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\pard\li2786\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf2\f0\charscalex100\b {Working Papers of
the Finnish Forest Research Institute 11}\b0 \par\pard\li2920\ri0\sl-253\slmult0
\fs18\cf2\f0\charscalex100\b {http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2005/
mwp011.htm}\b0 \par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li132
0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li1320\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs36\cf1\f0\charscalex100\b {Disease problems in
root trainer forest nurseries}\b0 \par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs36\cf1
\f0\charscalex100\b {in Kerala State and their management}\b0 \par\pard\li1320\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f1\char
scalex100 {C. Mohanan, N. Ratheesh, Laya P. Nair and K.C. Rajesh Kumar}\par\pard
\li1320\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Division of Forest Pathol
ogy, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653 Kerala}\par\pard\li1320\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {E-mail:}\fs20\cf3\f0\charscalex100
{.}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {mohanan@kfri.org}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1880\ri0\s
l-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Disease survey was carried out in fore
st nurseries in the Kerala State, India during 20002002.}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Disease incidence, severity and spread
were recorded and causal agents were isolated and identified.}\par\pard\li1880\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx8093\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {A total of 27 forestry s
pecies raised in root trainer nurseries including}\tab \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex10
0 {Acacia mangium, A.}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f0\charscale
x100 {auriculiformis, Cassia fistula, C. siamea, Dalbergia latifolia, Eucalyptus
spp., Gmelina arborea,}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charsca
lex100 {Pterocarpus marsupium, P. santalinus, Santalum album, Tectona grandis,}{

}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {etc.}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {were found aff

ected}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {with folia
ge diseases. Since, soil-less or soil-free growing media were used in root train
ers and}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {general
hygienic conditions were maintained in the nurseries, soil-borne diseases seldom
occurred.}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Howev
er, }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Pseudomonas tectonae}\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100
{ causing seedling wilt was recorded in teak and}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100
{Sclerotium rolfsii}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex1
00 {causing foliage blight in}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Pterocarpus}\fs18\c
f1\f0\charscalex100 { spp. The common }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {nursery patho
gens like}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Rhizoctonia solani,}\par\pard\li1880\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3333\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Cylindrocladium}\tab \fs20
\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {spp}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {., Pythium}\fs20\cf1\f0\c
harscalex100 { spp.,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Fusarium}\fs20\cf1\f0\chars
calex100 { spp., were rarely encountered. Often seedling}\par\pard\li1880\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {congestion in root trainers led to f
oliage infection by pathogens like}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides,}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx2680\*\tx4426\*\tx776
0\*\tx9186\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Coniella}\tab \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {
spp}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {., Pestalotiopsis}\tab \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex10
0 {spp}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {., Alternaria alternata, Phomopsis}\tab \fs20
\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {sp}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {., Guignardia}\tab \fs20\c
f1\f0\charscalex100 {sp. and}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Curvularia}\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { sp. In general, severity an
d spread of foliage infection caused by most pathogens was}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {low in all the nurseries, except leaf
blight caused by}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Phoma glomerata}\fs18\cf1\f0\ch
arscalex100 {.}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {T. grandis}\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex
100 { and}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {C. fistula}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {seedlings were highly susceptible to}{ }\fs2
0\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {P. glomerata.}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Carbendazim
(0.05% a.i.), carboxin (0.01% a.i.)}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\c
f1\f0\charscalex100 {and mancozeb (0.1% a.i.) were found very effective in contr
olling the foliage infections in nurseries.}\par\pard\li1880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Bactericide (S}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {treptomyc
in sulphate 90%w/w + Tetracycline hydrochloride 10%w/w) was found}\par\pard\li18
80\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {effective in managing the bact
erial infections.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs32\cf1\f0\charscalex100
\b {Introduction}\b0 \par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13
20\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {During the past few years, for
est nursery practices in the Kerala State have undergone a tremendous}\par\pard\
li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {modifications. Introductio
n of root trainers in forestry sector and thereby the technological changes}\par
\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {in seedling producti
on brought out a major impact on nursery management. Seedling health has}\par\pa
rd\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {been given more importa
nce which further widened the scope of phyto-sanitary measures. Growing}\par\par
d\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {media suitable to the pl
ant species have been developed and seedling production technology has}\par\pard
\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {been standardized. Mainta
ining the seedling crops under tropical climate is one of the major}\par\pard\li
1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {problems confronting the nur
sery managers. During this period, disease problems may occur in}\par\pard\li13
20\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {succession and if timely inter
vention is not performed the entire seedling crop may be devastated}\par\pard\li
1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {by one or other diseases. In
root trainers, the seedlings require a maximum period of 90 days of}\par\pard\l
i1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {growth and hence a rigorous
management is possible.}\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\

