫א‬

( Command  ‫א‬‫א‬    Ipconfig ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬Prompt )
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Start)‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Ipconfig/all‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  •
W‫א‬‫א‬





- ٢٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  242  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  ‫א‬IP‫א‬
  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 DHCP‫א‬
 DNS‫א‬
 Wins‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬FH
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٢٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  242  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬Ring‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
KIP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ipconfig‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬  Point-to-point  ‫א‬   
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Crossover )‫א‬ •
K‫א‬( HUB )‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬Windows XpWindows 2000 •
KCat 5 •
K‫א‬ •
K •
K‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  242  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ {‫א‬   ‫• א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬XEF
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 WTCP/IP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ TCP/IP‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 KLocal Area Network‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IP‫א‬‫• א‬
192.168.30.20  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  192.168.30.10  C    ‫• א‬
K255.255.255.0Subnet Mask‫א‬‫א‬
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 KIpconfig‫א‬‫א‬TCP/IP‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 KCommand Prompt‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EStartF‫א‬‫• א‬
KIpconfig /all‫א‬ •

- ٢٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  242  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WIP‫א‬  WIP‫א‬
Subnet mask = Subnet Mask =
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WRing‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 KTCP/IP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ping‫א‬‫• א‬
KCommand Prompt‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{(Start)‫א‬‫• א‬
KPing 192.168.30.20W‫א‬‫א‬Ping‫א‬ •
‫؟‬Ping‫א‬ •
 WWindows‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Local Area Network‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ •
W‫א‬‫א‬
Client for Microsoft NetworkJ ١
 K‫א‬J ٢
 KInternet Protocol TCP/IPJ ٣
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   Workgroup  G
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬G
 (Client)‫א‬
  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬

 WFile and Print Sharing‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ Local Area Network  ‫א‬   •
KFile and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Network‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  242  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
??‫א‬‫א‬ ‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Workgroup
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 

 
- ٢٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

1. Data and Computer Communications, 3rd. Ed., WILLIAM STALLINGS,
1991.
2. Data and Computer Communications, 6th. Ed., WILLIAM STALLINGS,

2003.
3. Communication Networks, LEON GARCIA, 2000.
4. Communication Networks, LEON GARCIA, 2004.
5. Wireless Communications and Networking, WILLIAM STALLINGS.
6. Advanced Electronic Communications Systems, 4th.Ed, Wayne Tomasi,

1998.
7. Data Communications and Networking,2nd., Behrouz A. forouzan.
- ٢٥١ -
 ‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
........................................................................................................................... 
............................................................................................................................
١ ..........................................................................‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢ ................................................................................................................ ١J ١
٣ ............................................................................................................. ‫א‬٢J ١
٣ ................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ١
٥ ................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ١
٦ ........................................................................................................ ‫א‬٣J ١
٧ ............................................................................... ‫א‬١J ٣J ١
٨ .......................................................................... ‫א‬١J ١J ٣J ١
١٠ ........................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٣J ١
١٦ ....................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١J ٣J ١
٢٢ ......................................................................................‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١
٢٢ ............................................................... X.25‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ١
٢٣ .................................................. Frame Relay‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ١
٢٣ .................... Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤J ١
٢٤ .. WIntegrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤J ١
٢٦ ............................................................................. Internet‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٤J ١
٢٩ ............................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١
٣٢ ............................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ١
٥١ ................................................................................................ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٥٢ .............................................................................................................. ١J ٢
٥٣ ........................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2-2
٥٤ ................................................ Data ConversionsFF‫א‬‫א‬2-3
٥٦ .......................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢
٥٩ .................................................... (Transmission ImpairmentsF‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢
٥٩ ..................................................................... EAttenuation) ‫א‬‫א‬2-5-1
٦٠ .................................................................... EDelay DistortionF‫א‬٢-٥-٢
٦٠ .......................................................................... (Time JitterF‫א‬‫א‬٣-٥-٢
-٢٥٢-
 ‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
٦١ ..................................................... EInter-symbol InterferenceF‫א‬‫א‬٤-٥-٢

