‫א‬

‫א‬
١٥٢
  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬  ?   ? ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫؛‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
،‫א‬(Logos)W‫א‬(Oikos)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

-١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬١ J١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
? ‫א‬‫?א‬? ‫א‬‫?א‬? ‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬? ‫א‬‫?א‬? ‫א‬‫?א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K…? ‫א‬??‫א‬‫?א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
E ‫א‬F‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEEnvironment)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬(Ecology)E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬(Environment)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٨٦٦(Ernst Hegel)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

(Environment)‫א‬K(Self Purification)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬(Biosphere)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W(Physical Environment)‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 W‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
KE‫א‬F‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬–
KEKK…‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬–

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
 KEF‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
KE‫א‬F‫א‬ -
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ -
KEK…‫א‬
-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬-
 KE……
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 
 W‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 
 W‫א‬ J
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ -
 E‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ -

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

K‫א‬ -

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬ -

 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 

‫اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﻐﺎزي‬

Atmosphere

‫اﻟﻐﻼف‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ اﻟﺤﻴﻮي‬ ‫ﻏﻼف اﻟﺘﺮﺑــﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺎﺋـﻲ‬ Biosphere Pedosphere

‫اﻟﻐﻼف‬

‫اﻟﺼﺨﺮي‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١ J١F

-٥-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Atmosphere)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١ J١F(Lithosphere)‫א‬‫א‬(Hydrosphere)‫א‬
 
 WEThe ecosystemF‫א‬‫א‬٢-١

 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬(Habitat)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
EAbiotic factorsFEBiotic factorsF‫א‬‫א‬
 K   
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
K‫א‬‫– א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
(Auto trophic ‫א‬‫א‬W(Producers)K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬organisms)
(Hetero ‫א‬‫א‬W(Consumers)K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬trophic organisms)
 K‫א‬

-٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬W(Decomposers)E‫א‬FK٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Autolysis)F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W(Ecosystem homeostasis)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Biosphere)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢ J١F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
  ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬
 
  ‫آﺎﺋﻨﺎت ﺣﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬
 
 
  ‫ﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎﺕ ﺤﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻠﺔ‬
‫آﺎﺋﻨﺎت ﺣﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J١F
 
-٧-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٤-١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EDecomposersF ‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٥-١
  W‫א‬‫א‬

 WW‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥  J١

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬E
٣ ١{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   K ٪٥ J٣  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ، ٪٩٧ J٩٥ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
-٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬E
  K‫א‬

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬E

  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥ J١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  W ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬K٢

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬K٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١

 K٢

 
 K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -١
K‫א‬ -٢
K‫א‬ -٣
K‫א‬ -٤
K‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬١٠٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٤٠‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٧‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬١–٢
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬FW
‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٠{٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٢F‫א‬

The Carbon Cycle‫א‬٢ J٢

‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
      ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

  Photosynthesis ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2↑

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٢F‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Organic Limestone ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Dolomite
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،١٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٤٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬١٩٥٤K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Infrared Radiation‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CO2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٪٠{٢‫א‬‫א‬٣٠٠‫א‬٪٠{٠٣
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ، Greenhouse Effect ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(400 – 750 nm)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤ J٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J
K‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،EHumus
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EPeatF‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 J٢F ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E٢

- ٢٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬E٢ J٢F‫א‬
 
‫א‬٣ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬٪٢١‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Stratosphere ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  Ultra Violet radiation ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KDNA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬
 O+O‫א‬‫א‬O2‫א‬
 KO3‫א‬
 

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   KE‫א‬  ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬


   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W

 

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬     ،‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬E٣ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

‫א‬E٣ J٢F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

The Nitrogen Cycle‫א‬٤ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٨‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

Biological Fixation‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٢

Nitrogen ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Fixers
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ NO3 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 WSymbiosis‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E ‫א‬F
 ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Rhizobium‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠٠ J١٠٠،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Free Living‫א‬K
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KAzotobacter, Chlostridium, Blue Green Algae
٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

Atmospheric Fixation‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤ J٢

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠ ١٥ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٥٠‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬١٠٠
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 NH3 ‫א‬  ،NH4   NO3 ‫א‬
  K‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩‫א‬
 ‫א‬K١١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

Nitrosomonas‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬NO3  ‫א‬Nitrobacter
 ‫א‬NO2
 WNitrification‫א‬
 

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pseudiomonas
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WDenitrification‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Denitrification
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
     ،‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  Phytoplancton ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WHO‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٠‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Nitrosamin
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
    Haber-Bosch     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬ K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ،‫א‬
 E٤  J٢F ‫א‬    K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
K‫א‬

‫א‬E٤ J٢F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬٥ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬           ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

