 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

0
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
  ‫א‬   ،     ‫א‬ ‫א‬،  ‫א‬ 
 W،
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  ‫؛‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
١ ‫א‬
 ٢  ‫א‬
٣ 
٤  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٣٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٥٣ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦٦ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٧  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١١٦ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٦٨ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٩١ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٢٧  ‫א‬‫א‬

2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١٤٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 E٥F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٠F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٥F ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٥F ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 E ١٥F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣٠F ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٨F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
K‫א‬ .٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪ ١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KData Show ‫א‬ 
K 
K 
K 
K‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

5
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
W‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٢
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬ L٨
‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬    L٩
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬ L١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١٢

 
 

6
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫ א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
K‫ א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٥ 
 K‫א‬‫ א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٦
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٧
 
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٩ 
 K  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٠ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫تأكد من إغالق األسطوانات عند االنتھاء من العمل‬L١١
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٢
 .‫א‬  
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٣ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬/١٤ 

 

7
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

8
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K  ‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 KE،،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
‫א‬٪٨٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٢
 

 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 

9
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

10
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K
 K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬E
 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬W

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬E،،F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EFWE‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٤٠‫א‬٪٦٠‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
 KE٩٥٠٨٨٠F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF‫ א‬K٧
 KE١٠٩٣F‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
 KE٩٨٥F‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

13
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

14
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪ ١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KData Show ‫א‬ 
K 
KH 
K‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

15
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
W

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ L٢
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬ L٨
‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬    L٩
K
 K‫א‬‫א‬ L١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١٢

 
16
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫ א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢ 
K‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤ 
K  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٥ 
 K‫א‬‫ א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٦ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٧
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٨
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٩ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٠ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١١
 
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٢
 
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٣ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ /١٤ 
 K‫א‬  
  
 

17
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
،،‫א‬‫א‬WF‫א‬
 KE
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

18
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬٪٨٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢

 

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
. thermocouple ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦


19
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٢F
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

20
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E٢ J٢F
 

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 WEF‫א‬
E–‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٣ J٢FEF‫א‬
‫א‬L٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
EF٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬L٢٥٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE J J
 

21
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٢F
 

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٣{٥‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٥‫א‬‫א‬٦٥
 K
 
 

22
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

EFX  EF√
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٢F
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬F‫ א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

23
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E٥ J٢F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E٦ J٢F
 

24
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 
 ‫א‬E٧ J٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E°٧٠ J٣٠ JF‫א‬E٨ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E°١٣٥ J٢٠ JF

25
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٢F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

26
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٢F
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٠٢‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

27
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٠–٢F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١–٢F

28
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٢–٢F

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣–٢F

29
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤–٢F

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

30
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

 


    
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 

   EF


 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٥–٢F
   

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
E J١٦–٢F
 

 K

  E J١٦–٢F
   
 

K‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬

 
 
 
 

E J١٦–٢F
١٦–٢FK 
 

 KE J

31
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

F‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
K‫א‬‫א‬

E J١٦–٢F
 K
 

    E J١٦–٢F
 
 

K‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
E J١٦–٢F .  
 K
 

  E J١٦–٢F
 
 
 

 ‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
.    

  E–١٦–٢F
 K E–١٦–٢F  
 
 

K‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  

  .    E J١٦–٢F

E J١٦–٢F
K‫א‬‫א‬ J٧

KE J١٦–٢F‫א‬‫א‬


  E J١٦–٢F

32
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬  J٨
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬   E J١٦–٢F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE J١٦–٢F
K‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
E J١٦–٢F‫א‬
 

 K

  E J١٦–٢F
 
K‫א‬ J١٠
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE J١٦–٢F  
 
 

 E J١٦–٢F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

33
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   E١F
 E٢F

 
 E٣F
 E٤F

 
 E٥F
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٧–٢F
 

34
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
W J٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 

35
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 W‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ .١

‫א‬‫א‬ .٢

 

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 

36
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

37
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪ ١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KData Show ‫א‬ 
K 
KH 
K‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥

38
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٢
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬ L٨
‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬    L٩
K
 K‫א‬‫א‬ L١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١٢

 

39
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١١
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٢
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬/١٤
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F
 

40
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬(ACR) tubing‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
E‫א‬–F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EKKKK‫א‬–‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١–٣F
 
 

41
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E١٠٠،٥٠،٢٥F‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 JE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬
0.03 1
 
4
0.032 3
 
8
0.032 1
 
2
0.035 5
 
8
0.035 3
 
4
0.045 7
 
8
0.05  1
1 
 8
0.055
  1 3 
 8
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F
 ٢{٥٤=١W

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

42
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKK

 


‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١،٣L٤،٥L٨،١L٢،٣L٨،٣L١٦،١L٤EF

 

 ‫א‬E٢–٣F
 

٥٠٢٥‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(cop)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

43
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣–٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،(cop)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

44
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 ‫א‬E٤–٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

45
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥

 
 ‫א‬E٥–٣F

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

 
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

46
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦–٣F
 

 
 E٧–٣F

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨–٣F
 

47
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E١F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ o
 K o
K o
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K٣L٨  J١
K  J٢

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٩–٣F

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

48
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
  K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣L٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 


 ‫א‬E١٠–٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥

49
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬¼‫א‬  J٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٨
K  J٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

50
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
>‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦
W‫א‬‫א‬  J٧

     

 

51
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

52
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

53
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪ ١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KData Show ‫א‬ 
K 
KH 
K‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

54
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   L١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬ L٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٩
K
 K‫א‬‫א‬ L١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١٢


 

55
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫ א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫ א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢ 
K‫א‬‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٥ 
 K‫א‬‫ א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٦ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٧ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٨ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٩ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٠
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١١
 
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٢
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٣
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬/١٤
 
 K‫א‬  
  
 
 
 
 

56
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
E١ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬

 
 E١ J٤F
 

 
 E٢ J٤F

W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
57
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF  ‫א‬‫א‬EF

 ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬E٣ J٤F

58
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬٢٥٠ o
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ o
K o
K o

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K٣L٨ -
 K -
K  J١

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

59
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣L٨‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K12mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤–٤F

60
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥–٤F

61
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬ o
K o
K o
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K١L٢ -
K -
K -
 
 

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-

62
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١L٢‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
K

‫א‬‫א‬W
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
   J١٠


 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦–٤F

63
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬E٧–٤F
 

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

64
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬ J٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

65
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

66
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪ ١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KData Show ‫א‬ 
K 
KH 
K‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   L١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ L٢
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬ L٨
‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬    L٩
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬ L١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١٢

 
68
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٥
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٦
 
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٧
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٨
 
 K‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٩
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٠
   K‫א‬
 K‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١١
  ‫א‬،‫א‬L١٢
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٣
   

 
 

69
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Clamp-on-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K type
 Clamp-meter‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫ א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٣{٥‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٥‫א‬‫א‬٦٥
 
 

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 

70
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

EFX  EF√
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬F‫ א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E٢ J٥F
 

71
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬E٣ J٥F
 

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 
 
 
 
 

72
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 ‫א‬E٤ J٥F
‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠ JFE٧٠ J٣٠ JF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣٥ J

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٥F

73
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٧ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 EanalogF  EdigitalF
multimeter‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٥F
 
 
 
 

74
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
Ac  ١
Dc  ٢
V  ٣
Ω EF ٤

mV E 1 F ٥
1000
kV E١٠٠٠F ٦
A E‫א‬F١ ٧

mA E 1 F ٨
1000
~  ٩
 ١٠
Com   ١١
 E١ J٥F
 

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬

 

75
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

The Handing Of Multimeter‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KΩ Ohm ‫א‬ K١
K DC V AC V ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
E DC - AC ) A - mA JµA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEΩF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬
KE6 VAC F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
KEd BF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

 
 E٨ J٥F
W‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

76
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 Analog voltmeter‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EKKKKKKKKC100C10 C1 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 E٩ J٥F
 

77
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

X10
X1

00
X1

0K
60
0 X1
DC.V

AC.V
3

30
0U

6
60m
12

‫א‬ ‫א‬ EX1 ) ‫א‬

 EX10k F  E X 100 F ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ E1) 
E10000)  (100)  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
  =15 C1=15 Ω
 
15C10000=150000 Ω =15 × 100 = 1500 Ω
 
 E٢ J٥F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
AC  DC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x=‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

78
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 DC‫א‬W

 
 E١٠ J٥F
 

‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

( 300 V ---DC ) (120 V ---DC)  E 12 V ---DCF
300 12 0
12
= 17 × ‫قراءة الجھد = ـــــــــــــ‬ 68V = 17 × ‫قراءة الجھد = ـــــــــــــ‬
= 17 × ‫قراءة الجھد = ــــــــــــــ‬
170V 30
6.8 V
30
30
 E٣ J٥F

79
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 AC ‫א‬W

 
 
 E١١ J٥F

  

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 E 300 V ---ACF  E600 V ---ACF  E 30 V ---ACF
     
300  600  30
170V =17 C=‫א‬‫א‬ 340V=17 C=‫א‬‫א‬  17 V=17 C=‫א‬‫א‬
 30 30  30
 E٤ J٥F

80
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C =‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 
 E١٢ J٥F
 
 
 
 
 
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81
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

   

