MICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR

Generic Architecture:
Signal Amplification Guide Antenna
Processing
Microwave or optical
Signal
Processing Detection Guide Antenna

tuning, resonance waveguides transitions

coupling matching
microwave integrated circuits

Communications, bi-static radar—separately located systems

Radar, lidar, data recording—co-located systems

Passive sensing—uses receiver side only

Systems fail at the weakest link, therefore understand all parts

L16-1
 MICROWAVE CIRCUITS
Printed Circuits Exhibit R,L,C Behavior: z
d
y +
Equivalent TEM line circuit: v(t,z)
x -
i(z) i(z+∆z) i(t,z)
L∆z L∆z L∆z
+ + “TEM” ⇒ E • zˆ = H • zˆ = 0

C∆z C∆z C∆z Difference Equations

- - v(z + ∆z) − v(z) = −L∆z di(z) dt
v(t,z) v(t,z+∆z) i(z + ∆z) − i(z) = −C ∆zdv(z) dt
∆z
Limit as ∆z → 0:
dv dz = −L di dt
di dz = −C dv dt
{
Let v(z,t) = Re V(z)e jωt : }
dV(z) dz = − jωL I(z) Wave Equation
dI(z) dz = − jωC V(z) ⇒ d2 V(z) dz2 + ω2LCV(z) = 0
L16-2
TEM SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE EQUATIONS

Wave Equation: d2V(z)/dz2 + ω2LCV(z) = 0

Voltage Solution: V(z) = V+e-jkz + V-ejkz

Test solution: [(-jk)2V+e-jkz + (jk)2V-ejkz] +

ω2LC[V+e-jkz + V-ejkz] = 0
Passes test iff: k2 = ω2LC
Current I(z):
Since: ∂V(z)/∂z = -jωL I(z)
Therefore I(z) = (1/jωL)jk(V+e-jkz – V-ejkz)
= Yo(V+e-jkz – V-ejkz)
[Characteristic admittance Yo = k/ωL = ω(LC)0.5/ωL = (C/L)0.5 = 1/Zo]
Transmission Line Equations:
V(z) = V+e-jkz + V-ejkz
I(z) = Yo(V+e-jkz – V-ejkz)
L16-3
 COMPLEX LINE IMPEDANCE Z(z)
I(z)
+
Impedance: - V(z) Zo
z
Z(z)
Z(z) = V(z)/I(z) = R(z) + jX(z)
Equivalent circuit
Resistance Reactance + +
- V+ - V-

Z(z) = V(z) I(z) =

( )
Zo V + e− jkz + V − e jkz
= Zo
1+ Γ(z)
V + e− jkz − V − e jkz 1− Γ(z)

Γ(z):
Complex Reflection Coefficient Γ

Γ(z) = V − e+ jkz V + e− jkz = ΓL e2jkz where ΓL = Γ ( z = 0 ) = V − V +

Examples: Γ = 0 ⇒ Z(z) = Zo Γ = +1 ⇒ Z = ∞ Γ = -1 ⇒ Z = 0
L16-4
 GENERAL EXPRESSIONS FOR Z(z)
Γ(z):
Complex Reflection Coefficient Γ
Since Z(z) Zo = [1 + Γ(z)] [1 − Γ(z)] = Zn (z)
Therefore: Γ(z) = [Z(z) − Zo ] [Z(z) + Zo ] = [Zn (z) − 1] [Zn (z) + 1]
Z(z) as a Function of ZL, Zo, k, and z:
Substituting: ΓL (z) = [ZL − Zo ] [ZL + Zo ]
V + e− jkz + V − e jkz
Into: Z(z) = V(z) I(z) = Zo
V + e− jkz − V − e jkz