٦١ ................................................... (Cross Talk)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2-5-5
٦٢ ........................... (Intermodulation Noise)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٥J ٢
٦٢ ................................................ (Electrical Interference)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٥J ٢
٦٢ ............................................................ EThermal NoiseF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٥J ٢
٦٣ .............................................................(Impulse Noise )‫א‬‫א‬٩J ٥J ٢
٦٣ ........................................................................... EChannel CapacityF‫א‬٦-٢
٦٦ ......................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
٦٨ ............................................................ ETransmission ChannelsF‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٦٩ .............................................................................................................. ١J ٣
٦٩ ................................................................... EGuided Media F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣
٦٩ .................................................. ETwisted Pairs Wires) ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٣
٧١ ............................................................ ECoaxial Cables) ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٣
٧٣ ................................................................. EOptical Fiber F‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٣
٧٣ .......................................... Cable Composition‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٢J ٣
٧٩ ....................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٣
٨٦ ......................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
٨٩ ............................................................... EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩٠ .............................................................................................................. ١J ٤
٩٠ ................................................... (Encoding of Digital Data)‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤
٩٢ ............................... EUnipolar NRZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٤
٩٥ ........................................................ EEPolar Encoding‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٤
٩٦ ........................................ EEPNRZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٢J ٤
٩٨ ............................................. EPRZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٢J ٤
٩٩ ................................ EPolar Bi-phaseF‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٢J ٤
١٠١ ................................................................ (Scrambled Encoding)‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤
١٠١ ........................................................... (AMI)‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٤
١٠٢ .................................................................... EHDB3F‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٤
١٠٥ .......................................................................... EB8ZSF‫א‬٣J ٣J ٤
١٠٦ ............................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤
١١٠ ................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٤
-٢٥٣-
 ‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
١١١ ......................... EEQuaternary Phase Shift Keying-QPSK‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٤

١١٦ ................................ (Digital Data Communication)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١١٧ ............................................................................................................ ١J ٥
١١٧ .......................... EDigital Data Transmission MethodsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥
١١٧ ........................................... EEParallel Transmission‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٥
١١٨ .............................................. (Serial Transmission)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٥
١٢١ ....................................................... EETransmission Modes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥
١٢٢ ................................................ EESimplex Mode‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٥
١٢٢ ................................... EHalf Duplex Mode -HDXF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٥
١٢٣ ............................................E(Full Duplex Mode-FDX‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣J ٥
١٢٣ ........................... EFull/Full Duplex Mode-F/FDXF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣J ٥
١٢٤ ..........................................................Error ControlFF‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٥
١٢٥ ................................................................ ETypes of ErrorsF‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ٥
١٣١ ................................................. EError CorrectionF‫א‬٢J ٤J ٥
١٣٣ ....................................................... EInterfacingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٥
١٣٧ .................................................................................EModem UnitF‫א‬٦J ٥
١٣٩ ........................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ٥
١٤١ ......................................................................................................‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٤ ..............................................................................EMultiplexingF‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٥ ........................................................................................................... ١J ٦
١٤٥ ..............................EFrequency Division Multiplexing -FDMF‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦
١٤٧ ................................... EFDM Carrier SystemsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١-٢-٦
١٥٠ .............................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6-3-1
١٥٤ ..................................................................... (Digital Services)‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٦
١٥٧ ................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٦
١٥٩ ................................. EEWave-Division Multiplexing -WDM‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٦
١٦٠ ......................... EESynchronous Optical Network -SONET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٦
١٦٢ ..................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
١٦٥ ....................................................... EATM NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٦٦ ............................................................................................................ ١J ٧
-٢٥٤-
 ‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
١٦٧ .......................................................................................... ATM٢J ٧