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E 60 m ---DC AF  E 120 U ---DC AF
 
 60   120 
34 mA =17 C= ‫א‬‫א‬ 68 UA =17 C=‫א‬‫א‬
 30  30
 
 

 E٥ J٥F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

82
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 E١٣ J٥F

83
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٦ J٥F
‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  
‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  
  1000 V~   6mA-   300V -
 ١  
   Ω   30 V ~   1 A~
 
  10 A -   3V~   3mA~
 ٢  
  30 V-    Ω   100V-
   10 V~    100 V-   30mA~  
 ٣
  3 A~    300mA~   Ω  
   Ω    10mA-   1000 V-
 ٤  
   10 V-   30 V -   300mA-
   1000 V-   30 V ~   3 V-
 
 ٥
   300mA~    Ω   100mA~  
   30mA-   300 V -   Ω
 ٦
 
   100 V ~   10 A~   1 A~
 
   10mA~   3 A~   100 V ~
     
 ٧  
 3mA- 30 V - Ω
   Ω    3mA~   300 V ~  
 ٨
   3A-    100 V-   1 A-  
 
 
 
 
 
 

84
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١٤ J٥F

85
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٧ J٥F
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
  1 A~   100CΩ   100 v~
 ١
   300µA    30 V   30mA  
   100 V    1mA   1CΩ
     
 ٢  
3A  3 V 1000V
  1CΩ    0.3 V   300 V
 ٣
 
   10 V    300mA~   10 A
   100µA    10 V   30µA
 
 ٤
  10CΩ   300mA   1 V  
   300 V   30mA   100CΩ
 ٥  
  1A    100 V   3 V
   100µA   10CΩ   300 V
 ٦  
   3 V   1000V   300mA
   3mA   1mA   0.3 V  
 ٧
   1 V    30 V   1000CΩ
 
  1000CΩ    3µA   1 A
 ٨
   3A    100 V   30 V  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

86
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

87
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  K‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪ ١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KData Show ‫א‬ 
K 
KH 
 K‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

88
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   L١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ L٢
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬ L٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٩
K
 K‫א‬‫א‬ L١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١٢

 
89
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
 
K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٥
  K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٦
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٧
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٠
   K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١١
 .‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬L١٢
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   /١٤
 K‫א‬
 

90
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
Refrigerants
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KNon-poisonous -
.Non-explosive -
KNon-corrosive -
KNon-flammable  -
K‫א‬ -
KEF‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬– –‫א‬  -
‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ kg 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K 30C  15C ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
WKE‫א‬–‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬-
R-502، R-22، R-12
،W‫א‬‫א‬ -

KR-764 (Sulfur dioxide)R-40 (Methyl chloride)

91
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ، ‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬ -

KR-290 (Propane)R-170 (Ethane)

 

 W‫א‬ 
Primary Refrigerants‫א‬‫א‬ K١
Primary ‫א‬‫א‬ R-502 R-22،R-12‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Refrigerants
 Secondary Refrigerants‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬(methyalcohol) ‫א‬،‫א‬،(brines)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

92
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F١
 K‫א‬٢
 K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧
R-11 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
.R-22 ‫ و‬R-12 ‫و‬

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬

93
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 Primary Refrigerants W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(R)‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K(ASHRAE)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬EChlorofluorocarbons CFCsF‫א‬ K١
KR114 ‫ و‬R12 ، R11WKEF‫א‬

EHydrochlorofluorocarbons or HCFCs)‫א‬ K٢
. R-22 or R-123WK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬Hydrofluorocarbons or HFCs ‫א‬ K٣

. R-134aW،‫א‬

(Azeotropic)‫א‬‫א‬KW K٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬K500‫א‬

400‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(zeotropic)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١–٦FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

94
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 Orange

Trichloromonofluoro
R11 (CCl 3 F )
methane


 White

Dichlorodifluorometh
R12 (CCl 2 F2 )
ane


 Purple‫א‬

R134a (CF3CH 2 F ) Tetrafluroethane


  Green

(CHClF2 ) Monochlorodifluoro
R22
methane

 
 
 

95
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
Orchid

R502 (48.8%R22 51.2%R115) -


  Silver

R717 ( NH 3 ) Ammonia

‫א‬‫א‬WE١–٦F
 Physical PropertiesW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
Oil Miscibility‫א‬‫א‬  J
 Odor‫א‬‫א‬
 (safety)‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
Oil Miscibility‫א‬‫א‬
 J
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

96
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
R11 
R12  
R13  
R40 
R134a 
R22 
R717  
‫א‬‫א‬WE٢–٦F
 Odor‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
R11 slightly ethereal 

