ABSTRACT

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded with
electronics, software, sensors and connectivity to enable it to achieve greater value and
service by exchanging data with the manufacturer, operator and/or other connected devices.
Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to
interoperate within the existing Internet infrastructure.

A thing, in the Internet of Things, can be a person with a heart monitor implant, a farm
animal with a biochip transponder, an automobile that has built-in sensors to alert the driver
when tire pressure is low or any other natural or man-made object that can be assigned an IP
address and provided with the ability to transfer data over a network. So far, the Internet of
Things has been most closely associated with machine-to-machine (M2M) communication
and covers a variety of protocols, domains, and applications.

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1.1 The Internet of Things What is it?

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded with
electronics, software, sensors and connectivity to enable it to achieve greater value and
service by exchanging data with the manufacturer, operator and/or other connected devices.
Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to
interoperate within the existing Internet infrastructure.
Typically, IoT is expected to offer advanced connectivity of devices, systems, and services
that goes beyond machine-to-machine communications (M2M) and covers a variety of
protocols, domains, and applications The interconnection of these embedded devices
(including smart objects), is expected to usher in automation in nearly all fields, while also
enabling advanced applications like a Smart Grid.
Things, in the IoT, can refer to a wide variety of devices such as heart monitoring implants,
biochip transponders on farm animals, electric clams in coastal watersautomobiles with builtin sensors, or field operation devices that assist fire-fighters in search and rescue.These
devices collect useful data with the help of various existing technologies and then
autonomously flow the data between other devices. Current market examples include smart
thermostat systems and washer/dryers that utilize wifi for remote monitoring.

1.1Internet of things

1.2.1 Early history

As of 2014 the vision of the Internet of Things has evolved due to a convergence of multiple
technologies, ranging from wireless communication to the Internet and from embedded
systems to micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS). This means that the traditional fields
of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems, automation (including
home and building automation), and others, all have contributions to enable the Internet of
Things (IoT).
The concept of a network of smart devices was discussed as early as 1982, with a modified
Coke machine at Carnegie Mellon University becoming the first internet connected
appliance, able to report its inventory and whether newly loaded drinks were cold. Mark
Weiser's seminal 1991 paper on ubiquitous computing, "The Computer of the 21st Century",
as well as academic venues such as UbiComp and PerCom produced the contemporary vision
of IoT. In 1994 Reza Raji described the concept in IEEE Spectrum as "[moving] small
packets of data to a large set of nodes, so as to integrate and automate everything from home
appliances to entire factories" However, only in 1999 did the field start gathering momentum.
Bill Joy envisioned Device to Device (D2D) communication as part of his "Six Webs"
framework, presented at the World Economic Forum at Davos in 1999.

1.2 Basics of IOT

The concept of the Internet of Things first became popular in 1999, through the Auto-ID
Center at MIT and related market-analysis publications.Radio-frequency identification
(RFID) was seen[by whom?] as a prerequisite for the Internet of Things in the early days [when?]. If
all objects and people in daily life were equipped with identifiers, computers could manage
and inventory them Besides using RFID, the tagging of things may be achieved through such
technologies as near field communication, barcodes, QR codes and digital watermarking.
In its original interpretation,[when?] one of the first consequences of implementing the Internet
of Things by equipping all objects in the world with minuscule identifying devices or
machine-readable identifiers would be to transform daily life in several positive[weasel words]
ways. For instance, instant and ceaseless inventory control would become ubiquitout.
A person's ability to interact with objects could be altered remotely based on immediate or
present needs, in accordance with existing end-user agreements For example, such
technology could grant motion-picture publishers much more control over end-user private
devices by enforcing remotely copyright restrictions and digital restrictions management, so
an ability to watch a movie of a customer who bought a Blu-ray disc becomes dependent on
so called "copyright holder's" decision, similarly to failed Circuit City's DIVX.

