‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 WW١-٦
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، (Industrial processesF‫א‬‫א‬ELife processes) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (Aqueous solution) ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Homogeneous Mixture) 
ِ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KESolvent) ‫א‬ESoluteF ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EL/‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬A٥٠
‫א‬‫א‬،(True SolutionF‫א‬‫א‬
 (Aggregates) (Heterogeneous Solutions)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،mu ٢٠٠
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EColloidal Solution)  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Organic SolutionF‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١-١-٦
  Saturated, unsaturated and Supersaturated Solutions
 (Dissolve) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ECollisionF‫א‬،‫א‬
(Recrystalisation) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
(Opposing Processes) ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬
    
 
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬(Without Agitation) 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢-٦
 Concentration and Methods of Expressing Concentration
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
، ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KWeight Percentage ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K Msol‫א‬M2‫א‬‫א‬ M1‫א‬
M2 + M1 = M so1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٠× = %‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 
M1
Solute% = × 100
Msol
 
 
 

- ١٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W
 W‫א‬K H2O‫א‬11.6 C2H5OH‫א‬1.25‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
100× = E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   
 1.25
100 × = %C2H5OH
11.6+1.25
 
9.73% =
 
 
  
11.6
100 × = %H2O
11.6+1.25
 
 95.27%=
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W
 %5‫א‬80‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬0.05‫א‬٪5
 0.05× 80=‫א‬
 4= 
 ‫א‬H‫א‬=‫א‬
 ‫א‬H4=80
 80 - 4=‫א‬
 76=  
 W
( NaCl)‫א‬E5F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬% 28.5
 W‫א‬
E5F ‫א‬28.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ M2‫א‬
M2
100 × = % NaCl
Mso1
 
M2
100× = 28.5
151
 
28.5
 ١٥١C = M2
100
 43=   
 
- ١٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  Mole Fraction ‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢

‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K
n3 –n2 –n1  X1 –X2 –X3‫א‬
 W‫א‬ X1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
n1
  = X1
n1+n2+n3
   
 
n1
  = X1
nt
   
 n1+n2+n3=nt
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
n3 n2 n1
+ + = X3+X2+X1
nt nt nt
 
1=X1+X2+X3
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W
‫א‬1.2‫א‬H2O‫א‬ CH3OH‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬16.8
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
=  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬L18=L32=‫א‬‫א‬
 
 1.2
=
 L32
  0.0375=
 16.8
 =‫א‬
 L18
 0.933=
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EnmeoHF‫א‬ ‫א‬EXmeoHF
=
EnH2oF‫א‬HEnmeoHF‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
nmeoH
= XmeoH
nmeoH+nH2O

 
 0.0375
=
 0.933H0.0375

 0.039 =
- ١٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.933
= XH2O
0.0375+0.933
 0.961 =

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 X H2O+XmeoH =1

 

 XH2O = 1- XmeoH
 0.039 -1 =
 0.961=

 W

 KH2O‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٪96‫א‬

 W‫א‬

‫א‬100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬4‫א‬96

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
m
= N
M

 ‫א‬
96
= nH2SO4
98
 0.98 =

- ١٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬
4
= nH2SO4
18
 0.22=

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
nH2O4
= XH2SO4
 nH2SO4+nH2O
 
0.98
= nH2SO4
0.98+0.22
 
 0.815=
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  XH2S04+ XH2O=١

 

 XH2SO4- XH2O =1

٠{٨١٥–١=

 ٠{١٨٥=

 

 

 

 

 

- ١٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  Molality‫ א‬ J٣

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬m
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬‫א‬

n
= m
W

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2m 2
 ‫א‬1

 K‫א‬50C6H5OH‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬W

 ‫א‬‫א‬W

m
= nC6H5OH
M

 1
=
 L94

 0.011=

1000‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K0.005

 

- ١٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W

n
= m
W

 

0.011
=
0.005
‫ آﺠﻢ‬/‫ ﻣﻮل‬0.22 =

 W

‫א‬400 KOH‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE 0.12 m KOHF0.12

 W‫א‬

n
= m
W

N
= ٠.١٢
‫آﺠﻢ‬١
× ‫ ﺟﻢ‬٤٠٠
‫ﺟﻢ‬١٠٠٠

 0.4C0.12=n

 0.048=

- ١٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬
= ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 