R12 slightly ethereal

R22 slightly ethereal
R502 slightly ethereal
R717 pungent

‫א‬‫א‬WE٣–٦F
 E‫א‬‫א‬F
 
 
 
 
 

97
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (safety)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
R11  
R12  
R13  
R40  
R134a  
 R22  
R502  
R717  
‫א‬WE٤–٦F
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
R11  
 R12  
R40  
R134a  
 R22  
R502  
R717  
‫א‬‫א‬WE٥–٦F
 

 

98
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Relief valve) -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Check valve ) -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣
 

 –E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

99
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٢
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 How to Choose a Leak Detector? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ECFCs‫א‬F‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ -
K‫א‬Wsystem size‫א‬ -
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ -
KKKKKK‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬-
KW،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
CCl3 F Trichloromonofluromethane R11 ١١‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ 23.7C  -

K -
K -
K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

100
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
KHalide torchEF‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 Dichlorodifluoromethane R12 (CCl2 F2 ) ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K  29.4C  -
K‫א‬، -
K -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  68C ‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
Halide torchEF‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
  (R134a)Tetrafluroethane (CF3CH 2 F ) -‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F HFC (Hydrofluorcarbons) -
K R12
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬، -
K  26.1C  -
KE‫א‬) (Ozone Depletion Potential) (ODP  0) ‫א‬ -
KR12‫א‬‫א‬ -
K 25C ‫א‬‫א‬ -
E‫א‬FLight Blue‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K(Molecular Sieve)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-

(Silicone Gel)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

101
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬(Florescent Dyes)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
Monochlorodifluoromethane (R22) (CHClF2 ) E٢٢F‫א‬
 40.8C  -

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  9C ‫א‬‫א‬ -
Halide torchEF‫א‬‫א‬ -

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 W١٢‫א‬٢٢‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬60%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
R22‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٢
KR12‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬60%
KR12‫א‬‫א‬R22‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
R22R12‫א‬‫א‬R22‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  40C   29C ‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R12R22‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R12‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(discharge temperature)
  R502  {CHClF2  C 2ClF5 }( R22  R115) ER502F‫א‬
KR11551.2%  R2248.8% -
K -
K‫א‬ -
KE  51C   18C F‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -

102
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬  46C  -
KR22R12‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
R12‫א‬R22
‫א‬(condensing pressure)
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
٢٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K(R22)
K‫א‬(orchid)‫א‬ -
 R717( NH 3 FE‫א‬F‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
K -
K‫א‬ -
‫א‬kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬  33C  -
K‫א‬‫א‬R22R12E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
 
 
 

103
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 R134a,R12 ‫א‬‫א‬
R134a,R22,R502 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 R134a ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R13,R502
Egryogenics)‫א‬
 R22,R500 ‫א‬‫א‬
R134a,R22  J‫א‬‫א‬
R11,R134a.R22  J‫א‬‫א‬
R11,R134a  J‫א‬‫א‬
R22,CO2(SOLID) ‫א‬‫א‬
N2 ‫א‬‫א‬
R11 ‫א‬‫א‬
CO2,N2 ‫א‬
R11 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦–٦F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 WE٧ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

104
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
R11 Centrifugal
Centrifugal
R12 Reciprocating‫א‬
Rotary‫א‬
Reciprocating‫א‬
R22
  Centrifugal
R500 Reciprocating‫א‬
R502 Reciprocating‫א‬
R503 Reciprocating‫א‬
R13 Reciprocating‫א‬
R113 Centrifugal
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٧–٦F
105
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 200-2000TR–
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬
KK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
50 Hz‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  90C –‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  90C –‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Secondary Refrigerants‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬(methyalcohol) ‫א‬،‫א‬،(brines)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K (c p  4.18kJ / kg ) ‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
K -
 W‫א‬(CFCs)‫א‬
 UV   radiation ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W UV   radiation 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

٢٠ J١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١–٦F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 


R11‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١–٦F
 

C+Cl2+F2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
KE (O3 ) ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K Cl2O ‫א‬ (O3 ) ‫ א‬E٤
K Cl2O ‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
K Cl2  O2 ‫א‬ E٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 3Cl2  O3  3Cl2O 
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
(ODP) ozone depletion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(potential)
‫א‬ ODP=0،R=22‫א‬ODP=0.05R=11‫א‬ODP=1 -
R134a
R11 ‫א‬E١‫א‬F
 E‫א‬‫א‬E٣F‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
W(Global warming Potential, GWP)
  GWP= 1 for CO2
GWP=0.05 for CFCs
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١‫א‬
 Montreal Protocol ‫א‬‫א‬
(CFCs)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
K1986-2000‫א‬R12,R11‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬(CFCs)‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 KER222015 - 2030FW
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
.2005‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
.R134a‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬ K٦