1.1.3 How does this impact us?

The new rule for the future is going to be, anything that can be connected, will be
connected. But why on earth would you want so many connected devices talking to each
other? There are many examples for what this might look like or what the potential value
might be. Say for example you are on your way to a meeting, your car could have access to
your calendar and already know the best route to take, if the traffic is heavy your car might
send a text to the other party notifying them that you will be late. What if your alarm clock
wakes up you at 6 am and then notifies your coffee maker to start brewing coffee for you?
What if your office equipment knew when it was running low on supplies and automatically
re-ordered more? What if the wearable device you used in the workplace could tell you
when and where you were most active and productive and shared that information with other
devices that you used while working?

On a broader scale the IoT can be applied to things like transportation networks smart
cities which can help us reduce waste and improve efficiency for things such as energy use;
this helping us understand and improve how we work and live. Take a look at the visual
below to see what something like that can look like.

1.1.4 So what now?

Conversations about the IoT are (and have been for several years) taking place all over the
world as we seek to understand how this will impact our lives. We are also trying to
understand what the many opportunities and challenges are going to be as more and more
devices start to join the IoT. For now the best thing that we can do is educate ourselves about
what the IoT is and the potential impacts that can be seen on how we work and live.

1.1.5 How do IoT devices communicate?

An IoT device will have a radio that can send and receive wireless communications. IoT
wireless protocols are designed to accomplish some basic services: Operate on low power,
use low bandwidth and work on a mesh network. Some work on the 2.4 GHz band, which is
also used by Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, and the sub-GHz range. The sub-GHz frequencies,
including 868 and 915 MHz bands, may have the advantage of less interference.

1.3 Day by Day changes

1.1.6 Why is low power and low bandwidth important in IoT?

Some IoT devices will get power from electrical systems, but many, such as door locks and
standalone sensors, will use batteries. These devices send and receive small amounts of
information intermittently or periodically. Consequently, the battery life of an IoT device can
range from 1.5 years to a decade, if the battery lasts that long. One IoT maker, Insteon, uses
both radio and powerline communication, which can send data over existing electrical wiring
as well as via a radio, which it says will offer an increased measure of reliability.

1.1.7 What's the best wireless network for the IoT?

Today, no wireless technology has a dominant market share in IoT applications. Nick Jones,
an analyst at research firm Gartner, said more than 10 IoT wireless technologies will "get
significant traction" in IoT applications. These wireless technologies include cellular,
satellites and new communications such as Weightless, which uses "white space," or
unoccupied TV channels. More importantly, no one wireless technology will meet every need
and circumstance. A connected car, for instance, will use a cellular network to contact your
home network.

1.1.8 Why do we need a Reference Architecture?

IoT devices are inherently connected. We need a way to interact with them.
There are billions of these devices. We need a scalable architecture that is highly available
and allows Disaster recovery
Management of devices - automatic updates, remote management
Security is a concern since these devices collect sensitive data
Provides a starting point for architects looking to create IoT solutions as well as a strong
basis for further development

1.4 Refrence architecture

Chapter 1.2
7

Basics of IOT
Basic Behind IOT:we have seen how the Internet of Things phenomenon has burst onto the scene, bringing
everyday objects to life by connecting them to each other over the Internet and creating
inexhaustible sources of information. In order to look at the Internet of Things from a more
technical perspective we need to understand the three tiers into which it is currently divided.
The first layer is the hardware. More than half a century on from the days of mainframe
computers that took up whole rooms, components are becoming smaller and smaller,
enabling faster and more powerful computers to be developed. This physical layer occupies
less space, making it easier to connect practically anything, anywhere, anytime. What we are
seeing is the phenomenon of miniaturisation. The second tier is infrastructureor more
importantly, its limitations. How will todays technology cope when billions of new devices
connect to the IoT? Is the Internet spectrum going to become the fuel of the twenty-first
century? Spectrum needs to be dealt with as a limited resource. The third and last tier consists
of the applications and services that use the vast quantity of information created by the IoT.
This is where the greatest potential for value creation lies. These applications involve
creating new business models and very interesting business initiatives in terms of innovation.
These three tiers
1. Hardware miniaturization
2.Infrastructure needs
3.The development of innovative software
are essential for understanding the expansion of the Internet of Things into the field of
information and communication technology.