li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0

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\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\b {7}\b
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3\margtsxn666\margbsxn186\pard\li2786\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf2\f0\charscalex
100\b {Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 11}\b0 \par\pard\
li2920\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf2\f0\charscalex100\b {http://www.metla.fi/julk
aisut/workingpapers/2005/mwp011.htm}\b0 \par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-373\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Earlier, as disease hazards }\fs22\cf1\f0\char
scalex100 {in forest nurseries have became very common which often upset the}\pa
r\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {entire planting pro
gramme, systematic studies and management of economically important diseases}\pa
r\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {were taken up durin
g 1980s and 1990s and nursery management practices for prime forestry}\par\pard\
li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {species, have been standar
dized (Sharma et al. 1985; Sharma and Mohanan 1992, Mohanan,}\par\pard\li1320\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {2001). The present study was under
taken to assess the disease situation in nurseries employing}\par\pard\li1320\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {root trainer technology for raising
seedlings and also to }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {manage the disease(s), if an
y, occur.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs32\cf1\f0\charscalex1
00\b {Materials and methods}\b0 \par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Disease survey was
carried out in Central nurseries located at Kulathupuzha (8}\fs10\cf1\f0\charsca
lex100 {0}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {54N, 77}\fs10\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs2
0\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {44E),}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\c
harscalex100 {Chettikulam (11}\fs12\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs22\cf1\f0\charsca
lex100 {50N, 75}\fs12\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {41E),
Valluvassery (11}\fs12\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {18N,
76}\fs12\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {16E), and Cheruvanc
hery (11}\fs12\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {50N,}\par\par
d\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {75}\fs12\cf1\f0\charscal
ex100 {0}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {41E). Besides, root trainer nurseries raise
d at Kerala Forest Research Institute Campus, Peechi}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280

\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {and Forest Field Station at Palappilly, and

KFRI Sub-Centre, Nilambur were also surveyed during}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {20002002. Disease incidence, severity and
spread were recorded using a Disease scoring scale}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {(Table 1) and disease specimens were collecte
d and brought to the laboratory for isolation and}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {identification of causal }\fs22\cf1\f0\charsca
lex100 {organisms.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320
\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f1\charscalex100 {Table 1. Disease scoring scale.}
\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\col
s2\colno1\colw5106\colsr-0\colno2\colw5986\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx3120\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Dise
ase severity }\tab \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Disease severity }\par\pard\li312
0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {code }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {Disease severity scale, }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\char
scalex100 {percentage seedlings affected}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1189
3\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw3120\colsr-0\colno2\colw1
986\colsr-0\colno3\colw5986\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
1320\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Nil }\par\pard\li1320\ri0\s
l-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-240\slmu
lt0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Medium }\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \f
s20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Severe }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {0}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {L}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmu
lt0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {M}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {S}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {0}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult
0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {1\uc1\u8211X25}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \f
s20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {26\uc1\u8211X50}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {51\uc1\u8211X75 or > 25% seedlings dead}\par\pard\sect\
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-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) me
dium was used for isolating and sub-culturing fungal organisms,}\par\pard\li1320
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {while Nutrient Agar (NA) medium
was used for isolating and maintaining bacterial pathogens.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Isolation and purification of causal
organisms were carried out employing standard procedures}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {and identification up to species level
was made. As far as possible, confirmation of pathogenicity}\par\pard\li1320\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {of most causal agents was made thr
ough inoculation experiments employing root trainer seedlings.}\par\pard\li1320\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Fungicides and bactericide were screened against important fungal an
d bacterial pathogens using}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\cha
rscalex100 {standard techniques and most effective fungicides/bactericides at ap
propriate dosage were}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscale
x100 {recommended and applied in the nurseries for controlling the respective di
sease(s). Observations}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscal
ex100 {on the effect of chemical treatments against diseases were recorded from
the nurseries. General}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charsca
lex100 {nursery management practices followed in each nursery were recorded and
data on growing media}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscale
x100 {used, their composition and }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {pH were also coll
ected.}\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmul