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Alternative Refrigerants‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(HFCs)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (HCFCs)(CFCs)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
R12 R134a
 E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ R 407c
R22 ( R32  R125  R134a )
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R 410a
R22 ( R32  R125)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R 413 A
  ‫א‬‫א‬ R12 ( R 218  R134a  R600 A)
R 417 a
  ‫א‬‫א‬ R22 ( R134a  R600a )
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٨–٦F
 

(Greenhouse Effect)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W HCs‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  Ammonia ( NH 3 ) R717‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KGWP=0ODP=0‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
  Carbon dioxide (CO2 )  R744 ‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬GWPODP=0‫א‬ 
‫א‬(low energy efficiency)‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Tcritical  31.3 C )
 Air (R729)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 Water (H2O) – R718‫א‬
 (T  0 C ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
(specific vapor volume)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Lithium Bromide)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?R134a J١٣٤?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?R134a?‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?R12?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?
‫א‬?R12?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ?R134a?‫א‬‫א‬K?R134a ?‫א‬
R134a?R12?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬١٩٩٠
 Brines‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Calcium chloride(CaCl2) ‫א‬ -
  17C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
Sodium Chloride(NaCl)‫א‬ -
   21C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

110
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Antifreeze solutions)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Glycerine‫א‬ JAlcohol‫א‬ J
Propylene Glycol ‫א‬ J Ethylene Glycol ‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬ J٤
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١

111
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 

 

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫ א‬
:‫א‬
،‫א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
. ١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫ א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
،   ‫א‬،‫א‬?‫" א‬‫א‬
. ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬
. ‫ א‬  ‫א‬ ، ‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
: ‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

.  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

. ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

. ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

.  

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

.  

.   ‫א‬ 

.  

:‫א‬ ‫א‬

،‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬ 

. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬  
. ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫ א‬
. ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 ٦ ‫ א‬‫ א‬،١٠‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬
 

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
W E٢
R12 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R22 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
K‫א‬
KR12‫א‬‫א‬R22 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

 R11‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

KR12 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬R22‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ E

KR12
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E
K

K(CFCs)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
KR22‫א‬‫ א‬E٤
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٥
 R502, R11, R12, R22, R717  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
 R12 , R11, R22, R134a  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٧
R11 E
  R12  E

 R717 E

R502 E


K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬E٩
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

114
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

R1 E
  R12  E

 R717 E

R502 E 
KBrine Solution ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬E١٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٥
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

115
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

116
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪ ١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KData Show ‫א‬ 
K 
KH 
K‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

117
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
W‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   L١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ L٢
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬ L٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٩
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬ L١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١٢

 

118
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫ א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
   K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٧
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٨
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٠
 K‫א‬
 K‫تأكد من إغالق األسطوانات عند االنتھاء من العمل‬L١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٢
 .
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬/١٤
 
 

119
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 Gas welding‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KAcetylene C2H2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KK
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K( Filler)‫א‬ ( Weld pool)‫א‬‫א‬
E١ J٧F‫א‬.( Bead )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 

 ‫א‬WE١ J٧F

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 

120
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Gas welding equipment‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 :Cylinders‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬E٣٢٤٤F‫א‬‫א‬
KE٣٣٩٠١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬WE٢ J٧F
 WPressure gauge‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 
 E٣ J٧F

121
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WRegulator‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬E J٤ J٧F
‫א‬E J٤ J٧F
 
 

W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K
 
 WSafety valve‫א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WTorchE‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬ J٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٣٠٠{٢F‫א‬‫א‬E Base metalF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

122
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٧F
 : Hoses‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٧F

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

123
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  K‫א‬‫א‬  J
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 K‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  J
  KE٣FE٨ J١F‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
  K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
  K‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬  J
  K‫א‬  J

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

E‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬  J
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬

125
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  W‫א‬‫א‬ E١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬
 

 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٧F

W‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

126
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  WE‫א‬F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E٩ J٧F
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢

 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  J
  

 
 
 

127
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٧F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  J

،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٧F
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٢F
 
 
 
 

128
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٧F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٧F
 
 

129
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٧F
 
 
 
 
 

130
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١{٥F

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٧F
  WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬E١{٢F‫א‬  J
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦F‫א‬ J

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٦F‫א‬ J

E٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(v)
  KE١{٥F

W‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F

131
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J٧F
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KETF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩٠‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨ J٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩ J٧F

132
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WEdge preparation‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢٠ J١F‫א‬KK١٥<X١٥–٤V
 K

 

 
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٠ J٧F‫א‬
 : Welding positions‫א‬
E٢١ J٧F‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬

   

 
 

 K‫א‬E٢١ J٧F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

W‫א‬
K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 WWelding movements‫א‬
‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
KWide bead‫א‬‫א‬Backhand‫א‬ Forehand
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٢٢ J٧F‫א‬K‫א‬

 ‫א‬    

 ‫א‬E٢٢ J٧F‫א‬
 : Flame types‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WCarburizing flame‫ א‬K١
 KK‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣ J٧F‫א‬

134
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬WOxidizing flame ‫ א‬K٢

 K‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤ J٧F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬WNeutral  flame  ‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥ J٧F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K°١٨٠٠‫א‬‫א‬°٣٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬°١٠٠٠
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
   ‫א‬E٢٦ J٧F‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬٤٠٠F
 K‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧ J٧F‫א‬
 

136
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬W
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

 
 
 W‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،

137
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E١F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
  K -
  K‫א‬‫א‬ -

W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 
 

138
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢‫א‬L٥‫א‬  J١
  K٢‫א‬L٤٠‫א‬  J٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 

 W
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨ J٧F‫א‬

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
 

‫א‬E٢٩ J٧F‫א‬

139
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٧
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬

‫א‬E٣٠ J٧F‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKK
  K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬E٣١ J٧F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 

  ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٢–٧F‫א‬
 

140
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 

 
 
 
 

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
  K‫א‬
 
 

 
 ‫א‬E٣٣–٧F‫א‬
 

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

141
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬ o
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬  J١
  K‫א‬  J٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
  KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  J٦

142
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  K‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
  K  J٨
  K  J٩
 

W‫א‬
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
  
 
 

143
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E٣F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K 
  K 
  K‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
 

144
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
  ‫א‬E٣٤–٧F‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 

‫א‬E٣٥–٧F‫א‬
W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬
 

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
 

145
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬E٣٦–٧F‫א‬
 

W
K‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

  K  J٦
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
 

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

146
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K -
  K -
  K -
  K‫א‬ -
  K -
  K١٥C٦C٣‫א‬‫א‬ -
  K‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬ -
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 

147
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
  K٢‫א‬L٥‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 

 

E٣٧–٧F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
  K‫א‬
  K٤٥‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
 

 
 

  E٣٨–٧F‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٦L١٨L١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
  K٨L٣،٤L١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

148
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
  K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 

E٣٩–٧F‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
  K‫א‬

 

E٤٠–٧F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
  K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

149
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠
 

 
 

E٤١–٧F‫א‬
 
 

  K‫א‬‫א‬W
 
 
 

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١١
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 
 

W‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٢
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
  K٢L١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٤
  K‫א‬‫א‬

150
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٩٠‫א‬‫ א‬ J١٦
  KK‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٧

 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬ E٤٢–٧F‫א‬
 
 
 
 

151
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

‫א‬E٤٣–٧F‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫ א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬L ‫א‬L
0 65 1/32" 5 7 – 18
60-56 1/16" 5 8 – 20
1 56-54 3/32" 5 12 – 20
2 54-53 1/8" 5 14 – 24
3 53-50 3/16" 5 16 – 25
4 50-46 1/4" 5 20 – 29
5 46-44 3/8" 5 24 – 33
40 1/2" 5 30 – 40
6 30-29 5/8" 5 30 – 40
23 3/4" 5 30 – 32
 ‫א‬E١ J٧F

152
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E٥F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K -
  K -
  K‫א‬ -
  K‫א‬ -
  KE٢F‫א‬‫א‬ -
  K -
  K -
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  K١٥٠C٦C٣‫א‬‫א‬ -
 KK٢ -

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K

153
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -

 W‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٥‫א‬  J٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬٢٤
  K‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
  K‫א‬٤٥
 

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K

E٤٤–٧F‫א‬

154
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

  K٨٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 

١L٨١L١٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

E٤٥–٧F‫א‬
 

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
 W
 K‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٩

155
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١٠

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١١
 

 

E٤٦–٧F‫א‬

156
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ o
  K o
  K‫א‬ o
  K٢ o
  K o
  K o
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  K -
  K?٦C?٢C?٨L١‫א‬‫א‬ -
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -

157
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
   
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J١
  K‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬?٨L١?١٦L١‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
  K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L٢٤‫א‬  J٤
  K‫א‬‫א‬L١٥‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥

   J٦
   J٧
   J٨
   J٩
   J ١٠

  E٤٧–٧F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 

‫א‬‫א‬،?١٦L١‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬?١٦L١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٧
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

158
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٨
  K‫א‬‫א‬
 

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٩
  K‫א‬‫א‬
  K  J١٠
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١١

 