1.5 Refrence model of IOT

1.2.1 Miniaturisation: the Hardware that Makes IoT Possible

At the beginning of this publication, we talked about sensors as essential enablers of the
Internet of Things. Ultimately, they allow everyday objects to interact with computers over
the Internet and harvest valuable information on their surroundings. In the not-too-distant
future, more information will probably be being generated from these sensors than from
computer keyboards. The reason is simple: sensors are getting smaller and smaller, which
means that they can more easily be integrated into any object, under any circumstance. We
can identify three different trends that are making this possible: device miniaturisation (a
widespread trend at present), the development of new forms of computing (such as DNA
computers and quantum computers) and the creation of smart networks of simple elements.
The first trend miniaturisation involves technological processes which have allowed
electronic devices, including sensors, to be built smaller. Together with nanotechnology,
miniaturisation has made it possible to minimize the size of elements such as
microprocessors (something akin to the computers brain) without affecting the speeds at
which they operate.
So it seems that Moores prediction wasnt that far off after all. Remember that in1975 he
postulated that the number of transistors in a printed circuit would double every two years47,
enabling a proliferation of technology around the world. More transistors mean higher
computing speeds. Moore also suggested that there would be a reduction in costs, since the
performance of silicon-based components used in computers would improve as they became
more economic to produce and more common in our daily life. Combined with Metcalfes
Law, which states that the value of a telecommunications network is proportional to the
square of the number of connected users of the system, it is clear that all economic and
technological drivers point to ubiquitous computing48. However, this reduction in size is
not infinite; we shall soon reach the physical limits of silicon-based components. Some
experts have sought to overcome this problem by centering their research on DNA
computers (which use organic molecules to store the basic information and resolve
mathematical problems through chemical reactions) and quantum computers (which use
elements of quantum mechanics to code and process information). The components used in
quantum computers will be smaller, and at the same time it will be possible to make vast
calculations in a much shorter time. Another area of research in the field of computing
follows a different path. Instead of increasing the capacity of a central processor, the idea is
to divide processing up between different elements of hardware with limited intelligence,
capable of great things when they act together.
Each element will communicate with the others around it using a very basic language. And
the experts have a very useful exemplar in nature: ants. These insects look for the shortest
route between a source of food and their colony. To do so, they simply follow the pheromone
trail left by other ants searching for food. The more ants that follow the same path, the
stronger the trail becomes, making the ants more effective as a whole. By means of simple
patterns of conduct, the ants are capable of building tremendously complex colonies and
filling them with food50. Following the example of the ants, scientists are trying to design
hardware which, by using simple interactions with other surrounding elements, can build the
Internet of Things equivalent of complex anthills.

10

What are these Sensors Capable of Doing?

As the miniaturisation of electronic components progresses, their applications
aremultiplying. Tiny sensors are increasingly being integrated into the elements around us,
connecting the physical and digital worlds. What are the sensors around us capable of doing?
In broad terms, these sensors have three majorapplications. First, they allow information to
be harvested on the host object and its environment for subsequent analysis.
For example, insurance firms can use sensor systems to recover information on their clients
driving habits. Secondly, sensors can trigger an action, allowing certain functions to be
automated. This might include setting off an alarm when an unauthorized person is detected
in an area or automatically halting a car before it collides with another vehicle. Finally,
sensors will increasingly be traceable at all times, which will expand the range of
applications. For example, the location of packages in logistics management systems allows
them to be precisely tracked and enables communication with different conveyor belts to
determine the destination of the goods. But the applications do not end there. IoT will allow
the consumers habits or the contracting companys decisions to be factored into the process,
allowing changes on the hoof to minimize costs, avoid delays or simply, adapt to fluctuations
in product supply and demand. Independently of the large-scale applications of the sensors,
there are two major challenges to developing them: energy consumption and the
interoperability of their components. Sensors consume energy. The smaller they are, the more
this consumption becomes a limiting factor. As the size of the sensor diminishes, so too does
the size of its power source and consequently its operating time.
It is hoped that new components will be capable of generating their own energy. In this way,
the sensors will be able to remain autonomously connected to the Internet for longer periods
of time. Moreover, in environments where there will be no fixed access point offering
efficient communication for the things, they will form extensive ad-hoc networks routing
information towards the infrastructure or their destination node in the formed network. This
allows sensors to be placed everywhere, even when the infrastructure is weak or absent, and
even if the sensors are mobile 51. However, the big challenge to promoting IoT acceptance
will not be energy consumption, but the flexibility and modularity of the components to
ensure easy integration. If no move is made to promote interoperability between components,
large scale acceptance of IoT will face serious obstacles. We shall come back to these and
other issues later on.