W‫א‬١ J٦ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٦ J٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬K ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
 W‫א‬٣ J٦ J٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٢
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
(The industrial ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٧٩٠ J١٧٥٠F٣٠٠revolution)
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Smog)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٨٧٠
 ٢٠٠٠٥٠٠‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
 K١٨٨٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٥٠١٩٤٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٥٢‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤٠٠٠،‫א‬
 K‫א‬١٩٥٦(The 1956 Clean Air Act)‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٥٦
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،(Pollution control)‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٣٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٣٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،EHumus
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EPeatF‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬
 O+O‫א‬‫א‬O2‫א‬
 KO3‫א‬
 

- ٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

  K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧

- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ -١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٣٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
Ecological health
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Concept of general health ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬٢ J٣
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،ChronicAcute
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Types of illness causes ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Agents factors‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،
 
E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WBiotic factors‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WNutritive factors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K
‫א‬‫א‬WFunctional & Bio-mechanical factors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WNatural & mechanical factors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤

E‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WAutonomic factors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥
 KE‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬
 
Descriptive factors‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Age‫א‬K١
 KE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Sex‫א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Race‫א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Genetics‫א‬‫א‬K٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،Malnutrition‫א‬‫א‬K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،Bio-resistance & immunity‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦
E
 F‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF
‫א‬Physical barriers‫א‬Anatomical barriers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Blood/Humoral barrier‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
KInterferon‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Complement‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،Phgocytosis of inflammatory barriersE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Immunity‫א‬‫א‬ J
Plasma cell‫א‬،Lymphocytes-B
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Antigen‫א‬‫א‬Antibodies‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،T-cells‫א‬‫א‬Antigen-Antibody complex
Natural،‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Lymphokines
 FActive  EF
 KE‫א‬FPassiveE‫א‬
 
Environmental factors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬
 
Natural factors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Geographical factors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Geological factors‫א‬
Climatic factors‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Biotic factors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬Bulinus truncatesE F‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬
 

- ٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

Socio-economic factors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Illness and plague infection ‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
Protection from illness ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٦
 K‫א‬K٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٩
 K‫א‬K١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬K١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬K١٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬K١٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٧
‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KK١
 K‫א‬K٢

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
  K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  K٣
 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬
F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬
 ‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٤{
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٦
 K‫א‬K٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٩
 K‫א‬K١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬K١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬K١٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬K١٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٧
 

- ٤٦ -
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
K‫א‬ -٤
K‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٤٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،(Pollution)‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(pollutants)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬


  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 W
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W(Classification of pollutants)‫א‬١ J٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W(Classification by nature)‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K J

- ٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

K J
K J
 
 W(Classification by properties)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 
 W(Classification by sectors of environment)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬ K٤
 
 W(Classification by source)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K J
K J
K‫א‬ J
،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 KK…‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WK٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥

- ٥٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦

 W(Classification by pattern of use)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 
 W(Classification by effects)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 WK٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 WK٣
E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 WK٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WK٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬٢{٥‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬١{٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 J ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،
،
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪٤٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٦٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?‫א‬،
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J١ J٢ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WW
،‫א‬E ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١-٤‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬EF K٤
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١-٤F

٪ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

٧٠{٧٥ H2O  ‫א‬
١٤{٠٧ CO2 ‫א‬
٠{٣٣ H 
٥{٤٥ N 
٠{١٨  Ar 
٦{٤٠ SO2 ‫א‬
٠{١٠ SO3 ‫א‬
٠{٠٥ Cl 
 
 
 WW
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢-٤‫א‬F
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢-٤F
 

‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬

 

‫א‬

‫א‬
٨{١ ١٦{٦ ٠{٨ ١{٢ ٦٣{٨ ‫א‬
١٠{٠ ٠{٧ ٢٤{٤ ٨{٩ ١{٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٢ ٤{٦ ٧{٣ ٧{٥ ٩{٧ 
٠{٦ ١{٦ ٠{١ ١{١ ٧{٨ ‫א‬‫א‬
١{٧ ٨{٥ ٠{٦ ٩{٦ ١٦{٩ 
٢٠{٦ ٣٢{٠ ٣٣{٢ ٢٨{٣ ١٠٠{١ ‫א‬
 
 
  Air pollutants W‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J٢ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
 Carbon Oxides ‫א‬  J١
 WCO ‫א‬K

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬٠{١‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬٪١‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 
 W J
،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٪٥‫א‬L١٨‫א‬
K٪٢‫א‬ ‫א‬L ١١٠‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٥٠ -
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬٨٥ -
 K٪١٥‫א‬

- ٥٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬٧٥٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬
١٠٠٠‫א‬ -
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٢٥٠‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬١٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ،‫א‬٦٠٠ ‫א‬،٪٢٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 CO2‫א‬ E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٣٢٠ J٣٠٣‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٨٨‫א‬٣٤٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٠{٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W J
‫א‬‫א‬٪٢١،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
CH4 + 2O2 Æ CO2 + 2H2O
- ٥٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