t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5
506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\b {8}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsx
n16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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3\margtsxn666\margbsxn186\pard\li2786\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf2\f0\charscalex
100\b {Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 11}\b0 \par\pard\
li2920\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf2\f0\charscalex100\b {http://www.metla.fi/julk
aisut/workingpapers/2005/mwp011.htm}\b0 \par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-413\sl
mult0 \fs32\cf1\f0\charscalex100\b {Results and discussion}\b0 \par\pard\li1320\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Disease survey conducted in nurseries located at different parts of
the State revealed that root}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\ch
arscalex100 {trainer seedlings are almost free from soil-}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscale
x100 {borne fungal diseases like damping-off, collar rot and}\par\pard\li1320\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {wilt irrespective of the conducive
climatic conditions prevailed in the nurseries. However, most}\par\pard\li1320\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {of the species raised in root trai
ners suffered from one or the other foliage diseases, mostly incited}\par\pard\l
i1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {by air-borne inocula of pat
hogens, the severity of which varied from nursery to nursery depending}\par\pard
\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {on the nursery management
practices and prevailing environmental conditions. The common}\par\pard\li1320
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {nursery pathogens like}{ }\fs22\
cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Rhizoctonia solani}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Khn,}{ }\
fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Cylindrocladium}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {spp.,}
{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Fusarium}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { spp. and}{
}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Pythium}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\c
f1\f0\charscalex100 {spp. which cause various diseases at different }\fs20\cf1\f
0\charscalex100 {growth phases of seedlings were seldom recorded}\par\pard\li132
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {in root trainer nurseries. }\f
s22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {R. solani}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {, the most poten
tial pathogen in forest nurseries which exists in}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {different Anastomosis groups (Mohanan 2001) an
d having a wide host range was not encountered}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {in the root trainer nurseries during 2000 and 200
2. The details on the diseases affecting the seedlings}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-2

80\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Acacia auriculiformis}\fs22\cf1\f0\charsc

alex100 { A. Cunn.,}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {A. mangium}\fs22\cf1\f0\char
scalex100 { Willd.,}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Aegle marmelos}\fs22\cf1\f0\c
harscalex100 { (L.) Corr, }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Albizia lebbeck}\par\pard
\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {(L.) Willd.,}{ }\fs22\cf1
\f0\charscalex100 {Artocarpus heterophyllus}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Lam.,}{
}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Azadirachta indica}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { A
Juss.,}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Cassia fistula}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100
{ L.,}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {C.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
0\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {siamea}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Lam.,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f
0\charscalex100 {Casuarina equisetifolia}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Forst,}{ }
\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Cinnamomum}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {zeylanicum
}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Garc. Ex Bl.,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Dalbe
rgia}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {latifolia}\
fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Roxb,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Delonix regia}\
fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { (Boj.) Rafin,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Dysoxyl
um malabaricum}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Bedd. ex. Hiern,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Eucalyptus}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscal
ex100 {citriodora}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Hook,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex1
00 {E. grandis}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Hills ex Maiden,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\cha
rscalex100 {E. tereticornis}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Sm,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Garcinia gummigutta}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { (L.) Robs.,}\par\pa
rd\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx3933\*\tx6280\*\tx8520\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex1
00 {Gluta travancoricus}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Bedd,}\tab \fs22\cf1\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Gmelina arborea}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Roxb,}\tab \fs22\cf1\
f0\charscalex100 {Grewia tillifolia}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Vahl.,}\tab \f
s22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Lagerstroemia}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
2\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {microcarpa}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Wt.,}{ }\fs22\
cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Pterocarpus marsupium}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Roxb.,}
{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {P. santalinus}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { L.,}{
}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Santalum album}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { L.,}{ }
\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Tectona}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf
1\f0\charscalex100 {grandis}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { L.,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Terminalia bellirica}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { (Gaertn.) Roxb.}{
}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {T. crenulata}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Roth and
their causal agents are}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charsca
lex100 {given in Table 2.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li1320\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Seedling congestion in ro
ot trainers was found to be the major factor for the incidence and spread}\par\p
ard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {of foliage diseases. P
athogens like}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Colletotrichum gloeosporioides}{ }\
fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {(Penz.) Sacc}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {., Pestaloti
opsis}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx5760\*\tx6760\fs20\cf1\f0\charsca
lex100 {spp.,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Alternaria alternata}{ }\fs20\cf1\f
0\charscalex100 {(Fr.) Kiessler,}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Phoma}\tab \fs20\c
f1\f0\charscalex100 {glomerata}\tab \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {(Corda.) Wollenw
. & Hochapf}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {, P.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {eupyrena}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Sacc,}{ }\fs2
0\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Phomopsis variosporum}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Sharm
a & Mohanan were found associated with the}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {foliage diseases of seedlings. In general, severity a
nd spread of foliage diseases caused by most}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {pathogens was low in all the nurseries, except the
foliage blight caused by}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {P. glomerata}\fs22\cf1\f
0\charscalex100 {. The}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charsca
lex100 {pathogen was found widespread in nurseries and caused severe foliage inf
ection in teak. In teak}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charsca
lex100 {seedlings,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {P. glomerata}\fs20\cf1\f0\char
scalex100 { along with}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {P. eupyrena}\fs20\cf1\f0\c
harscalex100 { caused severe damage to the seedlings. In teak,}\par\pard\li1320