11

1.6 Sensors

12

1.2.2 Is the Infrastructure Ready for IoT? The Point of View of the Operators
According to Paul Jacobs, chairman and CEO of Qualcomm, by 2014, 70% of all electronic
consumer devices will be connected to the Internets. The capacity of mobile phone
infrastructures is limited and the proliferation of smartphones is saturating network capacity.
With millions of new devices connected to the Internet, 3-G or LTE55 technology wont be
able to cope, and the combined use of mobile phones, wireless connections and optic fiber
will be vitally important in resolving oversaturation of mobile infrastructures. Although the
3-G business is growing, the capacity of the mobile networks is acting as a bottleneck. In this
situation, the IoT is finding it hard to cope.
A number of measures have therefore been considered to help resolve the issue. Governments
are beginning to call for spectrum-sharing. One trend at the moment is for WiFi hotspots.
These are public areasin cafes, airports and librarieswhere people can, for free or for a
small fee, connect their computers, mobile phones and other devices to the Internet. The
Chinese government proposes to turn public phone boxes into hotspots and thus turn the
country into one giant WiFi network.
With a population of 1.3 billion56, it will be creating a connection platform for an emerging
economy that has all the potential to become the new big target of on-line activity. American
president Barack Obama is also aware of the problem of the spectrum and the obstacle it
poses for growth in the mobile Internet. He has released 500 megahertz of frequencies
formerly reserved to the administration for voice and data transmission because Spectrum is
the oxygen of wireless Broadband is about investment, innovation, jobs and opportunity,
and spectrum is vital infrastructure for broadband.
To take advantage of these opportunities, the networks of sensors must be open to the wider
public. This will mean that many microsuppliers will be able to develop business models
based on locally managed networks that capitalize on assets that can be connected to the IoT
and meet the needs of millions of consumers. A fragmented market will be created of billions
of nodes of sensors integrating the physical world with the digital. This is where the real
innovation will come from. And it is important to remember the point we have been stressing
throughout this publication on the use of the highly valuable information generated in the
process

13

1.2.3 Extracting Value from the Data: the Role of Software in the Internet of Things
In the seventeenth century, the mathematician and engineer Muhammad ibn Muses alKhwarizmi invented the algorithm, i.e., an ordered and finite set of steps that allows a task to
be performed or a problem solved. We have already talked about the vast amount of data that
is being generated in the Internet of Things, where any object is capable of transmitting
information. New IoT algorithms and software need to be developed to allow us to discover
and interpret the totum revolutum of data around us.
The algorithms have very valuable applications. Used in software applications, they can offer
rapid responses to physical phenomena, based on the information collected or patterns in the
behavior of certain objects or people. New
opportunities are being created to meet business requirements, perform new real-time
services, gain insights into complex processes and relationships, handle incidents, address
environmental degradation, monitor human activities, improve infrastructure integrity and
address energy efficiency issues.
The real business value will come from these applications and services using the new
information being generated in the Internet of Things. New smart methods for analyzing
information will emerge and manual tasks will be replaced by automated systems operating
on the basis of this information, making human intervention unnecessary. The development
of the best software for this type of task will have to keep pace with the growth in
opportunities. Entrepreneurs and existing companies will develop new applications to exploit
new information sources and radically change business models.
For example, KIVA Systems is a company that uses automation technology for distribution
centers, helping companies to simplify their operations, cut costs and increase flexibility.
Their clients include Gap, Staples and Office Depot, which benefit from machines that
remove human error and use massive data sets, sophisticated sensors and clever algorithms
to master logistic tasks.We can also see algorithms being used in the construction of a carfree city at Masdar in Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates). The city has a PRT (personal rapid
transit) monorail of small driverless electric vehicles. The PRT is based on automated
inventory systems currently used in large warehouses. Passengers key in their destination
and, using algorithms and a magnetic running system, the vehicle takes them there59.
Imagine the sort of world that would be possible if these algorithms were combined with
traffic forecasts and incidents, for example, to manage road lanes.