C2H4 + 3O2 Æ 2CO2 + 2H2O

C3H8 + 5O2 Æ 3CO2 + 4H2O
2C6H6 + 15O2 Æ 12CO2 + 6H2O
2C6H18 + 25O2 Æ 18CO2 +18H2O
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
Polyethylene ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٤٥٠ J٣٠٠‫א‬Polystyrene 
 
 W‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨٠{٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٣٤٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٪٠{٧‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KGreen house phenomenon ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٠{٧٥ J٠{٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٠{٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٠٣٠‫א‬٥٥١ J٣٨١‫א‬
‫א‬K٣{٩ J١{٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٥٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Nitrogen Oxides ‫א‬  J٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KNO2‫א‬،NO‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
N2 + O2 Æ 2NO
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
N2 + 2O2 Æ 2NO2
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(HNO3)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K(HNO2)
 
 W‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬N2O
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
2NO +O2 Æ 2NO2
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Sulphur Oxides ‫א‬  J٣
SO3‫א‬SO2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬٠{٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H2SO4‫א‬MistSO3‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
2SO2 + O2 Æ 2SO3
SO3 + H2O Æ H2SO4
 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬٠{٢ J٠{٠١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{١‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٪٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨‫א‬
٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬٠{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٠{٠٣‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬،٪٥ J١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٪٠{٥ J٠{٤
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{٠٩٢‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٠{٥٢‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١‫א‬K‫א‬٠{٣‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥٠‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide ‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬٠{٠٠٨ J٠{٠٠٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬٠{٠٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

H2S + 2O2 Æ H2SO4

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 ‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{١‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٠{٣‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬K‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٠٠
 
 
 

- ٦٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Hydrogen Fluoride ‫א‬  J٥

‫א‬K،‫א‬HF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬٠{٠٠١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٢{٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٤٠٠٠
 
 Ozone‫ א‬ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬O3‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬Stratosphere ‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٠٢Troposphere‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  Troposphere‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٠{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬٠{٩‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
- ٦٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

NO2 + Æ NO + O
O + O2 Æ O3

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬٠{٠٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
٪٤٠‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬١٠ J٥  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 Ozonlayer depletion ‫א‬ J
‫א‬٢٢‫א‬Stratosphere‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬Ozone layer‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E
 
 F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 

 
 
،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
CF2Cl2 + hv Æ CF2Cl* + Cl*
CFCl3 + hv Æ CFCl2* + Cl*
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬[Cl*]‫א‬‫א‬

Cl* + O3 Æ O2 + OCl*
OCl* + [O] Æ Cl* + O2
 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Hydrocarbons‫א‬ J٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬،١٢‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬(C2OH12)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 

- ٦٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Particulates air pollutants ‫א‬‫א‬W

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ٥٠٠٠{٠٠٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 Settling Particulates‫א‬‫א‬ J١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،Dust fall‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L٢L٣٣،L٢L٢٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L٢L٥٠،١٩٨١‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
٩‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢L٣٠٠ J٢٧٠
 KL٢L
 
 Total Suspended Particulates‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
١٠٠{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،TSP‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
٢٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩٦٧‫א‬‫א‬K٣L‫א‬٧٥٢٤٣L‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣L‫א‬٢{٦‫א‬‫א‬٣L‫א‬
 K٣L‫א‬٠{٥‫א‬
 
 Fine Suspended Particulates ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
،‫א‬٠{١ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ Dust‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Soot‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ash‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬Smoke‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Fume‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬
 K٢‫א‬‫א‬Mist‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬ Aerosols‫א‬ K٧
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 Lead‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Mercury‫א‬ J٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Methyl Mercury‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ٧٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Cadmium‫א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٠{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣L‫א‬٠{٢٣L‫א‬
 
 Arsenic‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬Adsorption‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٣٠ J١٠٠F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣L‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣L‫א‬٣٠٠‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣L‫א‬٧٥٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KAsbestoses‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬Asbestosis‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Secondary pollutants‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
Primary pollutants‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫• א‬
Smog‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KFogSmoke
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Los Angeles Smog
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KLondon Smog
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K١٩٥٦١٠٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬Photochemical Smog
 K‫א‬
 

- ٧٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 WAcid Rain‫א‬‫ א‬−

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥{٦pHE
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٥{٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K٥{٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،١٩٧٠‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٪٣٤ ‫א‬‫א‬١٩٨٣
٪٥٢ ‫א‬٪٥٩٪٣٠‫א‬‫א‬K١٩٨٥٪٥٣
‫א‬٪١٤‫א‬،٪٣٨٪٥٩‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
٨٥١٨‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬٢ J٢ J٤
٪٧١‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٣٧٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