\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {the pathogens cause dark greyish

brown necrotic lesions on foliage, usually at the margin and tip}\par\pard\li13
20\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {of the leaves or at the base o
f the petiole which coalesce and spread to the entire leaf lamina. The}\par\par
d\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {infected leaves show an
upward curling and become brittle and withered. The disease also affects}\par\p
ard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {the leaf petiole and s
eedling stem. Severe infection leads to seedling blight. In}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Cassia fistula}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {, the}\par\pard\li1320\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {pathogen caused severe leaf blotch
which led to defoliation and seedling mortality. Eucalypts}\par\pard\li1320\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {seedlings raised in all nurseries w
ere found alm}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {ost free from any major diseases, exc
ept foliage}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {blig
ht caused by}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Coniella}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex1
00 {spp.,}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Cylindrocladium}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex
100 { spp. and}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Kirramyces eucalypti}\fs22\cf1\f0\
charscalex100 { (Cook & Massee)}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0
\charscalex100 {J.Walker, the major pathogens in eucalypt seedbed nurseries were
rarely encountered.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13
20\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {As soil-less or soil-free grow
ing media were used in root trainers and general hygienic conditions}\par\pard\l
i1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {were maintained in nurserie
s, most of the soil-borne diseases were excluded from the nurseries}\par\pard\li
1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {(Mohanan 2000a,b). However,
foliage blight caused by}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Sclerotium rolfsii}\fs22
\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { was recorded in both}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {P. marsupium}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { and}{ }\
fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {P. santalinus}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {. Both the
host species are very susceptible to the Sclerotium}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {blight in seedbed nurseries (Sankaran et al.
1986). Inoculum of most of the nursery pathogens}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {activates in presence of a susceptible host un
der conducive edaphic and environmental factors.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {However, in root trainers with soil-less growin
g medium, the inoculum potential of pathogen is}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {considerably negligible and thus chances of see
dling infection will be less even under conducive}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {environmental conditions. Most of the soil-inh
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100\b {Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 11}\b0 \par\pard\
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mult0 \fs18\cf1\f1\charscalex100 {Table 2. Diseases recorded in root trainer nur
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rscalex100 {Nursery}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {1)}}\fs18\cf0\f1\cha
rscalex100 {Host plant }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Disease}\par\column\pard\
li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {Disease }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {severity}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {2)}}\par\column\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {Pathogen(s) associated}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16
840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw4546\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr0\colno3\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1306\ri0\s
l-186\slmult0 \*\tx2386\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {C, CK,V,}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {Acacia auriculiformis}\i0 \par\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {K, P}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \*\tx1266\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf blotch
}\tab \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Alternar
ia alternata, Curvularia}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { sp.}\par\pard\sect\sec
td\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw2386
\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw1266\colsr-0\colno4\colw893\colsr-0\
colno5\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {V,K,P
}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Acacia ma
ngium}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Le
af spot}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low
}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Glomerell
a cingulata, Pestalotiopsis }\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {uvicola, Guignardia}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { sp.}\par\pa
rd\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\coln
o1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw2160\colsr-0\colno4\colw4
386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {P}\par\column\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Aegle marmelos}\i0 \par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx1266\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf blot
ch }\tab \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Phomopsis}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { sp.,}
{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Phoma}\i0 { }\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {sp. }\
par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols
5\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw1266\colsr-0\colno4
\colw893\colsr-0\colno5\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\cha
rscalex100 {K,CK}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {Albizia lebbeck}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {Leaf spot}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {Colletotrichum capsici}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghs
xn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\co