14

1.7 Layers of IOT

15

Chapter 1.3
Applications
According to Gartner, Inc. (a technology research and advisory corporation), there will be
nearly 26 billion devices on the Internet of Things by 2020. [20] ABI Research estimates that
more than 30 billion devices will be wirelessly connected to the Internet of Things (Internet
of Everything) by 2020. As per a recent survey and study done by Pew Research Internet
Project, a large majority of the technology experts and engaged Internet users who responded
83 percentagreed with the notion that the Internet/Cloud of Things, embedded and
wearable computing (and the corresponding dynamic systems will have widespread and
beneficial effects by 2025.
Integration with the Internet implies that devices will utilize an IP address as a unique
identifier. However, due to the limited address space of IPv4 (which allows for 4.3 billion
unique addresses), objects in the IoT will have to use IPv6 to accommodate the extremely
large address space required. Objects in the IoT will not only be devices with sensory
capabilities, but also provide actuation capabilities (e.g., bulbs or locks controlled over the
Internet). To a large extent, the future of the Internet of Things will not be possible without
the support of IPv6; and consequently the global adoption of IPv6 in the coming years will be
critical for the successful development of the IoT in the future.

1.8 Applications of IOT

16

The ability to network embedded devices with limited CPU, memory and power resources
means that IoT finds applications in nearly every field Such systems could be in charge of
collecting information in settings ranging from natural ecosystems to buildings and factories,
[30]
thereby finding applications in fields of environmental sensing and urban planning.[32]
On the other hand, IoT systems could also be responsible for performing actions, not just
sensing things. Intelligent shopping systems, for example, could monitor specific users'
purchasing habits in a store by tracking their specific mobile phones. These users could then
be provided with special offers on their favorite products, or even location of items that they
need, which their fridge has automatically conveyed to the phone. Additional examples of
sensing and actuating are reflected in applications that deal with heat, electricity and energy
management, as well as cruise-assisting transportation systems.
However, the application of the IoT is not only restricted to these areas. Other specialized use
cases of the IoT may also exist. An overview of some of the most prominent application areas
is provided here. Based on the application domain, IoT products can be classified broadly
into five different categories: smart wearable, smart home, smart city, smart environment,
and smart enterprise. The IoT products and solutions in each of these markets have different
characteristics.

1.3.1 Media
In order to hone into the manner in which the Internet of Things (IoT), the Media and Big
Data are interconnected, it is first necessary to provide some context into the mechanism
used for media process. It has been suggested by Nick Couldry and Joseph Turow that
Practitioners in Advertising and Media approach Big Data as many actionable points of
information about millions of individuals. The industry appears to be moving away from the
traditional approach of using specific media environments such as newspapers, magazines, or
television shows and instead tap into consumers with technologies that reach targeted people
at optimal times in optimal locations. The ultimate aim is of course to serve, or convey, a
message or content that is (statistically speaking) in line with the consumers mindset. For
example, publishing environments are increasingly tailoring messages (advertisements) and
content (articles) to appeal to consumers that have been exclusively gleaned through various
data-mining activities.
The media industries process Big Data in a dual, interconnected manner:

Targeting of consumers (for advertising by marketers)

Data-capture

According to Danny Meadows-Klue, the combination of analytics for conversion tracking,

with behavioural targeting and programmatic marketing has unlocked a new level of
precision that enables display advertising to be focussed on the devices of people with
relevant interests.[38] Big Data and the IoT work in conjunction. From a media perspective,
Data is the key derivative of device inter connectivity, whilst being pivotal in allowing
clearer accuracy in targeting. The Internet of Things therefore transforms the media industry,
17

companies and even governments, opening up a new era of economic growth and
competitiveness.