E٪٩٧{٢F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٣ J٤F
٢٩E٪٢{١٤FW‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
×٢F‫א‬‫א‬٩E٪٠{٦٦F‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٠١٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬E٪٧٥‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J٤F
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٪F‫א‬ E٣F
٩٧{٢٥ ١٣٧٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢{٠٥ ٢٩ ‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٦٨ ٩{٥ ‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٠١ ٠{١٢٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٠٠٥ ٠{٠٦٥ ‫א‬
٠{٠٠١ ٠{٠١٣ ‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٠٠٠١ ٠{٠٠١٧ ‫א‬
١٠٠ ١٤٠٨{٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬١ J٢ J٢ J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K١
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬K٣

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٥
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
- ٧٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬K٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬١٨‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٩
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٧٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٤٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬٣ J٢ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬…‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٢ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٨٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WSurface soil K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ WSubsoil layer‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WSolid layer‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٤F
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
(% W/W)
(% V/V)
٩٣{٧٧ ٤٦{٦٠ ‫א‬
٠{٨٦ ٢٧{٧٢ ‫א‬
- ٨١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

٠{٤٧ ٨{١٣ ‫א‬

٠{٤٣ ٥{٠٠ ‫א‬
١{٠٣ ٢{٦٣ ‫א‬
١{٣٢ ٢{٨٣ ‫א‬
١{٨٣ ٢{٥٩ ‫א‬
٠{٢٩ ٢{٠٩ ‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KTranspiration‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬٪٣٥‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬٢ J٣ J٢ J٤
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 Weathering‫א‬‫ א‬ J

- ٨٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬

 Desertification‫ א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J
 Fertilizers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،10 ppm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 Pesticides‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KEF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪٨٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٠‫א‬K
 K‫א‬
 

  J
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫…א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬،Unwanted Sound‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
CycleE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،Frequency
‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦٠٠٠٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢٠٠٠٠٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Infrasonic‫א‬L٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 KUltrasonic‫א‬L٢٠٠٠٠
 
 W‫א‬١ J٤ J٢ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬Decibel‫א‬‫א‬
٥٠ J٣٠‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٠‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬K
 KE٥ J٤F‫א‬?‫?א‬
 
 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٤F
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٢٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ٣٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ٣٥ 
 ٤٥ 
 ٦٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٠ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

  ٨٠ ١٨
  ٨٥ 
‫א‬ ٩٠ ٨‫א‬
‫א‬ ٩٥  J
EF ١٠٠ ٣٠٠‫א‬
EF ١١٠ ‫א‬
EF ١٢٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
EF ١٣٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
EF ١٥٠ 
EF ١٨٠ 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬٧٠٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 K
 
 W‫א‬٢ J٤ J٢ J٤
 W J
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 WEF J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
٪٨٠ J٦٠‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،٩٥ J٩٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٤F‫א‬K٧٥‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٤F
 
EF‫א‬ ‫א‬
١٠٠ J٩٥ 
٩٥ J٨٠ ‫א‬
٩٠ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
١٦٣–١٤٣ E‫א‬F‫א‬
٩٢–٧٠ ‫א‬
٨٤–٦٢ EF
٩٢–٨٥ E‫א‬F‫א‬
٩٠–٨٥ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
٩٠–٨٥ E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
٨٥–٧٠ ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤ J٢ J٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٥٠‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬٩٠،

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E١٢٠F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٢ J٤
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬١ J٥ J٢ J٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K K
‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
 f = c/λE = h × f
‫א‬Wc،‫א‬Wf،(6.62 × 10-34 J.s) Wh،‫א‬WEW
 K‫א‬‫א‬Wλ،(2.99 × 108 m/s)
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٤F‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٤F
 
(λ)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
>3 cm ‫א‬‫א‬
3 - 0.04 cm E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 400–0.780 µm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
780–380 nm ‫א‬‫א‬

380–10 nm ‫א‬‫א‬

10–0.01 nm ‫א‬‫א‬
< 0.01 nm 
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،EF‫א‬EF
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥ J٢ J٤
‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،K‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(92U233 , 92U235 , ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 K92U238)
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٥ J٢ J٤
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E

- ٩٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KE
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٥ J٢ J٤
،  ‫א‬
Half- ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫?א‬،‫א‬‫א‬life
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،?
(90T234 = 24 days) (83Bi214 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K= 19.4min)
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٥ J٢ J٤
W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EF
 
 WAlpha J
K،E٢H٢F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WBeta J
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 WGamma J