 1+16+ 39Z KOH‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ KOH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
Z 0.048
 56

 0.048C56ZE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

KOH‫א‬400‫א‬KOH 2.688Z
 K0.12
 
  Molarity‫ א‬ J٤
 E١٠٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،M
V ‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E٣١٠٠٠F
 W‫א‬
 
n
= M
V
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢M٢
 K‫א‬
 

- ١٣٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W
٥٠‫א‬ C6H5OH‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 EnF‫א‬‫א‬
Z   EMF
 EVF‫א‬
 
 ٩٦L١
Z  
 ١٠٠٠L٥٠
 
 ML٠{٢١Z  
 
 W
 KM٣{٥‫א‬١٥٠‫א‬ CaBr2‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  CaBr2W
 
n
= M
V
 
  VCMZnE‫א‬F
 
  
١٥٠× ٣{٥=
١٠٠٠  
 
 ٠{٥٢٥=
 

- ١٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
 m‫א‬
Z  EnF‫א‬
EM.WF‫א‬‫א‬
 

 m
Z  ٠{٥٢٥
 L٢٠٠

 ٢٠٠C٠{٥٢٥=ECaBr2‫א‬F=m
 K٣{٥١٥٠‫א‬CaBr2١٠٥=  
 
 W
‫א‬٧٥٠ NaCl١٢‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬٧٥٠NaClW
 
 EmF‫א‬
=  nE‫א‬F
 EM.WFNaCl‫א‬‫א‬

١٢
=
 ٥٨{٥
 
 ٠{٢٠٥=nNaCl

- ١٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬
 
n
= M
V
 
٠{٢٠٥  ٠{٢٠٥
= =  M
٠{٧٥٠  ٧٥٠

  ١٠٠٠
 
 K٠{٢٧ ٠{٢٧=
 
  Spontaneity of the Dissolution ‫א‬‫א‬W٣-٦
‫א‬(Soulte) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ (Solvent)
 K‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
NaCL(s)+ H2O(L) N a Cl(aq) + H2O(L)
  
Na(s) + H2O(L) NaOH(aq) + H2 (g)
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EExothermicF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K(Endothermic)
KEEntropyF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Randomness)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 (Heat of Solution) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  .(∆H SolutionFE ∆H‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬(intermolecular Forces) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
، (Extent of Solubility) ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 (Solute – Solute Interaction) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 (Solvent – Solvent Interaction) ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
(Solute Interaction Solvent) –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
،٣‫א‬‫א‬٢١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 F‫א‬‫א‬EOvercomeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 K

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

٢١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EExothermic)‫א‬
 (EndothermicF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢١‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EOutweight)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Phases of solutions‫א‬W٤-٦
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    
     
‫א‬‫א‬    
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
     
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
E/‫א‬F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  Solutions of Gases Liquid‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١-٤-٦

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬٣١‫א‬‫א‬ECm3٣F‫א‬‫א‬
،EKF٢٧٣‫א‬E١atmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 α (Absorption Coefficient)‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
Vg
= α
P×VL
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬Ρ٣‫א‬VL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V(g) 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
He O2 CO2   H2 HCl NH3  ‫א‬
0.009 0.05 1.7 4.6 500 1300  ‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(1-6)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ •
E2-6‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬

٠{٤١٦ ٠{٢٠٨ ٠{١٦٣ ٠{١٤٤ ٠{٠٢٨
‫א‬
 K٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(2-6)
 W‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬°١٠٠
 K°١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
= ∆HF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬H    H
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫• א‬
‫א‬E Henrys LawF‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 

- ١٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
 W?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
M(g) = K P(g)
‫א‬WK ‫א‬‫א‬WP(g)‫א‬‫א‬WM(g) 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Henrys Constant) 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x z‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(M2(g) = K P2(g) M1(g) = K P1(g
W‫א‬
M1(g) KP1(g)
=
M2(g) KP2(g)

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬EFK
 W‫א‬
M1(g) P1(g)
=
M2(g) P2(g)
 W
‫א‬KK٧٦°٢٠‫א‬‫א‬0.044‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٦ ‫א‬‫א‬L ‫א‬O2‫א‬
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 C(g) = KP(g)
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
CO2
K =
PO2
 