 E٤٨–٧F‫א‬
 

W‫א‬
K‫א‬

159
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 E٤٩–٧F‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
، ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
  K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬°١٨٠‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 

160
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K o
  K‫א‬ o
  K‫א‬ o
  KE٢F‫א‬ o
  K o
  K o
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  K٦C٣C٨L١‫א‬‫א‬ -
  K٨L١ -
  K‫א‬ -
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -

161
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬ K٢
  K‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 

 

E٥٠–٧F‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 

E٥١–٧F‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬

162
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

E٥٢–٧F‫א‬
 
  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
  K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
  K‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
  K K١٠
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١


W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 

163
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬WE٨F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K o
  K o
  K‫א‬ o
  K o
  K o
  KE١F o
  W‫א‬‫א‬
  K٦C٢C٨L١‫א‬‫א‬ -
  K٢‫א‬‫א‬ -
  K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ -
  K‫א‬ -
 

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

164
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٦L١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 K٨L١‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

165
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W
 K٨٠–٦٠‫א‬ -
 K٤٠–٣٠‫א‬ -
 
W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K ‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 KE
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E

166
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
E٥٣–٧F‫א‬
 
 

 

167
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

168
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪ ١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KData Show ‫א‬ 
K 
KH 
K‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-

169
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
W‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   L١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬ L٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٩
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬ L١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١٢


 
 

170
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫ א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١
K
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  L٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٤
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  L٦
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٧
 
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٨
 
 
 
   
 
   
 

171
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ -
 K -
  K -
 K -
 K -
  K -
  ٢C١٠٠C١٥٠ -

W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-

172
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬ -

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١ 
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬K٥‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬

٦٠٤٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
  K‫א‬

173
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٨F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 K 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫ א‬K١٠ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
 K‫א‬ 
 

  K‫א‬‫א‬W
 

 

W‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 

174
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ -
 K -
  K -
 K -
  ٢٢C١٠٠C١٥٠ -

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

175
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩٠F‫א‬‫א‬E٤٠–٣٠F‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٨F
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E٣F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ -
 K -
  K -
  K -
  -
  K٢C١٠٠C١٥٠ -

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -

177
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
  K‫א‬‫א‬W -

 W‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥

–٤٥‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٩٠‫א‬‫א‬FE٦٠

178
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  K٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٨F K٧

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ٧

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨

 

W‫א‬ 
K‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

179
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ -
 K -
  K -
  K -
 K -
  K٢C١٠٠C١٥٠ -
  K -

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-

180
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
  K‫א‬‫א‬W -

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 E٤ J٨F

181
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

W‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 E٥F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ -
 K -
  K -
  K -
 K -
  ٢٢C١٠٠C١٥٠ -
  K -

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -

182
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦  

183
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 E٥ J٨F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧  

 K‫א‬‫ א‬K٨  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩ 

  K‫א‬‫א‬W

 

W‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

184
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E٦F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ -
 K -
  K -
  K -
 K -
  ٢٢C١٠٠C١٥٠ -
  K -

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-

185
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧

186
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬E٦ J٨F
  K‫א‬‫ א‬K٨

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩

 K‫א‬‫א‬W
 
W‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

187
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

W‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٧F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ -
 K -
  K -
  K -
 K -
  ٢٢C١٠٠C١٥٠ -
  K -

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -

188
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

  K،‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
 
 
 
 

189
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٨F
  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٨

       ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K٩
  K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٠
‫א‬٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢

 K‫א‬‫ א‬K١٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٤

  K‫א‬‫א‬W

 
 

 
 

190
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

191
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪ ١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KData Show ‫א‬ 
K 
KH 
K‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-

192
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   L١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ L٢
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬ L٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٩
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬ L١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١٢

 
 

193
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٥
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٧
 
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١١
 .‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬L١٢
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٣
 
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬/١٤
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬/١٥

   

 
 

194
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Electric welding‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 : Electric arc welding‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬،E‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Eheat affected zoneF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٩F‫א‬
 

195
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  KEDc – F\‫א‬‫ א‬K١
  KEDc +F\‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
  KEAcF‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 WEDc – F\‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Dc-)
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٧٠‫א‬٪٣٠‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

196
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٩F‫א‬
 
 WEDc +F\‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Dc + )
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J٩F‫א‬
 

197
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 WEAcF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EAcF
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E JFEHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٢٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J٩F‫א‬
 Resistance welding‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Direct F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ecurrent

198
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥ J٩F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
    

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٩F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
 K

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦ J٩F‫א‬

199
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
  W‫א‬ K١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EAc – DcF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٧ J٩F‫א‬
 