lsr-0\colno3\colw2160\colsr-0\colno4\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {N,K}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i {Artocarpus }\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {heterophyllus}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\t
x1266\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf blotch }\tab \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {L
ow }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {G. cin
gulata}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\marg
rsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw1266\co
lsr-0\colno4\colw5280\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{C,P,K}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Aza
dirachta indica}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {Leaf & twig}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{blight}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx893\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {Medium }\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {G. cingulata, Fusarium}\i0 \fs18\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 { sp., }\par\pard\li893\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {Phomopsis }\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {sp. }\par\pard\sect\se
ctd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw238
6\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw6546\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {V,P}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {Cassia fistula}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \*\tx1266\*\tx2160\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf blotch }\tab \fs18\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {Medium }\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {G. cingulata, Phomopsis
}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { sp.,}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Curvular
ia}\i0 \par\pard\li2160\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {pallesc
ens, Phoma glomerata}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\ma
rglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\coln
o3\colw1266\colsr-0\colno4\colw893\colsr-0\colno5\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {V}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Cassia siamea}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf spot}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Pestalotiopsis tecomicola}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\
sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw2386\co
lsr-0\colno2\colw3426\colsr-0\colno3\colw893\colsr-0\colno4\colw4386\pard\li1306
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {V}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \*\tx2160\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Casuarina equisetifolia}\i0 \ta
b \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf tip}\par\pard\li2160\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {blight}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {G. cingulata, Phomopsis}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { sp.}\par\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\col
no1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw2160\colsr-0\colno4\colw
4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {P}\par\column\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Cinnamomum }\i0 \par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {zeylanicum}\i0 \par\colum
n\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx1266\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf blotch }
\tab \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {G. cingulata, Sclerotium }\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
00\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {rolfsii}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\
colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw1266\colsr-0\colno4\colw893\colsr-0\colno5\co
lw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {V}\par\pard\li
1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f
1\charscalex100 {P,CK}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {Dalbergia latifolia}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Delonix regia}\i0 \
par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf spot}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf spot}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
f1\charscalex100 {Low}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri

0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21

3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,}\i0 \par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Phomopsis}\i0 \fs18\c
f0\f1\charscalex100 { sp.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {Guignardia}\i0 { }\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {sp.,}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {Phomopsis}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { sp.}\par\pard\sect\sectd
\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw2386\c
olsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw1266\colsr-0\colno4\colw5280\pard\li13
06\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {P,PP}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Dysoxylum}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {malabaricum}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf spot}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx893\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Medium }\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {C. gloeosporioides, }\i0 \par\pard\li893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Phomopsis}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { sp.}\par\pa
rd\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\coln
o1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw1266\colsr-0\colno4\colw8
93\colsr-0\colno5\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 {K}\par\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-200
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {K,V,CH}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Eucalyptus citriodora}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {Eucalyptus grandis}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {Leaf spot}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf spot}\par\column\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }
\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Coniella m
inima, Phomopsis}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { sp.,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Marsonina}\i0 { }\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex10
0 {sp. }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Coniella
fragariae, Cylindrocladium }\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {quinqueseptatum }\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pg
hsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw3426\
colsr-0\colno3\colw893\colsr-0\colno4\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {CH,CK,V,}\par\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\f1\charscalex100 {K,P,N}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx2160\fs18\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Eucalyptus tereticornis}\i0 \tab \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {Leaf spot}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex10
0 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {C.
fragariae, C. quinqueseptatum, }\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i {C. gloeosporioides, Phomopsis}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{ sp.,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Kirramyces
eucalypti}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\
margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw654
6\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {P,CH,N}\par\pard\li
1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {P}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Garcinia gummigutta}\i0 \par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Gluta travancoricus}\i0 \par\
column\pard\li453\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx2160\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf b
lotch}\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Medium}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {C. m
inima, G. cingulata}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx1266\*\tx2160\fs18
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf blotch }\tab \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Medium }\ta
b \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Pestalotiopsis }\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
sp. }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn13
3\cols4\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw2160\colsr-0\
colno4\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {CH}\p
ar\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {K,P}\par\column\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Gmelina arborea}\i0 \par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Grewia tillifolia}\i0