(
= Zo  e− jkz + ΓL e+ jkz ) (e− jkz − ΓL e+ jkz )
(ZL + Zo ) e− jkz + ( ZL − Zo ) e jkz
Yields: Z(z) = Zo
( ZL + Zo ) e− jkz − ( ZL − Zo ) e jkz
ZL coskz − jZo sinkz
= Zo
− jZL sinkz + Zo coskz
Z − jZo tankz
Therefore: Z(z) = Zo L
Zo − jZL tankz
L16-5
 EXAMPLES OF Z(z) TRANSFORMATIONS
ZL − jZo tankz
Transformation Equation: Z(z) = Zo
Zo − jZL tankz

Example—Open Circuit, ZL = ∞:
z = -^

Z( −^ ) = − jZo cot k^ = − jZo k^ for k^ << 1

= − j (L C )
0.5
ω(LC)0.5 ^ = 1 jωC^ z=0
Co (capacitor)
= 0 when z = -λ/4, -3λ/4,… Im{Z}
= ∞ when z = 0, -λ/2,…

-λ 3λ λ λ 0 z
− − −
2 2 4
In general: -j∞ < Z(-^) < +j∞
(ANY capacitance or inductance at a SINGLE frequency)
L16-6
MORE EXAMPLES OF Z(z) TRANSFORMATIONS
ω o for z = -λ/4:
Example—Inductive Load, ZL = jωL λ
Z − jZo tankz ? Zo Lo
Recall: Z(z) = Zo L
Zo − jZL tankz z
λ/4 0
Since: kz = −k^ = (2π λ ) (λ 4 ) = −π 2, and tan( −k^ ) = −∞
Therefore: Z(z) = Zo2 ZL = (L C ) ( jωLo ) = 1 ( jωCLo L ) = 1 jωCo
Note: Z(z) = 1 jωLo if ^ = λ 2, λ,... ( tan− (2π λ ) λ = 0 )
Example—Transformation of Source Impedances:
+ + ZA
Z + jZo tank^ Zs
ZTh = Zo s
Zo − jZs tank^ Vs VA Zo
- - z
^ 0
VA = VS ZA /(ZS + ZA ) where ZA = jZ o cot k^
ZTh
= V+ (ejk ^ + e-jk ^ ) = 2V+ cos k ^
VTh
Therefore: VTh = 2V+ = VS ZA /[(ZS + ZA )cos k ^ ]

L16-7
 ALTERNATE APPROACH TO FINDING Z(z)

I(z)

ZL
V(z) Zo,c
z
Complex Reflection Coefficient Γ(z): Z(z)
0

V + e− jkz + V − e jkz 1 + Γ( z)
1) Z(z) = V(z) I(z) = Zo = Zo = Z(z)
V+e − jkz
− V −e jkz 1 − Γ( z)

2) Γ(z) = V − e+ jkz V + e− jkz = ΓL e2jkz = Γ(z) where ΓL = Γ(z = 0) = V − V +

3) ΓL = [ZL − Zo ] [ZL + Zo ]
Γ = Zn = j Im{Γ}
|Γ| = 1
Γ-Plane Solution Method:
increasing ^
Zn = 0 Zn = ∞
ZL ⇔ ΓL ⇔ Γ(z) ⇔ Z(z) Zn = 1 Γ=1
Re{Γ}
(3) (2) (1) toward
generator
Recall: Zn = Z/Zo Zn = -j L16-8
 GAMMA PLANE ⇒ SMITH CHART

Gamma Plane:
I(z)
Γ=j +
Re{Zn} = 1 ZL
V(z) - Zo,c
z
Re{Zn} = 0 ^ 0
Z(z)

^
Γ = -1 Γ=1
Γ=0 Zn = ∞ Zn = (1 + Γ)/ (1 - Γ)
Im{Zn} = 0
Toward generator (larger ^)
Im{Zn} = -j (-z direction; λ/2 ⇒ full rotation)
Γ = -j
Smith Chart: Thus: e-2jk^ goes clockwise as ^→∞
j Γ(z) = ΓL e2jkz = ΓL e−2jk^
ωt ejωt
0 ZL ⇔ ZLn ⇔ ΓL ⇔ Γ(z) ⇔ Zn(z) ⇔ Z(z)
1
ωt = 0 Recall: e jωt = cos ωt + jsin ωt
L16-9