- ٩٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 WNeutrons‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،  
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٥ J٢ J٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 WNatural Sources‫א‬‫א‬W
 WCosmic Ray‫א‬‫א‬–
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٤ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٥٦٨‫א‬‫א‬١٤ J‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

n + 7N14 Æ 6C
14
+p

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٤ J‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١

 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

WTerresterial Radiation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

،٢٣٤ J ‫א‬٢٣٨ J ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E٨٧ J‫א‬٤٠ J‫א‬٢٢٣ J‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،٢٣٥ J ‫א‬‫א‬،٢٣٨ J‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢٣٢ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٠٨ J‫א‬٢٠٧‫א‬٢٠٦ J‫א‬
٨٧ J‫א‬٤٠ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K٤٠ J‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
٤٠ J ‫א‬١٤ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J‫א‬٢٢٢ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F٣ J‫א‬
٢٣٢ J ‫א‬٢٣٨ J‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٢٠
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(K-40 , Rb-87 , Po-114)(Premordial)‫א‬(B-7 , C-14)(Cosmogenic)
 
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W
 W‫א‬
- ٩٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٦٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬
 

- ٩٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬١٣١‫א‬‫א‬ ،١٩٥٧L١٠L٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،١٩٧٩L٣L٢٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٥‫א‬٨٠‫א‬
 K٨٣٠،
‫א‬‫א‬،١٩٨٦L٤L٢٦‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٣٧‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١،١٣١‫א‬‫א‬٢٠ J١٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٥ J٢ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
W‫א‬‫א‬ •

(H2O)+ Æ OH + H2

W‫א‬‫• א‬
 
-
H2O + e Æ (H2O)
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ •

(H2O)- Æ (OH)- + H

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

OH + OH Æ H2O2

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J

- ١٠٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٠٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
CO ‫א‬FCarbon Oxides ‫א‬  J١
 KECO‫א‬
 Nitrogen Oxides ‫א‬  J٢
Sulphur Oxides ‫א‬  J٣
Hydrogen Sulphide ‫א‬  J٤
Hydrogen Fluoride ‫א‬  J٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٢٢‫א‬Stratosphere‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬Ozonlayer‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 
،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

CF2Cl2 + hv Æ CF2Cl* + Cl*

CFCl3 + hv Æ CFCl2* + Cl*
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬[Cl*]‫א‬‫א‬
Cl* + O3 Æ O2 + OCl*

OCl* + [O] Æ Cl* + O2

 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Settling Particulates‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 Total Suspended Particulates‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
Fine Suspended Particulates ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬EF  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ١٠٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WSurface soil‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WSubsoil layer‫א‬  J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WSolid layer‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 WW
 KWeathering‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 KDesertification‫ א‬K٢

WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W

 KFertilizers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 KPesticides‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K  J٥

- ١٠٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Decibel‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٣٠‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬K٥٠ J٣٠
 K?‫?א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬

 W

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬،
٪٨٠ J٦٠‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤

- ١٠٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،K‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(92U233 , 92U235 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
K, 92U238)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
Half-‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬،‫א‬‫א‬life
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،?
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(90T234 = 24d) (83Bi214 = 19.4min)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،EF

- ١٠٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 WAlpha
K،E٢H٢F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WBeta
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 WGamma
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 WNeutrons‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ١١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 KCosmic Ray‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 KTerresterial Radiation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥

 

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 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -١
K‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -٧
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
…‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 Short term survey W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Long term (Continuous) survey ??‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
WF،(High technology samplersF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬K…‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫ א‬K٢
K‫ א‬K٣
K‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 
 ELow technology monitors) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 The biological monitors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 The environmental biological monitor‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
The environmental biological indicator‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

K?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J١ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 The leaves ‫א‬‫ א‬K١
The trunks ‫ א‬K٢
The tree rings ‫א‬ K٣
The barks‫א‬ K٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 The Nerium oleander‫א‬ K١
The Phoenix dactylifera‫א‬ K٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Mosses‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KLichens
KIndigenous ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K Moss Bags‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
E‫…א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
W‫ א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٧
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫…א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Electrostatic precipitator‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٩{٥‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 Baghouse FilterE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬ J ‫א‬
 K‫א‬…‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Wet Scrubbers‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٩٥ J٨٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Mechanical Collector (Cyclones)‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 >
 
 Waste Water Treatment‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

- ١١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W
 
 Preliminary treatmentW
 W‫א‬
 Screens‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Grit chambers‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Primary treatment‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٥٥ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،٪٤٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
 