- ١٤٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬P(g), C(g)
0.044
K =
76
-4
 = 5.79 X 10 g/L. cm. Hg
 
 16 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
 
  CO2 = 5.79X10-4 g/L. cm. Hg X 16 cm.Hg
= 9.264x10-3 g/L

 W‫א‬(mol /L)L‫א‬‫א‬
mO2
no =
MO2
mO2 = nO2 × MO2
  = 9.264 x 10-3 g/L x 32 g/mol
  = 2.89x10-4 mol / LELF
 LO2ZMO2 
 
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
  C1 = KP1
  C2 = KP2
C1 KP1 P1
= =
C2 KP2 P2
0.44 g/L x 16 cm. Hg
C2=
76 cm . Hg
 
  C2 = 9.264 x 10-3 g/L EL‫א‬F
 L‫א‬
 
  C2 = 9.264 x 10-3 g/L x 32 g/mol
 
- ١٤٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ZL‫א‬32
 
-4
  = 2.89 x 10 mol / L
 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
NH3g + H2OL NH +4 aq + CI-aq
 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

HCIg + H2OL H3O+aq + CI-aq

 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 Solutions of Liquids in Liquids‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢-٤-٦
‫א‬‫א‬،(MicibilityF ‫א‬ (AbilityF 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 Solutions of Completely Miscible Liquids‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
- ١٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Ideal Solution‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ExF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BA‫א‬‫א‬(x)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KB  A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬(Raoult’s law)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬ 
،? ‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BA
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
 
PA = XA . P-A
PB = XB . P-B

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬BAPT‫א‬‫א‬
 PT = PA + PB
∴ PT = XA P-A + XB P J
 PBPAXBXA ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PT
 K‫א‬‫א‬BA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


(Torr)791 C7H16‫א‬100 ‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬25‫א‬K352C8H18‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KETorr)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬35
 K
 
 W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

  P = XC7H16 . P- C7H16 , PC8H18=XC8H18 . P-C8H18

  PT = P- C7H18 + P- C8H18

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 L‫א‬100=C7H16‫א‬‫א‬
 L‫א‬144=C8H18‫א‬‫א‬
 
m  ‫א‬
n=
M  
 
25
nC7H16 =
100
 = 0.25 Mol
35
nC٨H16 =
114
 
= 0.31 mol

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
XC7H16 = nC7H16
nC7H16 + nC8H18

0.25
=
0.25+0.3
= 0.446
 W
  XC7H18 + XC8H18 = 1
∴ X C8H18 = 1- XC8H18
= 1- 0.446
  =0.554
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  PC7H16 = 0.446 x791
  = 352.79 torr
  PC8H18 = 0.554 x 352
= 195.01 Torr
PT = 352.79 + 195.01
= 547.8 Torr
 
 Non-Ideal Solution‫א‬‫א‬EF
 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Association)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬HNO3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Solutions of Partially Micible Liquids‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
    ،      ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬K(C6H5NH2F‫א‬(C6H12)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K° 59.6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
%50،°18.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K°١٠‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬
(glycerol)‫א‬(m-Toluidine)- ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،°15‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬°122
‫א‬°‫م‬١٠‫א‬°‫م‬١٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%50
 K°‫م‬١١٠
 
Solutions of Immicible Liquids‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬(CS2)‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬
 K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 PT = P1 + P2

- ١٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

E21F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬P2P1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PT
 K‫א‬

 ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
(Steam Distillation)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K  ‫א‬ •
K°‫م‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ،‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Distillate)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(A) 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(A)‫א‬
 
VA n
 A P°A
= =
VH2O nH2O P°H2O
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p°n،V
 Wd‫א‬m‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
mA dA. VA
=
mH2O dH2O. VH2O

 W
mA dA . P°A
=
mH2O dH2O. P °H2O
‫א‬‫א‬M‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ A‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬A‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
mA dA
=
MH2O dH2O
 
mA MA.P°A
=
mH2O MH2O.P°H2O
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
% 44‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬°‫ م‬96‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KK46.8‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬% 56 ‫א‬
 K‫؟‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
PW nw mW \ MW
= =
PT nT mT \ MT
 

- ١٥٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
PW mW MW
= = (1)
PT   mT MT
 
 
MTmTPT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MWmWPW
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEK76F
  PT = 76 -64.8

 = 11.2 cm . Hg
 
 K‫א‬100 = ‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬
 
 mT = 56mw = 44

64.8 44 MT
= ×
11.2 56  ١٨

 

 MT = 132.55 g mol-1E١ JK‫א‬F

 
 Solutions of Solids in Liquids‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣-٤-٦
]‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬[‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٥٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Solute and Solvent Nature‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 ، ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Temperature ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Crystal lattice)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬
 
  Colligative Properties of Solutions ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١-٣-٤-٦
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Lowering of Vapour Pressure ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 . P°A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Psol.
 

