4_DC Biasing BJTs

4_DC Biasing BJTs

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Operating Point

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Active or Linear Region Operation
Base Emitter junction is forward biased
Base Collector junction is reverse biased
Good operating point
Cutoff Region Operation
Base Emitter junction is reverse biased
Saturation Region Operation
Base Emitter junction is forward biased
Base Collector junction is forward biased

4_DC Biasing BJTs

4.3 Fixed-Bias Circuit

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Base Loop (voltage drops)

-VCC + IB RB + VBE = 0
IB = (VCC VBE)/RB

-VCE ICRC + VCC = 0

VCE = VCC ICRC

4_DC Biasing BJTs

Fixed_base_current_load_line.obj simulation

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R1
40
I

Q1

V1
V2

0Vdc

10Vdc

Q2N2222
I1
0.5mAdc

0
400mA

200mA

0A
0V
IC(Q1)

1V
-I(R1)

2V

3V

4V

5V
V_V1

6V

7V

8V

9V

10V

4_DC Biasing BJTs

Example 4.1

Work through finding the base and collector currents.

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4_DC Biasing BJTs

Saturation Region

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Saturation 0.2V is
better approximation,
but use 0V for now.

ICsat = (VCC- 0)/RC

and in active region,
IC = IB or IB = ICmax/
In saturation
IB is greater than ICmax/
There is
more base current than needed.

4_DC Biasing BJTs

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Bjt_resistor_bias.obj simulation
R3
1k

R1
150k
V1

V2

Q1

R2

10Vdc

150k

Q2N2222

V3

5Vdc

V4

Q2

10Vdc
Q2N2222

5Vdc

Run simulation and note voltages and currents.

4_DC Biasing BJTs

Saturation ....continued
Modify Example 4.1
Find ICmax
Find RB minimum where transistor is on the edge of saturation.
Reduce RB further and find base and collector currents.

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4_DC Biasing BJTs

Load-Line Analysis

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Maximum current is
ICsat = (VCC- 0)/RC
Collector-emitter volage
equlas zero.

Maximum collector-emitter
voltage occurs when IC equals
zero.
No drop across RC.

4_DC Biasing BJTs

BJT_load_line.obj simulation

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R1
100
I

Q1

V1
V2

0Vdc

10Vdc

Q2N2222
I1
0Adc

200mA

100mA

0A
0V
IC(Q1)

1V
-I(R1)

2V

3V

4V

5V
V_V1

6V

7V

8V

9V

10V

4_DC Biasing BJTs

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4_DC Biasing BJTs

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4_DC Biasing BJTs

4.4 Emitter-Stabilized Bias Circuit

Find the base current. Use Kirchhoffs voltage around the base-emitter loop.

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4_DC Biasing BJTs

Show that,
IC = (VCC VBE)
RB + ( + 1)RE
and when,
RB << ( + 1)RE
then,
IC ~ (VCC VBE)
RE
Note that the collector current is nearly constant even when varies by a large amount.

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4_DC Biasing BJTs

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Use the base current equation to find the part of the input resistance due to the emitter resistor.
Look at the loop equation written earlier
VCC IB RB VBE - ( + 1)RE = 0
Now draw the circuit that matches this equation,

Note that the voltage drop across Re has not changed. The resistor Re is reflected back into the base input
circuit and multiplied.

4_DC Biasing BJTs

Collector-emitter loop
Go around the loop and show the voltage relationships including
VC, VE, and VB

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4_DC Biasing BJTs

R1
20k
R3

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Rc
1k
Q1

Vcc
15Vdc
Q2N2222

100k
R2
10k

Re
1k

Run simulation and note the voltages and currents.

4_DC Biasing BJTs

Emitter-stabilized bias circuit for Example 4.4.
Find the currents and voltages for this circuit.

Review the load line for the circuit.

Write the collect-emitter loop equation again and show the min and max current conditions.

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4_DC Biasing BJTs

4.5 Voltage-Divider Bias

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Show that by developing a Thevenin equivalent for the input the circuit becomes the same as the emitterstabilized circuit.

4_DC Biasing BJTs

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4_DC Biasing BJTs

4.6 Beta-stabilized circuit for Example 4.7.

Work the circuit.

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4_DC Biasing BJTs

Common_base

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CB-1.obj simulation
Rc

Q1
Q2N2222

R1
1k

1k

Vcc
12Vdc

5Vdc
V1

CB-2.obj

simulation
Rc
1.5k

Q1
Q2N2222

15Vdc

V1
3Vdc

Rc1
2.5k

3.5Vdc
Vee

Vcc

4_DC Biasing BJTs

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Common Collector (Emitter Follower)

CC-1.obj simulation

Vcc
12Vdc

Q1

RB
1k

Q2N2222

VB
5Vdc

Re
1k

CC-2.obj simulation

Vcc
12Vdc
Q1

RB
100k

Q2N2222

VB
5Vdc

Re
1k

Re1
1k

4_DC Biasing BJTs

DC bias circuit with voltage feedback.

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4_DC Biasing BJTs

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4_DC Biasing BJTs

Network for Example 4.11.

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4_DC Biasing BJTs

4.8 Design Operations
Start with a set of transistor collector-emitter characteristics.
Draw a load line.
Determine the values of component values, voltages and currents.
Perform for,
Fixed bias circuit.
Emitter-stabilized circuit.
Voltage-divider circuit.

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4_DC Biasing BJTs

4.9 Transistor Switching Networks

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4_DC Biasing BJTs

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4_DC Biasing BJTs

4.11 PNP Transistors
Perform for,
Fixed bias circuit.
Emitter-stabilized circuit.

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4_DC Biasing BJTs

4.12 Bias Stabilization

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Shift in dc bias point (Q-point) due to change in
temperature: 100 degrees C

4_DC Biasing BJTs

4.13 Practical Applications
Relay driver
Transistor switch
Constant current source - CB and CE configurations.

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