6.

013 - Electromagnetics and Applications Fall 2005

Lecture 11 - Generalized Reflection Coefficient
Prof. Markus Zahn October 18, 2005

I. Arbitrary Impedance Terminations

iL (t)

+
υL (t) ZL
_

Z
0

� �
v(z = 0, t) = vL (t) = Re V̂L ejωt
� � V̂L
i(z = 0, t) = iL (t) = Re IˆL ejωt , IˆL =
ZL
v̂(z) = V̂+ e−jkz + V̂− e+jkz
� �
î(z) = Y0 Vˆ+ e−jkz − V̂− e+jkz

v̂(z = 0) = V̂L = V̂+ + V̂− V̂+ + V̂− = V̂L

ˆ
� � ⇒ ˆ
î(z = 0) = IˆL = ZVLL = Y0 Vˆ+ − Vˆ− Vˆ+ − Vˆ− = Y0VZLL
� � � �
1 V̂L Y0 ZL + 1
Add: 2V̂+ = V̂L 1 + ⇒ V̂+ =
Y0 ZL 2 Y0 ZL
� � � �
1 V̂L Y0 ZL − 1
Subtract: 2V̂− = V̂L 1 − ⇒ V̂− =
Y0 ZL 2 Y0 ZL

V̂− Y0 ZL − 1
Load reflection coefficient: ΓL = =
V̂+ Y0 ZL + 1
ZL
Z0 −1 ZL − Z0
= ZL
=
Z0 +1 ZL + Z0

 Generalized reflection coefficient:

V̂− e+jkz V̂−
Γ(z) = = e2jkz = ΓL e2jkz
V̂+ e−jkz V̂+

v̂(z) = V̂+ e−jkz [1 + Γ(z)]

î(z) = Y0 V̂+ e−jkz [1 − Γ(z)]
Z(z) v̂(z) 1 + Γ(z)
Zn (z) = = = Normalized impedance
Z0 î(z)Z0 1 − Γ(z)
Zn (z) − 1
Γ(z) =
Zn (z) + 1
Properties
A. |Γ(z)| = |ΓL | ≤ 1
B.
� �
λ
Γ z± = Γ(z)
2
� �
λ
Zn z ± = Zn (z)
2
C.
� �
λ
Γ z± = −Γ(z)
4
� �
λ 1 Y (z) î(z)

Zn z ± = = Yn (z) = =
4 Zn (z) Y0 Y0 v̂(z)

D. If line is matched, ZL = Z0 , ΓL = 0, Zn (z) = 1

II. Load Impedance Reflected Back to the Source

ZL RL + jXL
Zn (z = 0) = =
Z0 Z0
Z z = − λ4
� � � �
λ 1 Z0
Zn z = − = = =
4 Zn (z = 0) RL + jXL Z0

2
 Z02
� � � �
λ λ
Z z=− = Z0 Zn z = − =
Rs 4 4 RL + jXL
� �
λ 1 RL + jXL
V0cosωt Y
Y z=− = � �=
4 Z z = −4 λ Z02
� �
λ RL + jXL
YT = Y + Y z = − =Y +
4 Z02

To tune the line, choose Y = − jX

Z2
L
⇒ YT = RL
Z02
.
0

Y is usually created by a variable length short circuited transmission line called a stub. There
2
Z2 ( 1 V0 ) V2 V 2R
is maximum power into the line if RS = RL0 ⇒ �P �max = 12 2RS =
18 R0S =
81 0Z 2 L .

III. Quarter Wavelength Matching

Z2 Z22 √
To match Z1 to RL ⇒ Z1 = RL /Z2 = R L , Z2 = Z1 RL .

IV. Smith Chart

Zn (z) = r + jx Γ(z) = Γr + jΓi

1+Γ(z)
Zn (z) = 1−Γ(z) ⇒ r + jx = 1+Γr +jΓi
1−Γr −jΓi
1−Γ2r −Γ2i 2Γi
r= (1−Γr )2 +Γ2i
x= (1−Γr )2 +Γi2

� �2
r
+ Γi 2 = (1+1r)2
�
1. Γr − 1+r Orthogonal
2 �2
2. (Γr − 1) + Γi − x1 = x12
�
Circles
1
1. Circle of radius 1+r Center at Γi = 0, Γr = 1+r r
1
2. Circle of radius |x| Center at Γi = x1 , Γr = 1

i(t) = |Iˆ| sin(ωt − φ)

V0
|Iˆ| =
|50 + Z (z = −l)|
� �
−1 Im [Z(z = −l)]
φ = tan
50 + Re [Z(z = −l)]

V. Standing Wave Parameters

v̂(z) = V̂+ e−jkz [1 + Γ(z)] ⇒ |v̂(z)| = |V̂+ ||1 + Γ(z)|

î(z) = Y0 V̂+ e−jkz [1 − Γ(z)] ⇒ |î(z)| = Y0 |V̂+ ||1 − Γ(z)|

|v̂ (z )|max 1 + |ΓL |

= = VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)
|v̂ (z )|min 1 − |ΓL |
VSWR − 1

|ΓL | =
VSWR + 1

ΓL = |ΓL |ejφ

� �
4dmin
2kdmin =φ+π ⇒φ=π − 1

dmin is the shortest distance from load to first voltage minimum (at B in Figure 8-21 above)
Special Cases:

A. Matched Line: ΓL = 0, VSWR = 1

B. Short or open circuited line: |ΓL | = 1, VSWR = ∞
� � � �
C.
�
v̂(z) �
= 1 +
|
ΓL |; � v̂(z) � = 1 − |ΓL |
� � � �
V̂+ peak V̂+ min
� � � �
D.
�
v̂(z=0) � = |1 + ΓL |; � î(z=0) �
= |1 − ΓL |
� � � �
V̂+ Y0 V̂+
ZL Z0
E. If ZL = RL (real), then ΓL real. If ZL > Z0 , VSWR = Z0 . If ZL < Z0 , VSWR = ZL

7
 1 + |ΓL |ejφ
Load Impedance: ZL = Z0
1 − |ΓL |ejφ
VSWR + 1 + (VSWR − 1)ejφ
� �
= Z0
VSWR + 1 − (VSWR − 1)ejφ
� � ��
VSWR − j tan φ2
= Z0 � �
1 − jVSWR tan φ2
[1 − jVSWR tan(kdmin )]
= Z0
[VSWR − j tan(kdmin )]

Example: Z0 = 50 Ω, VSWR = 2
d = distance between successive voltage minima

8
 λ
= 40 cm =
2
dmin = distance from load to first minimum
= 10 cm

2π 2π

λ = 2d = 80 cm ⇒ k = = = 2.5π
λ 0.8
π
dmin = 10 cm = 0.1 m ⇒ kdmin = 2.5π(0.1) =
4
VSWR − 1 1
|ΓL | = =
VSWR + 1 3
φ 4dmin 4(0.1) 1 π
= −1= −1=− ⇒φ=−
π λ 0.8 2 2
jφ 1 −jπ/2 j
ΓL = |ΓL |e = e =−
3 3
[1 − jVSWR tan(kdmin )]
ZL = Z0
VSWM − j tan(kdmin )
50 1 − j(2) tan + π4
� � ��
=
2 − j tan + π4
� �

50(1 − 2j)
= = 40 − 30j ohms
2−j