P°A- PSOL ∆P
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫= א‬ x
P°A P°A
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∆P 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٥٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ nBnA‫א‬ 
∆P nA
=
P°A nA + nB

(XA)‫א‬‫א‬ nA 
nA + nB
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

∆P = XA
P°A ∴ ∆P = XA ∆P°

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬P°A،XA
XB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
∆P = XB P ° A
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
nA
XB =
 nA + nB

- ١٥٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 
nA
XB  =
nB
 
 ‫א‬
 n = m \ M
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∴
mB / MB mB .MA
  B m / M = m .M
X =
A A A B
 

P=XBP°A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬XB
 W
∆P mB . MA
=
P°A mA . MB
 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬375C12H22O11‫א‬102‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 KK23.76‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ ﻋﻠﻰ‬°‫م‬٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

- ١٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFW‫א‬
 W‫א‬
m
 n =
M
 
-1
MC12H22O11 = 342 g. Mol
 MH2O = 18 g. Mol-1

nC12 H22O11 = 102 \ 342 = 0.298 g.Mol-1

nH2O = 375 \ 18 = 20.8 g.Mol-1

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

nsugar
Xsugar =
nsugar + nwater

W‫א‬
0.298
Xsugar =
0.298 + 20.8

= 0.0141

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF
∆P = Xsugar × P° H2O
= 0.0141 × 23.76
= 0.335 mm. Hg ()

- ١٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
∆P = P°H2O- PSOl
.
. . - Psol. = P° H2O + ∆P
 W١–‫א‬
... Psol. = P°H2O - ∆P

 = 23.76 - 0.335

 = 23.42 mm. Hg
 

 W
114‫א‬°٢٠‫א‬(mm.Hg)K17.450‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1000C12H22O11‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٠{٠٩٢
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

P =
P°H2O - PSol = Xsugar
P°H2O P°H2O  


Xsugar 0.092
= = 5.99 x10- 3
17.54
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
Xsugar  nsugar msugar \ Msugar
  = =
 nsugar + nwater  Mwater\ Mwater+ msugar \ Msugar

 
 
- ١٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 Msugar‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
114 \ Msugar
5.99 × 10-3 =
1000\ 18+ 114 \ Msugar

Msugar = 340.5g / mol

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
MC12H22O11 = 12x12 + 22x1 + 16x11
C12H22O11 = 342 g / mol
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 The Elevation of the Boiling Point‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E F‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬
 K?‫א‬(Nonionized)
  W
∆Tb = Kb m
 ‫א‬
∆Tb = Tsol. - T*
‫א‬Tsol.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Tb
 KT*‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kb
 K‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬
%‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
(١ J°‫)م‬
 0.512 100  ‫א‬
2.53 80.1  ‫א‬
3.07 118.1  ‫א‬
5.24 210.88  
3.56 1.82  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
mB  ١٠٠٠
  ∆Tb =   Kb  ×
MB mA
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MB ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬mA،mB
‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Typical Concentrations)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(DifferentialThermometers)
 W
١ J .١-‫ ﻣﻠﻢ‬. ‫م‬0.512
ْ
‫ﻳﺴﺎوي‬Kb،1.25‫א‬‫א‬
 EC° M-1F
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٦١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
∆Tb = Kbm
 = 0.521 x 1.25
= 0.460 °C
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬°٠.٦٤ ‫هﻲ‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 = 0.64 + 100
= 100.64 °C
 Freezing Point DepressionW‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x‫א‬z‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ، ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
(Nonelectrolytes)       ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
∆Tf = kf m.
*
T  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ∆Tf 
 WTsol‫א‬
∆Tp = T* - Tsol.
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬Kp
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
E°F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
E١ JK°F
 1.86 Zero  ‫א‬
5.12 5.48  ‫א‬
3.90 16.6 ‫א‬
7.00 5.7  
7.40 43  ‫א‬

     ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬    Kf
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

mB
   ١٠٠٠
∆Tf = ×
MB mA

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬mAmB
 

 W
 (C2H6O2)  ‫א‬ ٣ 50.5      
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 50.0 ٣L‫א‬ 1.12
(°(C mol-1١ J°1.86= Kp ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 C2H6O2G

 mC2H6O2 = d V

- ١٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬V،d
 = 1.12 ×50
 = 56.09

W‫א‬∆Tf

mC2H6O2
  ١٠٠٠
∆Tf = Kf ×
MC2H6O2 mH2O

56.0  ١٠٠٠
∆Tf = 1.86 ×
62 50.0

.
W‫א‬
 
∆Tf = T *H2O - Tsol.

33.6 = 0 - Tsol.
∴ Tsol = -33.6 °C
 .°‫– م‬33.6‫א‬∴
 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬ 750 C2H5OH‫א‬‫א‬ 15‫א‬
 K‫؟‬‫א‬kf. ْ‫م‬702‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
∆Tf = Kf m

... Kf =∆Tf \ m

- ١٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 nC2H 5OH 15.0 1
m= = ×
1kg Formicacid 0.75 46.0
 
 
= 0.435 mEF
∆Tf= Tf (formic acid) - Tp (sol.)

= 8.40 - 7.2
°
∆Tf= 1.2 C
1.2cْ
  Kf =
0.435m
 

 = 2.76 °C m°C m-1E١ JK°F

 
 Osmotic Pressure‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Spontaneous Process)‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬(Semi Permeable Membrane)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E167 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Hydrostatic Pressure)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
n
 
π = RT
v
 K‫א‬‫א‬π
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zn
 K‫א‬ZV
( K = 273+t )k‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZT
 
 .(‫) ْم‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZT
 ‫א‬ZR
 
  M‫א‬
n
 
M =
v
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
π=MRT

- ١٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  M = m
EL١F‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
M = mRT
 ‫א‬

n
 
π = RT
v
W‫א‬
πV = nRT

m
 W‫א‬‫א‬
M =(n)‫א‬
m
  π V = RT
M
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MBmB
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   E١F  – ‫א‬   – ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K22.4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(Reverse Osmosis)‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

Start

 E١‫א‬F
 W
‫א‬ ‫א‬ E‫א‬ ١F
‫א‬2.75°٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣100
 WKL.atm. mol k-1 ١ JKK1-0.0821 = R‫א‬
 K‫؟‬‫א‬ EF
K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
F

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬EFW‫א‬
 

π = MRT

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WKK760‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬

- ١٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 π = 275
760

= 3.62 x 10-3 atm

 W
3.62 x 10-3 = M x 0.0821 x 293

M = 1.5 x 10-4 mol L-1E١ JKF

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
Z Z ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 

1
 1.5 x 10-4 = 100 x 10-3
 
 
 = 6.7 x 10-4 g l mol E١ JK‫א‬F

- ١٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
‫א؟‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤
 ‫؟‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
K‫א‬‫א‬ E

 K‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦
(O2)‫א‬٤(He)‫א‬٢{٠٠٧
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
HCl‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬HCl‫א‬٨
 ‫؟‬1-K١{١٨‫א‬37.0%
‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬C6H12O6‫א‬12.5%٩
 ‫؟‬1-K١٨٠
/١{٢23.6(HCOOH )‫א‬١٠
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٢٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١
 ‫؟‬٦CH3COOH
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢
 ‫؟‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٣

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 1.38×10-3٢٩٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٤
 1-K
‫א‬‫א‬٥‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٤٠‫א‬‫א‬٠{٢١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫؟‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬١٥
 ‫א‬١٢٠E‫א‬FC10H8‫א‬٤٠
٧٤{٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢٠C6H6
 ‫؟‬°٢٠‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E-٢F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
٥٠‫א‬°77.06‫א‬‫א‬١٧
K‫א‬‫א‬°٨٤{٢٧‫א‬١٥٠C10H8‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬KD‫א‬
٢٥٠N2H4CO‫א‬°٢٥‫א‬١٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{٥١٩
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K°٢{٠٦‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 

 

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