  W‫א‬ K٢

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

200
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬WE٨ J٩F‫א‬
 
  W‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬WE٩ J٩F‫א‬

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 WE‫א‬F‫ א‬K٤

،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

201
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 ‫א‬WE١٠ J٩F‫א‬
 

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
  W‫א‬ K٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
  ‫א‬WE١١ J٩F‫א‬   
 

202
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  J
  K‫א‬‫א‬

 
E١٢–٩F‫א‬
 
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  J


 
E١٣–٩F‫א‬

203
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬ J

  K

 
E١٤–٩F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J

  K،‫א‬

 
E١٥–٩F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J
  K‫א‬‫א‬

 
E١٦–٩F‫א‬

204
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 
E١٧–٩F‫א‬

  WE‫א‬F‫א‬  J


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

205
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
E١٨–٩F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬ J


 
E١٩–٩F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬F‫ א‬ J

 K‫א‬

 
E٢٠–٩F‫א‬
 

206
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 
E٢١–٩F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  J

 
E٢٢–٩F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 
E٢٣–٩F‫א‬
 
 

207
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  K‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EonF K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
  W‫א‬
  KEDc +F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٠‫א‬‫א‬  J
  KEAcF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٥٠‫א‬‫א‬ J

 KEDc ‐F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٣٠‫א‬‫א‬ J

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

 ‫א‬WE٢٤ J٩F‫א‬

208
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬WE٢٥ J٩F‫א‬
 

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
 
 

209
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٦ J٩F‫א‬
 
 

210
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٧ J٩F‫א‬
 

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

211
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬WE٢٨ J٩F‫א‬

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 

212
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬E٨٠° J ٧٠°F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٩ J٩F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

213
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬WE٣٠ J٩F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

214
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EE6012F٨L١ -
  K -
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
  KE١٠F -
  K -
  K‫א‬ -
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  K٦C٣C٨L١‫א‬‫א‬ -
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
  K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -

215
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
  KE١٢٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
  K‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
  W‫א‬ K١١
 K‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢

216
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKK

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEE6012F٣٢L٥ JKEE6010F٨L١ -
  KE7018F٣٢L٣ JEE6013F٣٢L٣ -
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
  K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -

217
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E6010‫א‬٨L١ K١
  K‫א‬
 

‫א‬E٣١ J٩F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬E
 

  K‫א‬‫א‬٨L١‫א‬ K٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
40 20 1/16 1/16
80 30 3/32 1/32
120 50 1/8-1/4 1/8
170 75 1/8-1/4 5/32
210 100 1/4-3/16 3/16
250 120 1/4-3/16 7/32
330 160 1/4-5-16 1/4
420 200 5/16-3/8 5/16
 E١ J٩F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
  K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ K٦
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ K٧
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

218
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
 
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬?KKKE6012،E6010‫א‬‫א‬ -
 EAWSF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ K٨
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬WE٣١ J٩F‫א‬
 
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
 

219
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K o
  K o
  K‫א‬ o
  K٨L١EE6010F o
  K‫א‬ o
  K‫א‬ o
  K‫א‬‫א‬ o
  KE١٠F o
  K o
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦C٣C٨L١ -
 

W‫א‬
K‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
  K

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

220
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬  J١
  KEF‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
  KEE6010F٨L١١٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
  K‫א‬
  K‫א‬  J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
  K‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫ א‬ J٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٦L٣‫א‬
  KE٨L١،١٠L١F

221
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 W
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬  J١١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٢

 

222
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K o
  K o
  K‫א‬ o
  K o
  K٨L١EE6010F٣ o
  K‫א‬ o
  KE١٠F o
  K o
   o
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  K٦C٢C٨L١ -
  K‫א‬ -

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
  K

223
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
  K‫א‬  J٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
  K٨L١١٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
  K‫א‬
  K‫א‬  J٧
  K‫א‬٢L١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
  K‫א‬‫ א‬ J٩
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠
  K‫א‬٢L١‫א‬‫א‬٨،٩‫א‬  J١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٢
  KE‫א‬‫א‬F
  K‫א‬‫א‬  J١٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٤

224
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٢ J٩F‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤L١‫א‬‫א‬  J١٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 K١‫א‬W
 
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٦
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٧

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١٨

  ‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬  J١٩
 

  K  J٢٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢١
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٣ J٩F‫א‬

 
 
 

 

 

 

 

226
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬KK
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Puzio, H. and Johnson J.
 Andrew,D.Althouse,et al
 Larry Jeffus
R.L. Agrawal, Khanna publisher
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
Practical Heating, Air Conditioning,
and Refrigeration
Modern Refrigeration And Air
Conditioning
Welding principles and applications
Welding Engineering
 
 
 
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