 Biological treatment‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Trickling filters‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EActivated sludge‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Trickling filters‫א‬‫א‬  J١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Secondary settling tanks‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬FActivated sludge‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Final sedimentation‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١ J٥F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٥F‫א‬
E٪F‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٢٠ J١٠ ٢٠ J٢  ١٠ J٥ 
٧٥ J٢٥ ٧٠ J٤٠ ٤٠ J٢٥ ‫א‬‫א‬
٩٥ J٩٠ ٩٠ J٨٠ ٩٥ J٨٥ 
٩٠ J٨٥ ٨٥ J٧٠ ٨٥ J٧٠ 
٩٨ J٩٠ ٩٥ J٨٥ ٩٥ J٨٥ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬٠{٣٠{٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٥F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٩{٩
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٥F‫א‬
 
ELF‫א‬‫א‬ 
٢٤ J٦ ‫א‬
١٢ J٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩ J٣ ‫א‬‫א‬
٩ J٢ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J٥F‫א‬
ELF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥ ‫א‬
٠{١ ‫א‬
٠{١ ‫א‬
٠{٥ ‫א‬
٠{٠١ ‫א‬
٢٨٠ ‫א‬
٠{٠٥ ‫א‬
٠{٤ ‫א‬
٠{٠٥ ‫א‬
٢{٠ ‫א‬
٥{٠ ‫א‬

- ١٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

٠{١ ‫א‬
٠{٠٧ ‫א‬
٠{٢ ‫א‬
٠{٠٠١ ‫א‬
٠{٠١ ‫א‬
٠{٠٢ ‫א‬
١٠{٠ ‫א‬
٨{٤ J٦ ‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٠٢ ‫א‬
٠{١ ‫א‬
٤{٠ ‫א‬
٠{٠٠١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
L٥٠{٠ Coliform (Fecal)‫א‬
١٠٠L٢{٢ Coliform (Total)‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

- ١٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 WSolid Waste Treatment‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٢ J٥

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WSanitary landfill‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١ J٥‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬EF‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 

- ١٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٥F‫א‬

 
 WIncineration‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KTemperature‫א‬‫א‬  J
KTime‫א‬  J

KTurbulence‫א‬  J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪١٥ J٨‫א‬،‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

E٢ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 

 
 
‫א‬WE٢ J٥F‫א‬
 
 WSea and Ocean Dumping‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
 WRecycling‫א‬‫א‬٣–٥
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 ١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٢{١      ١١٥   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ١٩٩٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٥F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٥٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٩٨٤ J١٩٧١

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

      K ‫א‬     ٣٠٠٠٠   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J٥F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٤ J٥F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٩٧٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

‫א‬?‫א‬F١٩٧٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J٥F‫א‬
 E?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  Waddell  Barrett    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  KE٤ J٥F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J٥F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬
Emphysema
‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬

   ٥٩  ٦٢  ٣٢٩   J ٦ ١٨ ٥١٨ ‫א‬‫א‬

   ١٣٨   J  ٧٣  ٢٠٠  J ٨٩ ٣٥  ‫א‬
   ٦٠   J  ٧٥  ١٣١  J ٥٢ ١١٢  ‫א‬
   ٢٥٧  ٦٤  ٤٧٧  ٣٣١ ٦ ١٥٩ ٦٦٥  ‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬١٩٨٧
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ٥ J١ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ozone  ‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٠{٠٥‫א‬K٢
 K٪١٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١٠K٣
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬٥{٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٧{٢١٩٧٨٧{٥
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬      
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٥F‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٠  ‫א‬
 ٨٤ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٦ E‫א‬F ‫א‬
 ٧٠ ‫א‬
 ١٤٧ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٨٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٠٧  ‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
٣{٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٦٨
 ٧٧{٥ ٥{٥‫א‬‫א‬١٩٧٨  J ١٩٧٠K ٨{٤
٨{٩ ١{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٠‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤ J٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬      ‫א‬       K‫א‬
‫א‬     K ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
 K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Nemerow‫א‬١٩٧٨K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E٥ J٥F ‫א‬    K  ‫א‬   
 KFreeman (1979)‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٥F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤ J٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬ J
K٪٠{٣‫א‬‫א‬،٪٠{١
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
K‫א‬٥٠‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬ J
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ W
 ‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  ،E‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  E‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   F 
 ،E‫א‬ ‫א‬   F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   F ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
٣W١،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  ‫א‬  ،  ‫א‬  E‫א‬   F ‫א‬‫א‬   
، ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ٠{٨   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ٣٥٠  J٢٥٠   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ١٣٥٠ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٠ ‫א‬   ‫א‬      ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

،‫א‬٢٢،‫א‬١٠،‫א‬
‫א‬   ٤  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬    E‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬F 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬ ?‫?א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬      E‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬      ‫א‬     ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WE١٩٩٦‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

     ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K١٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬F ‫א‬   ،E    ‫א‬  F ‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬  
   ‫א‬‫א‬    ،E‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ،E‫א‬ ‫א‬ F  ،E ‫א‬  ‫א‬F ‫א‬
‫א‬   F ‫א‬   ،E‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬F ‫א‬ 
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J
K‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 pneumoniaE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W ‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
K‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧

W J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٪٦E١٩٩٥F٦٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
KE‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
KE‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E ‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EF   J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
،‫א‬‫א‬ ١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ٢٠٠٠  J١٥٠٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،E ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬،E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٠
  ‫א‬‫א‬    ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J١
F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ F،E‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

،E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
،E ‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
F،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
F
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬  E‫א‬
DDT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
K‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?‫?א‬ .٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ .٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٨
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫ א‬.٩
K‫א‬
K‫א‬ .١٠
    ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    .١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K٤
‫א‬،، ‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
- ١٤٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J٤
K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
KK
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٠  J٦
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
K٪٥٠٠
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   J٩
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،     ،E   
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠٠   J١١
K‫א‬‫א‬٦٠٠K‫א‬
،٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٢
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٤٢
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J١٣
K‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
٪٧٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،     ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬       J١٦
K،،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬L‫?א‬٤ J٤ J٥
E٢F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E١F W  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E٦ J٥F ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬slope
E٦ J٥F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   exponential    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

 
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦ J٥F‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٥
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، 
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W 
K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬٣١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٢٢L‫א‬F     E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 E٥ J٤L‫א‬F      E‫א‬،F
 E٢٢٢L‫א‬F   E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 ٦L‫א‬        E‫א‬F
 ١٠٨L‫א‬    E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬،‫א‬? ‫א‬‫?א‬W J  J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W J  J
K‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ J?‫א‬،‫א‬?
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ J J‫א‬
W J  JK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬?

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬FW
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤١L‫א‬    E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٣L‫א‬‫א‬    EF
 ٥٦L‫א‬ E‫א‬F
 ١٠٣L‫א‬  E‫א‬F
 
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬
 
W‫א‬K
W J  J،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J?‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬?
W J  J
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J?‫א‬‫א‬?
،‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KW‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ FW
 ٤٣L‫א‬ E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٢٢٢L‫א‬      E
،‫א‬ J  J
 ‫א‬ J‫א‬
  J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬ J  J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J
?W‫؟‬WK?،E٢FE١F?W،
 JE٢F‫א‬
 W،E١FK?،‫א‬?W‫؟‬WK?
xWE٢F،W‫א‬E١FzK‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?W J  J
 ‫א‬W  J‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬
K?‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Pathology‫א‬J. HillEKFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬J. ThomsonEF،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬E
 F‫א‬K‫א‬
،?،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FWE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
?W J  J
 ‫א‬K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،
K‫א‬ J?
‫א‬‫א‬FWK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦L‫א‬FE‫א‬
‫א‬
  J ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ J‫א‬ J J
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬
،‫א‬ J  J‫א‬W،،
K?،،‫א‬?W
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J  J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  J  ‫א‬ J‫א‬ J
،‫א‬،،
K‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W J  J‫א‬W J‫א‬ J‫א‬
،، ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
،‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ J?‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

،K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،?W J  J‫א‬ J‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J?
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Skin FVindoffE
 F J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬Eand Veneral Diseases
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 J  J ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
W
K‫א‬‫א‬ J??
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J?‫א‬?W J  J
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FEFE J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K?‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
W J  J،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J?‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬?
 W J  J‫א‬W J‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
K‫א‬‫א‬?
W J  J‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬?
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J J  J‫א‬
W J  J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K J?‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،Salvadora Persica‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬EF K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

K‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ J  J‫א‬
W J  J‫א‬W J‫א‬ J‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J?‫א‬‫א‬?
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
F J  J
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،E‫א‬
W J  J‫א‬ J‫א‬ J
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W ‫א‬،‫א‬?
K JE‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،  J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،
 
 W‫א‬K

 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣١L‫א‬‫א‬F E‫א‬F
،‫א‬‫א‬ J  J
 ‫א‬
‫א‬?W ، J  J‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬ J?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  J
K
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٤L‫א‬F  EFW
‫א‬ J  J‫א‬??W J  J‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬K
  J  J،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬?
K‫א‬‫א‬ J?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬  J‫א‬
‫א‬
 – ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
KE‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 J  J
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬?W J  J،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ J?‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
  ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
،E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،،E‫א‬FW
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
K‫א‬
W J  J،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ J?‫א‬‫א‬?
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬
،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬
K‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
Geoffrey LapageE F‫א‬  K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬?W J  J‫א‬
K?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KHumus‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F،‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  J‫א‬K‫א‬
 J  J
W
K‫א‬‫א‬ J?‫א‬‫א‬?
W J  J‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬?
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،
K‫א‬‫א‬ J?‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬?
K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬FK‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬K
WK‫א‬‫א‬
 E٩٩L‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬F
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J J  J‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J‫א‬
K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬
W J  J‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ J?‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ J  J ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
KE‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥ J٥
KE‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٤ J‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬

K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬ J٣
K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥ J٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J J‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٠٣L‫א‬F E‫א‬‫א‬F
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤

- ١٦٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،KKK ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
E 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K?‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J  J‫א‬،E٦٠L‫א‬F
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٥ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬FW
KE٣L‫א‬F    E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٥

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
W،‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬K،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K
 ‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٤٥L‫א‬FEF
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬UraemiaE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
KComa?‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
K
‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
KEFibrin‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬،‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬W ،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬WeilsEF
KTrichonella Spiralis‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Taenia Solium‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
KE٤L‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬FW
W
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬F
 E٣٢L‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬FW ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٥L‫א‬FE
 E١٤L‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FWK‫א‬
WK‫א‬
E
 ،‫א‬F
 E٦٦L‫א‬F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

- ١٦٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

WK‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 E٩٠L‫א‬FE
K  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
W‫א‬٤ J٥ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T-CellsE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JEF‫א‬‫א‬
W،‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬FW‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

K‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K?‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬WF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬FE‫א‬F‫א‬
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬?
K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬

 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
…‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 K‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E…‫א‬
W‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KElectrostatic precipitator‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 KBaghouse FilterE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
KWet Scrubbers‫א‬  J٣
Mechanical Collector (Cyclones)‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 
W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫؛‬Preliminary treatment‫א‬‫ א‬K١
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬Primary treatment‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

‫א‬‫א‬F‫؛‬Biological treatment‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 KSanitary landfill‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 KIncineration‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
KSea and Ocean Dumping‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
Recycling‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

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  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٩٨٥F،،K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬،١،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٩٩٢F،‫א‬KK٢
 K‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
–،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
K١٩٨٧K‫א‬
،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K٤
K١٤١٣،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K٥
K١٤١١‫א‬
–،‫א‬‫א‬–،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬K٦
K١٤١٠K
K١٤٠٥،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K J JK‫א‬‫א‬K٧
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K٨
K١٤١٢K
 K١٤١٦،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K٩
،‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K١٠
K١٤٢٢
K١٩٩٧،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٢
 K١٩٩٦،‫א‬
،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K١٣
K١٤١٣،‫א‬،‫א‬
  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬

،‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K١٤
 K١٤٠٩
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٥
 K١٤١٤،
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬KF‫א‬W‫א‬K١٦
 K١٩٩٣،
 ٢٠٠٢K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K١٧
Kupchella C.E. and Hyland M.C., Environmental Science, Prentice Hall International K١٨
Editions, 3rd Edition,1993.
 
 
 
 

  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢  ‫א‬١ J١
 ٦  ‫א‬‫א‬٢-١
 ٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣-١
 ٨  ‫א‬‫א‬٤-١
 ٨  ‫א‬‫א‬٥-١
 ٨  ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥ J١
 ٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥ J١
 ٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦-١
 ١٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧-١
 ١١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨-١
 ١٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   

   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٦  ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢
 ١٧  ‫א‬٢ J٢
 ٢١  ‫א‬٣ J٢
 ٢٤  ‫א‬٤ J٢
 ٢٨  ‫א‬٥ J٢
 ٢٨  ‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٢
 ٢٩  ‫א‬١ J٦ J٢
 ٢٩  ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٦ J٢
 ٢٩  ‫א‬٣ J٦ J٢
 ٢٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٢
 ٣٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٣٤   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   

   ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٧  ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣
 ٣٧  ‫א‬٢ J٣
 ٣٨  ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣
 ٤١  ‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣
 ٤١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٣
 ٤١  ‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٣
 ٤٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   

   ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٩  ‫א‬١ J٤
 ٥٢  ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤
 ٦٨  ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٤
 ٧٤  ‫א‬٢ J٢ J٤
 ٨٠  ‫א‬٣ J٢ J٤
 ٨٦  ‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢ J٤
 ٩١  ‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٢ J٤
 ١٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   

   ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١١  ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥
 ١١٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J١ J٥
 ١١٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J٥
 ١١٤  ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥
 ١١٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٥
  ١٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ١١٧  ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٥

 ١٢٣  ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٥
 ١٢٤  ‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢ J٥
 ١٢٥  ‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٢ J٥
 ١٢٨  ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٥
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٥
 ١٢٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٥
 ١٢٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 ١٢٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 ١٣٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤ J٥
 ١٣٢  ‫א‬‫א‬K١
 ١٣٢  ‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 ١٣٣  ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤ J٥
 ١٣٣  ‫א‬‫א‬K١
 ١٣٩  ‫א‬K٢
 ١٤٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 ١٤٣  ‫א‬K٤
 ١٤٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬L‫?א‬٤ J٤ J٥
 ١٤٦  ‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٥
 ١٦٥  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٦٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٧٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 