\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx1266\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Le

af blotch }\tab \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \*\tx1266\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf blotch }\tab \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
Pseudocercospora ranjita}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {Phomopsis}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { sp.,}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {Guignardia }\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {sp.}\par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw2386\
colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw1266\colsr-0\colno4\colw893\colsr-0\c
olno5\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {V}\par
\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Lagerstroemia
}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {microcarpa}\
i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf spot
}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {C. gloeosporioid
es }\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsx
n133\cols3\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw3426\colsr-0\colno3\colw5280\pard\
li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {V,CK}\par\column\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx2160\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Pterocarpus marsupium}
\i0 \tab \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf blight}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \*\tx893\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Medium }\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {Sclerotium rolfsii}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16
840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw3426\colsr0\colno3\colw893\colsr-0\colno4\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {V}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx2160\fs18\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {Pterocarpus santalinus}\i0 \tab \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{Leaf blight}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{Medium }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\
column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {S. rolfsii}\i0
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Phomopsis }\i0 \f
s18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {sp. }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16
840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr0\colno3\colw1266\colsr-0\colno4\colw893\colsr-0\colno5\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {CK}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Santalum album}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf spot}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {G. cingulata, Guignardia}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 { sp.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn
666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw4546\colsr-0\colno2\colw1266\colsr-0\colno3\col
w893\colsr-0\colno4\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx2386\fs18\cf0\f
1\charscalex100 {CK,V,K,P}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Tectona grandis}\i0
\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Collar rot
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Wilt}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf blight}\par\column\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Severe}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Medium }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {Pseudomonas tectonae }\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {P. tectonae }\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Phoma glomerata, P. eupyrena,}\i0 \par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {C. gloeosporioides,}\i0 \par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Phomopsis variosporum}\i
0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\c
ols5\colno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw1266\colsr-0\col
no4\colw893\colsr-0\colno5\colw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {P}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {Terminalia bellirica}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {Leaf spot}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\char

scalex100\i {Phomopsis sp., Guignardia}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 { sp.}\par

\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\c
olno1\colw2386\colsr-0\colno2\colw2160\colsr-0\colno3\colw2160\colsr-0\colno4\co
lw4386\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {P}\par\column\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Terminalia crenulata}\
i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx1266\fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
Leaf blotch }\tab \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Low }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
00\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Pestalotiopsis maculans }\i0 \par\pard\
sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1320\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs8\cf1\f0\chars
calex100 {1)}\fs14\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { C = Central nursery Cheruvanchery; CK
= Chettikulam; V = Valluvassery; K = Kulathupuzha; P = nursery at Peechi; N = N
ilambur;}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs14\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { PP =
Palappilly.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs8\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {2)}\
fs16\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { Percentage of seedlings affected. Low = 125%; }\fs16
\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Medium = 2650%; Severe = 5175% or 25% seedlings dead.}\pa
r\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
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d\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
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}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn13
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3\margtsxn666\margbsxn186\pard\li2786\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf2\f0\charscalex
100\b {Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 11}\b0 \par\pard\
li2920\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf2\f0\charscalex100\b {http://www.metla.fi/julk
aisut/workingpapers/2005/mwp011.htm}\b0 \par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-373\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {dead organic materials and the presence of sur
plus, readily available nutrients in organic compost}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {in root trainer cells makes less competitio
n among the pathogens for the nutrients and thus least}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {attractive for infection of seedlings. Th
e compost prepared from forest weeds is the major}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {constituent of the growing medium in root trai
ners and it is suspected that the sclerotium of the}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {pathogen which is very resistant to environm

ental stress persisted in the compost and contributed}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-28