1.9 Media application

The wealth of data generated by this industry (i.e. Big Data) will allow Practitioners in
Advertising and Media to gain an elaborate layer on the present targeting mechanisms
utilised by the industry.

1.3.2 Environmental monitoring

Environmental monitoring applications of the IoT typically utilize sensors to assist in
environmental protection by monitoring air or water quality, atmospheric or soil conditions
and can even include areas like monitoring the movements of wildlife and their
habitats.Development of resource constrained devices connected to the Internet also means
that other applications like earthquake or tsunami early-warning systems can also be used by
emergency services to provide more effective aid. IoT devices in this application typically
span a large geographic area and can also be mobile.

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1.3.3 Infrastructure management

Monitoring and controlling operations of urban and rural infrastructures like bridges, railway
tracks, on- and offshore- wind-farms is a key application of the IoT. The IoT infrastructure
can be used for monitoring any events or changes in structural conditions that can
compromise safety and increase risk. It can also be utilized for scheduling repair and
maintenance activities in an efficient manner, by coordinating tasks between different service
providers and users of these facilities.IoT devices can also be used to control critical
infrastructure like bridges to provide access to ships. Usage of IoT devices for monitoring
and operating infrastructure is likely to improve incident management and emergency
response coordination, and quality of service, up-times and reduce costs of operation in all
infrastructure related areas. Even areas such as waste management stand to benefit from
automation and optimization that could be brought in by the IoT.

1.3.4 Manufacturing
Network control and management of manufacturing equipment, asset and situation
management, or manufacturing process control bring the IoT within the realm on industrial
applications and smart manufacturing as well.The IoT intelligent systems enable rapid
manufacturing of new products, dynamic response to product demands, and real-time
optimization of manufacturing production and supply chain networks, by networking
machinery, sensors and control systems together.
Digital control systems to automate process controls, operator tools and service information
systems to optimize plant safety and security are within the purview of the IoT.[42] But it also
extends itself to asset management via predictive maintenance, statistical evaluation, and
measurements to maximize reliability.Smart industrial management systems can also be
integrated with the Smart Grid, thereby enabling real-time energy optimization.
Measurements, automated controls, plant optimization, health and safety management, and
other functions are provided by a large number of networked sensors.

1.3.5 Energy management

Integration of sensing and actuation systems, connected to the Internet, is likely to optimize
energy consumption as a whole.It is expected that IoT devices will be integrated into all
forms of energy consuming devices (switches, power outlets, bulbs, televisions, etc.) and be
able to communicate with the utility supply company in order to effectively balance power
generation and energy usage.Such devices would also offer the opportunity for users to
remotely control their devices, or centrally manage them via a cloud based interface, and
enable advanced functions like scheduling (e.g., remotely powering on or off heating
systems, controlling ovens, changing lighting conditions etc.)
In fact, a few systems that allow remote control of electric outlets are already available in the
market, e.g., Belkin's WeMo, Ambery Remote Power Switch etc.

19

Besides home based energy management, the IoT is especially relevant to the Smart Grid
since it provides systems to gather and act on energy and power-related information in an
automated fashion with the goal to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and
sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity. Using Advanced Metering
Infrastructure (AMI) devices connected to the Internet backbone, electric utilities can not
only collect data from end-user connections, but also manage other distribution automation
devices like transformers and reclosers.