١٦٩ ................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٧
١٧١ ................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٧
١٧٢ .................................. (ATM Logical Connection- ATM)‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٧
١٧٤ ................................................................... EControl Signaling) ‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٧
١٧٨ ...................................................................... (ATM Services)ATM٨J ٧
١٨١ ...................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
١٨٢ ......................................... ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٨٣ ............................................................................................................ ١J ٨
١٨٤ .............................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٨
١٨٤ ....................................................................................‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٨
١٩٦ ................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٨
١٩٦ .......................................................................... WEthernet١J ٣J ٨
٢٠٤ ................................................... Token Bus‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٨
٢٠٥ ...................................... Token Ring‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣J ٨
٢٠٧ ........................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣J ٨
٢١٠ ....................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
٢١٣ ......................................................... EWireless NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢١٤ ............................................................................................................ ١J ٩
٢١٤ ............................................... (Satellite Communications)‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٩
٢١٤ ............................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٩
٢١٥ ............................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٩
٢١٧ .............................................. (Cellular Wireless Network)‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٩
٢١٩ ...................................... (Wireless Local Loop-WLL)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٩
٢١٩ ........................... (Wireless Local Area Network WLAN)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٩
٢٢٣ ...................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
٢٢٤ ................................................................................................. W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٢٥ ........................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٢٨ ....................................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٣٢ ..................................................................................‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
-٢٥٥-
 ‫א‬  ٢٤٢  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
٢٣٥ ............................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٣٨ .................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٤١ ................................................................................. ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٤٣ ........................................................................ TCP/IP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٤٧ ...................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٥١ ..................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬


-٢٥٦-






 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

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اتصالات البيانات والشبكات 1 PDF

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬

‫א‬ E١J ١F‫א‬

Main frame Main frame

Mini Mini Mini Mini

Micro Micro Micro Micro Micro Micro Micro Micro

Tree Topology ‫א‬ J ٣

 Packet Switching ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

Integrated Service Digital Network ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٤J ١

LK ١٤٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ISDN‫א‬‫א‬

Web page EF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٦

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

Peer Layers‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥

Layer service ‫א‬ J ٧

 Network Layer ‫א‬J ٣  

 Transport Layer ‫א‬J ٤  

 ‫א‬‫א‬J   

 Transport Layer‫א‬J ٣

 ‫א‬  (NACK) ‫א‬‫א‬

Ethernet Token ring FDDI PPP X.25

Layer of reaching Layer of reaching

TCP Interface TCP

Interface Ethernet PPP Interface

 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

‫א‬ IP‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  DNS  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 Packet Internet Groper (PING) ‫א‬‫א‬J ٩

 KElectronic Industrial Association (EIA) ‫א‬J ٥

١٠J ٢  ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬

١١J ٢  ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬

EC ‫א‬F ‫א‬

(S/N)dB = 10 log10 S/N

 ECoaxial Cables) ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٢J ٣

 EOptical Fiber F‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬cladding‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J

 EUnguided Media) E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣

‫א‬ ٩J ٣ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ١٠J ٣ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ 300–3000 M Hz  EF‫א‬ J 

‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ERadio Broadcast F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 EENRZ – Space‫א‬–‫א‬‫ א‬-‫ب‬

NRZ-L NRZ-I  

 EPolar Bi-phaseF‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٢J ٤

 EPolar Differential ManchesterF‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬ J 

 (Scrambled Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤

 EEPhase Shift Keying-PSK‫א‬‫א‬J

Binary Encoder M-array Encoder

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{D{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧J ٤F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kone clock pulse ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

8-bit flag control Block of Data Error control 8-bit flag

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

11100111 11011101 00111001 10101001 10101010

 EAutomatic Repeat Request –ARQF‫א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 (Digital Services) ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٦

 EEDigital Signal Service -DS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

‫א‬ DS ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

Beginning Address Control STDM FCS Encoding

W(Virtual Channel Link -VCL)‫א‬‫א‬ •

  (ATM Logical Connection- ATM) ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٧

 (ATM Cells)ATM ٧J ٧