0\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {to the development of disease. Susceptibil
ity of the host (}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Pterocarpus}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscale
x100 { spp.) is also a major factor}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf
1\f0\charscalex100 {for the development and spread of the disease.}\par\pard\li1
320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0
\charscalex100 {Bacterial seedling diseases caused by}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex
100 {Pseudomonas}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {tectonae}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex
100 { were also recorded in teak seedlings.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {The bacteria cause cotyledon rot, collar rot, seedli
ng wilt, and foliage infection. The disease}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {appears as water-soaked lesions on cotyledons and fo
liage and become dark greyish brown. The}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {lesions spread and cause rotting of the affected tissu
es in cotyledon, seedling stem and foliage.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {The bacteria also cause seedling wilt in teak; the i
nfection is systemic and produced symptoms}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {characteristics of vascular wilt drooping of leaves,
epinasty and wilting. As in conventional}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {nursery beds, spread of disease through root contact i
s not occurring in root trainers, however,}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {physical contacts of infected foliage to healthy seed
lings in the root trainer blocks spread the}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {disease. Moderate to severe disease incidence and se
edling mortality in teak seedlings were recorded}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {at Central Nursery, Kulathupuzha in 2000 and 20
01. The source of inoculum may be either the}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {potting medium or water. In the case of bacterial
infection, all the affected seedlings are not}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {killed outright. Often many seedlings may become
carrier of bacterial pathogens, without showing}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {any visible symptoms of disease. Hence, there i
s possibility of transferring the disease from}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {nursery to the field through mildly infected plan
ting stock. In seedbed nurseries, bacterial collar}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {rot and wilt cause severe damage to the nurs
ery stock. The seedbed nurseries raised in high}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {rainfall areas were reported to be affected sev
erely by the bacterial pathogen (Sharma et al. 1985,}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Mohanan et al. 1997).}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charsca
lex100 {In nurseries, application of fungicides, Carbendazim (0.05% a.i.), Ditha
ne M45 (0.1% a.i.) against}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\char
scalex100 {foliage diseases gave good results. For controlling seedling blight a
nd foliage diseases caused by}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx3480\fs22
\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Phoma glomerata}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { and}\tab \f
s22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {P. eupyrena}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {, application
of Dithane M45 was found very effective.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Application of a bactericide, Streptomycin (Streptomyc
in sulphate 90% w/w + Tetracycline}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1
\f0\charscalex100 {hydrochloride 10% w/w) at the rate of 6 g per 8 l of water b
y drenching the seedlings gave good}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf
1\f0\charscalex100 {control of seedling infection caused by}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\char
scalex100 {P. tectonae.}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs32\cf1\
f0\charscalex100\b {Conclusions}\b0 \par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {In root trainer
nurseries, soil-borne fungal diseases seldom occur mainly due to the use of soi
l-}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {less or soilfree growing media and maintaining the nursery in hygienic conditions. Foliage}\

par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {infections caused

by air-borne fungal pathogens affect the seedling crops and seedling congestion
}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {may be the prim
ary influencing factor for the incidence and spread of the disease. Among the}\p
ar\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {fungal pathogens c
ausing foliage infection,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Colletotrichum gloeospo
rioides, Coniella fragariae,}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Phomopsis}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { sp.,}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charsca
lex100 { Phoma glomerata}{ }\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {and}\fs22\cf1\f0\charsca
lex100 { P. eupyrena}\fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 { are the important ones. Thoug
h, the new}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {techn
ology offers production of high quality healthy planting stock, application of p
roper}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {fungicide(
s) at proper time is required to control the foliage diseases. Otherwise, mild f
oliage}\par\pard\li1320\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {infection
may flare up and cause severe damage to the seedling crops.}\par\pard\li5453\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl240\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\b {11}\b0}