1.3.6 Medical and healthcare systems

IoT devices can be used to enable remote health monitoring and emergency notification
systems. These health monitoring devices can range from blood pressure and heart rate
monitors to advanced devices capable of monitoring specialized implants, such as
pacemakers or advanced hearing aids. Specialized sensors can also be equipped within living
spaces to monitor the health and general well-being of senior citizens, while also ensuring
that proper treatment is being administered and assisting people regain lost mobility via
therapy as well. Other consumer devices to encourage healthy living, such as, connected
scales or wearable heart monitors, are also a possibility with the IoT.
1.3.7 Building and home automation
IoT devices can be used to monitor and control the mechanical, electrical and electronic
systems used in various types of buildings (e.g., public and private, industrial, institutions, or
residential) Home automation systems, like other building automation systems, are typically
used to control lighting, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, appliances, communication
systems, entertainment and home security devices to improve convenience, comfort, energy
efficiency, and security.

1.3.8 Transportation
The IoT can assist in integration of communications, control, and information processing
across various transportation systems. Application of the IoT extends to all aspects of
transportation systems, i.e. the vehicle, the infrastructure, and the driver or user. Dynamic
interaction between these components of a transport system enables inter and intra vehicular
communication, smart traffic control, smart parking, electronic toll collection systems,
logistic and fleet management, vehicle control, and safety and road assistance.

20

Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
The miniaturisation revolution began many decades ago, but the latest manifestations (at the
nano-level and at the molecular-level) are both quantitatively and qualitatively different from
whats come before. The large-scale industrialization of sensor technologies and other
hardware makes IoT possible. But equally important is the software that enables all of the
parts to talk to the whole. Increasingly, the hardware and the software will be linked in ways
that make them potential indistinguishable from one another. Alongside the question being
considered here (Is the infrastructure ready?), there are two other questions that concern
network providers, and we must consider their point of view: who will pay for the
installation of the expensive services and solutions that will allow IoT to flourish? which
business models will work best? Mining of the data is one place where the value of the data
can be developed and discovered. But there are other roles for software in a world which is
increasingly integrating the IoT into our working lives enabling us to live, work, play and
learning in some entirely new and better ways.
Gordon Feller
Director-IBSG, Cisco Systems

21

Expand the digital territory!

Thanks to the high speed mobile infrastructure, Internet is everywhere now. Ubiquitous
environment enables us to be connected all the time as a human being. It made us to create a
huge economy so called Internet economy within a decade. On top of the network, we are
able to create more valuable solutions utilizing Internet of Things from now on. We can
change everything as a product into an intelligent products through the Internet of everything
concept. Instead of just a legacy car as a product, we can insert a soul into a car which
recognizes his owner or others through the various sensors interconnected via mobile
Internet.
We can imagine spoon of sensing the degree of the density of salt and warning to the user.
Like that, we can insert souls into the every products with sensors eventually connected to
the Internet to the cloud computing intelligent management centers. That means we can
expand the territory of the horizon of the Internet and its utilizations through the Internet of
everything for the second generation of Internet economy which could be Internet economy
2.
Jong Lok Yoon
Bell Labs

22

Chapter 3
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The proliferation of devices with communicatingactuating capabilities is bringing closer
the vision of an Internet of Things, where the sensing and actuation functions seamlessly
blend into the background and new capabilities are made possible through access of rich new
information sources. The evolution of the next generation mobile system will depend on the
creativity of the users in designing new applications. IoT is an ideal emerging technology to
influence this domain by providing new evolving data and the required computational
resources for creating revolutionary apps.
Presented here is a user-centric cloud based model for approaching this goal through the
interaction of private and public clouds. In this manner, the needs of the end-user are brought
to the fore. Allowing for the necessary flexibility to meet the diverse and sometimes
competing needs of different sectors, we propose a framework enabled by a scalable cloud to
provide the capacity to utilize the IoT. The framework allows networking, computation,
storage and visualization themes separate thereby allowing independent growth in every
sector but complementing each other in a shared environment.
The standardization which is underway in each of these themes will not be adversely affected
with Cloud at its center. In proposing the new framework associated challenges have been
highlighted ranging from appropriate interpretation and visualization of the vast amounts of
data, through to the privacy, security and data management issues that must underpin such a
platform in order for it to be genuinely viable. The consolidation of international initiatives is
quite clearly accelerating progress towards an IoT, providing an overarching view for the
integration and functional elements that can deliver an operational IoT.

23

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